CONTENTS

 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Objective

S.No. Chapters
1 Chapter I: Introduction
2 Chapter II: Components of a Shopping Mall
3 Chapter III: Preliminary design of structural elements

4 Chapter IV: Analysis and design using STAAD-PRO

5 Chapter V: Design of special elements

 Drawing
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE

Planning, Analysis and Design of the structure

of a five star hotel. The site is situated at

Greater Noida and is rectangular in shape. The

bearing capacity of the soil in Ghaziabad is 150

KN/SQ.M and the dimensions of the plot are

160m x 180m. This site is laying in Earthquake

zone IV.
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

A shopping mall is a building or group of buildings that contains

stares, multiplex etc. The stores are connected by walk ways so that consumers can

easily walk between the stores. Shopping malls can be built in an enclosed or open

air format.

The first structure resembling what is considered to be a shopping mall in

the present day is located in the city of Damascus the capital city of Syria. It is

called Al-Hamidiyan Souq in old Damascus and dates back to seventh century.

We need shopping malls because it is so much easier having a whole pile of

shops in one place. We use these shops often and not having to travel far is so

good. It is also great as we use some of these shops very often and relise other

produces we need from other stores.

A shopping mall is one building forming a complex of shops representing

merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk

from unit to unit, along with a parking area - a modern, indoor version of the

traditional marketplace. You shouldn't need to go outside at all to access any shops

they should all be underneath one roof.

 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENTS OF SHOPPING MALL

The main components of a shopping mall are as follows. Entrance hail,

administrative block, restaurant, bar & coffee shops, Banquet Hall, laundry,

Air Conditioning, stair case, Toilets, mechanical space, food & beverage

services, kitchen, storage rooms etc.

MAIN ENTRANCE:

The hotel appearance is presented in its utmost best and is very important

since it ends up in typifying the hotel. It is also subjected to intense scrutiny

for the selection of Lobby or Reception hall of the hotel.

FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICE:

This includes all areas used for receiving, storage, preparation, and service of

food and beverage for guests, the general public and employees. It includes

the receiving area, store room for food and beverage supplies, glassware

house and also the kitchen, restaurants, private dining room, food services,

bar, cocktail lounge and garbage room.

RESTAURANT BAR AND COFFEE SHOP:

Under normal situations there would be a cocktail lounge or a beverage bar

in the shopping mall. The cocktail lounge would usually be found in the
vicinity of the dining room so that the hotel guests can pause for a cocktail

before lunch or dinner.

MULTIPLEX

A multiplex is a movie theater complex with multiple screens, typically more

than one screen within a single complex. They are usually housed in a

specially designed building. Sometimes, an existing venue undergoes a

renovation where the existing auditoriums are split into smaller ones, or more

auditoriums are added in an extension or expansion of the building. The

largest of these complexes can sit thousands of people and are sometimes

referred to as a megaplex.

CORRIDOR AND STAIRCASES:

Corridors for public area adjoining the lobby are often designed so that the

lobby is set back from the street entrance and is cleared by one or more

corridors

Flanked by stores, restaurant, and other areas.

Staircase should be positioned so as that it is accessible to the occupants from

any corner and provide full circulation to all the floors of the hotel.
MECHANICAL SPACE:

In this, area will be found for the various pieces of equipment’s for heating,

cooling, as well as all the tanks and pumps to keep all the mechanical systems

in operation.

STORAGE ROOMS:

It should be provided with for larger capacity to store the material that is

required for cooking and storage of beverages. It should be in the adjoining of

the kitchen and beverage or coffee shop.

FIRE SAFETY:

Malls one designed to accommodate many stores, which in itself can

contributes to spreading a fire. How Fires develop. Also effort mall fire

safety. Fire development is very complex, a of heat connection, radiation and

conduction influence by where it initiated the surrounding environment of

material used, the prevalence of air conditioning as well as the overall space

in which spread. Shopping mall fire safety is the shared and collective.

Responsibility of the mall owner and tenants who often have various

approaches to training staff. And dealing with fore protection. Thus shopping

mall present unique fire safety challenges. Following are the firefighting

measures in shopping malls. Sprinklers, smoke control. Signage & alarms

SPRINKLERS:

Although the public may perceive sprinklers as primary intended to protect

property, they also have an essential role to play in presenting human life.

Indeed, the safety of building occupants depends on the proper functioning of

the sprinkler system. Sprinkler systems can be ranked according to their

efficacy and reliability, which taken together is expressed as sprinkler

effectiveness. Once a shopping mall installs a sprinkler system. It is

imperative to maintain and test it regularly, otherwise its safety might be

compromised.

SMOKE CONTROL:

Although sprinkler system are critical some fire safety experts argue they are

not a “Cure-All” in any fire in an enclosed area, such as a mall, represents a

major threat to human life, since “Smoke-Related Injuries and Deaths

outnumber Fire-Related Injuries and deaths four to one. In the event of a fire,

because it is hotter than air, smoke will rise and move through a building

including enclosures used by the occupants, thereby putting them at risk

smoke management, when understood in the broadest sense, is concerned

with managing smoke within the building such that the likelihood of

exposure of the occupants to debilitating smoke is minimized.

Shopping malls with large atria and very high roofs present a special problem

because it is difficult for a smoke-sensing device to detect smoke before it

dissipates into the air. One solution is use of long path bean smoke detectors

that can monitor smoke across large areas of empty space. Other means

include installation of optical bean sensors that are effective in detecting

smoldering fires or aspirating detectors that draw air into highly sensitive

smoke detection chambers instead of waiting for the smoke to peach the

sensor. Lastly, malls can be equipped with infrared detectors that can sense

flame and extinguish a fire on the mall floor by setting off long throw

sprinkler systems mounted on the roof.

Exit signs should be clear and unambiguous, and in the event of a power and

light failure, emergency battery back-up systems are a necessity. Permanent

signs that glow in the dark and indicate self-luminous exit paths should also

be provided. A new technology for assisting people to exit building is the use

of special directional sound that can lead as person to an exit if the building is

dark or filled with dense smoke. This is often the case in shopping mall fires

signs must also be easily recognizable and understood so that mall shoppers

can take appropriate action in the event of a fire.

EVACUATION STRATEGIES:

Once smoke detectors alert mall management to the fire and sprinklers begin

operating and alarms sound, everyone, including shoppers and store and mall

personnel must evacuate the premises as quickly and orderly as possible. Any

delay in evacuation or inability to exit the mall could result in fatalities.

Everyone must be able to reach a place of safety outside the mall or in a fire-

protected corridor. Exits must be adequate in number, safe and readily

accessible requirement for evacuation safety should include.

 Sufficient number of exit routes with adequate capacity that are

suitably.

 Located to enable persons to escape to a place of safety in case of fire.

 The routes should be sufficiently protected from the effects of the fire.

 The routes should be adequately lit.

 The exits should be adequately signed.

 Appropriate means should be available to limit smoke from entering

the escape routes, or

 Suitable measures taken to restrict the fire and remove smoke from the

building.

MOVEMENT BETWEEN FLOORS

ELEVATORS (CAPSULE LIFTS)

They have been provided to give a new of whole shopping area and they are

kept in group to avoid, they are visible entrance, so that can be approached

easily.

GOODS ELEVATORS

These are provided for the frequent and efficient services to the stores. It can

be used to carrying down the heavy goods purchased by the customers.

ESCALATORS

These are placed in center to achieve the maximum utility & function of it,

arranged in groups, both the ascending the return fight.

Pitch 30

Width 4 ft

STAIR CASES

A number of stair case have been provided, so that power failure/ mechanical

faults will not affect the flow of market. Such cases would be very rare.

LIGHTING

One of the most important aspect of commercial center design in lighting

which influences both the location it has to serve two purpose.

a) To illuminate the display commodities.

b) To fulfill the psychological needs of shoppers.

These can be best achieved by blending both sources of light, natural and

artificial to get useful mixed light. For human case natural light contributes

largely while for seeing thing clearly and in character, artificial light forms a

major part of object lighting as it give high lights and shadows to bring out

the texture and 3-d form of the object.

NATURE LIGHTING

In a country like India were sunlight is abundant, its use is not neglected for

following reasons.

 Properly controlled natural light is suitable for presentations of colour

values.

 Mere presence of a window sets out feeling at rest. Also counters

feeling of claustrophobia.

 From season to season, hour to hour, light became softer or sharper,

renewing the aesthetic experience.

 I have taken natural light through semi covered artrium.

EXPANSION JOINT

In building construction, an expansion joint is a mid-structure separation

designed to relieve stress on building materials caused by building movement

induced by:

- thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes,

- sway caused by wind,

- seismic events, etc.

Because the joint bisects the entire structure, it marks a gap through all

building assemblies--walls, floors, roofs, decks, planters, plazas, etc. This

gap must be filled to restore the waterproofing, fire proofing, sound proofing,
air barrier, roof membrane, trafficable surface and other functions of the

building elements it bisects.

Expansion joint systems are used to bridge the gap and restore building

assembly functions while accommodating expected movements.

The term "movement joint" has been widely adopted in preference to

"expansion joint" as it more appropriately encompasses the fact that building

movement results in both compression and expansion of the material

installed.

For example, when a structure heats up, the building materials from which it

is built expand. This causes the "expansion joint" to close down, thereby

compressing the expansion joint system installed in the gap.

Conversely, when the temperature drops, the materials cool causing the joint

gap to open. This requires the expansion joint material to expand to follow

the joint movement.

RIBBED OR WAFFLE SLABS

Ribbed or waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent

flat slab, reducing the extend of foundations. They provide a very good form

where slab vibration is an issue, such as shopping mall atrium, cinema theatre

and hospitals etc.

Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with

equal depth narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. A thick top slab

completes the system.

Waffle slabs tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle slabs

have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in both directions between

column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are the same

depth as the ribs.

BENEFITS

 Flexible

 Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are

economic

 Speed of construction

 Fairly slim floor depths

 Excellent vibration control

 Good for services integration

 Durable finishes

 Fire resistance
RAINWATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for

reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Its uses include water for

garden, water for livestock, water for irrigation, water for domestic use with

proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. In many places the water

collected is just redirected to a deep pit with percolation. The harvested water

can be used as drinking water as well as for storage and other purpose like

irrigation.

ADVANTAGES

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional

water restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the

main supply. It provides water when there is a drought, can help mitigate

flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable

ground water levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of potable

water as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts.

 CHAPTER-3

DESIGN OF SLABS

DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB (PANEL S1)

Effective span Ly = 7.4+0.23=7.63m

Effective span Lx = 3.77+0.23=4.00m

Effective depth of slab ‘d’

Ln
d 
   

4000
 116m
2611.3311

Let over all depth D = 130 mm

d = 130 – 10 – 8/2 = 116 mm (ok)

LOADS CALCULATION:

Live load on slab = 5kN/m2

7.5 cm Brick Bullas = 1.13 kN/m2

3 cm Floor finish = 0.6 KN/m2

D.L. of 130 mm thick slab = 3.25 kN/m2

Total load ~ 10 kN/m2

 Total factored load = 15 kN/m2

REINFORCEMENT IN SLAB

Ly/Lx ~ 2

Type of Slab Panel 1 (Interior Panel)


 x = 0.065  y

a = 0.032


 x = 0.049  y

= 0.024

M 
x = 15.6 KN-m Ast x = 10 mm @ 160 mm C/C


M x = 11.76 KN-m A stx = 8 mm @ 160 mm C/C

M  y = 7.68 KN-m A  sy = 8 mm @ 250 mm C/C

M y = 5.76 KN-m A  s ty = 8 mm @ 300mm C/C

% steel in shorter span  100  314  0 . 27 % , = 1.33

100  116

Check for serviceability criteria

d 4000
  116 mm
26  1  1 . 33  1  1 (OK)

CHECK FOR SHEAR

Factored shear force at support face

Vu = 15  (4-0.35)/2 = 27.38KN

27 .38  10 3
v=   0 .236 N / mm 2
1000  116

0.46  0.35  (0.27  0.25)  0.36 MPa.

c = 0.35 +
(0.5  0.25)

K c = 1.3 x 0.36 = 0.486 MPa > v (Ok)

It is safe in shear

SCHEDULE OF SLABS

Grade of concrete M20 and Grade of steel Fe415, Thickness =130mm

Reinforcement Parallel to

Panel Short span (mm) Long span (mm) Remark

S1 10 @160C/C 8 @250C/C Top bass at support

8 @ 160 C/C 8 @ 300 C/C Bottom bass at mid span

Top distribution bars

8 @ 250 C/C 8 @ 250 C/C

S2 12 @160C/C 8 @300C/C Bottom bars at mid span

top burs at support

8 @250C/C 8 @300C/C
disruption bars atsupport
8 @300C/C 8 @300C/C
 DESIGN OF BEAMS

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF BEAM B1

Effective span of beam B1 = 7.63m

Ln
d = 367 m [assume = 26]
  

Let over all depth of beam B1 ‘D’ = 590 mm

d = 590 – 25-10-25-25/2 ~ 515 mm (Ok)

width of the beam b = 300 mm

LOADS CALCULATION

L.L D.L. of slab + floor finish = (5 + 5) x 0.8x 4 = 32 KN/m

D.L. of wall = 0.13 x (4.2 – 0.59) x 19 = 8.9 KN/m.

D.L. of slab = 0.3 x 0.46 x 25 = 3.45 KN/m

Total load ~ 44.4 Ka/m

Ultimate Bending Moment

1.5 wl 2
Mu M u   387.7KNm
10

Mu d'
= 4.87 , ~ 0.15
bd2 d

pt = 1.65 %, c = 0.738MPa [S.P – 16, Table 50]

pc = 0.75 %

Asd provided = 4# 250 + 2# 20

At support
Asc provided = 4 # 20

CHECK FOR SHEAR

Vu = (7.13 x 44.4) x 1.5/2 = 237.43 KN

Design shear Vus = Vu - c bd = 123.41 KN

Vus/d = 2.4 KN/ cm [S.P. – 16, table 62]

Provide 2- legged 8mm vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c

DESIGN OF T-BEAM B1 (AT MID SPAN)

Over all depth of bean ‘B’ D = 590 mm

Effusive depth of bean ‘B’ D = 515 mm

Effective width of flange

= 0.7 lo +bw + 6df = 1970 mm < 4000mm (OK)

6
Mu = 387.7KN- m

Df/d = 0.252 > 0.2

Moment of resistance from of T. section

= 0.36 ck bw xumax ( d-0.42xumax)+ 0.45 ck (df –bw) yt (d-yf/2)

M.O.R = 1098.8KN- m > 387.7 KN- m (OK)

AREA OF STEEL

 Ast y 
Mu = 0.87 Ast d 1  
b f d  ck 
y


A st = 2182 mm2 5 25
SCHEDULE OF BEAMS

M20 grade concert & fe 415 grade steel

Beam Le D d Bw At support At Mid span

No. (m) mm) (mm) (mm) Ast Asc Ast Asc

B1 590 515 300 4#2.5 + 2#20 4#20 5#25 2#25

7.63 2-Legged 8mm @150mm 2-legged 8mm @ 200

mmc/c

B2 8.0 730 655 350 7#25 4#20 6#25 2#25

2-legged 8mm @150 mm c/c 2-legged8 mm @200 mm c/c

B3 8.0 880 805 600 6#25 + 2#20 4#20 7#25 4#16

2-leged 12mm @ 110 mm c/c 2-leged 175 mm c/c

12mm
B4 5.75 1030 955 600 7#25 4#20 5#25 +2#20 4# 20

2-legged 12 mm @ 150 mm c/c 2-legged 12 mm @ 150 mm c/c

B5 5.75 730 655 350 7#25 4#20 6#25 2#25

2-legged 10 mm @ 160 mm c/c 2-legged 10 mm @ 200 mm c/c

 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

DESIGN OF COLUMN C1 (AT BASEMENT & G.F.)

Floor to floor Ht = 4.2 m

D.L. + L.L. + floor finish of 5 floor = (5+5) x 8 x 5.75 x 5 = 2.300 KN

D.L. of 130 mm thick mall = 0.13 x (4.2 – 0.73 x 19 x 12.55 x 4)

= 430.24 KN.

D.L. of slab of beam = 0.6 x 0.35 x 12.55 x 25 x 5 = 6329.45 KN

Self Wt. of column = 0.5 x 0.5 x 4.2 x 5x25 = 131.25 KN

Total load P ~ 3200 KN

Factored load Pu = 4800 KN

Mu = Pu e = 136.32 KN-m

L D
e   28.4mm
500 30

Pu
 0.67
 ck B 2

Mu
 0.03
 ck B3

d’/d ~ 0.10

pt = 1.9 % [SP-16, chart 44]

ast provided = 16 # 25 & lateral ties of 10 mm C. 150 mm c/c

DESIGN OF COLUMN C1 (AT F.F., S.F. T.F.)

Pu ~ 4800 x (3/5) = 2880

Mu ~ 100 KN-m

Pu
0.68
 ck

Mu
 0.68 [S.P. 16, chart 43]
 ck B 2

Pt = 2.2 %, Ast = 12 # 25 (provided) &

Lateral ties @ of 8 mm @ 150 mm c/c

SCHEDULE OF COLUMNS

M20 concrete Min & Fe 415 grade steel

Clear cover to all right = 40 mm

Column No. Length Size Reinforcement Remarks

(m) (mm) (mm)

C1

At basement & GF 5.2 600 x 600 16# 25 Longitudinal

,4.2 bars lateral

8 @ 150 c/c
ties
At FF,SF,TF 460x460
12# 25
4.2 Longitudinal
8 @ 150 c/c
bars lateral

ties

C2

At basement & GF 5.2 600 11# 25 Longitudinal

,4.2 bars lateral

8 @ 150 c/c
ties
At FF,SF,TF 600 7# 25
4.2 Longitudinal
8 @ 150 c/c
bars lateral

ties
 C3

At basement & 5.2 600 12# 25 Longitudinal

GF ,4.2 bars lateral

8 @ 150 c/c
ties
600 6# 25
At FF,SF,TF 4.2 Longitudinal
8 @ 150 c/c
bars lateral

ties

C4

At basement & GF 5.2 600 x 600 18# 25 Longitudinal

,4.2 bars lateral

8 @ 150 c/c
ties
At FF,SF,TF 600x350
10# 25
4.2 Longitudinal
8 @ 150 c/c
bars lateral

ties
 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

Design of folding F3

Size of column = 600 x 600 with 12 # 25 bars

Serviceable Axial load = 3230 KN.

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 150 KN/m2

SIZE OF FOOTING

3230x1.15
Area of base =  24.76m2
150

Size of footing, (24.76)1/2 = 4.97 ~ 5m.

Provide a footing of 5.4 x 5.4 m2 size

Area of footing provided = 29.16

THICKNESS OF FOOTING (BASED ONE ONE – WAY SHEAR)

Factored Bearing pressure on footing

3230x1.5
 166.15KN / m2 Or 0.16615 MPa
29.16

Assuming 0.15 % reinfo steel c = 0.28 MPa

Resistance one-way shear force

0.28 x 5000 x d 0.16615 x 5000 x (4800/2 –d)

d 894 mm
Let over all depth D = 1000 mm.

Effective depth d = 1000 – 75-20/2 = 915 mm (OK)

CHECK FOR TWO-WAY SHEAR (PUNCHING SHEAR)

Shear resistance = 4 x (600 + 915) x 915 x 0.25 20= 6199 KN

S.F at this resistance = (5.4 x 5.4 1.515 x 1.515) x 166.15

= 4463 KN < 6199 KN (OK)

Cleck for gross bearing capacity

Assuming unit wt. of soil as 18KN/m3

Servicing load an footing = 3230 KN

Wt . of footing = (5.4x 5.4x1x 25)x 0.80= 583.2KN

Wt. of soil above footing = 29.16x18 = 525.24

Total wt = 4338.44KN

Gross Bearing Pr. = = 148.7 < 150 MPa

Ultimate Bending Moment

Mu = 166.15x 5.4x = 2584 KN.m

d=

d = 416 mm < 915 mm (provided)

AREA OF STEEL
Ast = 8097 mm2 , pt = 0.164% > 0.15%

Ast provided 40 # 16@ 130 mm c/c in both direction.

Transfer of farce at the base of column

Pu = 4845 KN

Compressive desistence = 0.45 = 9 N/mm2

Force transfer at the base through column

= 9x6002 = 3240KN < 4845 KN

Dowel bars are required

Area. Of dowel bars = x103 = 5808 mm2

No of devil bass provided 12# 25

 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

Floor to floor height = 4.2m

Riser ht = 0.15m width of flight = 1.5m

Tread with = 0.25m

No. of Riser = = 28 nos.

No. of tread = 28-1-1 = 26 nos

No. of landing = 1 nos

No. of tread per flight = = 13nos. < 14 (OK)

Effective span of staircase = 13x 0.25 + 1 = 4.25 m

Effective depth of waist slab ‘d’

d = 152 mm

let overall depth D = 200mm

d = 200-15-10/2 = 180 mm

LOAD CALCULATION

load on flight

Self wt. of waist slab = 0.2x 1x25 = 5 KN/m

Finish = 0.5 KN/m

Live load = 5KN/m

Self wt. of steps = x 0.15 x 0.25x 25 n 0.5 KN/m

Total load = 11 KN/m

Factrod load 16.5 KN/m

Equivalent load an plan =

= 19.24 KN/m

LOAD ON LANDING

Load = 10.5 KN/m

Ultimate load = 15.75 KN/m

For Reaction Ra, taking moment of forces about C,

4.25 RA = 19.24x 3.25x (3.25/2+1) + 15.75x 12/2

Ra = 40.5 KN , Rc = 37.8 KN

Mu occurs where S.F is zero

40.5- 19 .24 x =0 x = 2.10m from A.

Mu = 42.62 KN/m

AREA OF STEEL

Mu = 0.87 y Ast (d-0.42 xu)

Provide 12mm bar 150mm c/c

% steel = 0.4% , = 1.33

CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY

d= =160mm < 180mm (OK)

Provide 8mm @ 200mm c/c as distribution reinft.

CHAPTER-4
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING FRAME USING

STAAD-PRO

CHAPTER-5
 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

COMPUTATION FOR VOLUME OF RUNOFF 9

As we know the formula for runoff discharge by using Rational Method

Harvesting potential or Volume of water Received (m3) = Area of

Catchment (m2) × Amount of

rainfall (mm) ×

Runoff coefficient

Rainwater harvesting potential = Rainfall (mm) × collection efficiency

Maximum rainfall in Ghaziabad at Site = 276 mm

Area of paved surface (road surface) = 11500 m2

Volume of water over the paved surface (road surface) =

Area of Catchment × Rainfall in mm

= 11500 × 0.276 = 3174 m3

Effectively harvested water = Volume of water × Paved surface

coeff. × Wastage coeff.

= 3174 × 0.85 × 0.80 = 2158 m3

Considering factor of safety thus increasing volume by 20%

Volume of Tank = 2158 × 1.2= 2589.6 m3

The quantity of surface runoff is calculated as 2589.6 m3 and this large

amount of surface runoff cannot be stored in single tank which is

uneconomical.

So we proposed that 50% of this quantity of surface runoff is stored in &

50% is used to recharge ground water through recharge system.

Now 6 tanks are required for storing water of quantity 1294.8 m3

Therefore the water stored in a single tank = 1294.8/6 = 216 m3

DESIGN OF TANK BELOW GROUND LEVEL (UNDERGROUND

TANK)

There may be two possibilities.

CASE-1 WHEN TANK IS FULL OF WATER

In this case when tank is full with water, the sides of tank will be

subjected to thrust (or pressure) from both sides i.e. by water and by soil.

Due to presence of coefficient Ka, (active pressure), the soil pressure is

reduced by 1/3rd amount hence magnitude thrust will be less than that of

water. The water pressure will be more and tank will be designed for

maximum pressure i.e. pressure of water.

Total discharge in cumec storage in underground tank = 216 m3

Size of Tank base = 7 m× 6 m

Free board = 150 mm ≈ 0.15 m

Materials M 20 grade of concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars

PERMISSIBLES STRESS

σcb = 7 N/mm2 σst = 150 N/m m = 13

Height of water = = 5.142 m

Height of tank = 5.142 + 0.15 = 5.3 m

Check for one way or two way criteria = L/B = = 1.16 < 2

Therefore, walls are designed as continues slab subjected to water

pressure above H/4 or 1 m from bottom whichever is greater.

(H - h) = (5.3 – 1) = 4.3 m

At 1 m from base the intensity of pressure P = γ (H – h) = 10 (5.3 – 1) =

43 KN/m2

ALTERNATIVELY, THE DESIGN LABELS OF IS: 3370 (PART IV) 1967

Clause 2.2 can be used for computation of moments in tank water.

MOMENTS IN SIDE WALLS

L= 7 m, B= 6 m

(i) Long wall = = = 175.58 KN m

= = 236.375 KN m

(ii)Short wall = = = 129 KN m

= = = 193.5 KN m

Moments at supports = 161.594 KN m

Moments at centre for (long wall) = 263.375-161.594 = 101.781 KN m

Moments at centre for (short wall) = 193.5-161.594 = 31.906 KN m

Maximum moments =300 KN m

d= =

Effective depth d = 366.96 mm ≈ 367 mm

Overall depth D = 392 mm

Direct tension in long wall T1 = (43 6)/2 = 129 KN

Direct tension short wall T2 = (43 7)/2 = 150 KN

Ast (long wall corners)

+ = 4270 mm2

Provide 28 mm bars @ 120 mm c/c

Reinforcement at centre of span (long wall) is computed as

+ = 2737 mm2

Provide 25 mm @ 140 mm c/c

For short walls the moment being small provides 50% of the bars at

corners (i.e.20 mm diameter bars at 480 mm centre at centre span).

REINFORCEMENT FOR CANTILEVER MOMENTS

(For 1 m height from bottom)

Cantilever moment = (3.5 10 0.5 0.216) = 3.78 KN.

Therefore, Ast = = 79.84 mm2 ≈ 80 mm2

Minimum reinforcement in the vertical direction is computed.

Ast (min) = 0.3 percent = (0.003 1000 392) =1176 mm2

Steel on each face = (0.5 1176) = 588 mm2

Spacing of 10 mm dia. bars = = 85 mm

Adopt 10 mm dia. bars centre on both faces 100 mm c/c

BASE SLAB

Adopt base slab thickness = 460 mm

% age of reinforcement in base slab = 0.20% of concrete section

= 0.002 460 1000 = 920 mm2

Provide half the reinforcement near each face

Ast = 0.5 920 =460 mm2

Spacing of 10 mm dia. bars = × (102) × 1000

460

Provide 10 mm bars @ 170 mm c/c

CASE –II WHEN TANK IS EMPTY (NO WATER)

Assume angle of internal friction = 300

Ka= =

Coefficient of active pressure

Height of tank = 5.3 m

Dimension of tank = 7 m × 6 m

Thickness of base slab = 460 mm

Density of earth = 18 KN/m3

Maximum bending moment at base of wall M = = × = 148.877 KNm

Effective depth‘d’= = 352 mm

Effective depth d = 352 mm

Overall depth D= 477 mm

Adopt effective depth‘d’ = 367 mm

Overall depth ‘D’ = 392 mm

Ast = = 3144.6 mm2

Spacing of 20 mm dia. bar = = 99.90 mm ≈ 100 mm

Provide 20 mm bar @ 100 mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement = 0.15%

= = 588 mm2

Spacing of 10 mm dia. bars = = 133.57 mm

Provide 10 mm dia. bars @ 130 mm c/c on both faces.

BASE SLAB

Length of slab = 7+ 0.392 2

= 7.784 m
Width of slab = 6+0.392 2

= 6.784 m

Depth = 0.46 m

Volume = 7.784 6.784 0.46 = 24.29 m3

% age of reinforcement in base slab = 0.2% of concrete section.

= 0.002 392 1000 = 784 mm3

Provide half the reinforcement near each face

Ast = 0.5 784 = 392 mm2

Spacing of 10 mm dia. bars = = 200mm c/c

DESIGN OF TOP SLAB

Effective span = 6+ 0.392 = 6.392 m

Spacing of tee beams = 3.21 m

Assume live load = 4 KN/m2

M- 20, Fe - 415

PERMISSIBLE STRESS

cb = 7 N/mm2, Q = 0.91, st =200 Nmm2, J = 0.90, m = 13

LOADS
Self weight of slab = 0.1 25 3.21 = 8.025 KN/m

Self weight of rib = 0.3 0.7 25 = 5.25 KN/m

Live load = 4 3.21 = 12.8 KN/m

Plaster finishes = 0.45 3.21 = 1.45 KN/m2

Total Load = 27.53 KN/m

Bending moment and Shear force

Bending Moment (M)

= 140.60 KNm

Shear Force (V) = = 87.985 KN

REINFORCEMENT IN SLAB

Ast = = 1698 mm2

Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter

Provided Ast = 1963.49 mm2

EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH

Least of the following

(i) Bf = (L0/6+bw+6 Df)

= + 300 + (6 100) = 1900 mm

 (ii) Bf = c/c of ribs = 3210

Hence provide Breadth of Flange (Bf) = 1900 m

DESIGN OF COFFER (GRID) SLAB

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SLAB

Shorter span Lx = 10.72 m

Langer span Ly = 23.2m

Ly /Ln = 23.2 / 10.72

Disignel = 2.17 > 2.0

In it is as one uiay slab

D = 447mm

Let overall depth d= 460+ 75 = 535 mm

Effective depth d = 535-25-8-25/2 490mm

Let width of web bw = 200mm

LOAD CALCULATION

Taking 1m wide strip of slab and spacing of beam as 1m c/c

D. L of slab including finishes = 3.6 KN/m

D.L of web = 2.3 KN/ m

Live load = 10.8 KN/m

Ultimate load = 16.35 KN/m

Mu = Wu l2 /10 = 188 KN /m = 3.91

Pt = 1.306 %, = 0. 67 MPa

Pt = 0.369%

Ast provided 3# 25

Ast provided 2# 16

Check for shear

Vu = 1.5 (10.72- 0.5) x 10.9/2 = 83.55 KN

VUs = Vu - bd =17.89 KN

d= 49 am

Vus / d = 0.37 KN/m (S.P.16, total .62)

Provide 8mm @ 200mm c/c as vertical stirrups

SHEDULE OF COFFER (GRID) SLAB

M20 grade concrete , fe 415 grade steel

Thicken of flange Df = 75 mm

Overall depth of beam D = 535 mm

Effective span = 10.72

Area of steel (mm2)

At support At midspan

Ast Asc Ast Ast

3# 25 2#16 4#20 2 #25

8mm @ c/c 200mm 8mm c/c 200mm

 CONCLUSION

Because of the project being versatile every component could not be

considered in detail. But the effort is to cover various facts related to the design

of multistoried building for the proposed shopping mall cum multiplex. The

emphasis has been laid upon the fulfillment of the minimum requirements

would ensure the necessary preconditions for a shopping mall cum multiplex.

Moreover, it has been a real challenging task to undertake a project of

this dimension and complexity. Various techniques for structural analysis of

the civil engineering employed for designing purpose are of profound

significance because of the multifold advantages. On one hand, they have

helped us in fully understanding the actual problem thereby making a way for

the solutions and on the other hand, they have been proved an effective tool for

generalization of the complex aspects associated with designing of a

multistoried building.

It has been a matter of great pleasure for all of us to accomplish such a

challenging project with demanded keenness, sufficient efforts and hard work.

Last but not the least, the project has rendered all of us a fruitful

experience and has implanted in is a firm confidence regarding the

designing works.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Jain A.K. : Reinforced Concrete

2. Dr. Karve S.R. & Dr. Shah V.L : Limit state theory and design

of reinforced concrete

3. National building code of India

(NEC)

4. Design aid for concrete structure

to I.S.456 - 1978

5. S.P- 16