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CHAPTER 5
Dynamic Mesurements
of Viscoelasticity
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 1
Outline
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 2
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 3
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 4
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Strain
e = e0 sin(ωt)
Stress
σ = σ0 sin(ωt+δ)
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 5
Purely Viscous
Purely Elastic Response Response
(Hookean Solid) (Newtonian Liquid)
δ = 90°
δ = 0°
Stress Stress
Strain Strain
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 6
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Tan Delta:
Measure of material damping - such
as vibration or sound damping. Tan δ = E"/E'
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 7
LOSS
TENNIS
X BALL
STORAGE
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 8
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
E*
Dynamic measurement E"
represented as a vector
Phase angle δ
E'
zThe tangent of the phase angle is the ratio of the
loss modulus to the storage modulus.
tan δ = E"/E'
z"TAN DELTA" (tan δ) is a measure of the
damping ability of the material.
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 9
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
tan δ R
Log G (Pa)
G* = G1 + i G2
σ0
G2 G1 = cos (δ )
e0
σ0
G2 = sin (δ )
105 e0
G2
Rubbery Viscoelastic Glassy tan (δ ) =
Log ω G1
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 12
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Example
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 13
DMA
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 14
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
DMA
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 15
DMA
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 16
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
DMA
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 17
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 18
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 19
Ó1996, TA Instruments, Inc.
AIR BEARING
AIR SLIDE
BEARING
OPTICAL
ENCODER
DRIVE MOTOR
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 20
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Tension
Motor Applies Force
Strain Read by
Optical Encoder.
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 21
Plateau
Terminal Region
Region
Viscoelastic
liquid
Very hard and
rigid solid
Temperature
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 22
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
response is
monitored at a
Time constant frequency,
amplitude and
temperature.
zUSES
ËCure Studies
ËDegradation
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 23
increasing deformation
amplitude is monitored
Time at a constant frequency
and temperature.
zUSES
ËIdentifyLinear
Viscoelastic Region
ËResilience
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 24
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
E' or G'
Stress
Strain (amplitude)
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 25
Frequency Sweep
Deformation z The material response
Strain
to increasing
frequency (rate of
deformation) is
Time monitored at a
constant amplitude
and temperature.
zUSES
ËHigh and Low Rate (short
and long time) modulus
properties.
ËPolymer melt processing
(shear sandwich).
ËExtend range with TTS
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 26
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Frequency Sweep:
Material Response
Transition
Rubbery Region
Terminal Plateau
log E' (G') and E" (G")
Region Region
Glassy Region
1
2 Storage Modulus (E' or G')
Loss Modulus (E" or G")
data points
and constant m = ramp rate
(°C/min)
amplitude of
deformation. Data is Denotes Oscillatory
taken at user defined Measurement
time intervals. time (min)
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 28
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Temperatur
response is Soak Time Step
monitored at one, Size
or over a range
of frequencies, at
e
Denotes Oscillatory
constant Measurement
amplitude of Time
deformation.
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 29
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 31
Example 2
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 32
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Maxwell Model
dε 1 dσ σ
The governing equation
= +
for this model is:
dt E dt η
E
Assume that:
Maxwell Model
Therefore:
iω σ 1 σ iω * 1 *
iω = ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅G + ⋅G
E ε η ε E η
Where E* is the complex modulus:
i ωη E
Rearranging gives:
G* =
E + i ωη
Using the fact that (a + ib)x(a - ib) = a2 – i2b2 = a2 + b2
i ωη E E − i ωη i ωη E 2 + ω 2η 2 E
G =
*
⋅ =
E + i ωη E − i ωη E 2 + ω 2η 2
ω 2η 2 E ωη E 2
G = 2
*
+i 2 = G1 + iG 2
E +ω η 2 2
E +ω η2 2
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 34
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Maxwell Model
ω 2η 2 E ωη E 2
G = 2
*
+i 2 = G1 + iG 2
E +ω η 2 2
E +ω η2 2
Therefore:
E η 2ω 2 E 2ηω
G1 = 2 G2 = 2
E + η 2ω 2 E + η 2ω 2
G2 E
tan(δ ) = =
G1 ηω
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 35
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
dσ dε
η + E1σ = η (E1 + E2 ) + E1 E2ε
dt dt
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 37
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
0.0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Log (ω)
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 39
However, the predicted relaxation is narrower than that of the experimental PE.
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 40
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 41
Clamped Bending
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 42
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Movable Stationary
clamp Clamp
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 43
Stationary
Clamp
Movable
clamp
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
DMA
3 POINT
BENDING
3 Point Bending
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 45
Stationary Fulcrum
Moveable Force
Clamp
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 46
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Tension
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 47
Tension
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 48
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
Sample
(film, fiber,or thin sheet)
Movable clamp
 Best mode for evaluation of thin films and fibers (bundle or single
filaments)
 Small samples of high modulus materials can be measured
 TMA constant force & force ramp measurements (mini-tensile tester)
 Force Track & constant force control
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 49
DMA
Shear Sandwich
Simple Shear
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 50
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Lecture_16_chapter 5
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 51
DMA - Compression
Compression
ME-578. Mechanical Prop. of Eng. Polym. Dr. Khaled Mezghani Lecture 12, Slide 52
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