Lecture 13

ChE 31000

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 3 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Linear Elastic Deformation

• Hooke's Law:
Modulus of Elasticity, E (also known
=E as Young's modulus)

 F
E


Linear-
elastic F
simple
tension
test

The greater the modulus, the stiffer the material.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 2 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Nonlinear Elastic Deformation

Tangent or
secant
modulus is
normally
used.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 3 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Mechanical Properties
The modulus is
proportional to the slope
of the interatomic force
separation curve.

Shear stress and strain:

G is the shear modulus

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 4 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Linear Elastic Deformation
• Stress-strain behavior
F

=E E
Modulus of Elasticity, E (also known
Linear- 
as Young's modulus)
elastic F
simple
tension
test

• Shear stress-strain  M
G simple
=G  torsion
test
Shear modulus, G

 = x/y=tanθ M
03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 5 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Universal Testing Machine

Model H300KU
Universal Testing
Machine by Tinius
Olsen

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 6 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Poisson’s Ratio
• Poisson’s ratio – ratio of the
lateral and axial strains

metals:  ~ 0.33
ceramics:  ~ 0.25
polymers:  ~ 0.40

• Isotropic materials:

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 7 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Modulus of Elasticity Values

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 8 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Plastic Deformation

• Simple tension test:

Elastic+Plastic
engineering stress,  at larger stress

Elastic
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

p engineering strain, 

plastic strain Adapted from Fig. 6.10(a),

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 9 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Yielding and Yield Strength

• Proportional limit: the initial

departure from linearity of the
stress–strain curve

• Yield strength σy : at some

specified strain offset, usually
0.002.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 10 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Yielding and Yield Strength
• Yield strength σy : the average
stress that is associated with
the lower yield point

For metals, yield strengths may

range from 35 MPa (5000 psi) for a
low-strength aluminum to greater
than 1400 MPa (200,000 psi) for
high-strength steels.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 11 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Yield Strength : Comparison

Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
2000
Steel (4140) qt

1000
Yield strength, y (MPa)

Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a
in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since

700 W (pure)
Room temperature
since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

600
in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

Cu (71500) cw
500 Mo (pure) values
400 Steel (4140) a
Steel (1020) cd
300
Hard to measure ,

Al (6061) ag
Hard to measure,

Steel (1020) hr
Based on data in Table B.4,
200 ¨
Ti (pure) a Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Ta (pure) a = annealed
Cu (71500) hr
hr = hot rolled
100 ag = aged
dry
70 cd = cold drawn
PC
60 Nylon 6,6 cw = cold worked
50 Al (6061) a PET qt = quenched & tempered
40 PVC humid
PP
30 HDPE
20

LDPE
Tin (pure)
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03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 12 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Tensile Strength TS
• Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve.
Adapted from Fig. 6.11,

TS Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

F = fracture or
y
ultimate
engineering

strength
stress

Typical response of a metal

Neck – acts
as stress
concentrator
strain
engineering strain
• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are
aligned and about to break.
03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 13 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Tensile Strength: ComparisonGraphite/

Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
5000 C fibers
Aramid fib
3000 E-glass fib
Tensile strength, TS (MPa)

2000 Steel (4140) qt

AFRE(|| fiber)
1000 W (pure) Diamond GFRE(|| fiber)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)aa CFRE(|| fiber)
Steel (4140)cw
Cu (71500) Si nitride Room temperature
Cu (71500) hr
Steel (1020) Al oxide values
300 Al (6061) ag
Ti (pure) a
200 Ta (pure) Based on data in Table B.4,
Al (6061) a Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
100 Si crystal wood(|| fiber) a = annealed
<100> Nylon 6,6
Glass-soda PC PET hr = hot rolled
40 PVC GFRE( fiber) ag = aged
Concrete PP
30 CFRE( fiber)
AFRE( fiber) cd = cold drawn
HDPE
Graphite cw = cold worked
20 LDPE qt = quenched & tempered
AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE =
10 aramid, glass, & carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy
composites, with 60 vol%
wood ( fiber) fibers.

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03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 14 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Ductility
• Plastic tensile strain at failure:
Brittle
smaller %EL
Engineering
tensile Ductile
stress,  larger %EL lo
Ao
Af lf
Adapted from Fig. 6.13,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Engineering tensile strain, 

Another ductility measure: Ao - Af

• %RA = x 100
Ao

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 15 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Resilience
• Modulus of resilience, Ur: Ability of a material to
store energy up to the point of yielding.
y
Ur   d
0
If we assume a linear stress-
strain curve this simplifies to

1
Ur  y  y
2

Adapted from Fig. 6.15,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 16 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Toughness
• Energy to break a unit volume of material
• Approximate by the area under the stress-strain curve.

Engineering small toughness (ceramics)

tensile large toughness (metals)
stress, 
Adapted from Fig. 6.13, very small toughness
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (unreinforced polymers)

Engineering tensile strain, 

Brittle fracture: elastic energy

Ductile fracture: elastic + plastic energy

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 17 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

True Stress and Strain

• True stress σT : the load F divided by the instantaneous
cross-sectional area Ai

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 18 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 True Stress and Strain
If no volume change:
• True stress:

• True strain:

Strain-hardening
exponent: n

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 19 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation

yi D

yo

2. Unload
Stress

1. Load 3. Reapply
load
Strain

Adapted from Fig. 6.17, Elastic strain

Callister & Rethwisch 8e. recovery

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 20 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Hardness
• Resistance to permanently indenting the surface.
• Large hardness means:
--resistance to plastic deformation or cracking in
compression.
--better wear properties.

most brasses easy to machine cutting nitrided

plastics Al alloys steels file hard tools steels diamond

increasing hardness

Adapted from Fig. 6.18, Callister 6e. (Fig. 6.18 is adapted from G.F. Kinney, Engineering Properties
and Applications of Plastics, p. 202, John Wiley and Sons, 1957.)

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 21 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Hardness testing methods

• Qualitative methods: Mohs scale (1-10)
• Quantitative methods:
– Rockwell Hardness Tests (HR / HRB)
– Brinell Hardness Tests (HB)
– Knoop and Vickers Microindentation Hardness Tests (HK
/ HV)

apply known force measure size

e.g., (1 to 1000g) of indent after
10mm sphere removing load

Smaller indents
D d mean larger
hardness.

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 22 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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 Formula for Hardness

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 23 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

Correlation between Hardness and Tensile Strength

03/22/21 Lecture 13 Slide 24 Intro to Materials Science ChE 31000

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