Med-RM - Zoo - SP-4 - Ch-17 - Strategies For Enhancement in Food Production

Chapter 17
Strategies for Enhancement in

Food Production
Chapter Contents
z Animal Husbandry ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
z Management of Farms and
Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.
Farm Animals
Domesticated animals which are raised for our use or profit are collectively
z Animal Breeding called livestock. As such, it is a vital skill for farmers and is science as well
z Bee-Keeping as art. Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock like
buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc., that are
z Fisheries
useful to humans. Extended, it includes poultry farming and fisheries. Ever
z Sericulture since the beginning of civilisation, humans have depended on animals for
many requirements, such as food (milk, meat, honey and egg), clothing (hide,
silk, wool), labour (pulling, carrying load) and security. The development of
desirable quantitative and qualitative animal species, through creating better
breeds, has been an important human achievement. For this, humans have
consistently tried to improve the breeds of domesticated animals to make
them more useful.
It is estimated that more than 70 percent of the world livestock

population is in India and China. However, it is surprising to note that their
contribution to the world farm produce is only 25 percent, i.e., the productivity
per unit is very low. Hence, in addition to conventional practices of animal
breeding and care, newer technologies are also applied to achieve
improvement in quality and productivity.
MANAGEMENT OF FARMS AND FARM ANIMALS

A professional approach to traditional practices of farm management
has given the much needed boost to our food production. Farm
management is the controlled and scientific handling of farm animals
in their rearing, grooming, breeding and caring so as to maximise their
yield. Let us discuss some of the management procedures employed
in various animal farm systems.
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50 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NEET
Dairy Farm Management : Dairy farming is the management of animals for production of milk and its
products meant for human consumption.
Animals that one would expect to find in a dairy are :

1. Cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep for milk.
2. Dairy farms can have shepherd dogs to help in moving groups of cows, sheep, goats etc. from one
location to another.
3. Some dairy farms have cats to keep the barns free of rodents.
Different kinds of products that can be made from milk in a dairy farm are :
(i) Cream : It is prepared by churning milk. The fat in milk comes on top which is separated by draining
out the liquid. This cream is with 10-70% fat content.
(ii) Curd : Milk is converted to curd due to bacterial activities.
(iii) Butter milk : It is the left over liquid after removal of butter.
(iv) Ghee : After heating butter, the water evaporates and fat contents are almost 100%.
(v) Condensed milk : Milk is concentrated by removing water contents with or without adding sugar. It
has 31% milk solids with 9% fats.
(vi) Powdered milk : It is the powdered form of milk.
(vii) Cheese : It is coagulated milk protein ‘casein’ with fat and water.
In dairy farm management, we deal with processes and systems that increase yield and improve quality of
milk.
(a) Selection of Breed : Milk yield is primarily dependent on the quality of breeds in the farm. Selection
of good breeds having high-yielding potential (under the climatic conditions of the area), combined with
resistance to diseases is very important.
(b) Housing : For the yield potential to be realised, the cattle have to be well looked after, they have to
be housed well, should have adequate water and be disease free.
(c) Feed : The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific manner, with special emphasis on
the quality and quantity of fodder.
The prepared feed given to them is classified as:
(i) Roughage which includes fodder, silage, hay and straw. This feed has a high fibre content.
(ii) Concentrate which includes cereals, millets, forage crops with high leaf protein and oil cake, oil
seeds, and animal by-products. Although low in fibre content, the concentrates have high nutrient
value and digestibility. Minerals and vitamins are added to the feed of high yielders. The proportion
of balanced feed differs for young and adult animals.
(d) Cleanliness : The cattle should be regularly cleaned. Cleanliness and hygiene (both of the cattle and
the handlers) is of paramount importance while milking, storage and transport of the milk and its products.
Now a days, much of these processes have become mechanised, reducing chance of direct contact
between produce and the handler.
(e) Ensuring these stringent measures, requires regular inspections, with proper record keeping. It also
helps to identify and rectify the problems as early as possible. Regular visits by a veterinary doctor
is mandatory.
Cattle Breeds and Breeding

1. The desired traits or characteristics of the parent, generally chosen for cattle breeding are as follows:
(a) Tolerance to climatic conditions
(b) Lactation period
(c) High yield of produce (milk/meat)
NEET Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 51
(d) Resistance to diseases
(e) Proper age of reproduction
(f) Good health
(g) General appearance
2. There are 26 breeds of cattle and seven breeds of buffaloes which differ in their body colour, horns and
forehead. Buffaloes serve as the primary source of milk - the only dietary animal protein for majority
of Indians. Compared to cows, buffaloes (Bubalus bubalus) generally yield more milk and that
too of high fat content as compared to indigenous cows. They also have greater disease
resistance and longevity. The milk yielding capacity of buffaloes is three times more than
cows. Buffalo milk is superior to cows milk in fat content as well as minerals.
A Zebu also known as indicine cattle or humped cattle is species of domestic cattle originating in
South Asia. These can easily adapt to life in hot tropics.
The cattle breeds are classified into three groups:
(i) Milch breeds : The cows of these breeds are good in milk-production, however, bullocks are
of poor quality, e.g., Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni etc.
(ii) Draught breeds : The bullocks of these breeds are good for working but cows are poor milk
producers e.g., Malvi, Nageri, Hallikar, Kangayam etc.
(iii) General utility breeds (Dual-purpose breeds) : The cows of these breeds are good milk
producers and the bullocks are good draught animals. They are intermediate between milch and
Draught breeds e.g., Haryana, Ongole, Kankrej, Tharparkar etc.
Some exotic (foreign) breeds of cattle (Bos taurus) that are used for cross-breeding purposes in India
are :
Name Country of Origin

1. Jersey Island of Jersey in English channel
2. Holstein-Friesian Holland (Best milk yielding breed
of cattle in the world)
3. Ayrshire Scotland
4. Brown swiss Switzerland
Jersey
Some breeds of buffaloes are :
(a) Murrah
(b) Bhadawari
(c) Jaffrabadi
(d) Surti
(e) Mehsana
(f) Nagpuri or Ellichipur
Animals suffer from several bacterial diseases. For example, cattle suffer from anthrax, mastitis,
pneumonia, etc.
Note :
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) also known as stilbestrol is a non steroidal estrogen against which is no longer
used due to its side effects. In the past it was used for a variety of indications including pregnancy
support etc.
Bacterial Diseases :
1. Anthrax : Anthrax is caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. This disease is contagious and
affects cattle, buffaloes, horse, sheep and goats; it can also spread to human beings. In animals,
anthrax spreads through contaminated food, water and pastures.
Prevention and control : General measures for prevention of infectious diseases should be followed.
The healthy animals should be vaccinated. Animals that have come in contact with diseased animals
should be given anthrax antiserum to protect them from the disease.
2. Mastitis : It is the inflammation of the udder that often occurs in dry cows due to infection of bacterium
"Cornybacterium pyogenes".
Viral Diseases :
Rinderpest or Cattle plague : This disease is caused by a virus and is highly contagious. The virus is
present in all the fluids and secretions of the body of the diseased animal. The disease spreads rapidly by
direct contact with infected animals, through contaminated food, water, workers or their clothes and by flies.
Prevention : All the measures for prevention of infectious diseases should be implemented. It is highly
desirable to vaccinate the animals against rinderpest. In 1954, a massive vaccination programme was initiated
in India. This project has been highly successful, and rinderpest is no longer a dreaded disease.
Poultry farm management : Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food and for their
eggs. They typically include chicken and ducks, and sometimes turkey and geese. The word poultry is often
used to refer to the meat of only these birds, but in a more general sense it may refer to the meat of other
birds too.
As in dairy farming, selection of disease free and suitable breeds, proper and safe farm conditions, proper
feed and water, hygiene and health-care are important components of poultry farm management.
1. Poultry birds exclusively grown for meat are called broilers (e.g., Plymouth rock).
2. Layers are female fowls raised for egg production (e.g., White leghorn).
3. Bird flu is an avian influenza which can also attack human beings. It was caused by (H5N1) influenza
virus in 2003 (Thailand).
4. Culling-Selective removal and slaughter of infected birds.
Infected birds pass on virus through their saliva, nasal secretions and faeces. In 1918, it attacked
human beings and killed about 50 million humans. The reservoir of bird flu seems to be migratory birds.
The virus attacks and kills monocytes. The raw meat and eggs may contain virus. Once an outbreak is
detected, the infected chickens are culled to prevent spread of the disease.
5. The chicken is commonly classified on the basis of its origin.

(a) American breeds : Plymouth rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire.
(b) English breeds : Australorp, Cornish (dark)
(c) Asiatic breeds : Brahma (light), Cochin, Langshan (black).
(d) Mediterranean breeds : Leghorn.
Indigenous breeds : Aseel, Busra, Chittagong, Karaknath, Ghagus.
Aseel fowls are used in cock fighting.
6. Poultry Diseases Leghorn

(i) Encephalomalacia : Deficiency of vitamin E causes softening of brain tissue in young poultry.
(ii) Coccidiosis : The protozoan Eimeria causes coccidiosis in fowls that results in bloody diarrhoea.
(iii) Bacterial Diseases
Pathogen Disease
(a) Pasteurella Fowl cholera
(b) Salmonella pullorum Pullorum
(c) Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasmosis
(d) Spirochaete Spirochaetosis
(iv) Viral Disease : Ranikhet (New Castle’s disease), Fowlpox, infectious bronchitis, Bird flu.
Management of Sheep and Goats :

1. Goat : In our country sheep are reared for wool, skin, and meat, and goats for meat, milk, hair and skin.
Goat is called ‘poor man’s cow’ because it yields only a small quantity of milk.
‘Pashmina’ the under fur from the Kashmiri goats Capra aegagrus is a fine and soft wool used
for Kashmiri shawls.
2. Sheep : Is a gregarious, ruminant and often horned mammal which belongs to genus Ovis and species aries.
There are 40 breeds of sheep in India. They are generally named after their place of origin or on the basis of
prominent characteristics.
Fig. : Nali Sheep
Some breeds of Indian Sheep
Breed Distribution Use

1. Lohi Punjab, Rajasthan Good quality wool, milk
2. Rampur-Bushair Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh Brown coloured fleece,superior cloth
3. Nali Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan Superior carpet wool
4. Bhakarwal Jammu and Kashmir Under-coat used for high quality
woollen shawls
5. Deccani Karnataka Mutton, no wool
6. Nellore Maharashtra Mutton, no wool
7. Marwari Gujarat Coarse wool
8. Patanwadi Gujarat Wool for army hosiery
Shahtoosh - The King of Wools

Shahtoosh is one of the finest wools made from the hair of the Tibetian antelope (Pantholops hodgson)
also called CHIRU. The shawls made from chiru wool are so fine that they can be slipped through a finger
ring. Due to high scale poaching of these animals on high desert plateau of China, International trade in
shahtoosh has been prohibited.
Angoora wool is obtained from rabbit.
ANIMAL BREEDING
Breeding of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry. Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield
of animals and improving the desirable qualities of the produce.
Objectives of Animal Breeding :

The main objectives of animal breeding are :
(i) lmproved growth rate,
(ii) Increased production of milk, meat, egg, wool, etc.,
(iii) Superior quality of milk, meat, eggs, wool, etc.,
(iv) Improved resistance to various diseases,
(v) Increased productive life and (vi) increased or, at least, acceptable reproduction rate, etc.
Breed : A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance,
features, size, configuration, etc., are said to belong to a breed.
Methods of Animal Breeding:

Two methods of animal breeding are – inbreeding and outbreeding.
(i) Inbreeding : Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed
for 4-6 generations. The breeding strategy is as follows – superior males and superior females of the
same breed are identified and mated in pairs. The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated
and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating. A superior female, in the
case of cattle, is a cow or buffalo that produces more milk per lactation. On the other hand, a superior
male is a bull, which gives superior progeny as compared to other males. Inbreeding increases
homozygosity. Thus, inbreeding is necessary if we want to evolve pureline in any animal. Inbreeding
exposes harmful recessive traits that are eliminated by selection process. It also helps in accumulation
of superior and elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore, this approach, where there is selection
at each step, increases the productivity of inbred population. However, continued inbreeding, especially
close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
Whenever this becomes a problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with
unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps restore fertility and yield.
(ii) Outbreeding : Outbreeding is breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the
same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations (outcrossing) or between different breeds
(cross-breeding) or different species (inter-specific hybridisation).
(a) Outcrossing : This is a practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common
ancestors on either side of their pedigree for up to 4-6 generations. The offspring of such a mating
is known as an outcross. It is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in milk
productivity, growth rate in beef cattle, etc. A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding
depression.
(b) Cross-breeding : In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another
breed. Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined.
The progeny hybrid animals may be used for commercial purpose. Alternatively, they may be subjected
to some form of inbreeding and selection process to develop new stable breeds that may be superior
to the existing breeds. Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach. Hisardale is
a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes with Merino rams.
Cross Breeds:
1. Karan Swiss : This breed has been produced by artificial breeding at the National Dairy
Research Institute, Karnal in Haryana, by breeding Sahiwal cows with semen of Brown
Swiss bulls.
2. Sunandini : This breed originated in Kerala by crossing the local non-descript cattle with
Jersey, Brown Swiss and Holstein-Friesian breeds.
3. Karan Fries : The breed has its origin at the National Dairy Research Institute Karnal and
is produced by crossing between Tharparkar and Holstein-Friesian.
4. Frieswal : Crossbreed of Holstein-Friesian and Sahiwal cows.
(c) Interspecific hybridisation : In this method, male and female animals of two different related
species are mated. In some cases, the progeny may combine desirable features of both the
parents, and may be of considerable economic value, e.g., the mule (a cross between male donkey
and female horse)
Fig. : Mule
Controlled Breeding Experiments

These are carried out by using Artificial Insemination and Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).
(i) Artificial insemination : The semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent and injected
into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder. The semen may be used immediately
or can be frozen and used at a later date. It can be transported in a frozen form to a place where the
female is housed. Liquid nitrogen is used in the process of cryopreservation because of its low
temperature (–196°C). In this way desirable matings are carried out. Artificial insemination helps us to
overcome several problems of normal mating. Often, the success rate of crossing mature male and female
animals is fairly low even though artificial insemination is carried out.
(ii) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) : It is one of the programmes for herd
improvement. In this method, a cow is administered hormones, with FSH-like activity, to induce follicular
maturation and superovulation – instead of one egg, which they normally yield per cycle, they produce
6-8 eggs. The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs at
8-32 cells stages, are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers. The genetic mother
is available for another round of superovulation. This technology has been demonstrated for cattle, sheep,
rabbits, buffaloes, mares, etc. High milk-yielding breeds of females and high quality (lean meat with less
lipid) meat-yielding bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time.
More than 6000 artificial insemination centres have been established in the different parts of the
country to benefit the dairy and farmers at village level. One such centre is Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.). Artificial insemination has a number of advantages:
(i) Many cows (upto 3000) can be fertilized by the semen collected from one bull.
(ii) Frozen semen can be stored for a long period, and transported to remote parts of the country.
(iii) This method is economical and gives high rate of successful fertilization.
BEE-KEEPING
Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey. It is an
age-old cottage industry. Honey is a food of high-nutritive value and also used in the indigenous systems of
medicine. Honeybee also produces beewax, which finds many uses in industry, such as in the preparation
of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds. The increased demand of honey has led to large-scale bee-keeping
practices which has become an established income-generating industry, whether practiced on a small or on
a large scale.
Bee-keeping can be practiced at any place where there are sufficient bee pastures of some wild shrubs, fruit
orchards and cultivated crops.
There are several species of honeybees which can be reared. The most common of species found in the
wild is Apis indica in India. Beehives can be kept in one’s courtyard, on the verandah of the house or even
on the roof. Bee-keeping is not labour-intensive.
Common species of honey bees:
S. No. Scientific name Common Name
1. Apis mellifera Italian bee
2. Apis dorsata Rock bee
3. Apis florea Little bee
4. Apis indica Indian bee
Bee-keeping though relatively easy does require some specialised knowledge and there are several
organisations that teach bee-keeping. The following points are important for successful bee-keeping –
(i) Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees
(ii) Selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives
(iii) Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees)
(iv) Management of beehives during different seasons, and
(v) Handling and collection of honey and beewax. Bees are the pollinators (Entomophilly) of many of
our crop species such as sunflower, Brassica, apple, pear etc. Keeping beehives in crop fields
during flowering season increases pollination efficiency and improves the yield of honey.
 Social organization (Castes) of honey bee : The nest of honey bees is known as a bee-hive. The hive
consists of 32 to 60 thousand individuals, showing a highly organized division of labour in the colony. Bees
are polymorphic, consisting of three types of individuals (Castes) viz, Queen, Drone and Worker.
QUEEN DRONE WORKER

1. Large size and generally one 1. Smaller than queen, larger than 1. Smallest in size but maximum in
queen per hive. workers and are 200-300 per numbers.
hive.
2. Diploid, fertile female. 2. Haploid, fertile males, called 2. D i p l o i d s t e r i l e f e m a l e ,
kings of the colony. incapable of producing eggs.
3. Legs strong for walking on the 3. Live in drone cell. 3. Live in worker cell. Pollen grains
comb and feeds on Royal adhere to branched hair on the
Jelly. body. P o l l e n b a s k e t o r
corbicula on hind legs
4. Sting is curved, modified as 4. Sting and wax gland absent. 4. A sting with poison sac at the tip
egg laying organ called of abdomen.
ovipositor.
5. Lays both fertilized and 5. Their main function is to fertilize 5. Function is to collect honey, look
unfertilized eggs the female (Queen). after young-ones, to clean comb,
(1500-2000/day). to defend hive, and to maintain
temperature of the hive.
6. Fertilized eggs develop into 6. Developed parthenogeneti- 6. Depending on work they do they
females. Unfertilized eggs cally from unfertilized egg. are Nursery bees, Builders,
develop into drones. Repai r ers , Cl eaners and
Fanners.
7. Life span is 2-5 years. 7. Drones dies after copulation, 7. Life span is 4-5 months.
i.e. fertilizing the queen. Life
span is 57 days.
 From its mandibular gland, the developing queen secretes antiqueen substances or antiqueen
pheromones which inhibit the worker bees from building brood chambers and developing ovaries.
 Drones are male honey bees. They develop from unfertilized eggs. The phenomenon is called arrhenotoky.
Drones and virgin queens take part in nuptial flight. After copulation, the drones are not allowed to come
back into hive.
 The queen stores the sperm in her spermatheca. They are sufficient to fertilize all the eggs that are laid by her.
 Females develop from fertilized eggs. Workers are sterile females. Scout bees search for food and intimate
the same to worker bees by dances – round dance for less than 75 m and tail wagging dance for
longer distances of the new food source from the hive. Prof. Karl Von Frisch decoded the language of “bee
dances” and got Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for it in 1973.
Honey : Honey is a sugary syrup with nearly neutral pH of 6.8 having 17-25% water, 3.3% minerals,
abundant vitamins (B1, B6, C, D), L-fructose (Levulose = 41%), glucose (35%), sucrose (1.9%) and dextrin
(1.5%). It is tonic, laxative and sweetening agent.
It prevents infection if applied to a wound. A number of ayurvedic medicines are taken with honey.
Bees wax: Bees wax is considered primary product as it is secreted by abdominal wax glands of the
worker bees. It possesses a hardening substance from cephalic gland and a resin called propolis from
pollen grains.
Apis mellifera is commonly reared commercially in India also due to its higher yield as compared to
Apis indica.
Artificial beehive: It consists of wooden boxes having a large brood chamber placed on a wooden platform
with an opening at the bottom for the entry and exit the bees. A number of frames coated with wax sheets
having hexagonal imprints is placed inside. Each wax sheet, known as comb foundation, provides the
foundation arc for the bees to build combs on both the sides.
Top Cover
Worker Inner cover
cells Super
Brood
chamber
Bottom
Drone cells board
Stand
Queen cells
To start a colony in the artificial hive, a gravid (fertilized) queen is introduced into the brood chamber.
Artificial hives are placed in gardens, orchards and fields having flowering plants providing the pollen and
nectar. When sufficient honey has been stored, the combs are removed from the frames and then
centrifuged to extract the honey.
FISHERIES
Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, processing and selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals.
A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products or other aquatic animals such as prawn,
crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc., for food. Some of the freshwater fishes which are very common include Catla,
Rohu and common carp. Some of the popular marine fishes that are eaten include – Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel
and Pomfrets.
“Aquaculture” involves production of useful aquatic plants and animals such as fishes, prawns, shrimps,
lobsters, crabs, molluscs (edible and pearl oysters) by the proper utilisation of small and large bodies
of water. “Pisciculture” is production of fishes.
Fish meal is a rich source of protein for cattle and poultry. It is prepared from non-edible parts of fish such
as tails, fins and bones which are discarded from factories that extract oil from fishes. Fish waste is also
used for making fertilisers and adhesives. Shark leather (shark skin) called shagreen is used in polishing
the wood and other material. Fish leather is used to make articles such as hand bags, shoes, tobacco
pouches etc. These are considered fashionable and fetch a high price in the market.
Isinglass : It is a gelatinous substance obtained from the air bladder of perch, Indian Salmon and cat
fish used in preparation of special cement and in clarification of wine and beer.
Besides serving as table food, fishes are of medicinal value. Shark liver oil and cod liver oil are
natural sources of vitamins A and D. Oil from sardines, herrings and salmon is used in the
manufacture of soaps and paints.
Fisheries have an important place in Indian economy. It provides income and employment to millions of
fishermen and farmers, particularly in the coastal states. For many, it is the only source of their livelihood. In
order to meet the increasing demands of fisheries, different techniques have been employed to increase
production. For example, through aquaculture and pisciculture we have been able to increase the production
of aquatic plants and animals, both fresh-water and marine. This has led to the development and flourishing
of the fishery industry, which has brought a lot of income to the farmers in particular and the country in general.
This enhancement of fish production is called ‘Blue Revolution’. Inland fisheries involves culturing fish in
water bodies which are land locked like lakes, ponds
Culture fishery is raising of fishes in tanks and ponds while capture fishery is a method of catching fish
without actually raising them.
Culture Fishery : In this method, pituitary hormone extract is injected into male and female breeder
fish. Two males and one female are then kept in a breeding happa, a bamboo and cloth container.
Spawning takes place in 3-6 hours. The fertilized eggs are removed and kept in hatcheries, where
they hatch in 15-18 hours. The hatchlings are kept in glass-jar hatcheries. A mouth is formed on the third
day and the young fish are now called fry. They are kept in rearing ponds for about three months, where they
grow into 4”-6” long fingerlings. The fingerlings are then released into stocking ponds where they grow to
the required size. In composite fish culture, different species of fish like catla, rohu and mrigal are cultured
together.
Types of Ponds : Three types of ponds are required for the culture of Indian major carps: nursery, rearing
and stocking ponds.
(i) Nursery Ponds : Efficient pond fish culture requires special preparation of nurseries to receive the tender
hatchlings at spawn. Small and seasonal nurseries are preferred as they facilitate effective control of the
environmental conditions. The steps adopted towards preparation of nurseries are control of predatory
fishes and weeds, There should be production of zooplanktons to serve as food for spawn and control
of algal blooms.
(ii) Rearing Ponds : The fries (sing. fry = young one of fish) are collected from the nursery ponds and
released in rearing ponds where fries develop into fingerlings.
(iii) Stocking Ponds : The fingerlings are netted out from the rearing ponds to stocking ponds where they
change to fish. In the stocking ponds, the fishes are kept for stocking.
z Polyculture / composite culture : It is practice of culturing of different fishes together. Carp

fishes such as Catla (Thelia), Labeo rohita (Rohu), Cirrhina mrigala (Mrigal) and Labeo
calbasu (calbasu) are commonly cultured together in our country. Selection of fish in
polyculture is based on their feeding habit so as to avoid any competition for food.
z Important edible fishes are :
A. Fresh water fishes: Labeo rohita (Rohu)

Labeo calbasu (Calbasu)
Catla catla (Catla)
Mystus singhala (Singhara)
Clarias batrachus (Magur)
Heteropneustes heteropneustes (Singhi)
B. Marine fishes: Harpodon sp. (Bombay duck)
Hilsa sp. (Hilsa)
Anguilla sp. (Eel)
Stromateus sp. (Pomfret)
Aluitheronema sp. (Salmon)
Sardinella sp. (Sardine)
SERICULTURE
Sericulture is the breeding and management of insects for the production of silk. All the four varieties of
natural silk, mulberry, tassar, eri and muga, are produced in India. India ranks third among the mulberry
silk producing countries of the world.
z Silks are of two main types, mulberry silk or cultivated silk and non-mulberry silk or wild silk.
z The non-mulberry silk industry is found in Assam, Bihar, Bengal, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. There
are three main types of this silk.
(i) Tassar (tussore, tussur) silk (kosa) is obtained from the oak-feeding larvae of the silk moth (Antheraea
roylei and A. mylitta. It is a native of India and China. Tassar cocoons are attached by a peduncle to twigs of
sal trees.
(ii) Muga silk is produced by larva of Antheraea assamensis in Assam. It is golden yellow in colour and
superior to tassar silk in gloss and other qualities. It is an excellent material for embroidery.
(iii) Eri or Arundi silk is produced by larva of Philosamia ricini and is made in Bengal, Bihar and Assam.
The eri silkworms feeds on castor leaves and is reared indoors. The cocoons are soft and white or
yellowish. The filaments are very delicate, so that the yarn is spun like cotton.
Farmers now harvest three times the silk cocoons they did ten years ago. Depending upon the number of crops of
silkworm cocoons raised per year, sericulture is univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine.
z Rearing of mulberry silkworm : The life history of the silk moth passes through four stages, eggs, larva,
pupa and adult.
A DULT FEMAL E
EGGS ON MULBERRY
LEAF
EGGS
COCOON
MATURE
CATERPILLAR
Fig. : Life cycle of silk moth (Bombyx mori
Eggs : During sericulture, the female silk moth is made to lay eggs on sheets of paper. About 300-500 eggs
are laid at a time. The eggs are kept in cold storage for about six weeks. They are then washed in water
and dried indoors.
Larva (silkworm) : In about 10 days the eggs hatch into silkworms. The larvae are fed on pieces of
mulberry leaves for 10 days. The silkworms pass through five stages. Moulting takes place after each
stage, and the larval skin is cast off. At the end of the fourth stage, the silkworm goes into a 'figure of eight'
position and secretes a cocoon around itself.
z Cocoon formation : The cocoon is formed by two pairs of glands. Liquid secretions of a proteinaceous
material called fibroin emerge from the glands called spinneret. They harden on exposure to air forming
twin filaments. A gummy substance called sericin and is secreted by the second pair of glands (spinnerets)
cements the two filaments together. Silk is a continuous filament, with a usable length of 600-900 meters.
After the cocoon is completed, the larva becomes inactive for 10-15 days, and is transformed into the pupa
or chrysalis. The pupa is killed in the cocoon by dipping it in boiling water, or by steam or hot air.
z Degumming : Silk containing sericin is called raw silk. Sericin is a gummy substance which is usually
retained till the yarn or fabric stage, because it gives protection during processing. After weaving, the silk
cloth is boiled to remove the excess of natural gum. This process is called degumming of silk. It leaves
the silk soft and lustrous and reduces its weight
z Common diseases of silkworm are pebrine by protozoan Nosema bombycis, muscardine by fungus
Spicaria and Botrytis and flacherie by virus.
EXERCISE
1. Bacillus anthracis causes
(1) Rinderpest (2) Tick fever
(3) Anthrax (4) Diarrhoea
2. Bull semen for artificial insemination is stored in
(1) Ice (2) Liquid carbon dioxide
(3) Liquid oxygen (4) Liquid nitrogen
3. Zebu is
(1) Bos indicus (2) Gallus gallus
(3) Jersey (4) Bombyx mori
4. Frieswal is a crossbreed of
(1) Brown swiss and Sahiwal
(2) Tharparkar and Holstein-Friesian
(3) Holstein Friesian and Sahiwal
(4) Jersey and Sahiwal
5. Hisardale a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Merino rams is an
example of
(1) Outcrossing (2) Cross breeding
(3) Interspecific hybridisation (4) Outbreeding
6. The species of honey bee reared commercially in India is
(1) Apis florea (2) Apis dorsata
(3) Apis indica (4) Apis mellifera
7. Which of the following are edible marine fishes?
(1) Catla, Rohu, Clarias
(2) Hilsa, Mackerels, Pomfrets
(3) Heteropneustes, Wallago, Catla
(4) Labeo, Calbasu, Singhi
8. Isinglass in used for
(1) Production of Insulin (2) Feeding caltte, pig and poultry
(3) Preparation of paints and varnishes (4) Clarification of vinegar, wines and beer
9. The term aquaculture includes
(1) Inland fisheries (2) Aspergillosis
(3) Marine fisheries (4) Both (1) & (3)
10. Fish meal is rich in
(1) Fat (2) Proteins
(3) Vitamins (4) Minerals

t
en
nm nment
sig ssig
As A Assignment
Assignment
5. Inbreeding depression can be overcome by
SECTION - A
[NCERT Pg. 168]
NCERT Based MCQs
(1) Further inbreeding
1. Hormone which is responsible for superovulation in
(2) Mating the selected animal with related
induced breeding techniques in cattle is like which
animals with common ancestry for minimum
of the following hormones in its activity?
three generations
[NCERT Pg. 168]
(3) Artificial hybridisation
(1) Oxytocin
(4) Mating the selected animal with unrelated
(2) FSH superior animals of same breed
(3) Progesterone 6. Choose the option which has correct statements
(4) Oestrogen w.r.t. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
Technology (MOET).
2. The advantage of inbreeding in animal husbandry is
that it [NCERT Pg. 168] a. In this technique, FSH induces follicular
maturation and superovulation.
(1) Increases homozygosity
b. The fertilized eggs at 8-32 cell stages are
(2) Increases heterozygosity
recovered non-surgically and transferred to
(3) Improves the breed with a single step surrogate mothers.
(4) Causes deletion of superior genes c. High milk-yielding breeds of females and high
3. Read the following statements A and B and Choose quality meat yielding bulls have been bred
the correct option. successfully.
Statement-A : Aquaculture involves production of d. It is a controlled breeding experiment.
useful aquatic plants and animals such as fishes, [NCERT Pg. 168]
prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs and molluscs. (1) a & b only (2) c & d only
Statement-B : Fishery is an industry devoted to (3) a, b & c only (4) a, b, c & d
the catching, processing and selling of fish and
7. Choose the incorrect match w.r.t. animal breeding
shellfish. [NCERT Pg. 170] methods [NCERT Pg. 168]
(1) Both statements are incorrect (1) Out crossing – Cross between same breed
(2) Both statements are correct having no common ancestor
(3) Statement A is incorrect but B is correct for 4-6 generations
(4) Statement B is incorrect but A is correct (2) Cross breeding – Cross between different
breeds
4. _______ is the primary and _______ is the
(3) Interspecific – Cross between two different
secondary product of beekeeping.
hybridization species
Choose the option which correctly fills the banks.
(4) Inbreeding – Mating of individuals within
[NCERT Pg. 169] same breed for 1-2
(1) Honey & wax generations
8. Choose the option that represents an exotic poultry
(2) Wax & honey
breed. [NCERT Pg. 167]
(3) Glucose & laxative
(1) Leghorn (2) Jersey
(4) Vitamin & wax (3) Hisardale (4) Brown swiss
9. The animal shown in the figure is a/an 14. In cows, superovulation during MOET leads to
[NCERT Pg. 167] production of generally [NCERT Pg. 169]
(1) 16-20 eggs
(2) 6-8 eggs
(3) 25-30 eggs
(4) 200-400 eggs
15. In the parent, the desired trait not used for
breeding of cattle is [NCERT Pg. 168]
(1) Drought variety of cattle in India (1) Proper age of reproduction
(2) Exotic breed of cow used for cross-breeding (2) High yield
(3) Exotic breed of buffalo used for cross-breeding (3) Lactation period
(4) It is a hybrid cattle obtained by the cross
(4) Low quality meat yield
between high milk yielding variety
10. Hisardale has been developed by SECTION - B
[NCERT Pg. 168]
Objective Type Questions
(1) Inbreeding
1. Which of the following is necessary if we want to
(2) Outcrossing evolve a pure line in any animal?
(3) Cross-breeding (1) Outcrossing
(4) Interspecific hybridisation
(2) Inbreeding
11. Which of the following is/are true about the
(3) Outbreeding
inbreeding?
(4) Crossbreeding
A. It is the mating between members of the same
breed for 4–6 generations. 2. The common species occurring in the wild in India
is
B. It leads to accumulation of inferior genes in the
surviving progeny. (1) Apis florea (2) Apis indica
C. It helps in developing purelines. (3) Apis dorsata (4) Rock bee
[NCERT Pg. 167] 3. Which of the following is not an edible marine
water fish?
(1) A and B (2) B and C
(1) Pomfret (2) Hilsa
(3) A and C (4) A only
(3) Mackerel (4) Cirrhinus
12. In (MOET) the cells are recovered at what stage to
be transferred into surrogate mother? 4. Following are the steps used in MOET programme
for herd improvement in which a cow has been
[NCERT Pg. 169]
administered hormones with FSH activity? Arrange
(1) 6-8 celled stage the steps from A to D, in a proper sequence.
(2) 10-12 celled stage (a) Transferred to surrogate mother
(3) 8-32 celled stage (b) It is either mated with elite bull or artificially
(4) 2-3 celled stage inseminated
13. More than of the world livestock (c) Fertilised eggs at 8 to 32 celled stage are
population is in India and China. recovered non-surgically
Choose the option that fills the blank correctly. (d) It produces 6 – 8 eggs instead of one egg
[NCERT Pg. 163] which they normally yield
(1) 25% (1) (c), (d), (b) and (a)
(2) 70% (2) (b), (d), (c) and (a)

(3) 90% (3) (d), (b), (c) and (a)
(4) 50% (4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
5. The industry devoted to the catching, processing or 13. Which of the following is the best breeding method
selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals is for animals that are below average in productivity in
(1) Fishery milk production and growth rate in beef cattle?
(2) Inland fishery (1) Inbreeding
(3) Aquaculture (2) Outcrossing
(4) Pisciculture (3) Cross-breeding
6. Choose the incorrect statement. (4) Interspecific hybridisation
(1) Shahtoosh is one of the finest wools made 14. Karan Swiss, Karan Fries, Hisardale are examples
from hair of Tibetian antelope called Chiru of
(2) Pashmina wool is obtained from sheep (1) Outcrossing
(3) Angoora wool is obtained from Rabbit (2) Cross breeding
(4) One of the best wool is obtained from Merino (3) Interspecific hybridisation
sheep (4) Outbreeding
7. Tassar silk is produced by 15. Blue revolution is increase in
(1) Bombyx mori (2) Antheraea roylei (1) Egg production (2) Fish production
(3) Milk production (4) Crop production
(3) Attacus ricini (4) Antheraea assama
16. Avian pneumonia is also called
8. Silver revolution is, increase in
(1) Egg production (2) Fish production (1) Bird’s flu (2) Newcastle disease
(3) Crop production (4) Milk production (3) Coryza (4) Pullorum
9. Hisardale, is an example of 17. Three carp fishes Catla, Labeo and Cirrhinus, can
be grown together in the same pond more
(1) Inbreeding
economically, as they have
(2) Outbreeding
(1) Positive interaction
(3) Crossbreeding
(2) Commensalism
(4) Interspecific hybridisation
(3) Symbiosis
10. MOET, a programme for herd improvement, has
(4) No competition for food
been demonstrated for all of the following, except
18. The chicken breeds used only for meat yielding
(1) Cattle (2) Hens
purpose are known as
(3) Rabbits (4) Mares
(1) Indigenous birds (2) Layers
11. Through aquaculture and pisciculture we have been
(3) Broilers (4) Jungle fowls
able to increase the production of
19. Which of the following acts as the binding material
(1) Only fresh water fishes
in the silk filaments produced by silk moth?
(2) Only aquatic animals
(1) Fibroin (2) Hexacosyl palmitate
(3) Aquatic plants and animals, both fresh water (3) Sericin (4) Mericyl palmitate
and marine
20. Which breeds of fowls have been traditionally used
(4) Only fish products and other aquatic animals in India for cock fighting?
such as prawns, crab, lobster, edible oysters
(1) Plymouth rock (2) Karaknath
12. Which of the following is not included in (3) Aseel (4) Cochin
outbreeding?
21. Which of the following is prepared from air bladder
(1) Outcrossing of bony fish and is used in the clarification of
(2) Crossbreeding alcoholic beverages?
(3) Inbreeding along with selection (1) Fish glue (2) Fish meal
(4) Interspecific hybridisation (3) Shagreen (4) Isinglass
22. Mulberry silk is the type of silk obtained from which
of the following types of silk moths?
SECTION - C
(1) Antheraea assama (2) Antheraea roylei Previous Years Questions
(3) Bombyx mori (4) Attacus ricini 1. Select the incorrect statement regarding
23. Select the incorrect match w.r.t. the varieties of inbreeding. [NEET-2019 (Odisha)]
cows produced by the ‘cross breeding’ process (1) Inbreeding depression cannot be overcome by
(1) Karan Fries - Tharparkar × Holstein Friesian out-crossing
(2) Karan Swiss - Sahiwal × Holstein Friesian (2) Inbreeding helps in elimination of deleterious
(3) Frieswal - Sahiwal × Holstein Friesian alleles from the population
(4) Sunandini - Local Kerala cattle × Jersey (3) Inbreeding is necessary to evolve a pure line
24. Which of the following cattle diseases is also in any animal
known as ‘Cattle plague’?
(4) Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and leads
(1) Anthrax (2) Rinderpest
to inbreeding depression
(3) Mastitis (4) Pullorum
2. Select the incorrect statement. [NEET-2019]
25. The resinous substance which is a component of
beewax and is also used by bees for repairing the (1) Inbreeding increases homozygosity
damages to beehive is (2) Inbreeding is essential to evolve purelines in any
(1) Propolis (2) Levulose animal.
(3) -Dextrins (4) Dextrose (3) Inbreeding selects harmful recessive genes that
26. Angoora variety of wool is obtained from which of reduce fertility and productivity
the following animals? (4) Inbreeding helps in accumulation of superior
(1) Kashmiri goat genes and elimination of undesirable genes
(2) Merino sheep 3. Homozygous purelines in cattle can be obtained by
(3) Chiru of Tibet [NEET-2017]
(4) Rabbit (1) Mating of related individuals of same breed
27. The chemical which was used to induce lactation (2) Mating of unrelated individuals of same breed
in sterile cows and banned due to its misuse in
immature females was (3) Mating of individuals of different breed
(1) Oxytocin (4) Mating of individuals of different species
(2) Stilbesterol 4. Which of the following diseases is caused by a
(3) Prolactin protozoan? [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(4) Gonadotropin (1) Blastomycosis (2) Syphilis
28. Which of the following animals is called ‘Poor (3) Influenza (4) Babesiosis
Man’s Cow’ due to its less milk yield but also
5. Outbreeding is an important strategy of animal
lesser resource requirement for rearing?
husbandry because it [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(1) Local non-descript cow varieties
(1) Exposes harmful recessive genes that are
(2) Goat
eliminated by selection.
(3) Sheep
(2) Helps in accumulation of superior genes.
(4) Pantholops
(3) Is useful in producing purelines of animals.
29. Which of the following is known as ‘king of wool’
for its superior quality? (4) Is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression.
(1) Angoora 6. Which one of the following is viral disease of
(2) Mohair poultry? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(3) Shahtoosh (1) Pasteurellosis (2) Salmonellosis
(4) Pashmina (3) Coryza (4) New Castle disease
7. In cloning of cattle a fertilized egg is taken out of 14. Fishery is an industry devoted
the mother’s womb and [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) To the catching of fishes
(1) From this upto eight identical twins can be (2) To the catching and processing of fishes and
produced shell fishes
(2) The egg is divided into four pairs of cells which (3) To the catching, processing and selling of
are implanted into the womb of others cows fishes, shell fishes, crabs, prawns etc.
(3) In the eight cell stage, cells are separated and (4) All of these
cultured until small embryos are formed which
15. Which of the following types of bees intimate
are implanted into the womb of other cows
source of food to other workers by dancing
(4) In the eight cell stage the individual cells are movements?
separated under electrical field for further
(1) Drones
development in culture media
8. The causative agent of mad-cow disease is a (2) Scout bees
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (3) Nurse bees
(1) Bacterium (2) Prion (4) Queen bees
(3) Worm (4) Virus 16. Which one is wrongly matched?
9. The world’s highly prized wool yielding ‘Pashmina’ (1) Apiculture – Honey bee only
breed is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005] (2) Aquaculture – Fish only
(1) Sheep (3) Sericulture – Silk moth only
(2) Goat (4) Poultry – Ducks
(3) Goat-sheep cross 17. Three carp fishes, Catla, Labeo and Cirrhina, can
(4) Kashmir sheep-Afghan sheep cross be grown together in the same pond more
economically, as they have
Questions asked Prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005
(1) Positive interactions
10. The term aquaculture means
(2) Commensalism
(1) Inland fisheries (2) Culture fishery only
(3) Symbiosis
(3) Marine fisheries (4) Both (1) & (3)
(4) No competition for food
11. Mating of more closely related individuals within the
same breed for 4-6 generation is 18. Out-crossing, cross-breeding and interspecific
hybridization are included in
(1) Outbreeding (2) Interspecific breeding
(1) Inbreeding
(3) Inbreeding (4) Cross breeding
(2) Out-breeding
12. Inland fisheries involve
(3) Inbreeding depression
(1) Culturing fish in ponds
(4) Farm management
(2) Culturing endogenous breed of fish in deep sea
and coastal areas 19. In polyculture two or more than two species of
fishes are grown together in the same water body
(3) Culturing exotic breed of fish in estuaries
based on their
(4) Culturing any breed of fish in marine water
(1) Size
13. Inbreeding depression occurs due to
(2) Feeding habits
(1) Continued out crossing within the small local
(3) Reproductive habit
population
(4) Mode of respiration
(2) Continued cross breeding within the small local
population 20. Which of the following animal diseases is caused
by a virus?
(3) Continued inbreeding within the small local
population (1) Anthrax (2) Rinderpest
(4) Interspecific hybridisation (3) Tick fever (4) Coccidiosis
21. Mark the viral disease in cattle 29. Choose the species of honey bee that is most
(1) Cattle plague commonly found in Indian subcontinent
(2) Anthrax (1) Apis mellifera

(3) Foot and mouth disease (2) Apis dorsata
(4) Both (1) & (3) (3) Apis florea
22. White revolution is associated with enhancement of (4) Apis indica
(1) Fish production 30. Entomophily through bees has resulted in
(2) Egg production enhanced production of crops, except
(3) Milk production (1) Sunflower
(4) Wheat and rice production (2) Strawberry

23. Brooder’s pneumonia disease is connected with (3) Pears
(1) Honey bee (4) Banana
(2) Hens SECTION - D
(3) Fish
NEET Booster Questions
(4) Pigs
1. Aseel, Karaknath, Busra are some indigeneous
24. Shahtoosh, the king of wools is obtained from breeds of
(1) Chiru (1) Poultry (2) Pig
(2) Kashmiri goat (3) Camel (4) Indian horses
(3) Merino sheep 2. During spread of bird flu, the sick birds are
(4) Rabbit separated and killed. This process is known as
25. Tassar silk is obtained from (1) Deworming (2) Culling
(1) Antherea roylei (3) Dubbing (4) Cannibalism
(2) Bombyx mori 3. Out of the following crosses, choose the odd one.
(3) Apis indica (1) Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal
(4) Apis dorsata (2) Brown Swiss × Sahiwal
26. A protozoan disease of silk worm is (3) Merino × Bikaneri ewes
(1) Muscardine (4) Equus cabalus × Equus asinus
(2) Pebrine 4. Crustacean fishery is connected with exploitation of
(3) Maggot disease (1) Oysters & crabs
(4) Flacherie (2) Mussels & squids
27. Which among the following is the real product of (3) Shells & cuttle fish
the honey bee? (4) Lobsters & prawns
(1) Honey 5. Developing high yielding breeds of cattle involves all
(2) Propolis of the following, except
(3) Pollen (1) MOET (2) Artificial insemination
(4) Bee wax (3) Micropropagation (4) IVF
28. High milk yielding varieties of cows obtained by 6. Poultry exclusively grown for meat are called
(1) Use of surrogate mothers (1) Brooders
(2) Super ovulation (2) Pullets
(3) Artificial insemination (3) Broilers
(4) All of these (4) Meat fowl
7. A viral disease of the cattle is (d) Hilsa, Common carp, Mackerel are edible
(1) New Castle’s disease marine fishes.
(2) Texas cattle fever (1) One
(3) Rinderpest (2) Two
(4) Mastitis (3) Three
8. Mating of animals within the same breed, but (4) Four

having no common ancestors on either side of their 13. Which of the following is produced by cross-
pedigree upto 4-6 generations is called breeding?
(1) Inbreeding (2) Outbreeding (1) Karanfries (2) Ayrshire
(3) Outcrossing (4) Cross-breeding (3) Brown swiss (4) Jersey
9. Composite culture is a strategy for enhancement 14. Read the following four statement (a-d)
of food production. It involves (a) Blue revolution is related with fish production.
(1) Rearing more than one type of fish in the same (b) More then 70 percent of the world livestock
pond. population is in India & China.
(2) Combination of apiculture and floriculture (c) Milk yield only depends on the quality of
(3) Combination of sericulture and moriculture breeds in the farm.
(4) Rearing poultry and pigs together. (d) The feeding of the cattle should be carried out
in scientific manner.
10. Tremendous increase in egg-production is termed
as How many of the above statements are correct?
(1) Yellow revolution (2) Silver revolution (1) Four (2) One
(3) Blue revolution (4) White revolution (3) Two (4) Three
15. How many fishes in the list given below are marine?
11. Consider the following four statements (a-d) and
select the option which includes all the correct Catla, Pomfret, Common carp, Silver carp, Hilsa,
statements. Rohu, Cod, Mackerel, Salmon, Mrigal, Shark
(a) Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of (1) Six (2) Three
two different species to be combined.
(3) Four (4) Five
(b) Honey is the food of high nutritive value and is
used in the preparation of cosmetics and 16. The spread of bird flu can be prevented by
polishes of various kinds. (1) Culling
(c) Aquaculture is an industry devoted to the (2) Breeding
catching processing or selling of fish, shellfish
(3) Separation of infected birds from the flock of
or other aquatic animals.
undiseased ones
(d) Inbreeding helps in accumulation of superior
(4) Both (1) & (3)
genes.
(1) Statements (b), (c) and (d) 17. Feeding constitutes the major management
concern in poultry. It is required for high
(2) Statements (a) and (d)
(1) Egg production only
(3) Statements (c) and (d)
(2) Meat production only
(4) Statements (a), (c) and (b)
(3) Both egg and meat production
12. Read the following four statements (a-d) and choose
correct option given below. (4) Feeding of birds in poultry is not of prime
importance
(a) Inbreeding increases homozygosity.
(b) Artificial insemination is used in controlled 18. To increase milk yield, cow is given
breeding experiment. (1) Stilbestrol (2) Sorbitol
(c) Bee keeping is called apiculture. (3) Gonadotropin (4) Prolactin
19. Which of the following disease is caused by a (3) Inbreeding helps in accumulation of deleterious
protozoan Eimeria in fowls resulting in bloody alleles and elimination of desirable alleles
diarrhoea? (4) Inbreeding helps in developing a pure-line in
(1) Fowl cholera (2) Coccidiosis animal
(3) Thrush (4) Ranikhet 26. Artificial breeding of cattle is brought about by
20. If a cow is showing increased respiration and blood (1) Artificial insemination
mixed foamy discharge from mouth, nose and (2) Superovulation and embryo transplantation
anus, it is likely to be suffering from
(3) Interspecific hybridization
(1) Rinderpest (2) Mad cow disease
(4) Both (1) & (2)
(3) Ranikhet (4) Anthrax
27. The hormone injected to cow to induce follicular
21. Which of the following is not an objective of animal maturation and superovulation has ______ like
breeding? activity
(1) Increasing yield of milk, eggs, meat, wool etc. (1) Estrogen
(2) Improving the desirable qualities of produce (2) Progesterone
(3) Slow growth rate (3) Testosterone
(4) Resistance to various diseases (4) FSH
22. An out-cross is produced when animals 28. MOET has not been practiced in
(1) Within the same breed having common a. Cattle b. Sheep
ancestors are mated c. Rabbits d. Poultry
(2) Within the same breed having no common (1) b, c & d (2) b & d
ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto
(3) d only (4) c only
4-6 generations are mated
29. Pure line breed refers to
(3) Of different breeds are mated
(1) Heterozygosity only
(4) Of different species are mated
(2) Heterozygosity and linkage
23. Which of the following is practised to overcome for
(3) Homozygosity only
average productivity in animals w.r.t. milk
production, growth rate in beef cattle etc? (4) Homozygosity and self assortment
30. A cow which gives more milk per lactation is
(1) Out-crossing
evolved into pure line by mating with superior bull
(2) Cross-breeding of same breed for 4-6 generation. Which type of
(3) Interspecific hybridization breeding is being referred to in this case?
(1) Inbreeding (2) Outbreeding
(4) Inbreeding
(3) Cross breeding (4) Out crossing
24. Hisardale, a new breed of sheep, developed in
Punjab is obtained by crossing 31. Which of the following is correct to check the
inbreeding depression?
(1) Bikaneri ewes and Merino rams
(1) Artificial hybridisation
(2) Merino ewes and Bikaneri rams
(2) Cross breeding
(3) Bikaneri ewes and Bikaneri rams
(3) Selected animal should be mated with
(4) Merino ewes and Merino rams unrelated superior animals of the same breed
25. Which of the following statement is incorrect w.r.t. (4) Selected animal should be mated with
inbreeding? unrelated superior animals of the different breed
(1) Inbreeding increases homozygosity 32. Ranikhet is a disease of
(2) Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes (1) Poultry (2) Fishery
that are eliminated by selection (3) Apiculture (4) Cattles
33. Match the following 37. Which of the following are edible marine fishes?
Column I Column II (1) Hilsa, Catla, Sardines
a. Kashmiri goats (i) Superior carpet wool (2) Sardines, Mackerel, Rohu
b. Tibetian antelope (ii) Pashmina (3) Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel
c. Rabbit (iii) Shahtoosh (4) Mackerel, Pomfrets, Common carp
d. Sheep (Nali) (iv) Angoora 38. Aquaculture does not include production of
(1) a(ii), b(iv), c(iii), d(i) (2) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)
(1) Useful aquatic plants
(3) a(iii), b(ii), c(iv), d(i) (4) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i)
(2) Fish
34. Rearing of bees is
(3) Prawns
(1) Horticulture (2) Apiary
(4) Silk
(3) Apiculture (4) Poultry
39. Pebrine in silkworm is caused by
35. The most common species of honeybee reared
commercially in artificial hives in India is (1) Dugesia
(1) Apis indica (2) Apis florea (2) Monocystis
(3) Apis mellifera (4) Apis dorsata (3) Nosema
36. A queen honeybee lays eggs of (4) Tachina flies
(1) One type from which all castes develop 40. Shahtoosh is obtained from
(2) Two types, one forming queen and workers and (1) Lohi
second type forming drones
(2) Patanwadi
(3) Three types forming queen, drone and workers
(3) Chiru
(4) Unfertilized-eggs die while fertilized ones form
all castes (4) Marwari


Med-RM - Zoo - SP-4 - Ch-17 - Strategies For Enhancement in Food Production

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Med-RM - Zoo - SP-4 - Ch-17 - Strategies For Enhancement in Food Production

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Chapter 17

Strategies for Enhancement in

It is estimated that more than 70 percent of the world livestock

MANAGEMENT OF FARMS AND FARM ANIMALS

Animals that one would expect to find in a dairy are :

Cattle Breeds and Breeding

Name Country of Origin

5. The chicken is commonly classified on the basis of its origin.

6. Poultry Diseases Leghorn

Management of Sheep and Goats :

Fig. : Nali Sheep

Some breeds of Indian Sheep

Breed Distribution Use

Shahtoosh - The King of Wools

Objectives of Animal Breeding :

Methods of Animal Breeding:

Controlled Breeding Experiments

S. No. Scientific name Common Name

1. Apis mellifera Italian bee

2. Apis dorsata Rock bee

3. Apis florea Little bee

4. Apis indica Indian bee

QUEEN DRONE WORKER

z Polyculture / composite culture : It is practice of culturing of different fishes together. Carp

z Important edible fishes are :

A. Fresh water fishes: Labeo rohita (Rohu)

Mystus singhala (Singhara)

Clarias batrachus (Magur)

Heteropneustes heteropneustes (Singhi)

B. Marine fishes: Harpodon sp. (Bombay duck)

Hilsa sp. (Hilsa)

Anguilla sp. (Eel)

Stromateus sp. (Pomfret)

Aluitheronema sp. (Salmon)

Sardinella sp. (Sardine)

Fig. : Life cycle of silk moth (Bombyx mori

(1) Apis florea (2) Apis dorsata

(3) Apis indica (4) Apis mellifera

7. Which of the following are edible marine fishes?

(1) Catla, Rohu, Clarias

(2) Hilsa, Mackerels, Pomfrets

(3) Heteropneustes, Wallago, Catla

(4) Labeo, Calbasu, Singhi

8. Isinglass in used for

(1) Production of Insulin (2) Feeding caltte, pig and poultry

9. The term aquaculture includes

(1) Inland fisheries (2) Aspergillosis

(3) Marine fisheries (4) Both (1) & (3)

10. Fish meal is rich in

(1) Fat (2) Proteins

(3) Vitamins (4) Minerals

(1) 25% (1) (c), (d), (b) and (a)

(2) 70% (2) (b), (d), (c) and (a)

[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (3) Nurse bees

(1) Bacterium (2) Prion (4) Queen bees

(3) Worm (4) Virus 16. Which one is wrongly matched?

(2) Anthrax (1) Apis mellifera

(3) Milk production (1) Sunflower

(4) Wheat and rice production (2) Strawberry

(2) Texas cattle fever (1) One

(3) Rinderpest (2) Two

(4) Mastitis (3) Three

8. Mating of animals within the same breed, but (4) Four