CHAPTER

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
&INEQUALITIES
VARIABLE
The unknown
quantities used in any equation are known
variables. Generally, they are as Exanple3:Solve 4
denoted by the last English 2x
X.y. z etc. alphabet
An Solution:
equation is a statement of equality of two
expressions, which involve one or more unknown algebraic
A 5-
the variables. quantities, called =5 -5
X 2x 2x

LINEAR EQUATION
An equation in which the
highest power of variables is one, is =5
2x
10x=5
called a linear
equation. These equations are called linear because
the graph of such
equations on the x-y cartesian plane is a straight
line. X=
I0 2
Linear Equation in one variable:
A linear equation which contains
only one variable is called linear APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH ONE
equation in one variable.
The general form
of such equations is ax +b=c, where a, and c VARIABLES
are constants and b Example 4:
a *0
All the values of which The of the
x
satisfy this equation are called its
sum
digits of a two digit number is 16. If the
solution(s) number formed by reversing the
digits is less than the original
number by 18. Find the
original
number.
NOTE Solution:
Let unit digit be x.
An equation satisfied by all values of the variable is called an Then tens digit = 16-x
identity. For example: 2x+x =3x.
Original number 10x(16-x)+x
Example 1: Solve 2x-5 =1 160-9x.
Solution On reversing the digits, we have x at the tens place and
2x-5 1 (16-x) at the unit place.
2x=1+5
New number =10x+(16-x)=9x+ 16
6 Original number- New number = 18
2x=6x =3. (160-9x)-(9x+16)= 18
160-18x-16 18
Example 2: Solve 7x-5 =4x +|I
Solution: 18x+144 18
7x-5 4x+11 -

18x 18- 144 18x= 126

7x-4x= |l+5
(Bringing like terms together) x=7

In the original number, we have unit digit = 7

3x=16 x=*
Tensdigit-(16-7)=9
Thus, original number = 97
 M-52 MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

Example 5:
two variables.
The denominator of a rational number is àconstant, and x and y are the called its
equation are
numerator by 4. If4 is greater than its The sets of values of x and y sati' ing any
subtracted from the numerator and 2 is
solution(s) substitute x
-2

added to its 2x 4. Now,if we

=

denominator, the Onsiderthe equation +y + y =4 or -

4 +y=4 or
new
number becomesFind n the equation, we obtain 2.(-2)
3 in the =
substitute x
the original number. 8.
Hence (-2, 8) is a solution. 1f we
Solution: equation, we obtain 2.3 +y= 4 or 6 +y=4 ory
E-Z

Let the numerator be table lists six possible

x ence (3,-2) is a solution. The following i.e. six
Then, denominator= x4 values for x and the corresponding values for y,
solutions of the equation.
X-4

X+4+2 6

we plot the solutions ofthe equation 2x + y =4

which appear in
X-4
the above table then we sce that they all lie on the same
line we
X+6 6
call this line the graph of the equation since it corresponds
6(x-4) =x+6 precisely to the solution set of the equation.
6x-24 x +6 Sx= 30
X6
Thus, Numerator 6. Denominator =6 t4=
=
(-2,8)
10.
(-1,6)
Hence the original number=
0 (0,4)
Example 6: (1,2)
(2,0)
+x
A man covers a distance of 33 km in 3 hours; partly on

foot at the rate of 4 km/hr and

partly on bicycle at the rate of
3-2)
10 km/hr. Find the distance covered on foot.
Solution: Example 7:
Find the values of x and y which satisfy the equations
Let the distance covered on foot be x k1n.
4x+3y 25 and x +5y= 19.
Distance covered on bicycle =(33-x) km Solution:
'Time taken on foot= Distance Substitution Method:
Speed r 4x+3y-25
x+Sy= 19
(i)
)
Time taken on bicycle =
33-h
10
x=19-5y
Substitute= 19-5y in equation (i), we get
4(19-5y)+3y= 25
The total time taken =hr. 76-20y+ 3y=25 76-17y=25
17y=5l =y=3
Putting y= 3 in equation (i), we obtain
x+5x3=19
X+15=19x=4
5x +66-2x 7 x4 and y =3 is the solution.
20 Elimination Method:
6x +132 140 4x 3y 25
6x-140-132 x+5y= 19 i)
óx=8 Multiply equation (ii) by 4 on both sides, we find
4x +20y= 76
8
x =1.33 km. Subtracting equation (i) from equation (i), we have
4x + 20y 76
The distance çovered on foot is 1.33 km. 4x + 3y=25

Linear equation in two variables : General equation ofa linear

equation in two variables is ax + by +c =0, wherea, b#0 andc is 17y=51

 M-53
ALGEBRAIC ExPRESSIONS& INE
QUALITIES
REMEMBER
17 The system a,x+ b,y c, and a,x
=

+
b,y C, has :
Substituting value of y in equation (i). we get
4x+3x3 25 auniquesolution, if
6 =4
4x=16 x Infinitelymanysolutions,if -
,,
-
4 and y = 3 is the solution.

Nosolution, if '
Now consider two linear equations in two unknowns. The homogeneous system a,x + b,y = 0 and

a,x+by (0)
a,x + b,y =0 has the only solution x = y = 0 when

a,x b,yC )

The above equations are nothing else but equations of 2 ines. The homogeneous system a,x + b,y = 0 and

Any pair (x, y) which satisfy both the equation is called a solution
to the above system of equations. a,x
+
b,y =0 has anon-zero
solution only when -

and in this case, the system has an infinite number of

S. No. Solutions Feature Example
solutions.

One Lines intersect

Example 8:
Find k for which the system 6x 2y 3, kx -

y
=
2 has a
(
unique solution.
at (1-2) each other
Solution:
X+y=-1 The given system will have a unique solution,

x-y=3

2. No solution Lines are parallel iri -| orkr

Erample 9:
to each other What is the value of k for which the system
x+2y=3,5x+ky=-7is inconsistent?
x+y-1
Solution:
2x+2y-6
3 Infinite Both the lines Thegiven system will be inconsistent if d2

i..

solutions coincide each

- all points other
Example 10:
lying on the x+y=l
Find k such that the system 3x Sy 0. kx 10y= 0 has a
=

given line 2x+2y=2

non-zero solution.
SYSTEMSOFLINEAR EQUATION Solution
The given system has a non zero solution
Consistent System:Asystem (of2 or 3 or more equations taken

has
together) of linear equations is said to be consistent, if it
at
or k =6
least one solution. 10
Inconsistent System: Asystem ofsimultaneous linear equations
QUADRATIC EQUATION
is said to be inconsistent, if it has solutions at all. called quadratic
equation of the degree two of one variable is
no
An
X+Y=9; 3X+3Y 8
eg equation.
b and c are all real
Clearly there are no values of X& Y which simultaneously satisty General form: ax2 bx+¢=0.(1)where a.
So the system is inconsistent. numberanda : 0.
the given equations.
 MATHEMATICAL SKILLS
M-54

For Example: Example 12:Solve 2x 6 7x

2x-5x+3-0, 2x-5 =0; x3x 0 Solution:

A quadratic equation gives two and only two values of the unknown 2x6 7
variable and both these values are called the roots of the 2 760
equatio 2x 4x - 3x +6 0
The roots ofthe quadratic equation (1) can be evaluated using
the following formula. 2x(x 2) 3 2)-0
0
(2x(x -2)
-btyb4ac Either 2x -3 =0 or x -2 0
2) 21
3 orx 2
2a

The above formula provides both the roots of the quadratic X=32orx2
Solutions or roots of given quadratic equation
equation, which are generally denoted by a and p,

-b+Vb -4ac and -b-b-4ac 2x +6=7xareand 2.

Say a=
2a 2a
Example 13 : Solve x -

The expression inside the square root b- 4ac is called the

DISCRIMINANT ofthe quadratic equation and denoted by Solution
D. Thus, Discriminant (D)) = b - 4ac.

Example 11 2
Which ofthe following is a quadratic equation?
2(x-1) =3x
(a)x2 +2x+3 =0 2x-2=3x
2x-3x -2 0
(b) (x-Ix+4)=x*+1 2x-4x +x -2=0
2x (x-2)+1 (x-2)=0
(c)x-3x+5=0
(2x+1)(x-2)=0
(d) (2x +1)(3x -4) =2x +3 Either2x+ 1 =0 orx-2 -=0
2x=- l orx =2
Solultion:
)Equations in options (a) and (¢) are not quadratic
equations as in (a) max. power of x is fractional and in
*
orx =2
(c), it is not 2 in any of the terms.
-|

x* +I
,2 are solutions.
Foroption (b), (x- 1)(x+4)= 2

Nature of Roots: The nature of roots of the equation depends

or x+4x - x-4 = x+1
upon the nature of its discriminant D.
or 3x-5=0 I. IfD<0, then the roots are non-real complex, Such roots are
which is not a quadratic equations but a linear. always conjugate to one another. That is,ifone root is p+ iq
then other is p - iq, qz0.

Foroption(d),(2x+1) (3x-4)= 2x+3 2. IfD = 0, then the roots are real and equal. Each root of the

or 6x-8x +3x -4 2x+3

equation becomes Equal rootsare referred as repeated
or 4x-Sx -7 = 0
roots or double roots also.
which is clearly a quadratic equation
3IfD>0thentheroots arereal and unequal.
Solving a quadratic equation by Factorisation
4 In particular, ifa. b, c are rational number, D>0 and D is a
STEP: Express the equation in the standard form,
perfect square, then the roots of the equation are rational
ie. ax +bx +c=0.
number and unequal.
STEPI: Factorisethe expression ax + bx + C. 5
If a, b, c, are rational number, D>0 but D is not a perfect
STEP1: Put each ofthe factors equal to zero and find the values square, then the roots of the equation are irrational (surd).
ofx. Surd roots are always conjugate to one another, that is if

hese values of x are solutions or roots of the quadratic equation. oneroot is p+ yq. then the other is p-vq.q> 0.
 M-55
ALGEBRAIc ExPRESSIONS& INEQUALITIES
6. f a=I,b and c are integers, D 0 and perfect square, then

the roots of the

b-4ac (4 -4(35)=-44 <0
equation are integers Thus, roots are not real.
Sign of Roots: Let a, Pare real roots the quadratic equation
ax+ bx+ c =0 that is D = b* - 4ac 2 0. Then (b):xx+4 =0
Both the rootsare positive ifa and c have the same sign and b-4ac () -4(1X4) = -16 =-15 <0
the sign of b is opposite. Thus, roots are not real.
Both the roots are negative ifa, b andc all have the same c):(x-1)(2x-5) -0 2x-7x5=0
Sign b-4ac (-7-42 5 -49-40-9>0
3.The Roots have opposite sign ifsign ofa and c are opposite Thus roots are real.
4 The Rots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign if
b 0 [that is its roots a
and -a of x=I andx =>0;Thus,equation has realroots.
. The roots are reciprocal ifa=c.

(d): 2x -3x+4 =0
that is the roots are a and
b-4ac (3) -4(2)(4) =9-32 -23<0
6. Ifc = 0. then one root is zero.
Thus, roots are not real.
7 Ifb= c=0, then both the roots are zero. Hence, option (c) is correct.
8. Ifa-0,then one root is infinite.
9. Ifa = b =0, then both the roots are infinite.
Example 16:
10. Ifa=b=c=0, thenthe equation becomes an identity
If2x -7xy+3y =
0, then thevalue of x:yis
I1. Ifa+ b+c=0 then oneroot is always unity and the other
(a) 3:2 (b) 2:3
(d) 5:6
root is Hencethe roots are rational provided a, b DA3:1or l:2
ASao
rational.

du
Example 14:

The solutions of the equation v25-x = x-I are:

(6) x=5, and x = I
(a) x=3 and x=4
c)x-3 andx=4 d) x=4 and x=-3
x-btvb-4ac 7t49-24 7t5
Solution 2a 2x2
(d)25-x =x-1
or 25-x = (x-1) or 25-x' = x*+l-2x
or;
or 2x-2x -24 =0 or x' -x-12 =0 Example 17:
Ifa+b+c=0 and a,b,c, are rational numbers then the roots
or (x-4)(x+3) =0 or x=4, x=-3
ofthe equation (b+c-a}x+(¢+a-b) x*(a+b-c)=0 are
(a) rational (b) irrational
Example 15 (c) non real (d) none of these.
Which of the following equations has real roots? Soluton:
a) The sum of coefticients
(a) 3x + 4x +5 = 0 (b)x+x+4 =0
(b+c-a) +(¢ +a -b) +(a +b-c)=a+b+c=0
(d) 2x-3x +4 = 0
c) (x-12x-5)=0 given)
Solution: . x =l is a root of the equation
(c) Roots of a quadratic equation
a+b-C
The other root isb+C -which is rational as a,
ax +bx +c 0=
arereal if bs -

4ac 20
a
Let us work with options as follows.
b, c, are rational

Option (a): 3x* +4x +5 =0 Hence, both the roots are rational.
 MATHEMATICAL SKILL S

M-56
&
ALTERNATTVE:
(v)or-p =(u-p)'+ 3aß(a -p)
D-(c+a-b) - 4(b+c-aXa +b-c) a--ta+-4aß
= (-2b}* -4(-2a)X-2c) = 4b - 16ac
(vi) a+8=(a+B^- 2ap
4(a+c)-6ac =4|(a+c) -4ac) - |2(a -)
(a-B-2a-a
D is a perfect square. Hence, the roots of the equation
ure rational.
(vi)-p =(u +p*xa-p*)
Example 18
Both the ro0ts of the equation a - 2 a p ap-up
(x-b x -c)+(x c\x -a) + (x a)Xx
-
-
-

b) =0 are

(a) dependent on a, b, c (b) always non real

WITH GIVEN
(c) always real (d) rational ORMATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
ROOTS
Solution An eqation whose roots
are a and B can be writien as

3x -2(a +b +c)x +(bc+ ca +ab) =0 or x*-(sum of the

a)(x -B) =0 orx* -(a + B)x+aß=0
(c) Th2 equation is
(N
product ofthe 0. roots
=

roots)
Thediscriminant D
=
4(a + b+ c) -

4.3.( bc + ca + ab) of a quadratic equation

Further il o and P are the roots

41a +b+c* - ab - bc -ca ax- bx c=0.then

ax+ bx + c = a(x - a) (x-B) is an identity.
roots can be derived
-2(a -2ab +b)+(b*-2bc+c*)+(¢ -2ca +a )) A number of relations between the
suitable values of x real
using this identity by substituting
-2[(a-b)+(b-c)+(¢-a)']20 or imaginary
Roots are always real. Condition ofa Common Root between twoquadratic equations:
Consider two quadratic equations
Symmetric Functions of Roots: An expression in a. Biscalleda
.)
symmetric function of a, B if the function is 'not affected by axbx +C =0
interchanging a and B. Ifa, pare the roots ofthe quadratic equation 0 ..i)
and a2x +bx +C2 =

ax+bx+c= 0. a z0 then. Let a be a common root of the two equations

Then a,a +bja +c =0 and a2a + b a +C2 = 0

cocficient of x
Sum ofroots: a+p= -= coefficient of x On solving we get

Constant term
and Product cfroots : aß=
3 coefficient of x byC2 -b201 Cja2 -C2a ab-32b
NOTE 2

or
I. Above relations hold for any quadratic equation whether
ab-aba:b -azb1)
the coefficients are real or non-real complex.
Which gives the common root as well as the condition for common
2 With the help of above relations many other symmetric
root.
functions ofa and ß can be expressed in terms of the
Condition that two quadratic equations have both the Roots
coefficients a, b and c.
Recurrence Relation Common
3.
Suppose that the equations a x + bjx +° = 0 and
a (a+)(ap -aß(a2p*)
Some symmetric functions of roots are a x +baxt C = 0 have both the roots common.

0ap (a p*-2a then--

a2 b C2
() a -B= ty(a +ß)-4aß
Ifthe coefticients of two quadratic equations are rational (real)
and they have one irrational
(i) a-B =t(a +B) (a -B)=t(a +B)ya +p) -4aß (imaginary) root common then they
must have both the roots common as such roots
occur in
R1 aR(a +R pair. conjugate
 ALGEBRAIC ExpREssIONS& INEQUALITIES M-57
Example 19:
Of the
following quadratic equations, which is the one whose Example 22
If a, b are the two roots of a quadratic equation such that
roots are 2 and- 15?
a+b 24 and a -b 8, then thequadratic equation having
(a) x-2x +15 = 0 (6) 15x -2 =0 a and b as its roots is
(c)x+13x -30 = 0 (d) x-30 0
Solution: (a)x+2x +8 =0 (b)x-4x+8 =0
(c) Sumofroots= 2-15 - 13
Product ofroots = 2 x (- 15) = - 30
(c) x-24x +128 0 (d) 2x+8x +9 =0
Solution:
Required equation (c) a + b =24 and a - b = 8
x-x (suIm of roots)+product of roots = 0
a =16and b = 8 ab = 16 8 = 128

x+13x-30=0 A quadratic equation with roots a and b is

Example 20
Ifa and b are the roots of the equation x -6x +6 = 0, then
x-(a+b)x+ ab =0 or x-24x+128=0
Inequations: A statement or equation which states that one thing
the value of a* +b* is : is not equal to anothe., is called an inequation.
(a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 17 6
Solution Symbols:
(b) The sum ofruits =a+b 6 means"is less than
Product of roots = ab =6
>meansis greaterthan
Now. a+bs =(a i b) -2ab =36-12=24 Smeans "is less than or equal to

Example21 means "is greater than or equal to

If a and Bare the roots of the quadratic equation
Tor example.
(a) x<3 means x is less than 3.
ax +bx +c = 0, then the value of is:
(6) y 2 9 means y is greater than orequal to9.

3abc -b
(a)c-a
(b)
bc ac PROPERTIES
1. Adding the same number to each side of an equation
(c)
3abc-b2 (d) ab-b does not effectthe sign ofinequality,it remains same, i.e.
2b c ifx>y then, x+a> y +a.
Solution
2. Subtracting the same number to each side ofan inequation
does not effect the sign ofinequaltiy, ie., ifx <y then,
(b) Here, a +ß= - and aß =

a
x-asy-a.

Thus,P d'-p 3. Multiplying each side of an inequality with same number

does not effect the sign of inequality, i.e., if x Sy then
aat
ax ay (where, a > 0).
(a +B) (a - aß +p*) .()
aß | 4. Multiplying each side of an inequality with a negative
number effects the sign of inequality or sign ofinequality
Now, (a-aß) =[(a +p* -2a/8-aB] reverses, i.e., ifx <y then ax> ay(where a <0).

[(a+p)-3aß] | 5. Dividing each side of an inequation by a positive number

does not effect the sign ofinequality, i.e., if x sy then
Hence (i) becomes

-bb3c (where a> 0)

a a2 a a
(a+B(a+B)* -3aß)] 6. Dividing each side of an inequation by a negative
c
aß number reverses the sign of inequality, i.e., ifx > y then|

-b b-3acJabe-b (where a<0).

ac
 M-58 MATHEMATICAL SKILLs

REMEMBER- Example 25 : Solve 5 s 2x - Is|l

Solution
I fa> b and a, b, n are positive, then a" > bh but a" <b" 5s2x-Is|
Forexample 5 > 4, then 53> 4 or 125> 64, but 5+Is2x-I1S1+1
[Adding to each sides

s4 o2564 6 S2x 12

Ifa > b and

d, then (a + c) (b+ d).
c
> > [Dividing each side by 2
Ifa>b> 0 and c > d >0, then ac > bd.
6
If the of all the terms of an inequality are
signs changed * 3 , 4. 5,6}
then the sign of the inequality will also be reversed.

Example 26:
MODULUS: The solution set of

|N, N20
x-2y 20, 2x -ys-2;x 2 0, y 20 i5
(a) Empry
(b) Bounded
1. lfais (c) Neither empty nor bounded
positive real number, x and y be the fixed real numbers.
then (d) None of these

(1)X-y<a e y-a<x<y+a
Solution:
(a) Plotting the given inequations, we get the following
(i) x-ylsa ey-agxSy*a graph
(ii)|x-y|>a x>y+aor x <y-a (iv)| X-yl2 a
X2yt a or x y - a

2. Triangle inequality: X - 2 y= 0

x =0
(x+yls|x+|yl, Vx,y e R

(i) Ix-y12|x-lyl, v x,y ER X

y=0

Example 23
Ifa-8 There is no common region. Hence, the solution set is
b, then determine the value of |a -b|-|b-a|. empty
(a) 16 (b) 0 (c) 4 d) 2
Solution: Example 27
(b) a-b|8|=8 Ifx20, y 20 and (x + y) s I, then the maximum value of
(2x+ 3y) is
b-a =l-8|=8 1a-bl-|b-a=8-8 =0 (a) 2 (b) 3 ) 4 (d) 5
Solution:
(6) It is given that x 2 0, y20 and x+ys1
Example 24: Solve: 3x +4 S19, xeN
x+ysl 2(x +y) s2 2x+2ys2.
Solution:
2x+2y +y S2+y
3x +4 19 2x+3ys2+1 =3. (since ys 1).
3x +4-4s 19-4
Example 28
Subtracting 4 from both the sides]
3x S15 Ifx+X <0, then which of the following is true?
[Dividing both the sides by 3]
(a) X+ 2
xSS; xeN
X (b)x-2
{1,2,3,4, () x < d) Both (a) and (c)
X
ALGEBRAIC ExPREssIONS &INEQUALITIES M-59
Solution
Solution:
Let the present age of Kareem's son be x years
d) Given that x
Then, Kareem's age Jx ycars
After 10 years, Kareem's age - ix + 10years

and Kareem'sson's age =x* 10 years

-2<0 (Bx10)(x 10) 76
4x56 x-14
Karcem's presentage 3x= j 14 42years
Substituting *+ 1, We get Kareem's son's age = x- 14 years

y+y-20
(y-1)(y +2)<0 Example3
eithery- I <0; y+2>0 The present ages ofVikas and Vishal are in the ratio 15 83
or y+2<0,y-1>0 After ten years, their ages will be in the ratio5:3. Find their
1.e., y 1, y> -2 ory <-2,
present ages
Solution
Let the present ages ofVikas and Vishal be 15x years and 8x
not possible
years
Therefore,-2<y< | After 10 years.
Vikas's age = 15x + 10 and

Vishal's age -8x+ 10

ie.-2x
15x+10 5
APPLICATIONS
8x+10 3
Formulation of Equations/Expressions
A formula is an equation, which
represents the relations between 3(15x+ 10)=5(8x+ 10)
two or more
quantities. 45x+30=40x +50
For example 20
Area of parallelogram (A) is equal the
to product of its base (b) 5x=20x 4
and height (h), which is given by
A=bxh Present age of Vikas 15x =15 x4=60years
=

or A-bh. Present age of Vishal= 8x = 8 x 4=32 years.

Perimeter oftriangle (P),

P=a+btc, where a, b and c are three sides. Example 32
Father's age is 4 less than five times the age of his son an
Example 29: the product of their ages is 288. Find the father's age.
Form the expression for cach ofthe following Solution:
(a) 5less than a number is 7. Let the son's age be x years.
(b) Monika's salary is 1500 lessthan thrice the salaryofSurbhi. So, father's age = Sx-4 years.
Solution:
(Sx-4)=288
(a) Expression is given by
x-5 7, where xisany number Sx-4x-288=0 Sx-40x+36x-288 =0
Sx(x-8) +36(x-8)=0
(b) Let the salary of Surbhi be Rs. x and salary of Monika
be Rs. y. (x+36)(x-8)=0
Now, according to the question
36
y=3x-1500 Either x-8=0 orSx+ 36=0 *=8orx=

x cannot be negative; therefore. x = 8 is the solution.

More Applications of Equations
Son's age 8 years and Father's age = 5x -4 = 36 year
Problems on.Ages can be solved by linear equations in one variable,
linear equations in two variables, and quadratic equations.
If present age of the father is F times the age of his son.
Example 30: years hence, the father's age become Z times the age of so
Kareem is three times as old as his son. After ten years, the
sum of their ages will be 76 years. Find their present ages.
then present age of his son is given by (Z-T
F-2)
 -60 MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

Exampie 33
Solution:
Present age of the father
is 9 times the age of his son. One By using formula,
year later, father's
age become 7 times the age of his
What are the
present ages of the father and his son.
son. 104-1)+1O(2- 20 years
Shakti's age
Solution 4-2

By the formula
Present age of Father. Son = a b

After Before Tyears in:n

Son's age (9-7) xl 3years.
-

b -)
hen son's age
an bm
So,father's age =9 son's age -9 x3 =27 years.
T(m n)
andFather's age a
un - bm
IfT, years earlier the age of the father was ntimes the age of
his son, T, years hence, the
age of the father becomes m
Example 35
The ratio of the ages of the father and the son at preient
times the age of his son then his son's
age is given by the
1. What
Four vears earliar. the ratio was 4 are

Son's age T(n-1)+T(m-1) present ages of the son and the father
n-m Solution:
Ratio of present age of Father and Son = 3 : i

4 yearsbefore 4:1
Example 34:
10 years ago, Shakti's inother was 4 times older 4(4
than her. Son'sage = Ix-
4x1-3x1
12 years.
After i0 years, the mother will be twice older than the
daughter. What is the present age of Shakti?
Father's age X 44- =36 years.
4x-3x1

EXERCiSE
Present ages of Sameer and Anand are in the ratio of 5:4 5 The total age of Aand B is 12 years more than the total
age
respectively. Three years hence, the ratio to their ages will of B and C. C is how many years younger than A?
become 1:9 respectively. What is Anand's present age in
(a) 12 (b) 24
years?
(a) 24
(c) Cis elder than A (d) Data inadequate
(b) 27
6. Ifa number is decreased by 4 and divided
(c) 40 (d) cannot be determined by 6, the result is
8. What would be the result
2 The product of the ages ofAnkit and Nikita is 240. Iftwice if is subtracted from the number
2
and then it is divided by 5?
the age of Nikita is more than Ank1t's
age by 4 years, what is
Nikita's age?
(a) 12 years (b) 20 ycars
(a) 9 (b) 10 () 10
(c) 18 years (d) 14 years What fraction is tha: whose numerator
being doubled and
I3
3 The sum of a rationai number and its reciprocal i s , find denominator increased by 7, the value becomes
6 but when
the number the denominator being doubled, and the numerator increased
3 4 3
(b) 04 by 2, the vaiue becomes ?
3
5 (a) 3/5 (b) 4/5 (c) 5/7 (d) 7/11
(c) or 2 (d) None of these 8. The ratio between the sehool ages of Neelam and
Shaan is
5:6 respectively.If
4 Two numbers are in the ratio 3:5. If 9 is subtracted from each the ratio between the one-third age of
ofthe numbers, their ratio become 12:23. Find the greater of Neelam and half of Shaan's age is 5 :9, then what is the
the two numbers. school age of Shaan?

(a) (b) 65 (a) 25 years (b) 30 years

c)45 (d) None of these (c) 36 years d) Cannot be determined