CLASS-10

Ch.1 – REAL NUMBERS

Formulas

Sr. No Type of Numbers Explanation

1 Natural Numbers
2 Whole Numbers
3 Integers
4 Positive Integers
5 Negative Integers
6 Rational Numbers
7 Irrational Numbers
8 Real Numbers
9 LCM (p, q, r)
10 HCF (p, q, r)
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
Countable Numbers
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….
Countable Numbers + zero
Whole numbers + All Negative numbers + All
Positive Numbers,
… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5…. So on.
No Fractions.
Z+ = 1, 2, 3, 4 ,.
Z- = -1, -2, -3, -4, ….
A number that is expressed as the ratio of two
integers, where the denominator should not be
p 1
equal to zero. Example - q , 2 .
A number is a type of real number which cannot be
p
represented in the form of q where p and q are
integers (q > 0). Example, √2.
Includes Natural Numbers, Integers, Whole
Numbers, Rational Numbers, Rational Numbers,
Fractions, and Irrational Numbers.
p. q. r . HCF(p, q, r)
HCF (p, q). HCF (q, r). HCF (p, r)
p. q. r . LCM(p, q, r)
LCM(p, q). LCM (q, r). LCM (p, r)

Examples

Q Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that
LCM ×HCF = product of the two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91

Q Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite

numbers.

Q Prove that 3 + 2√𝟓 + is irrational.

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Ch.2 – REAL NUMBERS

Formulas

Sr. No Type of Numbers Explanation

1 Polynomial A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic
expression in x of the form p(x) = anxn + an–1xn – 1
+ . . . + a2x2 + a1x + a0, where a0, a1, a2, . . ., an are
constants and an ≠ 0.
a0, a1, a2, . . ., an are respectively the coefficients of
x0, x, x2, . . ., xn
2 Degree of Polynomial The highest power of x in a polynomial is called
the degree of that polynomial. For example, n is
called the degree of the above polynomial p(x).
3 Linear Polynomial A polynomial of degree one is called a linear
polynomial.
4 Quadratic Polynomial A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic
polynomial.
5 Zero of a Polynomial A real number k is called the zero of a polynomial
p(x) if p(k) = 0.
6 Zero of a Polynomial Geometrically the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are
(Geometrically) precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where the
graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis
7 Relationship between Zeroes If α and β are zeroes of a quadratic polynomial p(x)
and Coefficients of a = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, then
Quadratic Polynomial −b −(Coefficient of x)
α+ β= =
a Coefficient of x2
c Coefficient of x
αβ = =
a coefficient of x2

8 Relationship between Zeroes If α, β, γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial

and Coefficients of a Cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
Polynomial −b −(Coefficient of x2 )
α+ β + γ= =
a Coefficient of x3

c Coefficient of x
αβ + β γ + γα = =
a Coefficient of x3

−d −(Constant)
αβγ = =
a Coefficient of x3

9 The division algorithm
The division algorithm states that given any
polynomial p(x) and any non-zero
polynomial g(x), there are polynomials q(x) and
r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),
where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).

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Examples

Q Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
Between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x2 – 2x – 8

Q Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and
remainder in each of the following:
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2

Q Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing
The second polynomial by the first polynomial:
(i) t2 – 3, 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12

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Ch.3 – Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables

Formulas

Sr. Type Explanation

No
1 Linear Equation An equation which can be put in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a,
b and c are Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables, and a and b
are not both zero, is called a linear equation in two variables x and
y.
2 Graphical Compare the Graphical Consistent or Algebraic
Method and Ratios Representation Inconsistent Interpretation
Algebraic a1 b1 Intersecting Consistent Exactly one or
≠
Method to Solve a2 b2 lines unique
a Pair of Linear solution
Equations a1 b1 c1 Coincident Consistent Infinitely
= =
a2 b2 c2
lines many
solutions
a1 b1 c1 Parallel lines Inconsistent No solution
= ≠
a2 b2 c2

3 Algebraic (i) Substitution Method

Method to Solve (ii) Elimination Method
a Pair of Linear
Equations:

Questions

Q On comparing the ratios 𝐚𝟏 , 𝐛𝟏 , 𝐜𝟏 find out whether the following pair of linear
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐
equations are consistent, or inconsistent
(i) 3x + 2y = 5; 2x – 3y = 7

Q Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.

(i) x + y = 14 (ii) s – t = 3
x–y=4 𝐬 + 𝐭 =6
𝟑 𝟐

Q Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and the
Substitution method:
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4 (ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
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Ch.4 – Quadratic Equations

Formulas

Sr. Type Explanation

No
1 Quadratic ax2 + by + c = 0, a ≠ 0
Equation
2 Quadratic −𝑏± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
provided b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
Formula 2𝑎

3 Discriminant D = b2 – 4ac
4 Sum of Roots -b/a
5 Product of Roots c/a
6 A quadratic (i) two distinct real roots, if b2 – 4ac > 0,
equation (ii) two equal roots (i.e., coincident roots), if b2 – 4ac = 0, and
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (iii) no real roots, if b2 – 4ac < 0.
has

Questions

Q Represent the following situations in the form of quadratic equations:

The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. We need to find the
integers.

Q The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm,
find the other two sides.

Q A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it
Would have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the
train.

Q Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have
Two equal roots.
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0

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Ch.5 – Arithmetic Progressions

Formulas

Sr. Type Explanation

No
1 If a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6,.. are the terms of AP and d is nth term
the common difference between each term, then we = a + (n – 1) d
can write the sequence as; a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, a+4d, Where, a = 1st term
a+5d,.. nth term… where a is the first term. Now, nth d = common difference
term for arithmetic progression is given as;
𝑛
2 Sum of the first n terms in Arithmetic Progression; Sn = 2 [ 2a + (n – 1) d]
Where, a = 1st term
d = common difference
3 Arithmetic Mean: → If a, b, c are in AP, then b =
(a + c)/2 is called the arithmetic
mean of a and c.

→ In general, Arithmetic Mean

= Sum of terms/Number of
terms

Questions

Q In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make an
Arithmetic progression, and why?
(i) The taxi fare after each km when the fare is Rs 15 for the first km and Rs 8 for
each additional km.

Q If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and – 8 respectively, which term of this
AP is zero?

Q A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a

certain date as follows: Rs 200 for the first day, Rs 250 for the second day, Rs 300
for the third day, etc., the penalty for each succeeding day being Rs 50 more than for
the preceding day. How much money the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has
delayed the work by 30 days?

Q The first and the last terms of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common
difference is 9, how many terms are there and what is their sum?

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Ch.7 – Coordinate Geometry

Formula

Sr. No Type Explanation

1 Distance Formula
1. Distance Formula Between 2 Points in a 2D
Plane:
D = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
2. Distance Formula Between 2 Points in a 2D
Plane in Polar Coordinates:

3. Distance Formula Between 2 Points in a 3D

Plane:

4. Distance Formula Between a Point

(x1 , y1 ) and a Line Ax + By + C = 0

5. Distance Formula Between Two Parallel lines

y = mx + c1 and y = mx + c2

2 Section Formula 1. Section Formula When the Line Segment

Separated Internally by a Point
P (x, y) dividing line segment joining points
A (x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) internally in the ratio
m: n.

2. Section Formula When the Line Segment

Separated Externally by a Point
P (x, y) dividing line segment joining points
A (x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) internally in the ratio
m: n.

3. The midpoint of any line segment divides it in

the ratio 1: 1.

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4. Points of Trisection
P and Q which divides the line segment
joining A (x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) into three
equal parts:
AP: PB = 1: 2

AQ: QB = 2: 1

5. If A (x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) and C (x3 , y3 ) are

the vertices of a ΔABC, then the coordinates
of its centroid(P) is given by

3 Area of a Triangle 1. Area of a Right-Angled Triangle

A = ½ x Base x Height.
2. Area of an Equilateral Triangle

3. Area of an Isosceles Triangle

A = ½ x Base x Height
4. Area of Triangle With all 3 Sides Different

4 Collinearity Condition If three points A, B and C are collinear and B lies

between A and C, then,

1. AB + BC = AC. AB, BC, and AC can be

calculated using the distance formula.
2. The ratio in which B divides AC,
calculated using section formula for both
the x and y coordinates separately will be
equal.
3. Area of a triangle formed by three
collinear points is zero.

Q Check whether (5, – 2), (6, 4) and (7, – 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

Q Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (– 3, 10) and (6, – 8) is
divided by (– 1, 6).

Q Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the triangle
whose vertices are (0, –1), (2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this area to the area of the
given triangle.
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Ch.8 – Introduction to Trigonometry

Formula

Sr. No Type Explanation

1 Basic Trigonometric formulas Property
Perpendicular (P) Mathematical value
sin A Perpendicular/Hypotenuse
cos A Base/Hypotenuse
tan A Perpendicular/Base
cot A Base/Perpendicular
cosec A Hypotenuse/Perpendicular
Base (B) sec A Hypotenuse/Base
Trigonometric Ratios of Some A 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
Specific Angles sin A 0 1

cos A 1 0

tan A 0 1 Not
Defined
(∞)

cosec A Not 2 1
Defined
(∞)
sec A 1 2 Not
Defined
(∞)

cot A Not 1 0
Defined
(∞)

2 Reciprocal Relation Between Identity Relation

Trigonometric Ratios tan A sin A/cos A
cot A cos A/ sin A
cosec A 1/sin A
sec A 1/cos A
3 Trigonometric Sign Functions 1. sin (−θ) = − sin θ
2. cos (−θ) = cos θ
3. tan (−θ) = − tan θ
4. cosec (−θ) = − cosec θ
5. sec (−θ) = sec θ
6. cot (−θ) = − cot θ
4 Trigonometric Identities 1. sin2A + cos2A = 1
2. tan2A + 1 = sec2A
3. cot2A + 1 = cosec2A

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5 Periodic Identities 1. sin (2nπ + θ) = sin θ

2. cos (2nπ + θ) = cos θ
3. tan (2nπ + θ) = tan θ
4. cot (2nπ + θ) = cot θ
5. sec (2nπ + θ) = sec θ
6. cosec (2nπ + θ) = cosec θ
6 Complementary Ratios Quadrant I Quadrant II

sin (π/2 − θ) = cos θ sin (π − θ) = sin θ

cos (π/2 − θ) = sin θ cos (π − θ) = -cos θ
tan (π/2 − θ) = cot θ tan (π − θ) = -tan θ
cot (π/2 − θ) = tan θ cot (π − θ) = – cot θ
sec (π/2 − θ) = cosec θ sec (π − θ) = -sec θ
cosec (π/2 − θ) = sec θ cosec (π − θ) = cosec θ
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

sin (π + θ) = – sin θ sin (2π − θ) = – sin θ

7 Sum and Difference of Two
Angles
8 Double Angle Formulas
9 Triple Angle Formulas
cos (π + θ) = – cos θ cos (2π − θ) = cos θ
tan (π + θ) = tan θ tan (2π − θ) = – tan θ
cot (π + θ) = cot θ cot (2π − θ) = – cot θ
sec (π + θ) = -sec θ sec (2π − θ) = sec θ
cosec (π + θ) = -cosec θ cosec (2π − θ) = -cosec θ
1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
2. sin (A − B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
3. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
4. cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
5. tan (A + B) = [(tan A + tan B)/ (1 – tan A tan B)]
6. tan (A – B) = [(tan A – tan B)/ (1 + tan A tan B)]
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = [2 tan A / (1 + tan2A)]
2. cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2 cos2A
1 = [(1 – tan2A)/ (1 + tan2A)]
3. tan 2A = (2 tan A)/ (1 – tan2A)
1. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A
2. cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A
3. tan 3A = [3 tan A – tan3A]/ [1 − 3 tan2A]

Q 13
Given sec θ = 12 , calculate all other trigonometric ratios.

1
Q If tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A – B) = ; 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
√3

B+C A
Q If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that sin ( ) = cos .
2 2

Q Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which
The expressions are defined.
1−cos θ
(i) (cosec θ – cot θ)2 = 1+cos θ .

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Ch.9 – Some Application OF Trigonometry

Formula
Sr. No Type Explanation
1 Horizontal Level and Line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of the
Line of Sight observer to the point on the object viewed by the
observer.
The horizontal level is the horizontal line through the eye
of the observer.
Angle of elevation The angle of elevation is relevant for objects above
the horizontal level. It is the angle formed by the
line of sight with the horizontal level. In the below
mentioned diagram, “θ” denotes the angle of
elevation.
2 Angle of depression The angle of depression is relevant for objects
below the horizontal level. It is the angle formed by
the line of sight with the horizontal level.
3 Calculating Heights and Angles 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o 270o 360o
Distances (In
Degrees)
Angles 0o π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2 π
(In
Radians)
4 Heights and Distance From the given diagram, if “C” is the point of observation,
Summary
A • AC is the line of sight
β • BC is the distance between the observer and the
object.
Height

• AB is the height of the object

• α is the angle of elevation
• β is the angle of depression

Q From the top of a tower h m high, the angles of depression of two objects, which are in
line with the foot of the tower are α and β (β > α). Find the distance between the two
objects.

Q Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other on either side of the road,
which is 80 m wide. From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of
the top of the poles are 60° and 30°, respectively. Find the height of the poles and the
distances of the point from the poles.
Q
The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and
9 m from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary.
Prove that the height of the tower is 6 m.

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Ch.10 and 11 – Circles and Area related to Circle

Formula

Sr. No Type Explanation

1 Circumference of a 2πr
circle
2 Area of a circle π r2

3 Arc length of sector of (θ/360) x 2 π r

circle with radius r and
angle θ.
4 The area of sector of a (θ/360) x π r2
circle with radius ‘r’ and
θ angle
5 Area of segment of a Area of the sector - Area of the triangle.
circle

Q A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at

a point Q so that OQ = 12 cm. Length PQ is:

Q Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes
through the centre.

Q To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a
sector of angle 80° to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea
over which the ships are warned. (Use π = 3.14)
Q From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut
and also a circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in Fig. Find the area of the remaining
portion of the square.

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Ch.14 – Statistics
Formula

Sr. No Type Explanation

1 The mean of the grouped • Direct Method:
data

• Assumed mean method:

• Step deviation method:

2 The mode of grouped

data:

l=lower limit of modal class.

h= size of the class interval

f1= frequency of modal class.

f0= frequency of the class preceding the modal class.

f2= frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

3 The median for a

grouped data:
l =lower limit of median class.

n = number of observations.

cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median

class.

f = frequency of median class

h = class size

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Q In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes. These
boxes contained varying number of mangoes. The following was the distribution of
mangoes according to the number of boxes.

Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method of finding
the mean did you choose?

Q A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100
periods each of 3 minutes and summarised it in the table given below. Find the mode
of the data:

Q 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the
frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabets in the surnames
was obtained as follows:

Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of
letters in the surnames? Also, find the modal size of the surnames.

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Ch.13 – Surface Area and Volume of Cuboid

Formula

Sr. No Type Explanation

1 Surface area of the
cuboid
2 Volume of a Cuboid
• The total surface area of the cuboid (TSA cuboid) =
2(l × b) + 2(b × h) + 2(l × h) = 2(lb + bh + lh)
• Lateral surface area (LSA) is the area of all the
sides apart from the top and bottom faces.
• LSA (cuboid) = 2(b × h) + 2(l × h) = 2h (l + b)
• Length of diagonal of a cuboid =√ (l2 + b2 + h2)
• The volume of a cuboid is the space occupied
within its six rectangular faces.

• Volume of a cuboid = (base area) × height = lbh

3 Surface Area of Cube
4 Volume of a Cube
5 Surface Area of Cylinder
6 Volume of a Cylinder
• The total surface area of the cube (TSA) = Sum of
the areas of all its six faces.
• In case of all faces has an equal area, TSA of Cube =
6 × area of Square = 6l2 square units.
• the Lateral surface area of cube = 2(l × l + l × l) = 4l2
• Diagonal of a cube =√3l
• Volume of a cube = base area × height
• Since all dimensions of a cube are identical, volume
= l3
• Where l is the length of the edge of the cube.
• CSA of a cylinder of base radius r and height h = 2π
×r×h
• TSA of a cylinder of base radius r and height h = 2π
× r × h + area of two circular bases
• = 2πr (h + r)
• Base area × height = πr2h

7 Surface area of cone • CSA of right circular cone = πrl

• TSA = CSA + area of base = πrl + πr2 = πr (l + r)
8 Volume of a Right • The volume of a Right circular cone = (1/3) πr2h
Circular Cone
9 Surface area of Sphere • Curved Surface Area (CSA) = Total Surface Area
(TSA) = 4πr2
10 Volume of Sphere • (4/3) πr3

11 Surface Area of • CSA of Hemisphere = 2πr2, TSA of Hemisphere =

Hemisphere 3πr2
12 Volume of Hemisphere • (2/3) πr3

13 Surface Area of Frustum • CSA of Frustum = π(r1+r2) l, TSA of Frustum =

π (r1 + r2) l + π (r12 + r22)
14 Volume of Frustum • (1/3) πh (r12 + r22 + r1r2)

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Q A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such
that the diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the
surface area of the remaining solid

Q A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing
on a hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of
water such that it touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if
the radius of the cylinder is 60 cm and its height is 180 cm.

Q A container shaped like a right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15
cm is full of ice cream. The ice cream is to be filled into cones of height 12 cm and
diameter 6 cm, having a hemispherical shape on the top. Find the number of such cones
which can be filled with ice cream.
Q The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 cm and the perimeters (circumference) of its
circular ends are 18 cm and 6 cm. Find the curved surface area of the frustum.

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Ch.15 – Probability
Formula

Sr. No Type Explanation

1 Probability

2 The probability of a sure

event =1

3 The probability of an
impossible event
4 The probability of an event E 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1
is a number P(E) such that
5 Elementary event
6 Complementary events
=0
An event having only one outcome.
The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary
events of an experiment is 1.
̅)=1
P (E) + P ( E

Q A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?

Q It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the
same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same
birthday?

A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at
Q random from the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.

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