GENERAL MATHEMATICS x −1 x−5

QUARTER 1: WEEK 3:PART 2 2. g ( x )= 5. h ( x )= 2

2x x −6 x+ 9
RATIONAL FUNCTION

Compile this module. x 3−9 x 4 + 4 x +4

3. h ( x )= 6. f ( x )=
x2 −4 x 2−5 x+ 6
I. RATIONAL FUNCTION:
Solution:
Asymptote occurs in some functions, one of which is a rational function.
Asymptotes are like In your previous module, ASYMPTOTE was briefly introduced. In this 3x
1. f ( x )=
module, you are to deal with in-depth information on ASYMPTOTE. 4 x−1
Asymptotes are like boundaries. A graph cannot pass on asymptotic line/s. It tells a. Identify the numerator and denominator
that no matter how we approach a certain line, there will be a limit. There are three types of Numerator: 3x
asymptotic lines – horizontal, vertical, and slant/oblique lines. Denominator: 4 x−1
A rational function can have either horizontal or vertical asymptotic. But it is b. Equate the denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
possible to have both horizontal and vertical asymptotic lines. VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
This module focuses on the horizontal and vertical asymptote lines. 4 x−1 Compare the exponent of the numerator (3 x) and
II. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 4 x−1=0 the denominator (4 x−1). Since the exponent of
4 x=1 the numerator and denominator is equal apply RULE
Steps in finding the horizontal and vertical asymptote lines of rational functions 4x 1 #3. Divide the numerical coefficients of the largest
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE: = exponent of the numerator and denominator.
4 4
a. Identify the denominator. Always remember that VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE corresponds 1
to the denominator of the rational function. x=
4
b. Equate denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x . 3
y=
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE: 4
Rule #1: If the degree (the largest exponent) of the denominator is bigger than the 3 1
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is and the vertical asymptote is .
degree of the numerator, the horizontal asymptote is the x-axis (y = 0). 4 4
Rule #2: If the degree of the numerator is bigger than the denominator, there is no x−1
2. f ( x )=
horizontal asymptote. 2x
Rule #3: If the degrees of the numerator and denominator are the same, the horizontal a. Identify the numerator and denominator
asymptote equals the leading coefficient (the coefficient of the largest exponent) of the Numerator: x−1
numerator divided by the leading coefficient of the denominator. Denominator: 2x
Examples: b. Equate the numerator and denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
Find the horizontal and vertical asymptote of the following rational functions.
3x x−4
1. f ( x )= 4. g ( x )= 2
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
4 x−1 x −121 2x
 2 x=0 Compare the exponent of the numerator (x−1) and x 2−121=0 ( x−4) and the denominator
2x 0 the denominator (2 x). Since the exponent of the 2
x =121 ( x 2−121). Since the exponent of the
=
2 2 numerator and denominator is equal apply RULE #3.
√ x 2=√121 numerator is less than the exponent of
x=0 Divide the numerical coeffiecients of the largest the denominator, apply RULE #1. The
exponent of the numerator and denominator. x=± 11 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE is ZERO.
1 y=0
y=
2
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is 0 and the vertical asymptote is ± 11.
1
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is and the vertical asymptote is 0 .
2 x −5
5. f ( x )= 2
3
x −9 x −6 x +9
3. f ( x )=
x 2−4
a. Identify the numerator and denominator
a. Identify the numerator and denominator Numerator: x−5
Numerator: x −9
3
Denominator: 2
x −6 x +9
Denominator: 2
x −4
b. Equate the numerator and denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
b. Equate the numerator and denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
2
2
x −6 x +9 Compare the exponent of the numerator
x −4 Compare the exponent of the numerator ( x 3−1) and
2
2
x −6 x +9=0 (x−5) and the denominator
x −4=0 the denominator (x 2−4). Since the exponent of the 2
2 ( x−3 ) ( x−3 ) =0 ( x −6 x +9). Since the exponent of the
x =4 numerator is greater than the exponent of the numerator is less than the exponent of
denominator, apply RULE #2. There is NO x−3=0 x−3=0
√ x =√ 4
2
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE. x=3 x=3 the denominator, apply RULE #1. The
x=± 2 Apply factoring technique to solve for the
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE is ZERO.
value of x .
y=0
Thus, no horizontal asymptote and the vertical asymptote is ± 2.
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is 0 and the vertical asymptote is 3.
x−4
4. f ( x )= 2
x −121 4
x + 4 x +4
6. f ( x )= 2
a. Identify the numerator and denominator x −5 x+ 6
Numerator: x−4
a. Identify the numerator and denominator
Denominator: 2
x −121 Numerator: x 4 + 4 x+ 4
Denominator: 2
x −5 x+6
b. Equate the numerator and denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
Compare the exponent of the numerator b. Equate the numerator and denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
x 2−121
 VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE Step 1: Solve first the DOMAIN. Identify the denominator.
2
x −5 x+ 6 Compare the exponent of the numerator Denominator: 4 x−1
4
2
x −5 x+ 6=0 (x + 4 x+ 4) and the denominator
( x−2 ) ( x−3 )=0 (x 2−5 x+ 6). Since the exponent of the Step 2: Equate the denominator to zero. Solve for the value/s of x .
numerator is greater than the exponent of 4 x−1
x−2=0 x−3=0
the denominator, apply RULE #2. There is 4 x−1=0
x=2 x=3 NO HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE. 4 x=1
4x 1
=
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is 0 and the vertical asymptote is −2 and −3 . 4 4
III. DOMAIN and RANGE of RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
1
Knowing the asymptotes of a rational function will define the DOMAIN and RANGE of x=
4
the rational function. ALWAYS REMEMBER that the DOMAIN AND RANGE SHOULD BE
REAL NUMBERS.
The result above will be the exemption value of x because it will make the rational
DOMAIN: The set of all the input values of a function. If you are going to substitute ALL function UNDEFINED.
REAL NUMBERS, is the output a real number? If yes, then the DOMAIN of a rational
function is all set of real numbers. But if NO, identify the exception/s.
1
if x=
RANGE: The possible output given by the function. Can all real numbers be 4
generated? If yes, then the RANGE of a rational function is all set of real numbers. But if 3x
f ( x )=
NO, identify the exception/s. 4 x−1

Examples:
Find the DOMAIN and RANGE of the following functions: 4x 1
=
4 4
3x x−4
1. f ( x )= 4. g ( x )= 2
4 x−1 x −121 1
x=
4
x −1 x−5
2. g ( x )= 5. h ( x )= 2
2x x −6 x+ 9

x 2−9 x 2 + 4 x+ 4
3. h ( x )= 2 6. f ( x )= 2
x −4 x −5 x+ 6

Steps/Solutions:
3x
1. f ( x )=
4 x−1