11.

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

Single Correct Answer Type 6. Which of the following is the unit of

1. When pea seeds and wheat seeds are put in measurement of water potential?
water, which of the two will imbibe more [Kerala CEE 2005]
water? [Punjab PMET 2007] a) Watt b) Joule
a) Wheat seeds b) Pea seeds c) Pascal d) Litre
c) Both will imbibe equal amount of water e) Cubic centimeter
d) Pea seeds imbibe 7. Osmosis involves flow of[BHU 2008]
water only at alkaline pH a) Water without a membrane b)
2. Cell-A has osmotic potential of -18 bars Solute from a semi-permeable membrane
and pressure potential of 8 bars, whereas, c) Solvent ( H 2 O ) through a semi-
cell-B has osmotic potential of -14 bars and permeable membrane d) None of the
pressure potential 2 bars. The direction of above
flow of water will be [AIIMS 2008] 8. Choose the correct combination of labeling
a) From cell-B to cell-A of the potato osmoscopeexperiement.
b) From cell-A to cell-B
c) No flow of water d) In both the
directions
3. In thistle funnel experiment, what will
occur if sugar solution is added to beaker,
after the process of osmosis stops?
[Guj CET 2008]
a) The level of solution in thistle funnel [Kerala CEE 2004]
rises up b) The level of a) A-Final level
solution in thistle funnel lowers B-Dotpin
c) The level of solution in beaker lowers C-Initial level D-Sugar
d) The level of solution solution
remains unaffected in beaker E-Potato tuber b) A-Initial
4. The values of osmotic potential (π ¿ and level B-Dotpin
pressure potential (ρ) of cells A, B, C and D C-Final level D-Water
are given below. E-Potato tuber
Cell π ρ c) A-Final level
A -1.0 0.5 B-Dotpin
B -0.6 0.3 C-Initial level D-Water
C -1.2 0.6 E-Potato tuber d) A-Final
D -0.8 0.4 level B-Dotpin
Identify the correct sequence that shows C-Initial level D-
the path of movement of water from Water
among the following. [EAMCET 2005] E-Container
a) D →C → A → B b) B→ D → A → C e) A-Initial level B-
c) B→ C → D→ A d) C → B → A → D Dotpin
5. Which of the following maintains the shape C-Final level D-Coconut oil
of cell? [Punjab PMET 2006] E-Potato tuber
a) Osmotic pressure b) Turgor pressure 9. If flowers are cut and dipped in dilute NaCl
c) Wall pressure d) Osmosis solution, then
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 a) Transpiration is low b) Endosmosis [J&K CET 2009]
occurs a) Movement of water is expressed in
c) No bacterial growth takes place d) terms of free energy b) Free energy
Absorption of solute inside flower cell determines the direction by which physical
takes place and chemical changes should occur
10. Movement among cells against c) Water potential is the sum of free energy
concentration gradient is called of water molecules in pure water and in
[BCECE 2004] any other system d) Water potential of
a) Osmosis b) Active transport pure water is zero
c) Diffusion d) Passive transport 17. A plant cell becomes turgid due to
11. Two cells A and B are contiguous. Cell-A [WB JEE 2011]
has osmotic pressure-10 atm, turgor a) Plasmolysis b) Exosmosis
pressure-7 atm and diffusion pressure c) Endosmosis d) Electrolysis
deficit-3 atm. Cell-B has osmotic pressure- 18. Root hair absorbs water from soil through
8 atm, turgor pressure-3 atm and diffusion [BHU 2007]
pressure deficit 5 atm. The result will be a) Turgor pressure b) Ion exchange
[CBSE AIPMT 2007] c) Osmosis d) DPD
a) Movement of water from cell-B to A b) 19. If two solutions have the same
No movement of water osmoregularity, they are said to be
c) Equilibrium between the two d) [J&K CET 2005]
Movement of water from cell-A to B a) Hypertonic b) Hypotonic
12. Osmotic pressure of a solution is c) Isotonic d) None of these
[BHU 2007] 20. In plasmolysed cell, the space between
a) Greater than pure solvent b) Less nucleus and plasma membrane is occupied
than pure solvent by[JCECE 2006]
c) Equal to pure solvent d) Less than or a) Hypotonic solution b) Hypertonic
greater than pure solvent solution
13. When a cell is plasmolysed, it becomes c) Isotonic solution d) Air
[J&K CET 2011] 21. The potential energy of water is referred as
a) Flaccid and its TP becomes zero b) [J&K CET 2005]
Turgid and its becomes zero a) Water potential b) Osmotic potential
c) Turgid and TP becomes equal to OP d) c) Gravity potential d) Pressure potential
Flaccid and DPD becomes zero 22. Plasmolysis is the result of [J&K CET 2009]
14. Water in the soil available to plants is a) Exosmosis b) Endosmosis
[J&K CET 2011] c) Reverse osmosis d) Diffusion
a) Gravitational water b) Capillary 23. When plant cell is kept in saline drip, cell
water [BCECE 2004]
c) Hygroscopic water d) None of these a) Decrease in size b) Bursts out
15. Identify the correct relationship with c) Increase in size d) Unchanged
reference to water potential of a plant cell. 24. The process by which water is absorbed by
[KCET 2006] solids like colloid causing them to increase
a) Ψ w =Ψ m +Ψ s+ Ψ p in volume, is called [Kerala CEE 2011]
b) a) Osmosis b) Plasmolysis
Ψ w =Ψ m +Ψ s−Ψ p c) Imbibition d) Diffusion
c) Ψ w =Ψ m−Ψ s +Ψ p e) Facilitated diffusion
d) Ψ w =Ψ m−Ψ s−Ψ p 25. Which one of the following statements is
16. Which one is incorrect statement? wrong? [Kerala CEE 2007]

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 a) Water potential is the chemical potential c) WP d) DPD
of the water b) Solute potential is 33. Root pressure is due to [OJEE 2011]
always negative a) Diffusion b) Passive transport
c) Pressure potential is zero in a flaccid cell c) Active transport d) Osmosis
d) Water potential 34. When the concentration of the soil solutes
equals solute potential in a fully turgid cell is low, the absorption of water [KCET 2007]
e) Pressure potential is negative in a a) Remains normal b) Is stopped
plasmolyzed cell c) Is increased d) Is decreased
26. If water enters in a cell, the pressure 35. A leaf peeling of Tradescantia is kept in a
exerted by its swollen protoplast is medium having 10% NaCl. After a few
[AFMC 2004] minutes, if we observe the leaf peel under
a) Turgor pressure b) DPD the microscope, we are likely to see
c) Osmotic pressure d) Imbibition [KCET 2008]
27. Whose water potential is less than water a) Entry of water into the cell b) The
potential of root hair during the water cells bursting out
absorption by root hair?[Guj CET 2011] c) Diffusion of NaCl into the cell d)
a) Gravitational water b) Soil solution Exit of water from the cell
c) Pure water d) Vacuolar sap 36. Fensom and Jones suggested, which of the
28. The rate if diffusion is dependent upon the following method for translocation of
permeability of the medium, it however solute?[Haryana PMT 2004]
[Punjab PMET 2007] a) Osmosis b) Plasmolysis
a) Influences the final equilibrium of c) Diffusion d) Electro-osmosis
diffusion as it is never reached if the 37. The osmotic potential and pressure
medium is dense b) Does influence the potential of three cells (A, B, C) located
final equilibrium of diffusion in different parts of an actively
c) Does not influence the final equilibrium transpiring plant are given below.
of diffusion d) None of the above Cell Osmotic Potential (MPa)
29. Which of the following has maximum Pressure Potential (MPa)
water potential?[J&K CET 2003] A -0.870.44
a) Pure water b) 2% sucrose B -0.920.34
solution C -0.680.27
c) 4% glucose solution d) 10% Identify these three cells as root hair, root
sodium chloride solution cortical and leaf mesophyll cells
30. The membrane, which allows passage of respectively. The correct answer is
certain substances more readily than [EAMCET 2009]
others is termed as [AMU 2004] a) A, B, C b) A, C, B
a) Permeable b) Selectively c) C, A, B d) B, C,A
permeable 38. Which one of the following denotes the
c) Semi-permeable d) Impermeable water potential of the mesophyll cell in
31. If turgidity of a cell surrounded by water wilted condition? [EAMCET 2007]
increases, the wall pressure will a) Equal to the value of osmotic potential
[Manipal 2005] b) Equal to the value of pressure potential
a) Increase b) Decrease c) Greater than the value of its osmotic
c) Fluctuate d) Remain unchanged potential d) Equal to zero
32. In a fully turgid cell, …… is zero. 39. When pea seeds and wheat grains are
[OJEE 2010] soaked in water, pea seeds showed more
a) OP b) TP swelling than the wheat. The reason is
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 [EAMCET 2007] 48. The first process by which water enters
a) Imbibitions capacity of proteins is more into the seed coat when a seed is placed in
than that of starch b) Presence of less suitable environment for germination is
hydrophilic colloids in the wheat grains [KCET 2007]
c) Cell membrane of pea seeds is more a) Osmosis b) Active transport
permeable d) Cell wall of wheat c) Absorption d) Imbibitions
grains are less permeable 49. In osmosis, there is movement of
40. A cell swells up when kept in [BCECE 2008] [DUMET 2005]
a) Hypotonic solution b) Hypertonic a) Solute only b) Solvent only
solution c) Both (A) and (B) d) Neither (A) nor (B)
c) Isotonic solution d) All of the above 50. Study the following table showing the
41. Which of the following experiments is components of water potential in closely
called physiological demonstration of arranged mesophyll cells namely A, B
osmosis? [KCET 2007] and C.
a) Thistle funnel, whose mouth is tied with Cell Osmotic Potential (MPa)
egg membrane b) Thistle funnel, Pressure Potential(MPa)
whose mouth is tied with parchment paper A -0.21 0.05
c) Photometer d) Bell jar experiment B -0.22 0.02
42. Passive absorption of mineral salts is not C -0.23 0.05
dependent on [J&K CET 2004] Identify two of the following, which
a) Diffusion b) Osmosis show correct direction of water
c) Donnan equilibrium d) Ionic movement between two cells.
exchange I A→B II B→C
43. Which of the following does not affect III C→A IV C→B
water potential of water? [Guj CET 2011] [EAMCET 2008]
a) Concentration of dissolved substances a) I, II b) II, III
b) Atmospheric pressure c) I, IV d) II, IV
c) Gravitation d) Capillarity 51. A cell dipped in 0.5 M sucrose solution has
44. The space between the plasma membrane no effect but when the same will be dipped
and the cell wall of a plasmolyzed cell in 0.5 M NaCl solution, the cell will
surrounded by a hypertonic solution is [AFMC 2005]
occupied by the [KCET 2011] a) Increase in size b) Decrease in size
a) Hypotonic solution b) Isotonic solution c) Will be turgid d) Will get
c) Hypertonic solution d) Water deplasmolysed
45. Which of the following statement is 52. Which of the following statements are
correct? [JCECE 2004] true/false?
a) DPD=OP-WP b) DPD=OP+WP 1. The positive hydrostatic pressure is
c) DPD=WP-OP d) DPD=TP+OP called turgor pressure.
46. In a fully turgid cell [UP CPMT 2011] 2. Wall pressure exerts to prevent the
a) TP=0 b) WP=0 increase of protoplasm size.
c) DPD=0 d) OP=0 3. Diffusion is more rapid in liquids than in
47. Hydroponics is the method of gases.
[J&K CET 2011] 4. Diffusion of water through a semi-
a) Water conservation b) Plant permeable membrane is called
development in water without soil imbibition.
c) Plant development without soil d) 5. Osmosis is movement of substance, which
Plant development in saline soil takes place along a diffusion gradient.
P a g e |4
 6. [Kerala CEE 2006] II.Solutes present in a cell (or in any
a) I and II are true, while III, IV and V are solution) increase the free energy of
false b) I and III are true, water or water potential.
while II, IV and V are false III.Thesymplastic movement occurs
c) I and IV are true, while II, III and V are from cell to cell through the
false d) I and IV are true, plasmodesmata.
while II, III and IV are false IV.Membrane permeability depends on
e) III, IV and V are true, while I and II are the membrane composition, as well the
false chemical nature of the solute.
53. When a plasmolyzed cell is placed in a [Kerala CEE 2007]
hypotonic solution then water will move a) I and II only b) II and Iv only
inside the cell. Which force causes this? c) I, III and IV only d) I, II and IV only
[Punjab PMET 2006] e) III only
a) DPD b) OP 59. Cohesion theory of water movement in
c) WP d) None of these plants was put forth by[Kerala CEE 2009]
54. Graham’s law is correlated with a) Melvin cycle b) F F Blackman
[WB JEE 2009] c) T W Engelmann d) Henry Dixon
a) Diffusion b) Osmoregupation e) Hans A Krebs
c) Osmosis d) Absorption 60. The real forces responsible for the
55. In plants, water supply is due to movement of water from one cell to
[BHU 2006] another cell is mainly [Punjab PMET 2003]
a) Osmosis b) Imbibitions a) Osmotic pressure b) Turgor pressure
c) Guttation d) Adhesion force c) Diffusion pressure deficit d)
56. A red blood cell (RBC) was kept in a Imbibitions
certain solution for few minutes and it got 61. Ascent of sap in plants was demonstrated
burst. The said solution was [AMU 2005] by [J&K CET 2009]
a) Isotonic b) Concentrated sugar a) Girdling experiment b) Ganong’s
solution experiment
c) Hypertonic d) Hypotonic c) Went experiment d) Lever auxanometer
57. RBC and a plant cell (with thick cell wall) 62. Which one is against the theory of ascent of
are placed in distilled water. The solute sap given by Dixon and Jolly?
concentration is the same in both the cells. [UP CPMT 2008]
What changes would be observed in them? a) Pores in treachery elements b)
[Manipal 2009] Cohesion force of water molecules
a) Both plant cell and RBC would not c) Adhesion force of water molecules d)
undergo any change b) The RBC would Requirement of ATP
increase in size and burst, while the plant 63. One factor responsible for water rise up to
cell would remain about the same size 100 m of tall plant, is[OJEE 2011]
c) The plant cell would increase in size and a) Root pressure b) Transpiration pull
burst, while the RBC would remain about c) Pulsation d) Diffusion
the same size d) Both plant cell and 64. The force responsible for upward
RBC would decrease in size and collapse conduction of water against gravity comes
58. Which of the following statements is/are from [KCET 2011]
true? a) Transpiration b) Photosynthesis
I.Theapoplastic movement of water c) Translocation d) Respiration
occurs exclusively through the cell wall
without crossing any membranes.
P a g e |5
65. Which of the following theories for ascent 10% is hygroscopic water and the
of sap was proposed by an eminent Indian remaining is capillary water. What is the
scientist J C Bose? [Kerala CEE 2004] field capacity of this soil? [EAMCET 2006]
a) Pulsation theory b) Relay pump theory a) 10% b) 15%
c) Transpiration pull theory d) Root c) 25% d) 35%
pressure theory 74. The water available to plants for
e) Atmospheric pressure theory absorption is[UP CPMT 2009]
66. A thin film of water is held by the soil a) Gravitational water b)
particles under the influence of internal Hygroscopic water
attractive force. It is called [MHT CET 2003] c) Capillary water d) Chemically bound
a) Hygroscopic water b) Gravitational water water
c) Combined water d) Capillary water 75. Root hair absorb water from the soil on
67. Statoliths are involved in [DUMET 2006] account of[Manipal 2007]
a) Phototropism b) Hydrotropism a) Turgor pressure b) Osmotic pressure
c) Chemotropism d) Gravitropism c) Suction pressure d) Root pressure
68. In plants, continuous water supply is due 76. The relationship among different types of
to[MHT CET 2009] soil water can be summed up of the
a) Osmosis b) Imbibition following equation: [EAMCET 2003]
c) Guttation d) Adhension- a) Chresard=Echard+Hollard b)
cohension forces Chresard=Hollard+Echard
69. In tall plants, because of which factor, c) Echard=Hollard+Chresard d)
continuous water column extends upward? Hollard= Chresard–Echard
[Guj CET 2011] 77. Which one of the following doesn’t help in
a) Atmospheric pressure b) molecule transport?[BHU 2003]
Osmotic pressure a) Diffusion b) Osmosis
c) Suction pull d) Root pressure c) Surface tension d) Active transport
70. Which part of root absorbs both water and 78. Cohension and adhension theory, is
minerals? [AMU 2003] otherwise called[J&K CET 2009]
a) Zone of cell differentiation b) Zone a) Relay pump theory b) Pulsation theory
of cell formation c) Root pressure theory d)
c) Zone of cell elongation d) Transpiration pull theory
Terminal portion of root 79. Path of water movement from soil to xylem
71. The rupture and fractionation do not is[Kerala CEE 2008]
usually occur in the water column in a) Soil→root hair→cortex
vessles/tracheids during the ascent of sap → pericycle → endodermis →metaxylem→p
because of[CBSE AIPMT 2009] rotoxylem
a) Lignified thick walls b) Cohesion b) soil→root hair→
and adhesion cortex→endodrmis→pericycle→protoxyle
c) Wak gravitational pull d) m→metaxylem
Transpiration pull c) soil→root hair→
72. Which type of water is used by the plants? epidermis→endodermis→phloem→xylem
[DUMET 2009] d) soil→root hair→
a) Gravitational water b) Capillary epidermis→cortex→phloem→xylem
water e) soil→root hair→cortex→
c) Hygroscopic water d) Bound water protoxylem→phloem→metaxylem
73. A soil sample is found to have 25% of its
volume occupied by soil water. Of this,
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80. Which of the following is the most c) Aquatic plants with floating leaves d)
accepted theory for movement of water Plants growing in hilly regions
through plants? [DUMET 2011] 89. Stomata open and close due to
a) Cohension theory b) Capillarity [JCECE 2006]
c) Passive transport d) Root pressure a) Turgor pressure change b)
81. The magnitude of root pressure ranges Hormonal change
between [AMU 2004] c) Temperature change d) All of these
a) 2-5 atm b) 1-5 atm 90. The phytohormone, which increases the
c) 0.1-0.2 atm d) 4-6 atm concentration of potassium in guard cells is
82. Who proposed the ‘Cohesion Theory’ of also responsible for the induction of
ascent of sap?[BCECE 2006] [EAMCET 2004]
a) Strasburger b) Godlewski a) Apical dominance b) Triple response
c) Western d) Dixon andJolly growth
83. Cell wall present in water conducting c) Cell division d) Abscission
tissues, represented by swollen nodules, is 91. Stoma opens, when[Manipal 2009]
known as[AMU 2003] a) Guard cells swell due to an increase in
a) Tertiary wall b) Middle lamella their water potential b) Guard cells swell
c) Plasmalemma d) Primary cell wall by endosmosis due to influx of hydrogen
84. Passage cells are thin-walled cells found in ions (protons)
[CBSE AIPMT 2007] c) Guard cells swell by endosmosis due to
a) Endodermis of roots facilitating rapid efflux of potassium ionsd) Guard cells
transport of water from cortex to pericycle swell due to a decrease in their water
b) Phloem elements that potential
serve as entry points for substances for 92. Stomatal opening is regulated by
transport to other plant parts [UP CPMT 2005]
c) Testa of seeds to enable emergence of a) Light b) Temperature
growing embryonic axis during seed c) Atmospheric humidity d)
germination d) Central region of Wind
style through which the pollen tube grow 93. Which of the following is not a purpose of
towards the ovary transpiration? [Kerala CEE 2010]
85. Movement of water through cell wall, is a) Supplies water for photosynthesis b)
[DUMET 2007] Helps in translocation of sugars from
a) Apoplast b) Symplast source to sink
c) Tonoplast d) None of these c) Maintains shape and structure of the
86. Which one of the following is not an plant d) Cools leaf surface
antitranspirant? [KCET 2011] e) Transports minerals from the soil to all
a) PMA b) BAP parts of the plant
c) Silicon oil d) Low viscosity 94. Guard cells help in [CBSE AIPMT 2009]
87. A leaf with more stomata on lower surface a) Protection against grazing b)
belongs to[Haryana PMT 2004] Transpiration
a) Potato type b) Oat type c) Guttation d) Fighting against
c) Apple-mulberry type d) Nymphaea infection
type 95. Identify the correct statements from the
88. In which of the following plants, there will following:
be no transpiration?[KCET 2005] I.Accumulation of K +¿¿ ions in the guard
a) Aquatic, submerged plants b) cells does not require energy.
Plants living in deserts II.A high pH favours stomatal opening.
P a g e |7
 III.Movement of chloride ions into the 101. Transpiration is manifestation of
guard cells accrues in the response to [UP CPMT 2011]
the electrical differential created by K +¿¿ a) Turgor pressure b) Wall pressure
ions. c) Root pressure d) None of these
IV.With the entry of several K +¿¿ ions and 102. Choose the correct combination of
chloride ions, the water potential of guard labeling of stomatal apparatus of dicot and
cells increases. [EAMCET 2005] monocot leaves.
a) I and III b) I and II
c) II and III d) III and IV
96. Stomata which can open at night, are
present in [Haryana PMT 2007]
a) Xerophytes b) Gametophytes
c) Hydrophytes d) None of these
97. Opening of stomata is not affected by [Kerala CEE 2006]
[DUMET 2008] a) A-Epidermal cells B-
a) N 2 b) K +¿ions ¿
Subsidiary cells
c) Starch d) None of these C-Chloroplast D-Guard cells
98. The loosely arranged non-chlorophyllous E-Stomatalaperature b) A-
parenchyma cells present in lenticels, are Epidermal cells B-Guard cells
called [KCET 2011] C-Chloroplast D-Subsidiary
a) Complementary cells b) Passage cells
cells E-Ctomatalaperature
c) Water stomata d) Albuminous cells c) A-Epidermal cells B-
99. The experimental set up shown in the Subsidiary cells
adjacent diagram is for C-Chloroplast D-
Stomatalaperature
E- Guard cells d) A-
Subsidiary cells B- Epidermal
cells
C-Chloroplast D-
Stomatalaperature
E- Guard cells
e) A- Guard cells B-
Epidermal cells
C- Stomatalaperature D-
[KCET 2003] Subsidiary cells
a) The demonstration of development of E- Chloroplast
suction force due to transpiration b) 103. Potometer works on the principle of
Measuring the rate of transpiration [MHT CET 2008]
c) The demonstration of ascent of sap d) a) Amount of water absorbed equals the
The demonstration of anaerobic amount transpired b) Osmotic pressure
respiration c) Root pressure d) Potential
100. Loss of liquid water by guttation occurs difference between the tip of the tube and
through [MHT CET 2009] that of the plant
a) Hydathodes b) Stomata 104. Transpiration is measured by
c) Cuticle d) Bark [UP CPMT 2009]
a) Photometer b) Porometer
P a g e |8
 c) Auxanmeter d) Respirometer 112. The epidermal trichomes help in
105. Select the correct events leading to the [J&K CET 2007]
opening of the stomata. a) Transpiration and exchange of gases
I.Decline in guard cell solutes. b) Protection from desiccation
II.Lowering of osmotic potential of c) Protection and reduction of
guard cells. transpiration d) Exudes water
III.Rise in potassium levels in guard drops from their tips
cells. 113. What will be the effect of accumulation of
IV.Movement of water from K +¿¿ ions in guard cells? [Guj CET 2007]
neighbouring cells into guard cells. a) Water potential increases b)
V.Guard cells becoming flaccid. Water potential decreases
[Kerala CEE 2009] c) Loss of turgidity d) Exosmosis
a) I and V b) II, III 114. Which of the following statements is/are
and IV not true?
c) I, III and IV d) II, IV and V I.In CAM plants, stomata open during dark
e) III and V and remain closed during the day.
106. In a plant organ, which is covered by II.Role of N a+¿ ¿ in stomatal opening is now
periderm and in which the stomata are universally accepted.
absent, some gaseous exchange still takes III.The water potential of root cells is
place through [AIIMS 2004] higher than the water potential of soil.
a) Aerenchyma b) Trichomes IV.Capillarity theory is the most accepted
c) Pnenumatophores d) Lenticels theory of water movement through plants.
107. The factor, most important in regulating V.The walls of xylem vessels made up of
transpiration, is[J&K CET 2011] lingo-cellulose have strong affinity for
a) Temperature b) Light water molecules.[Kerala CEE 2008]
c) Wind d) Relative humidity a) II, III and V b) II, III and IV
108. This hormone affects opening and closing c) I, II and III d) II and III
of stomata. [Guj CET 2007] e) I and V
a) Zeatin b) Abscisic acid 115. The antitranspirant is [RPMT 2006]
c) Ethylene d) GA a) PMA b) ABA
109. A twig kept in water having some salt c) Both (A) and (B) d) None of these
remains fresh for longer period due to 116. Passive absorption of water by the root
[UP CPMT 2008] system is the result of [KCET 2006]
a) Decrease in bacterial degradation b) a) Forces created in the cells of the root
Exosmosis b) Increased respiratory
c) Decrease in transpiration rate d) activity in root cells
Absorption of more water c) Tension on the cell sap due to
110. Humidity in atmosphere decreases rate of transpiration d) Osmotic force in
[DUMET 2005] the shoot system
a) Transpiration b) Photosynthesis 117. The sugarcane plant has
c) Glycolysis d) Growth [Haryana PMT 2004]
111. When the conditions are dry, a grass leaf a) Dumb bell-shaped guard cells b)
curls inward to minimize water loss due to Pentamerous flowers
the pressure of[DUMET 2011] c) Reticulate venation d) Capsular
a) Thick cuticle b) Large xylem fruits
cavities 118. Guttation is mainly due to [KCET 2007]
c) Parallel venation d) Bulliform cells a) Root pressure b) Imbibition
P a g e |9
 c) Osmosis d) Transpiration c) Increased rate of phototsynthesis d)
119. Transpiration facilitates [Manipal 2009] Decreased shoot/root ratio
a) Electrolyte balance b) Opening of stomata 128. Water lost in Guttation is[AMU 2005]
c) Absorption of water by roots d) a) Pure water b) Impure water
Exertion of minerals c) In vapour form d) Either (A) or (B)
120. The stomata in CAM plants open during 129. Which one is true about guttation?
[UP CPMT 2007] [J&K CET 2009]
a) Day b) Night a) It occurs through specialized pores
c) Day and night d) Always closed called hydathodes b) It occurs in
121. Which of the following get accumulated in herbaceous plants when root pressure is
the vacuoles of guard cells during stomatal low and transpiration is high
opening?[DUMET 2011] c) It only occur during the day time d)
a) Water, calcium and magnesium b) It occurs in plants growing under
Starch, potassium and chloride ions conditions of low soil moisture and high
c) Malate, sodium and potassium ions d) humidity
Malate, potassium and chloride ions 130. Stomatal opening is affected by
122. Which of the following theory gives the [DUMET 2011]
latest explanation for the closure of a) Nitrogen concentration, carbon dioxide
stomata? [J&K CET 2009] concentration and light b) Carbon
a) ABA theory b) Munch theory dioxide concentration, temperature and
c) Starch glucose theory d) Active K +¿¿ light
transport theory c) Nitrogen concentration, light and
123. Attraction of water molecules to polar temperature d) Carbon dioxide
surfaces is known as [Kerala CEE 2010] concentration, nitrogen concentration and
a) Cohension b) Capillarity temperature
c) Surface tension d) Tensile strength 131. Which of the following is used as an
e) Adhesion antitranspirant? [AMU 2006]
124. Which of the following cells are not related a) Cobalt chloride b) Naphthol acetic
to the structure of stomata? acid
[MHT CET 2009] c) Calcium carbonate d) Phenyl mercuric
a) Sclerenchymatous cells b) acetate
Epidermal cells 132. Through which process, starch of the guard
c) Guard cells d) Accessory cells cell is converted into PEP ions?
125. Sunken stomata is found in the leaves of [GUJ CET 2008]
[Punjab PMET 2008] a) Dephosphorylation b) Decarboxylation
a) Trifolium b) Lemma c) Hydrolysis d) Oxidation
c) Nerium d) Lilium 133. Which of the following in guard cell is
126. Guard cells control[BCECE 2004] responsible for opening of stomata?
a) Intensity of light entering b) [Guj CET 2006]
Photosynthesis a) Decrease in C O 2 concentration and more
c) Closing and opening of stomata d) H +¿¿ ion concentration b) Decrease in
Change in green color C O 2 concentration and less H +¿¿ ion
127. Which one of the following is the reason concentration
for higher rate of transpiration in Sorghum c) Increase in C O 2 concentration and more
as compared to maize? [EAMCET 2006] H +¿¿ ion concentration d) More free
a) Increased shoot/root ratio b) +¿¿ −¿ ¿
H ions and less C l ions
Increased rate of respiratory quotient
P a g e |10
134. What happens when concentration of c) Environment is very hot and dry d)
solutes decreases in guard cells? Relative humidity is very high
[MHT CET 2009] 141. Hydathodes are also called [RPMT 2004]
a) Water potential increases b) a) Water stomata b) Sunken stomata
Osmotic pressure increases c) Guard cells d) Subsidiary cells
c) Water potential decreases d) None 142. Which ion helps in opening and closing of
of the above stomata? [UP CPMT 2011]
135. Wilting occurs when [AFMC 2004] b) M g 2+¿ ¿
+¿¿
a) M n
a) Rate of transpiration is higher than c) C a 2+ ¿¿ d) K
+¿¿

absorption b) Rate of absorption 143. Why the tropical deciduous forest trees
is higher than transpiration shed their leaves? [Kerala CEE 2003]
c) Excess root pressure d) High a) To save energy b) To protect itself
relative humidity in air from chat
136. Stomata are also called as [RPMT 2004] c) To enhance rate of respiration d)
a) Stomates b) Lenticels To prevent loss of water
c) Hydathodes d) Bark e) To enhance the rate of absorption
137. Study the following pairs. 144. In land plants, the guard cells differ from
7. Peperomia Leaf succulent Leaf other epidermal cells in having
epidermal cells store water. [CBSE AIPMT 2003]
8. Calotropsis Non-succulent Root a) Mitochondria b) Endoplasmic
cells with thickend cell walls. reticulum
9. TribulusEphermeral Stem stores c) Chloroplasts d) Cytoskeleton
water. 145. Stomata open due to accumulation of
10. Ammophila Dicot plant Rolling in [OJEE 2011]
+¿¿ +¿ ¿
of leaves to check water loss a) K b) N a
d) C a 2+ ¿¿
+ ¿¿
Identify the correct pair of answer. c) M g
[EAMCET 2008] 146. Water rises in the stem due to
a) I, II b) I, III [Manipal 2003]
c) II, III d) II, IV a) Cohension and transpirational pull b)
138. Water is lost in a liquid state in some Turgor pressure
plants through hydathodes. These c) Osmotic pressure d) Root absorption
hydathodes [KCET 2006] 147. Which of the following is appropriate for
a) Remain closed at night b) mass-flow hypothesis?[MHT CET 2009]
Remain closed during day a) Transpiration pull is responsible for
c) Remain always open d) Do not absorption of ions b) Large amount of
show any specificity in opening and closing ions are also absorbed along with the
139. Which one of the following is not related to absorption of water
guttation? [KCET 2011] c) As suction pressure increases,
a) Water is given out in the form of droplets absorption of water increases and along
b) Water given out is impure with water, absorption of ion also
c) Water is given out during daytime d) increases d) All of the above
Guttation is of universal occurance 148. Which one of the following does not help in
140. The rate of transpiration will be very less molecular transport? [KCET 2008]
in a situation where [BHU 2006] a) Diffusion b) Osmosis
a) Ground water is sufficiently available c) Surface tension d) Active transport
b) Wind is blowing with 149. The translocation of organic solutes in
a very high velocity sieve tube members is supported by
P a g e |11
 [CBSE AIPMT 2006] c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is
a) Root pressure and transpiration pull False
b) P-proteins d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is
c) Mass-flow involving a carrier and ATP True
d) Cytoplasmic streaming 156
150. Fensom and Jones suggested which of the Statement 1: When dried seeds of pea are
following method for translocation of placed in a tin and water added up to their
solute? [Manipal 2003] upper level and than a lid is put tightly
a) Osmosis b) Plasmolysis over it. Within an hour, the lid will be
c) Diffusion d) Electrosmosis blown off.
151. Translocation of organic materials in Statement 2: Due to rapid cell division in
plants is explained [Punjab PMET 2006] pea seeds.
157
a) Active transport b) Transpiration pull +¿¿
Statement 1: K ion accumulation found in
c) Inhibition theory d) Mass-flow
Nitella depends in its respiratory activity.
hypothesis
Statement 2: Absorption of all ions in plants
152. Direction of translocation of organic food completely depends on the usage of metabolic
or solutes, is [UP CPMT 2011] energy.
a) Upward b) Downward
c) Radial d) All of these Matrix-Match Type
153. Active transport[BHU 2008]
This section contain(s) 4 questions. Each
a) Releases energy b) Requires energy
question contains Statements given in 2
c) Produces ATP d) Produces a toxic
columns which have to be matched.
substance Statements in columns I have to be matched
154. Munch hypothesis is based on [KCET 2007] with Statements incolumns II.
a) Translocation of food due to TP gradient
and imbibition force b) Translocation of 158. Match the following columns and select the
food due to turgor pressure (TP) gradient correct option.
Column-I Column- II
c) Translocation of food due to imbibition
force d) None of the above (A) Hypotonic (1) Water
155. In which form, does the food transported (B) Hypertonic (2) Sucrose
in plants? [MHT CET 2009] (C) Solute (3) Lower tonicity
a) Sucrose b) Fructose (D) Solvent (4) Higher tonicity
c) Glucose d) Lactose Codes :

A B C D
Assertion - Reasoning Type
(a) 1 2 3 4
This section contain(s) 2 question(s)
numbered 156 to 157. Each question (b) 4 2 1 3
containsSTATEMENT 1(Assertion) and
STATEMENT 2(Reason). Each question has (c) 3 4 2 1
the 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
(d) 3 1 2 4
which ONLY ONE is correct.
a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is (e) 3 2 3 1
True; Statement 2 is correct explanation for
Statement 1 159. Match the following columns and choose
b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is the correct option.
True; Statement 2 is not correct explanation Column-I Column- II
for Statement 1

P a g e |12
 (A) Water potential of 10% salt solution (1) (D) Pulsatile movement theory (4)
Positive Godlewski
(B) Pressure potential in a normal cell (2) (5) Dixon and Jolly
Negative Codes :
(C) Pressure potential in a plasmolysed cell
(3) Positive A B C D
(D) Metric potential on the surface of the wood
(a) 3 4 5 1
(4) Negative
(5) Zero (b) 3 4 1 5
Codes :
(c) 4 3 1 5
A B C D
(d) 4 3 5 1
(a) 2 3 5 4

(b) 3 4 2 1

(c) 1 2 4 3

(d) 4 4 2 1

160. Match the following columns and select the

correct option.
Column-I Column- II

(A) Bulliform cells (1) Stomata

(B) Guard cells (2) Aerating pore
(C) Lenticel (3) Accessory cells
(D) Subsidiary cells (4) Isobilateral leaf
Codes :

A B C D

(a) 4 1 2 3

(b) 1 4 2 3

(c) 4 2 3 1

(d) 1 2 3 4

161. Column I lists some principles

pertaining to physiology of plants. Column
II lists the names of scientists, who
proposed the idea. Match the two columns.
Identify the correct choice from the given
options.
Column-I Column- II

(A) Mass-flow hypothesis (1) J C

Bose
(B) Relay pump theory (2) Strasburger
(C) Transpiration pull theory (3)
Munch

P a g e |13
11.TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

: ANSWER KEY :

1) b 2) b 3) b 4) b
5) b 6) c 7) c 8) a
9) b 10) b 11) d 12) a
13) a 14) b 15) a 16) c
17) c 18) c 19) c 20) c
21) a 22) a 23) a 24) c
25) d 26) a 27) d 28) c
29) a 30) b 31) a 32) d
33) d 34) c 35) d 36) d
37) c 38) a 39) a 40) a
41) b 42) b 43) d 44) c
45) a 46) c 47) b 48) d
49) b 50) c 51) b 52) a
53) a 54) a 55) a 56) d
57) b 58) c 59) d 60) c
61) a 62) d 63) b 64) a
65) a 66) a 67) d 68) d
69) c 70) a 71) b 72) b
73) c 74) c 75) c 76) b
77) c 78) d 79) b 80) a
81) b 82) d 83) a 84) a
85) a 86) b 87) a 88) a
89) d 90) c 91) d 92) a
93) b 94) b 95) c 96) a
97) a 98) a 99) b 100) a
101) a 102) a 103) a 104) a
105) b 106) d 107) b 108) b
109) c 110) a 111) d 112) c
113) b 114) b 115) c 116) c
117) a 118) a 119) c 120) b
121) d 122) a 123) e 124) a
125) c 126) c 127) a 128) b
129) a 130) b 131) d 132) c
133) b 134) a 135) a 136) a
137) a 138) c 139) c 140) d
141) a 142) d 143) d 144) c
145) a 146) a 147) d 148) c
149) c 150) d 151) d 152) d
153) b 154) b 155) a 156) c
157) c 158) c 159) a 160) a
161) a

P a g e |14
 11.TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :
Single Correct Answer Type
1 (b)
Proteins have a very high imbibing
capacity, starch less and cellulose least.
This is why the proteinaceous seeds, e.g.,
pea seeds will show more imbibiton than
those of wheat seeds.
2 (b)
The water potential (Ψ ) is equal to osmotic
potential (Ψ s) + pressure potential (Ψ p ).
Osmotic potential is always in negative
value. The water potential is the chemical
potential of water, which is equivalent to
DPD with negative sign.
Ψ
Therefore, water potential ( A ) of cell-A is
Ψ A =Ψ s+ Ψ p=-18+8=-10
Water potential of cell-B(ψ B ) is
Ψ B=Ψ s+ Ψ p=-14+2=-12
Since, water moves from higher water 6
potential, the flow of water will be from
cell-A (-10 bars) to cell-B (-12 bars).
3 (b)
Diffusion of water from its pure state or
dilute solution into a solution or stronger
solution, when the two are separated by
semi-permeable membrane is called
osmosis. In thistle funnel experiment,
when sugar solution is added to beaker 7
after the process of osmosis stops, the
solution of beaker becomes hypertonic, as
a result of which exosmosis occurs in
thistle funnel hence, level of solution in
thistle funnel lowers. 8 (a)
4 (b)
The movement of water occurs from low
DPD cell to high DPD cell. DPD is equal but
opposite to water potential (algebraic sum 9
of solute or osmotic potential and pressure
potential).
Cell Water potential
(osmotic potential + pressure potential
DPD
A -1+0.5=-0.5
+0.5
B -0.6+0.3=-0.3
+0.3
C -1.2+0.6=-0.6
+0.6
D -0.8+0.4=-0.4
+0.4
So, the correct sequence of the path of
movement of water is
B→ D → A → C.
5 (b)
The pressure exerted by the protoplasm
against the cell wall is called turgor
pressure. Turgor pressure maintains the
shape of a cell.
(c)
Water potential is the difference in the free
energy or chemical potential per unit molal
volume of water in a system and that of
water at the same temperature and
pressure. It is represented by greek letter
Ψ (psi) or Ψ w . The value of Ψ w is measured
in bars, pascals or atmospheres, i.e., units
of pressure.
(c)
Osmosis is flow of solvent from lower
concentration to higher concentration of
solution through a semi-permeable
membrane.
A-Final level B-Dotpin
C-Initial level D-Sugar solution
E-Potato tuber
(b)
Dilute NaCl solution acts as hypotonic
solution. So, when flowers are cut dipped
P a g e |15
 in dilute NaCl solution, endosmosis occurs
and the cells of flowers swell.
10 (b) 17
Active transport uses specific transporter
proteins called pumps, which use
metabolic energy (ATP) to move ions or
molecules against the concentration
gradient.
11 (d) 18
The water moves from lower DPD to
higher DPD.
12 (a) 19
Osmotic pressure of a solution is greater
than pure solvent.
13 (a)
The strinkage of the protoplast of a living 20
cell from its cell wall due to exosmosis
under the influence of a hypertonic
solution is called Plasmolysis. When a cell
is plasmolysed, it becomes flaccid. In a 21
flaccid cell, turgor pressure (TP) becomes
zero and DPO become equal to OP as DPO=
OP- TP.
14 (b)
Water present due to surface tension in
minute capillaries or pore formed by soil 22
particles is called capillary water. It is the
only form of soil water which is absorbed
by the roots of plants, i.e., available water.
15 (a)
The difference between the free energy of
water molecule in pure water and the
energy of water in any other system 23
(solution or plant tissue) is termed as
water potential. Movement of water occurs
from region of higher water potential to
lower water potential. 24
Ψ w =Ψ s +Ψ m+ Ψ p
Where,
Ψ w =water potential ,Ψ m=metric potential
Ψ s=solute potential∧Ψ p =pressure potential .
16 (c)
The water potential (Ψ w ) in a plant cell or
tissues is equal to the algebraic sum of 25
solute potential (Ψ s) due to dissolved
solutes and the pressure potential (Ψ p )
due to pressure developed within the cells
or issues, i.e., Ψ w =Ψ s +Ψ p .
(c)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules
through a differentially permeable
membrane. Endosmosis leads to diffusion
of water into the cell and thus, cell becomes
turgid.
(c)
Root hair absorbs water from soil through
osmosis.
(c)
The solution whose osmotic concentration
(solute potential) is equal to that of
another solution is called isotonic solution.
(c)
In a plasmolysed cell, the space between
nucleus and plasma membrane is occupied
by isotonic solution.
(a)
The water potential is the chemical
potential of water in a system or part of a
system expressed in units of pressure and
chemical potential of pure water at same
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
(a)
Plasmolysis is the phenomenon of
shrinkage of protoplasm from the cell wall
due to exosmosis of under the influence of
some hypertonic solution (i.e., a solution of
lower water potential than the cell’s water
potential).
(a)
When plant cell is kept in saline water,
exosmosis takes place, as a result of which
cell decreases in size.
(c)
Imbibition is a special type of diffusion
when water is absorbed by solids colloids
causing them to enormously increase in
volume. The classical examples of
imbibitions are absorption of water by
seeds and dry wood.
(d)
Water potential is the difference in
the free energy or chemical potential per
unit molal volume of water in a system and
P a g e |16
 that of pure water at the same temperature
and pressure. It is represented by greek
letter Ψ (psi) or more accurately Ψ w
Water potential or Ψ w is the sum
total of Ψ s∧Ψ p.
Ψ w =Ψ s +Ψ p 32
Where, Ψ s → solute potential
Ψ p →pressure potential
26 (a)
The turgidity of cell increases, if water
enters in a cell. As a result of turgidity,
turgor pressure is exerted by its swollen
protoplast.
27 (d)
Water always moves from area of high
water potential to area of low water
potential, i.e., from less negative to more
negative. During water absorption by root
hair, the water movement is possible if 33
water potential of vacuolar sap is lower
than root hair.
28 (c)
If the medium is more dense, the
molecules, atoms, icons of solids, liquid or
gases will take more time to get evenly 34
distributed but equilibrium will positively
be reached due to kinetic energy of
diffusing particles.
29 (a)
Water potential is the difference in free
energy or chemical potential per unit molal
volume of water in a system and that of
pure water at the same temperature and
pressure. The water potential of pure
water is zero and it decreases on addition 35
of solutes.
30 (b)
Selectively permeable membrane, viz,
membrane of root hair and tonoplast
(membrane of vacuole) allows passage of
certain substance more readily than others.
31 (a)
If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic
solution/pure water, water starts moving
in by endosmosis. As the volume of the
protoplast increases, it begins to exert
pressure against the cell wall (turgor
pressure). Normally, wall pressure is equal
and opposite to turgor pressure except
when cell becomes flaccid, So if cell’s
turgidity increases, wall pressure also
increases.
(d)
The difference between the diffusion
pressure of the solution and its solvents at
a particular temperature and atmospheric
conditions is called DPD (Diffusion
Pressure Deficit). DPD is also known as
suction pressure.
In fully turgid cells, turgor pressure is
equal to osmotic pressure and hence
diffusion pressure deficit becomes zero in
such case.
OP=TP(in turgid cell)
∴ DPD= 0(zero)
(d)
Stocking has defined root pressure as a
pressure developed in the treachery
elements of xylem as a result of metabolic
activities of root. It is said to be a active
process and appears due to osmosis.
(c)
Absorption of water is increased when
concentration of soil solutes is low, when
the soil has low concentration of solutes
the water concentration must be more so
absorption of water by the cell will b more
at relatively high content of water. Because
water, moves from higher concentration to
lower concentration, i.e., diffusion takes
place.
(d)
When a leaf peeling of Tradescantia is kept
in a medium having 10% NaCl solution, the
cells shrink in size, this is followed by
separation of protoplast from cell wall due
to exosmosis. This phenomenon is called
plasmolysis.
36 (d)
A mechanism involving electro-osmosis
was proposed independently by Fensom
(1957) and Jones (1958). According to this
hypothesis, the solute moves in positive
P a g e |17
 direction of electrical gradient along with
K +¿¿ ions.
37 (c)
Water potentials of the given cells are
Ψ =Ψ s +Ψ p
A=-0.87+0.44=-0.43
B=-0.92+0.34=-0.58
C=-0.68+0.27=-0.41
As water moves from greater water
potential to less, root hair, root cortical and
leaf mesophyll cells are C, A, B respectively.
38 (a)
Due to wilting, the water potential becomes
equal to osmotic potential.
39 (a)
Pea seeds contain protein, while wheat
contains starch, the imbibition capacity of
proteins is more than that of starch. That is
why, pea seeds imbibe more water and
show more swelling than those of wheat
grains.
40 (a)
A cell swells up when kept in hypotonic
solution due to process of endosmosis. 48
42 (b)
Passive absorption of minerals takes place
as mass flow, simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, ion exchange, Donnan
equilibrium.
43 (d)
Water potential is the difference between
free energy of water molecules in pure
form and energy of water in the solution.
Water potential depends on solute
concentration, atmospheric pressure.
44 (c)
When a cell is placed in hypertonic
solution, the protoplasm shrinks and
leaves the cell wall due to exosmosis and
cell becomes failed. The space between
plasma membrane and cell wall of
plasmolyzed cell is occupied by hypertonic
solution.
45 (a)
The value by which the diffusion pressure
of a solution is lower than that of pure
solvent is known as diffusion pressure
deficit.
DPD or SP=OP-TP
At the equilibrium TP=WP
DPD=OP-WP.
46 (c)
The amount by which diffusion pressure of
a solution is lower than that of its pure
solvent is known as diffusion pressure
deficit. When water enters into the cell TP
increases, turgidity increases and cell wall
develops equal and opposite wall pressure.
At the state of equilibrium, DPD will
become zero.
47 (b)
In 1980, Julius von Sachs, a German
botanist, demonstrated for the first time
that plants could be grown to maturity in a
defined nutrient solution in complete
absence of soil. This technique of growing
plants in a nutrient solution is known as
hydroponics. These methods require
purified water and mineral nutrient salts.
(d)
Water is absorbed by germinating seeds
through the process of imbibitions and
helps in rupturing of seed coat. Imbibition
is the process of absorption of water by
hydrophilic surface of a substance without
forming a solution. It is a type of diffusion
by which movement of water takes place
along a diffusion gradient. During the
process of imbibitions, volume of imbibant
is changed, heat is produced and
imbibitional pressure is developed.
50 (c)
Water potential in a cell is equal to
algebraic sum of solute potential and
pressure potential.
Cell Water Potential
DPD
A -0.21+0.05=-0.16
+0.16
B -0.22+0.02=-0.20
+0.20
P a g e |18
 C -0.23+0.05=-0.18
+0.18
Water potential is equal but opposite to
DPD. Water move from low DPD cell to high
DPD cell.
51 (b)
The cell will decrease in size due to
exosmosis.
52 (a)
Diffusion is rapid in gases then in liquid
diffusion of water through semipermeable
membrane is called osmosis.
53 (a)
When a plasmolysed cell is placed in
hypotonic solution, i.e., of lower osmotic
pressure, it regains its normal shape and 59
size due to DPD (Diffusion Pressure
Deficit).
DPD=OP-TP
54 (a)
Graham’s law of diffusion can be
represented by the following formula
1 according to which continuous water
Rate of diffusion ∝
√ Density of particle
56 (d)
When an RBC is kept in hypotonic solution
then, water enters the RBC by the process 60
of osmosis (endosmosis). The RBC will
increase in size and ultimately burst.
Osmosis is the movement of solvent
particles from hypotonic to hypertonic
medium through semi-permeable
membrane.
57 (b)
When RBC and a plant cell are placed in
distilled water, endosmosis takes place as a 61
result of which RBC would increase in size
and burst, while the plant cell would
remain about the same size because of the
presence of rigid cell wall.
58 (c)
In apoplast pathway, water passes from
root hair to xylem through the walls of
intervening cells without crossing any
membrane or cytoplasm.
Water potential of pure water at
atmospheric pressure is 0 Mpa, addition of 63
solutes reduce water potential (to a
negative value).
In symplast pathway, water passes from
cell to cell through their protoplasm. It
does not enter cell vacuoles. The
cytoplasms of the adjacent cells are
connected through bridges called
plasmodesmata.
Membrane permeability is the ability of a
membrane to allow passage of gases,
liquids, solutes (dissolved substance)
through it. It is depend upon two factors-
nature of membrane (membrane
composition) and nature of passing
substance.
(d)
The cohesion tension theory for ascent of
sap (water movement) in plants was
proposed by Henry Dixon and Jolly (1894)
and greatly supported and elaborated by
Dixon (1914, 1924). At present, it is most
acceptable theory for ascent of sap,
column, cohesion and adhesion forces and
transpiration pull are responsible for
movement of water in the xylem.
(c)
The net force with which water is drawn
into a cell or root hair is equal to difference
of OP and TP and is known as diffusion
pressure deficit or suction pressure. DPD of
pure water is maximum (=1236 atm) and
solvent moves from cell of low DPD to high
DPD.
DPD or SP=OP-TP
(a)
Ascent of Sap in plants was demonstrated
by Girdling experiement. In this
experiment, the cortex and phloem of a
plant are removed. Due to which,
conduction of food towards the cortex is
stopped and conduction of water towards
the stem by xylem remain unaffected i.e.,
ascent of sap occurs. For sometime, plant
may survive, but after a period it dies due
to the absence of sugar in root cells.
(b)
P a g e |19
 The most accepted theory of ascent of sap
is transpiration pull theory or cohesion-
tension theory proposed by Dixon and
Jolly. Loss of water from mesophyll cells of
leaf through transpiration creates 71
transpiration pull or tension, which is
transmitted downward and is relieved
when water is absorbed through roots.
64 (a)
Transpiration pull and cohesion-tension
theoryof ascent of sap was proposed by
Dixon and Jolly (1894). The molecules of
water show cohesion and molecule of
water and vessel wall show adhesion. Due
to these forces water column does not 73
break and pulled upward by the force
called transpiration pull. The transpiration
pull is developed due to transpiration.
65 (a)
Pulsation theory for ascent of sap was
proposed by an eminent Indian scientist J C 74
Bose.
66 (a)
The water remaining in dry soil and held as
very thin films around the soil particles is
called hygroscopic water.
67 (d)
Statoliths are microscopic particles.
According to statolith theory given by
Haberlandt and Nemec (1900), the change
in position of statoliths under the influence
of gravitation causes differential growth.
69 (c)
Transpiration pull and cohesion-tension
theory was proposed by Dixon and Jolly
(1894). The molecules form a continuous
column by cohesion. The cell walls of xylem
vessels have a strong affinity for water
molecules, i.e., adhesion. Loss of water
from aerial parts through transpiration 77
causes a suction pressure in the water
column of plant, which is called
transpiration pull. 78
70 (a)
In plants, water and minerals both are
absorbed by the root hairs. Root hair zone
is also known as zone of maturation or
differentiation as the cells of this zone
undergo maturation and differentiation
into different types of primary tissues of
the root.
(b)
The vertical conduction of water from root
to aerial parts of plant is called ascent of
sap. The water molecules remain joined to
each other due to a force of attraction
called cohesion force. Attraction between
water molecules and the walls of xylem is
due to adhesion force. These factors help to
ensure the continuity of water column in
xylem.
(c)
Field capacity is generally defined as ‘the
water content of an undisturbed soil’ after
it is saturated by rainfall and drainage of
gravitational water has completely
stopped.
(c)
Capillary water is the water present in
narrow spaces or microspores of the soil. It
is held in the soil by capillary force and
therefore, does not fall down to water level.
Capillary water is absorbed by plant roots.
75 (c)
The net force with which water is drawn
into cell or root hair is equal to difference
of OP and TP and known as diffusion
pressure deficit or suction pressure, i.e.,
SP or DPD=OP-TP.
76 (b)
Hollard is the amount of total water
present in soil. Chresard is the amount of
water, which cannot absorbed by the
plants.
Thus, Hollard=Chresard+Echard
Or Chresard=Hollard-Echard
(c)
Surface tension does not help in the
molecule transport.
(d)
Cohesion-tension theory for ascent of sap
was originally proposed by Dixon and Jolly
(1894) and greatly supported and
elaborated by Dixon (1914, 1924). It is also
P a g e |20
 called transpiration pull theory and is
based on the assumptions of:
11. Continuous water column from rot hairs to
the tip of the plant.
12. Cohesive and adhesive properties of water
molecules.
13. Strong transpiration pull exerted by all the
transpiring leaves on the stem.
79 (b)
The path of water movement from soil to 15.
xylem is
soil→root hair→cortex→endodrmis→
pericycle→protoxylem→metaxylem
80 (a)
The most accepted theory of ascent of sap
is transpiration pull theory or cohesion-
tension theory proposed by Dixon and Jolly
(1894). This theory states that water forms 88
a continuous column from root to leaf
through xylem ducts. The loss of water
from mesophyll by transpiration creates
transpiration pull or tension which is
transmitted downwards. The column of
xylem resists breaking due to force of
cohesion between water molecules and
adhesion between water and the wall.
81 (b)
The magnitude of root pressure ranges 89
between 1-5 atm.
82 (d)
Cohesion theory or transpiration pull
theory for the ascent of sap in plants, was
given by Dixon and Jolly (1894).
83 (a)
In water conducting tissues, tertiary wall is
represented by swollen nodules.
84 (a)
In roots, endodermis is the innermost layer
of cortex. Some of the enddermal cells
present opposite to the xylem patches are
thin-walled and are called passage cells or 91
transfusion cells. Passage cells help in
transfer of water and dissolved salts from
cortex directly into the xylem and
ultimately to the pericycle.
85 (a)
Movement of water through cell wall is
apoplastic.
86 (b)
The rate of transpiration can be reduced by
using anti-transpirants. These can be used
in two ways
14. Metabolic inhibitors: PMA, ABA, aspirin
Film forming antitranspirant: Silicon, low
viscosity, waxes.
BAP (Benzyl amino purine) is a cytokinin.
87 (a)
In potato type plant leaf, stomata are more
on the lower surface than the upper
surface, e.g., potato, pea, tomato, etc.
(a)
The loss of water from aerial parts of living
plants is known as transpiration.
Transpiration may be stomatal (80-90%),
cuticular (3-9%) and lenticular (0.1%).
Transpiration remain absent in submerged
hydrophytic plants because stomata are
completely absent in the leaves of
submerged plants, e.g., Anacharis and
Potamogeton.
(d)
The stomatal movement is affected by
many factors like light, temperature, C O 2
concentration, water deficit, turgor
pressure, growth hormone, atmospheric
humidity, etc.
90 (c)
Cytokinins are the plant hormones which
play an important role in the opening of
stomata by the exchange of ions (entry of
K +¿¿ ions into guard cells and exit of H +¿¿
ions). Cytokinins are also responsible for
the activity of cell division.
(d)
During day time, photosynthesis occurs in
guard cells because they contain
chloroplast. The soluble sugar formed by
P a g e |21
 this process decreases the water potential 99
of guard cells and hence, resulting in
stomatal opening.
92 (a)
The most significant physiological feature
of stomata is their response to light.
Generally stomata open in the day time, i.e.,
light and close at night or in darkness. 100
These are called as photoactive stomata.
However, in succulent plants like
Kalanchoe of family- Crassulaceae, the
stomata open at night and close in the day
time. Such stomata are called scotoactive
stomata.
94 (b)
Guard cells help in transpiration. Each
stomatal opening is surrounded by two
specialized epidermal cells, called guard 101
cells. Because of their small size guard cells
are rapidly influenced by turgor change
and thus, regulate the opening and closing
of stomata.
95 (c)
In the light, the pH of guard cells becomes
increased due to consumption of C O2 in
the process of photosynthesis. Guard cells 102
receive K +¿¿ ions from subsidiary cells. This
decreases the water potential of guard cells
and leads to migration of water from 103
subsidiary cells to guard cells.
Uptake of K +¿¿ ions is also balanced by
C l −¿ ¿ ions.
96 (a)
The stomata presents in xerophytes, 104
open at night.
97 (a)
Opening of stomata does not affected by N 2
(nitrogen). N 2is present in free state in
atmosphere/air, which is used in nitrogen
fixation by some important bacteria but
does not affect the opening and closing of
105
stomata.
98 (a)
Lenticels are small regions on bark and
bear small, loosely arranged non-
chlorophyllous parenchyma cells called
complementary cells.
(b)
The experimental set up shown in the
diagram is simple potometer used for
measuring the rate of transpiration. In
simple potometer, when water is lost by
the plant, it is taken from the glass tube
and as a result, the mercury column rises.
(a)
Guttation is loss of water in liquid form
from uninjured part in plants. This water
loss occurs through hydathodes or water
stomata. Guttation usually occurs from tips
and margins of leaves during early
morning when there is high atmospheric
humidity as during wet reasons. Water
stomata or hydathodes are permanently
opened pores.
(a)
The loss of water from the living tissue of
aerial parts of plant in the form of water
vapour is called transpiration. More than
95% of total loss of water takes place
through stomata. Opening and closing of
stomata occurs due to turgor change in
guard cells.
(a)
The stomatal aperture is surrounded by
guard cells having chloroplasts.
(a)
Measurement of transpiration can be done
with the help of potometer. It works on the
principle that amount of water absorbed
equals the amount of water transpired.
(a)
The rate of transpiration can be measured
by Farmer’s protometer or Ganong’s
photometer. These are based on the
assumption that the rate of transpiration is
nearly equal to the rate of absorption of
water. The opening and closing of stomata
are measured by porometer.
(b)
Levitt (1974) proposed ATP-driven
+ ¿¿
H +¿−K ¿ exchange pump mechanism in
guard cells for the stomatal opening and
closing. According to it, there is
accumulation of K +¿¿ ions in the guard cells
P a g e |22
 during day time. When guard cells possess
more K +¿¿ , endosmosis takes place
lowering the osmotic potential of guard 113
cells, they become turgid and stomatal
opening takes place.
106 (d)
Mature stems of woody plants have a
peripheral water proof tissue called cork
(phellem). A number of scars known as
lenticels are found on the surface of cork.
Lenticels allow the gaseous exchange
between atmosphere and living cells below
the cork and also take parts in 114
transpiration (0.1 %).
108 (b)
ABA (abscisic acid) causes stomata to close
by inhibibition of an ATP dependent pump
in the plasma membrane of guard cells. The
application of exogenous ABA on leaves of
normal plants causes closing of stomata
within a few minutes. ABA acts in the
presence of C O2, which decreases the pH
of guard cells. ABA includes the loss of K +¿¿
ions, which decreases the osmotic 115
concentration of guard cells as compared
to adjacent epidermal cells. This causes
exosmosis and turgidity of guard cell 116
decreases.
110 (a)
The rate of transpiration is inversely
proportional to the relative humidity, i.e., 117
the rate of transpiration is lower when
relative humidity is higher.
111 (d)
The upper epidermises of monocots have
large, thin walled and empty bulliform cells
or motor cells containing water. These cells 118
are mainly concerned with rolling and
unrolling of leaf. The epidermis is
cuticularized.
112 (c)
A trichome is initiated as a protuberance
from an epidermal cell. Generally, a dense
covering of woody trichomes controls the
rate of transpiration. They also reduce the
heating effect of sunlight. They aid in the
protection of plant body from outer
injurious agencies.
(b)
K +¿¿ ions regulate the opening and closing
of stomata. Increased concentration K +¿¿
and malate ions in the guard cells increases
the OP of guard cells, which results in
decrease of water potential. Due to which
water enters from adjoining subsidiary
cells into guard cells by endosmosis.
Turgor pressure of guard cells increases,
which results in the opening of stomata.
(b)
Sodium, which is essential for animals is
not required by most of the plants.
Water potential is the difference between
the free energy of water in a system and
free energy of pure water at atmospheric
pressure. The water potential of root cells
is lower than the water potential of soil.
Cohesion-tension or transpiration pull
theory is the most accepted theory of water
movement in plants.
(c)
Both phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) and
abscisic acid (ABA) act as antitransirants.
(c)
Passive absorption of water by the root
system is the result of tension on the cell
sap due to transpiration.
(a)
Sugarcane (saccharumofficinarum) is a
monocot plant of family-Poaceae. In gases
(Poaceae), the guard cells are dumb bell-
shaped and their cell walls are thickened
only in the middle.
(a)
Guttation refers to the exudation of liquid
drops from margins and tips of the leaves
throught specialized structures called
hydathodes. The development of root
pressure in a plant leads to positive
hydrostatic pressure in xylem sap
throughout the plants. Because water
conducting xylem elements of a vascular
bundle terminate in a hydathodes, xylem
sap is forced to flow throught the
P a g e |23
 hydathodes. Thus in guttation water is
exuded from the leaf.
119 (c) 124
Water rises beyond the point at which it
would be supported by air pressure
because evaporation from the plant leaves
(transpiration) produces a force that pulls
upward on the entire column of water. The
forces of adhesion and cohesion maintain
an unbroken column of water. Thus,
transpiration facilitates absorption of
water by roots.
120 (b)
Stomata of CAM plants are closed during
most of the day time and open during night
(i.e., scotoactive) because these plants 125
survive in dry and hot environmental
conditions. These plants have the capacity
to store C O 2during night and this C O 2 is
used in photosynthesis during day time
when stomata are closed.
121 (d) 126
Levitt (1974) proposed the proton
transport concept to explain the
mechanism of opening of stomata uptake
of K +¿¿ takes place. The uptake of K +¿¿ is
balanced by C l −¿ ¿uptake. The malic acid
dissociate into hydrogen and malate ion.
The synthesis of malic acid in guard cells
accompanies the influx of potassium ions. 127
122 (a)
ABA theory to explain the mechanism of
stomatal closure was proposed by
Cowanet al, in 1982. According to it
formation of abscisic acid (during drought 128
+ ¿¿
or mid-day) promotes reversal of H +¿⇌ K ¿
pump and increases availability of H +¿¿
inside the guard cell cytoplasm and
stomata close. Active K +¿¿ transport theory
for opening and closing of a stomata, was
proposed by Imamura (1943) and Fujino
(1967). Proton ¿ ¿ transport theory was
proposed by Levitt (1974). 129
123 (e)
Adhesion is the attraction of unlike
molecules to each other, such as that
between water and the walls of xylem
vessels in plants.
(a)
Each stoma (pl. stomata) remains
surrounded by two small, specialized,
green, kidney-shaped epidermal cells
called guard cells, which are rapidly
influenced by turgor changes. Adjacent to
each of the guard cells are usually one to
several other modified epidermal cells
called accessory or subsidiary cells.
Sclerenchymatous cells are thick-walled
lignified, dead cells supportive in function.
These are not related with the structure of
stomata.
(c)
Generally, stomata are provided for water
loss but plants, which grow in xeric habitat
have sunken type of stomata in their lower
epidermis of leaves to minimize the loss of
water, e.g., Nerium.
(c)
Stomata are minute pore complexes found
mainly in the epidermis of leaves. Each
stoma is surrounded by two small but
specialized green epidermal cells called
guard cells. Their walls are differentially
thickend and elastic. They control opening
and closing of stomata.
(a)
Sorghum has high shoot root ratio (due to
more length) than maize. According to
Parker (1949), the ratio of transpiration is
directly proportional to shoot-root ratio.
(b)
Guttation is the loss or exertion of water in
the form of liquid droplets from the leaves
and other parts of an uninjured or intact
plant. Guttation takes place through special
structures called hydathodes. Water lost
during guttation contains inorganic and
organic components so, it is not pure.
(a)
Guttation refers to the exudation of water
droplet (in the form of salt solution) from
the margins and tips of leaves. Guttation
water is exuded from the group of leaf cells
P a g e |24
 through specialized openings or pores
called hydathodes. It occurs in some
angiosperms like garden nasturtium 136
(Tropaeolum) Colocasia, tomato, etc, and is
most noticeable where transpiration is 137
suppressed and relative humidity is high
such as during the night. It also takes place
early in the morning when soil moisture,
root pressure and rate of water absorption
are higher.
130 (b) 138
Carbon dioxide is an effective
antitranspirant. A little rise in CO 2
concentration induces partial closure of
stomata. It higher concentration results in 139
complete closure of stomata. Light affects
the rate of transpiration in two ways-firstly
by controlling the stomatal opening and
secondly by affecting the temperature.
Increase in temperature increases the rate
of transpiration.
131 (d)
Phenyl mercuric acetate is used as an 140
antitranspirant.
132 (c)
+ ¿¿
H +¿−K ¿exchange pump for stomatal
movement was given by Levitt (1974). 141
According to this, there is accumulation of
K +¿¿ ions in the guard cells during day time.
A rise in pH during day time causes
142
hydrolysis of starch to form organic acid,
i.e., phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP).
133 (b)
Decrease in C O2 concentration and less
H +¿¿ ion concentration is responsible for
opening of stomata.
134 (a)
A decrease in solute concentration in guard
cells will cause decrease in solute potential 143
and thus, an increase in the water
potential.
144
135 (a)
Wilting occurs, when rate of transpiration
is higher than absorption, which leads to
excess loss of water than absorption.
Transpiration is a physical process, in
which the water evaporates in the form of
vapours from aerial parts of plants. It may
be stomatal, cuticular or lenticular.
(a)
Stomata are also called stomates.
(a)
Succulents or drought avoiding plants sore
water (when available in excess) in the
form of mucilage, leaf succulent. True
xerophytes are non-succulent like
Calotropis.
(c)
Hydathodes or water pores, unlike
stomata, are always open as their guard
cells are immobile.
(c)
In herbaceous plants, when root pressure
is high and transpiration is low, plants may
lose this extra water in liquid drops from
margins of leaves. This process is called
guttation. It is very common during warm
and humid nights. These water drops
contain salts, amino acids, etc.
(d)
Atmospheric humidity reduces the rate of
transpiration, when the air is dry, the rate
of transpiration increases.
(a)
Guttation takes place through special
structures called hydathodes. There are
also called water stomata.
(d)
According to active K +¿¿ theory of Levitt,
opening of stomata occurs due to influx of
K +¿¿ into guard cells. The source of K +¿¿ ions
are nearby subsidiary and epidermal cells.
The stomatal closure is considered to be
−¿¿
brought about by exertion of K +¿∧C l ¿from
the guard cells to epidermal tissue.
(d)
To prevent loss of water, tropical
deciduous forest trees shed their leaves.
(c)
The guard cells of stomata in land plants
are specialized epidermal cells which
contain chloroplasts. In rest of epidermal
cells, chloroplasts are absent. But
chloroplasts of guard cells are capable of
P a g e |25
 poor photosynthesis as there is absence of Active transport is the movement of a
NADP reductase enzyme. substance from a region of lower
145 (a) concentration to region of higher
According to active K +¿¿ theory of Levitt, concentration i.e., against the
opening of stomata occurs due to influx of concentration gradient. This process
K +¿¿ into guard cells. The source of K +¿¿ ions involves the movement of free-energy
are nearby subsidiary and epidermal cells. gradient, they require the expenditure of
146 (a) energy from the breakdown of ATP and
Cohesion of water and transpiration pull are, therefore, sensitive to factors affecting
theory for ascent of sap is most widely metabolism.
accepted theory. 154 (b)
147 (d) Munch hypothesis is based on
According to mass-flow hypothesis, there is translocation of food due to turgor
a mass flow of mineral ions into the root pressure (TP) gradient.
along with transpiration current. Actually, Assertion - Reasoning Type
transpiration creates a suction pressure or 156 (c)
transpiration pull, conveyed from leaf Air dried seeds of pea on coming contact
xylem to root hair, which causes with water can develop an imbibitions
absorption of water from the soil passively. pressure, which is mainly responsible for
A large amount of ions are also absorbed uptake of water. This leads to changes in
along with the absorption of water. When volume of each seed. Thus, the lid, tightly
the rate of transpiration is high, absorption put over a tin containing seeds with water
of water increases due to increased suction will be blown off.
pressure and along with water, absorption 157 (c)
of ions also increases. Absorption of all ions in plants does not
148 (c) completely depend on the usage of
Surface tension does not help in molecular metabolic energy.
transport. The process of diffusion and Matrix Match Type
osmosis, transport molecules without 158 (c)
using energy but in case of active transport, Column I Column II
energy (ATP) in utilized. Hypotonic Lower tonicity
150 (d)
A mechanism involving electro-osmosis Hypertonic Higher tonicity
was proposed independently by Fensom
Solute Sucrose
(1957) and Jones (1958).
151 (d) Solvent Water
Mass-flow hypothesis was proposed by
Munch (1931). According to this, food
materials are translocated through phloem
along concentration gradient between food 159 (a)
material(source) to the site of utilization. Column I Column II
152 (d)
Water potential of 10% salt solution Negative
The food material synthesizes in leaves of
green plants and from seed during Pressure potential in a normal cell Positive
germination is translocated to growing
Pressure potential in a plasmolysed cell
regions and storage organs of plant.
Zero
153 (b)

P a g e |26
 Metric potential on the surface of the wood
Negative 161 (a)
Column I Column II

Mass flow hypothesis Munch

160 (a) Relay pump theory Godlewski
Column I Column II
Bulliform cells Isobilateral leaf Transpiration pull theory Dixon and Jolly
Guard cells Stomata
Pulsatile movement theory J C Bose
Lenticel Aerating pore
Subsidiary cells Accessory cells

P a g e |27