KKKH4373

REKA BENTUK SISTEM BANGUNAN

BERINDUSTRI (IBS)
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Department of Civil Engineering

Precast Frame Analysis

(Substructuring Methods)

PM Dr. Roszilah Hamid

Dr. Ahmed Wadood Al Zand
ahmedzand@ukm.edu.my
 Substructuring Methods
General Analysis Requirements
• Determine bending moments, shear and axial forces throughout the structure
• For monolithic 2D plan frames – moment distribution or stiffness method
• Moment redistribution could be used, however, determination of moments and forces in one
beam or one column is required in the current study.
• Codes of practice allow simplified substructuring techniques to obtain values
• Elastic analysis is used to determine moments, forces and deflections
• Plastic (ultimate) section analysis is used for the design of the components
• Alternate (pattern) spans loaded with the maximum ultimate load (𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾𝑓𝑔𝑘 + 𝛾𝑓𝑞𝑘 ) on
the critical span and the minimum load (𝑤 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.0𝑔𝑘 ) on the adjacent (only dead load)

where, 𝛾𝑓 equal to 1.35 for gk and 1.5 for qk (as per the Eurocode – EC2)
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 Substructuring Methods
General Analysis Requirements

• Figure 2.5 gives a substructure, called

subframe
• If frame is fairly regular, i.e. spans and
loads within 15% of each other,
substructuring gives 90-95% agreement
with full frame analysis.
• Substructuring also done for precast
frame analysis
• Except where pinned connections are
Fig. 2.5 Substructuring method for internal beam in continuous frame
used, no moment distribution or
redistribution is permitted.

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 Substructuring Methods
General Analysis Requirements

• Fig 2.6 – subframes for internal beam and upper

and ground floor where all beam-column
connections are pinned.
• Horizontal wind loads are not considered in
subframes
• Because bending moments due to wind loads in
an unbraced frame are additive to those derived
from subframes
• For braced frame, there are no column moments
due to wind Fig. 2.6 Substructuring method for internal beams and columns

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 Substructuring Methods
 Beam subframe

• Subframe consist of the beam to be designed of

span L2, and half of adjacent beams of span L1
and L3, as shown in Fig. 2.6a.
• The eccentricity of the beam end reaction from
the centroidal axis of the column is e.
• Alternate pattern loading is used
• The height of the column above and below the
beam is of no consequence to the beam.
• Assume the cross-section and flexural stiffness
of the column is constant Fig. 2.6a Internal beam in the continuous frame

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 Substructuring Methods
 Beam subframe
• The max. moment in beam is:
M1=wmax (L2-2e)2/8 3.1

• The max. shear in beam is:

V= Wmax (L2-2e) /2 3.2

• The reaction forces transferred to column:

R2= wmax.L2 /2 3.3

R1= wmin.L1 /2
& R3= wmin.L3 /2 3.4
Fig. 2.6a Internal beam in the continuous frame

NOTE:
• All reactions (i.e R2 ….etc.) calculated based on the full beam length, while, the shear force (V) at
the beam calculated using the effective beam length (excluding the length of e from both sides) 6
 Substructuring Methods
 Upper column subframe

• The subframe consist of the column to be designed of

height (=distance between centres of beam bearing) h2
and half of the adjacent columns of height h1 and h3.
• Upper column (shown earlier in Fig. 2.6) is continuous,
the cross section and flexural stiffness EI of each part of
column is considered as shown in Figure 2.6b.

NOTE:
• The max. load usually applied on the adjacent beam with longer span

Fig. 2.6b Upper column in the continuous frame

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 Substructuring Methods
 Upper column subframe

• The beams at both sides of the column are

pattern loaded (max. and min. loads) and the
eccentricity of each beam ends reaction from
centroidal axis of the mentioned column.
• The moment at the upper end is:

3.5

Fig. 2.6b Upper column in the continuous frame

NOTE:
• Usually, in Eq. 3.5 use R1 > R2 (R1 from the max. loaded span)

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 Substructuring Methods
 Upper column subframe

• The moment at the lower end is:

3.6

• The patch loading produces single curvature in

the columns.

Fig. 2.6b Upper column in the continuous frame

NOTE:
• Usually, in Eq. 3.6 use R3 & R4 are relative to the locations of R1 & R2,respectively.

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 Substructuring Methods
 Ground floor column subframe

• The subframe consist of the ground column (shown

earlier in Fig. 2.6) to be designed of height (=distance
between centre of first floor beam and 50 mm below
top of foundation), means the h1 of ground floor
should be taken as (h1 +50 mm).
• And half of above column of height h2 (Fig 2.6c)
• Other details are as before

NOTE:
• The max. load usually applied on the adjacent beam with longer span
Fig. 2.6c Ground column in the continuous frame

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 Substructuring Methods
 Ground floor column subframe
• If the foundation is rigid (moment resisting), then,
the moment at the upper end of the designed
ground column can estimated in Eq 3.7.

3.7

• Then, the moment at the lower end = 50% of

moment at the upper end (1/2 Mcol,upper)

NOTE:
Fig. 2.6c Ground column in the continuous frame
• Usually, in Eq. 3.7 use R1 > R2 (R1 from the max. loaded span).
• It may can see that the form of Eq. 3.7 is similar to that of Eq. 3.5, however, the values of
R1 and R2 and related e and h are different depends on the column location and details .
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 Substructuring Methods
 Ground floor column subframe

• If the foundation is pinned, then, the moment at

the upper end of the designed column can
estimated in Eq 3.8.

3.8

• Then, the moment at the lower end = Zero

• Thus, patch loads produce single curvature in
the columns
Fig. 2.6c Ground column in the continuous frame

NOTE:
• The Eq. 3.8 is similar to the Eq. 3.7, but with reduction factor of
0.75 at the stiffness value of EI1/h1. 12