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1. The Venezuelan government has been closing
down media and news outlets. ________, a group
of people decided to deliver the news personally
to the Venezuelan people.
a. Therefore
b. Obviously
c. Specifically
d. As an illustration
e. Unfortunately
Many people know that trash is a big problem on
planet Earth. What many people don’t know is that
trash has become a problem in outer space too.
Years of space exploration have left tons of “space
junk” in orbit around the planet.
According to BBC News, there are more than 22,000
pieces of junk in space around the earth. And these
are just the items that we can see from the surface
of the earth by telescopes or radars. There are also
millions of smaller pieces of junk that we can’t see.
Objects, like bits of old space rockets or satellites,
move around the planet at very high speeds, so fast
that even a very small piece can break important
satellites or become dangerous to people,
particularly astronauts. If the tiniest piece of junk
crashed into a spacecraft, it could damage the
vehicle. That’s because the faster an object moves,
the greater the impact if the object collides with
something else.
To make things worse, when two objects in space
collide, the two objects break into many smaller
pieces. This happened in 2009 when a working
United States satellite collided with a Russian
satellite that was no longer functioning. The
collision caused the satellites to break into more
than 2,000 pieces, increasing the items of space
junk.
To help minimize additional space junk, countries
around the world have agreed to limit the time
their space tools stay in orbit to 25 years. Each tool
must be built to fall safely into the earth’s
atmosphere, or the mass of gases that surround the
earth, after that. In the upper parts of the
atmosphere, it will burn up.
Many scientists are also proposing different ways to
clean up space junk. In England a metal harpoon is
being tested that can be fired into space trash, grip
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the trash, and then pull the space junk into the
earth’s atmosphere where it would burn up.
The Germans have been planning a space mission
with robots that would collect pieces of space trash
and bring them back to Earth so that they can be
safely destroyed.
In 2007 the Chinese tried to blow up one of its
older satellites with a missile. Unfortunately, the
explosion only created thousands of smaller pieces,
adding junk in space!
"In our opinion the problem is very challenging, and
it's quite urgent as well," said Marco Castronuovo,
an Italian Space Agency researcher who is working
to solve the problem. One reason that it’s urgent is
that countries are sending more and more objects
into space. Many of these objects are tools that
help people use their cell phones or computers.
"The time to act is now; as we go farther in time we
will need to remove more and more fragments," he
says.
(Adopted
from  https://www.readworks.org/article/Space-
Junk/f4d334cc-e77b-43ad-b1c0-8bf5b7efe207#!
articleTab:content/)
2. Countries around the world have agreed to
limit the time their space tools stay in orbit to
25 years. As explained in the passage, what
problem does this solution address?
a. the increasing amount of space junk in
orbit around the earth
b. space agencies exploring space 
c. Chinese efforts to blow up a satellite
d. objects moving around the planet at very
high speeds
e. space agencies exploring the satellite
3. Trash has become a problem in outer
space too.
What evidence from the text best supports
this statement?
a. The Chinese tried to blow up one of its
satellites with a missile in 2007
b. In England, a metal harpoon is being
tested that can be fired into space,
gripping space trash and pulling it back
into the earth’s atmosphere to burn up 
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Bahasa Inggris
Conditional Sentence
Ing 08.PTN.2019
c. According to BBC News, there are more
than 22,000 pieces of junk in space around
the earth
d. The Germans have been planning a space
mission with robots to collect some space
trash and bring it back to Earth
e. According to the research, there are less
than 22,000 pieces of junk
4. What was the passage mostly about?
a. different missions scientists are trying in
spacespace agencies exploring space  years ago last month, Venezuela's late strongman
b. the effects that tiny pieces of space junk
could have on the earth
c. the problem of space junk and scientists’
attempts to solve this problem
d. the problem of trash on planet Earth
e. the solutions of trash on planet Earth
5. Read the following sentences.
“‘In our opinion the problem is very
challenging and it's quite urgent as well,’
said Marco Castronuovo, an Italian Space
Agency researcher who is working to solve
the problem. One reason that
it’s  urgent  is that countries are sending
more and more objects into space. Many
of these objects are tools that help people
use their cell phones or computers.”
What does the word urgent most nearly
mean?
a. easy to solve
b. unnecessary  Maduro government.
c. needs immediate attention
d. minor
e. less important
Venezuelans Challenge Censorship
Some journalists are bringing independent news
in person to the country's beleaguered bus riders
CARACAS -- Journalist Laura Castillo and a group of
six writers and artists in Venezuela are fighting
censorship here by delivering the news personally
to their compatriots.
Last month they started riding public buses around
the capital city and reading three-minute news
broadcasts from behind a square cardboard frame
meant to evoke a television set. El Bus TV updates
its viewers on the country's economic and social
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crisis in a way other news sources don't under
President Nicolas Maduro -- a former bus driver,
incidentally.
"We want to hit at that wall of government
censorship and we thought the bus is a medium
that brings together the diverse population we want
to inform," Ms. Castillo said.
She and her colleagues launched volunteer-run El
Bus TV in part to mark a troubling anniversary. Ten
Hugo Chavez shut down what was then the
country's most popular private media outlet, Radio
Caracas Television. RCTV was overtly critical of Mr.
Chavez, who blasted the media as an enemy of the
people.
Since then, 111 other radio stations, TV networks
and newspapers in the country have had to close
due to government sanctions, according to a tally
maintained by the free-speech advocacy group
Espacio Publico. The government denies accusations
of censorship and says the media generates
hysteria. It has blocked access to numerous foreign
news websites and this year took CNN en Espanol
off the air.
In recent years, pro-government investment groups
have bought out Venezuela's national daily papers
and major private TV channels, gutting personnel
and avoiding any reports that reflect badly on the
El Bus TV has no shortage of national news to
report. Widespread food shortages, sky-high
inflation and Mr. Maduro's increasingly authoritarian
rule have spawned more than two months of
almost daily clashes between demonstrators calling
for the president's ouster and state security forces,
costing more than 60 lives.
The government routinely closes Caracas's subway
lines to frustrate protesters, but buses privately run
by driver cooperatives still ply the city's streets.
Passengers regularly pass images that encapsulate
the years of economic mismanagement and political
unrest: families scrounging through trash for food;
long, snaking bread lines; rows of National Guard in
riot gear.
"It's like watching the movie of our lives," said
Claudia Lizardo, a 29-year-old writer working with El
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Bus TV. "People hear the news and associate it with
what they see every day."
On a recent day, El Bus TV delivered news on the
recent winning streak of Venezuela's under-20
national soccer team before discussing how state-
subsidized food wasn't reaching large parts of the
city, leaving people with little more than mangos to
eat.
Ms. Castillo, El Bus TV's co-founder, emphasizes that
it promotes no political party, makes no calls to join
protests, and doesn't ask passengers for money,
unlike the many musicians and beggars that hop on
and off the buses.
Passengers sometimes look confused, being more
used to hearing salsa music blaring from bus
speakers than staged news reports. But the
reporters say most of El Bus TV's trips so far have
been received positively, with riders applauding and
shouting thanks. Many bus drivers don't charge the
journalists the 3 U.S. cents per person it costs to
board.
(Adopted
from  https://www.readworks.org/article/Venezuelans
-Challenge-Censorship/98c91978-8e43-4df6-aaa0-
a2e39f21ff1c#!articleTab:content/)
7. Why might the author have decided to end
the article with this description?
a. to emphasize that people in Venezuela are
used to seeing performances on their daily
bus rides
b. to inspire outrage about the idea that
Venezuelan bus drivers treat people
differently depending on the work they do 
c. to leave readers with a greater sense of
anxiety about what is going on in
Venezuela
d. to emphasize the appreciation people have
for the work El Bus TV is doing to keep
them informed about their country
e. to descrease the appreciation people about
the idea that Venezuela bus drivers treat
people differently
8. The Venezuelan government has been closing
down media and news outlets. ________, a
group of people decided to deliver the news
personally to the Venezuelan people.
a. therefore
b. obviously 
c. specifically
d. as an illustration
e. unfortunately

6. What is the main idea of the passage

above?
a. Pro-government investment groups have
bought out Venezuela's national daily
papers and major private TV channels to
ensure negative reports about the
government are not shared
b. Over a hundred radio stations, TV
networks, and newspapers in Venezuela
have had to close due to government
sanctions 
c. El Bus TV is fighting the Venezuelan
government's censoship by delivering news
reports on buses that inform riders of
Venezuela's crises
d. Venezuela is experiencing a period of
economic mismanagement, political unrest,
and food shortages in certain areas
e. The people are facing an economic crisis
involving food shortages and sky-high
inflation

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