1.

1 Atoms
● atoms ~> tiny particles that made a substances

● elements ~> substance that are made by one type of element

● compounds ~> made up by different type of atoms bond together

A). equation

● show the reactant and the products

● balanced ~> same number of each type of atoms on both sides

● law of conservation mass ~> total mass of products = total mass of reactants

B). Separating Mixtures

● differences

Compounds Mixtures

● have fixed composition ● no fixed composition

● chemical method must be ● can use physical method to

used to separate the separate the element and
elements in a compound compounds in the mixture

● have chemical bonds ● no chemical bonds between

between atoms of the atoms of different substances
different elements
 1. Filtration

separate substance ~> insoluble in solvent from soluble in solvent

2. Crystallisation

separate a soluble solid from a solvent (collect the solid)

process :

1. evaporate the water in sea water

2. stop when the solution is at the point of crystallisation

3. small crystal will appear around the edge of the solution

3. Distillation

separate the soluble solid from a solvent (collect the solvent)

process :

1. solution is heated and boiled to evaporate the solvent

2. vapour enters a condenser

3. outer glass tube with water flowing ~> cooling “jacket”

4. vapour is cooled and condensed back into a liquid

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1.2 Fractional Distillation

● miscible liquid ~> liquid that dissolve in each other, mixing completely

● have different boiling point ~> can be distil off and collect the liquid

● difficult to get pure liquid from mixture with similar boiling points ~> use
fractionating column

● process :

1. fractionating column ~> temperature highest in the bottom and lowest

on the top

2. substance with higher boiling point ~> condense more readily near the
bottom of the column and drip
back into the flask

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1.4 structure
● atoms ~> protons / neutrons / electrons
● protons ~> positive charge
~> the nucleus has a positive charge
● neutrons ~> no charge

● electrons ~> negative charge

● atomic number = number of protons in each atom of element

● mass number = number of protons + neutrons

1.5 ions

● atoms can lose or gain electrons

● isotopes = same element have the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons

❖ have same atomic number but different mass number

❖ extra neutrons may make the nucleus unstable and radioactive

❖ may have different physical properties ~> same chemical properties