Assignment

On
Midterm Examination

Course Title: MIS & Decision Making Technique

Course Code: MIS522
Section: 2

Submitted To
Asma Akter Faria
Lecturer
Southeast Business School,
Southeast University

Submitted By
Md Abu Bakar Siddique
ID: 2021010004025
MBA (1 Year)
Batch: 38
 Answer to the Question no 1(a)
A typical firm based organization is divided into operational, middle, and upper level. The
information requirements for users at each level are different. There are four types of information
systems that support each level in a firm based organization.

Unstructured decisions: It has multi-pal solution. These decisions require judgment, evaluation
and insight to solve the problem. Unstructured means “decision processes that have not been
encountered in quite the same form and for which no predetermined and explicit set of ordered
responses exists in the organization These decisions are seen as novel, important and non routine.
There is no well understood procedure for making them.

An example of an unstructured decision that management may face could be deciding if the
company should enter into a new market or would it be more beneficial for them to stay in just
their current market. Information systems help to make such decisions.

Semi-structured decisions: these decisions have elements of both structured and semi
structured decisions. Only part of the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by accepted
procedure. A semi structured decision is one which is partially programmable but still requires
human judgment.

There are three dimensions to a semi structured decision:

1. Degree of decision-making skill required.
2. Degree of problem complexity
3. Number of criteria considered

Structured decisions: Procedure/parameters must be defined. Means having processes in place

to handle a situation. The implication is that structured problems are recurring ones. Because
they recur, we put processes and procedures in place to handle them. These decisions are
repetitive and routine. They involve definite procedures for answering. Therefore they don’t need
to be treated as new each time the decision has to be made. A good example of a structured
decision would be the hiring process in a company. It’s important to create structure around
repetitive situations so that a lot of time is not spent on very minor decisions.
Example:
1. No alarm to awake up structural.
2. Alarm close by finger semi structural.
3. Alarm and you must awake up structural decision.
 Answer to the Question no 1(b)
The information systems that I have suggested interrelated to each other. In a business
organization to take decision all information system are needed to be used. Now I am showing
the relation among the systems how they are connected in terms of data flow, the levels of the
organization, types of decisions by a table

Information Data Flow Level of Types of Decisions Decision’s Example

Systems Organization
Transaction From Operational Short term decision Company’s annual
processing TPS→MIS→DS management level which is regular, report making every
systems (TPS) S routine works basis is year.
called structured
decisions.
Management From Tactical MIS is used by the Budget analysis,
Information MIS→DSS→EIS Management Level middle level managers short-term forecasting
Systems (MIS) or middle-level in making structured &
semi- structured
decisions.
Decision From DSS→ EIS. Tactical Semi-structured Credit evaluation,
support Management Level decision making but capital budget, reward
systems (DSS) or middle-level the unstructured works system design, new
are more product planning,
compensation planning
Etc.
Executive EIS collect data Executive or Top Long term decision Selecting a cover for a
Information from level Management which is irregular & magazine, buying
Systems (EIS) TPS→MIS→DS unstructured. software, Negotiating,
S. recruiting an executive,
buying hardware, new
technology
development.
Now I am giving an example with the TPS-MIS-DSS-EIS systems related in below.

Suppose Facebook online business, in this sector TPS→ how much order from customer that’s
record keeping, MIS→ then monitoring the orders, products, then planning to how and where
they have to deliver product, DSS→ they set a decision like 17% discount on that product or buy
two get one this type of semi-structured decision, EIS→ then at last, when order has been taken
they fix the order from previous or external data.

Answer to the Question no 2

Interrelationships are the connections and interactions between people, groups of people, or parts
of a system within the system or outside the system. A business or other type of organization is a
system with parts such as organizational structure, management structure, resources, information,
and employees.
An organization, simply put, is an organized group of people. In our modern day language, we
often refer to businesses as organizations. If you think about it, this works because most
businesses are organized into groups of people in various departments. It's very important for
these departments to work together. Think about it.

Can any business succeed or even grow if its individual departments are not working together? I
don't think so. Just think of the chaos that can result. The research and development department
might come up with glow in the dark cat food that cats can find in the dark. But if the marketing
department doesn't have a relationship with the research and development department, then the
marketing department might be marketing cat food that doesn't have any artificial additives in it.
I can't see this going down too well with the cat loving public.It is these departmental
interrelationships within the organization .

We can see that information systems share some commonality. Furthermore, there are many
methods, principles and techniques of management that are useful for managing and developing IS,
for example, data management, information management, knowledge management.
Manufacturing and Production Systems After sales and marketing actually sell a product or
service, someone has to make it. That’s where manufacturing and production information
systems come into the picture. And there is more to these systems than just the assembly line.
Someone has to decide where the manufacturing plants will be located (strategic level). Someone
else has to decide how many raw materials will be needed and then order those materials
(management level). Finally, someone will have to make sure the product gets produced on a
daily basis (operational level.

Answer to the Question no 3(a)

The five Forces can be generated as follows

1. The threat of entry of new competitors.
2. The bargaining influence of suppliers.
3. The bargaining influence of customers.
4. The risk of alternate product or services.
5. The Competition between present firms in the industry.

This theory is based on the concept that there are five forces that determine the competitive intensity
and attractiveness of a market. Porter’s five forces help to identify where power lies in a business
situation. This is useful both in understanding the strength of an organization’s current competitive
position, and the strength of a position that an organization may look to move into.

A Strategic Information System can offer competitive advantage to an organization in the

following ways:
1) Creating barriers to competitor’s entry: In this strategy, an organization
uses information systems to provide products or services that are difficult to duplicate or that
are used to serve highly specialized markets.
2) Generating databases to improve marketing: An information system also provides
companies an edge over their competition by generating databases to improve their sales and
marketing strategies. Such systems treat existing information as a resource. For example, an
organization may use its databases to monitor the purchase made by its customers, to identify
different segments of the market, etc.
3) ‘Locking in’ customers and suppliers: Another way of gaining competitive advantage is by
locking in customers and suppliers. In this concept, information systems are used to provide
such advantages to a customer or a supplier that it becomes difficult for them to switch over to a
competitor. For example, an organization may develop its information system and give many
benefits to its customers, like reliable order filling, reduced transaction costs.
4) Lowering the costs of the products: strategic information systems may also help
organizations lower their internal costs, allowing them to deliver products and services at a
lower price than their competitors can provide. Thus such information systems can contribute to
the survival and growth of the organization. For example, airlines use information systems
strategically to lower costs so that they may counter competitor’s discount fares.
5) Leveraging technology in the value chain: This approach pinpoints specific activities in the
business where competitive strategies can be best applied and where information systems are
likely to have a greater strategic impact. This model advocates that information technology can
best be used to gain competitive advantages by identifying specific, critical leverage points.

Answer to the Question no 3(b)

Some emerging technologies that are trending today on which, the organizations should
focus and the most benefits out of Information Systems with those technologies.

➢ Grid computing:
The basic idea is to combine computing power in an organization and utilize the unused store of
the computer. In grid computing, the computers on the network can work on a task together,
thus functioning as a supercomputer. But for executing it special software is needed. Example-
In my PC 50% store is empty after completing my work and my friend PC’s 20% store is empty.
So, by grid computing our PCs can be combined and work likes a super computer. Also it will be
utilized of 50+20% =70% store.
➢ Rich client interfaces:
Web-based applications. Specially use for Web access. Customers and employees expect data
and tool access to be pleasant to use and correct. In time, expectations have risen. As servers
increase in capability, browser technology improves. Example- When a client using website, this
is an interface for the user that create rich client interface.
➢ Wireless computing:
It refers to the devices that are using and moving wirelessly. Mobile Devices are being
developed along with useful software to make this new approach work. Example- Mobile
computing, Smartphone and tablet computer. A number of firms, such as FedEx, have been
using mobile computing to gather data on packages to track shipping and analyze patterns.
➢ Agents, algorithms, and heuristics:
Intelligent agents, though embedded in Web search engines for years, are being developed to
function within devices and other software. They help users and assist in e-commerce
negotiations. Algorithms and heuristics for improving system performance are being distributed
as part of Java middleware and other platforms. For example, how to route a message over the
Web may be computed by an algorithm embedded in an instant messenger system.
➢ Customer self-service
It is expected that more than 70 percent of customer-service interaction for information and
remote transactions will be automated. Web sites will have to provide the services that customers
need and move the "products" that firms want to sell. There is an expectation of high returns on
investment, better customer reach, and improved service quality.
➢ Wearable computers:
It refers that the devices which are wearable or portable to human being. Example- Laptop,
mobile.
➢ Web services:
A service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each
other via the ‘World Wide Web’ is called web service. Now the world has moved to the Web.
Firms want a Web presence. There are many web applications services, which serve in solving
specific domain problems over the Web (WWW, Internet and HTTP).
Example- Web- 1.0, web-2.0-getting scope of writing, web-3.0- is semantic internet based
cloud computing.
➢ Tagging the world:
Business-to-consumer (B2C) purchase decisions and business-to-business (B2B) purchase
decisions will be based on tags. Tags contain information and opinions about purchasable items.
Example- Facebook tagging. When using bookmark, hash tag and click on them, then we can
get all information of that product. We can know that how much popular it is.