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Abstracts
The Distribution System in Nigeria is faced with low voltage and high loss, these two
problems of voltage drop and losses in the distribution network varies with the
pattern of loading on the distribution network. Voltage regulation on the
distribution network becomes an important issue due to the presence of many
industrial loads which vary their demand for reactive power. These industrial loads
having lagging power-factor; they absorb reactive power which can deteriorate the
quality of supply on the distribution network. This paper which to examine an
integrated for an optimal cost effective approach to improve the power factor and
harmonic issue by the use of Switched capacitor banks to provide a controllable
and variable amount of reactive power precisely according to the requirement of the
load to such that power factor is improved and harmonics are reduced on the
distribution network , losses are within limits and also satisfy the statutory voltage
limits at customers premises. Capacitor Bank and Reactors devices with mechanical
time control switch can be connected in parallel to the distribution network to
supply the type of reactive power or current needed to counteract the out of phase
component of current required by the inductive load to eliminate or reduce to an
acceptable limit the voltage regulation. These conventional compensators can be
switched in and out of the system by mechanical switches based on the system
loading as it varies throughout the day. The objective shall be achieved by an
evaluation of the operational requirement for power factor requirement and voltage
profile on a typical Nigerian distribution Network
Introduction.
U0 U1 I U2
U1 jIXLN
U2
I IRLN
Fig. 1-One line diagram and corresponding phasor diagram for an illustration of the voltage drop in a
distribution system
The voltage drop on the feeder is given by
U1 − U 2 = I ( RLN + jX LN )
( RLN PL + X LN QL ) − j ( X LN PL − RLN QL )
= (1)
U2
For a small power flow, the voltage angle δ between U 2 and U1 in (3-2) is small, and the
voltage drop ∆U = U1 − U 2 can be approximated by
RLN PL + X LN QL
∆U ≈ (2)
U2
It can be seen from equations (1) and (2) that the load always causes voltage drop. This
voltage is decreasing towards the end of the distribution System.
For a small power flow, the voltage angle δ between U 2 and U1 in (2) is small, and the
voltage drop ∆U = U1 − U 2 can be approximated by
RLN PL + X LN QL
∆U ≈
U2
RLN PL + X LN (QL − QC )
∆U ≈
U2
Which indicates that the capacitor reduces the voltage drop. Further, when the capacitor
properly compensates the reactive power demand, the capacitor will decrease the feeder
current. Theis will in turn decrease the feeder losses PLoss ,
PL2 + (QL − QC ) 2
I=
U2
PLoss = I RLN
2
In order to properly compensate the reactive power demand that changes from minimum
to maximum and to be switched off at the load minimum. When the load varies during
the day, the switched capacitors should be properly controlled. Different conventional
controls can be used to control switched capacitors, such as time, voltage and reactive
power. Time controlled capacitors are especially applicable on feeders with typical daily
load profiles in a long term, where the time of the switching-on and off of the shunt
capacitor can be predicted. The main disadvantage of this control is that the control has
no flexibility to respond to load fluctuation caused by weather, holidays, etc. voltage
controlled capacitors are most appropriate when the primary role of the capacitor is for
voltage support and regulation[ 25]. Reactive power controlled capacitors are effective
when the capacitor is intended to minimize the reactive power flow.
An assessment of the load flow, quality, reliability, and voltage profile of 33/11 KV
Injection Substation in the network was performed and the system load flow was
observed for the system lagging reactive loads and the determined values where plotted
on a curve as indicated in Fig.3 below. The Curve indicated that the minimum reactive
power demand of 600 Kvar on the system occurs at light load period around 3am when
the system load is 3333kw, then there is a gradually raise in the demand for the reactive
power up to around 7pm in the night and is maximum of 2980 kvar at peak load of 5667
kW.
The Q-T curve in Fig 3 and the Load flow analysis in Table 1 indicate the Voltage and
Voltage Change quantities that determine the optimum control set point which can be
explain as follows. The reactive power demand progressively increase due to the system
loading, the system voltage and power factor begins to drop and the voltage under peak
load was noticed to be about 29.6 kV, this was regarded as voltage instability. The system
voltage and power factor is best at the lightly load period around 5am. Where the power
factor is given by [25]:
Active power
PF = (3)
Apparent power
For lightly loaded, the PF calculated is as:
Fig. 3-The Biu Shani Distribution network Single line Diagram with Capacitor Banks
p f im p ro ve m e n t
2980
2620
2250
1850
Ql 1700
1480
1200
1100
900 a lt e r n a t i ve 2
760
600
a l t e r n a t ive 1
0
1 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
t im e
Fig. 4- Q-T Curve Showing the Fixed and Switched capacitors network in Nigeria- Biu
Shani
6. Calculation of Modeled components in PSCAD
The first approach taken towards simulation is the calculation of the parameters of
the components of the Model. Care must be taken in calculating the parameters in order
to achieve accuracy.
6.1 Calculation of the size capacitor banks.
The source is Y connected and the line Voltage is 11kv,
11kV
Phase Voltage, Vph = = 6.35 V
3
Capacitor bank rating Qc = 600 kvar.
600 kvar
Capacitor bank rating per phase Q cph = = 200kvar .
3
Impedance of capacitance per Phase,
V 2 ph (6.35kv) 2
X Cph = = = 201.61 Ω
Q cph 200kvar
1
Xcph = => C = 15.78 µF ,
2π × f × C
Where f= 50 Hz, is the power system frequency.
Assuming severest conditions of switching the value of L in Henry is given by
1
L= = 0.64 H .
(2π × f) 2 × C
15.78 × 10 −6
Inrush Current = 2 × 6.35 × 10 3 × = 44.59 amps .
0.64
Line XL: Aerial line with Conductor of size 100mm2
Length of line = 5m.
Line XL = 0.5 Ω / km.
Total Line XL is 0.005 × 0.5 = 0.0025 Ω .
Table 4-Diesel Generator life cycle Cost Projection System Lifetime 12 years
Shunt capacitors and reactors may be connected to prevent low voltage during peak load
conditions, during light conditions to reduce or remove the capacitive reactive power of
the line to prevent high voltages. It has continuously adjustable characteristics and has
sufficiently rapid response that can effect changes on power systems to improve the
voltage stability of the system they are designed to vary the average value of the voltage
up and down rapidly and correct the momentary over voltages or voltage dips. The
capacitor Banks are usually switched during peak power flow periods and reduces the
steady power transfer capacity to the line during this period, High speed mechanical
switches capable of connecting the capacitor banks to the network are available for
operator directed steady state voltage control. These conventional Switches gears and
control can not reconnect fast enough to prevent or suppress under voltage in sudden Line
Loading, or voltage dip during first swing period, repeated operation of the switchgears
and control may result in prohibitive wear and tear of the switching mechanism and
contactors. For repeatedly switched on and off at precise times. The switching can be
more reliably achieved with Thyristors switches than with conventional mechanical
switchgears[25].
The Filters absorb harmonic generated by the Capacitor bank structure and large
industrial loads. Equipments such as electric motors overheats when working under low
voltage, several and had to be replaced, also incandescent lamps have to be replaced
frequently this is also a direct increase in the running cost of such companies, an improve
voltage profile will remove. The reduction in max load during Peak loading period
implies capacity release on the network, this means additional revenue for the utility
company and more homes will be provided with electricity. Secondly the removal of the
running cost of these generators from the production line of the industries will reduce the
production cost of the goods produced; the resultant effect will be a reduction in the
production cost of such goods, and the multiplying effect on the reductions of price of
goods and services provided by such industries. The used engine oil runs into 100 of
tones of liters every year improper disposal of these used oil have led to several cases of
water, crops and land pollution in these rural areas, vast piece of land have been known to
be destroyed by waste oil from these generators.
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