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Real Analysis for BSc Students

The document discusses relations and functions in real analysis. It defines relations as subsets of Cartesian products between sets and describes properties of relations like reflexive, symmetric, anti-symmetric, and transitive. Functions are defined as special cases of relations where each element of the domain maps to only one element of the codomain. The types of functions - injective, surjective, and bijective - are explained. Inverse functions are introduced as functions that map the codomain of the original function back to its domain.

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Ashmita thapa
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514 views19 pages

Real Analysis for BSc Students

The document discusses relations and functions in real analysis. It defines relations as subsets of Cartesian products between sets and describes properties of relations like reflexive, symmetric, anti-symmetric, and transitive. Functions are defined as special cases of relations where each element of the domain maps to only one element of the codomain. The types of functions - injective, surjective, and bijective - are explained. Inverse functions are introduced as functions that map the codomain of the original function back to its domain.

Uploaded by

Ashmita thapa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction: Introduces the main topic of Relations and Functions in Real Analysis, setting the context for detailed exploration.
  • Relations: Discusses the concept of relations including ordered pairs and the Cartesian product, explaining fundamental properties.
  • Properties of Relations: Explores reflexive, symmetric, anti-symmetric, and transitive properties of relations on a set.
  • Equivalence Relations: Defines equivalence relations which include reflexive, symmetric, and transitive properties, and introduces notation.
  • Functions: Outlines the concept of functions, including definition, domains, and differences from relations.
  • Types of Functions: Classifies functions into injective, surjective, and bijective, with diagrams illustrating these concepts.
  • Inverse of a Function: Explains conditions for inverse functions and how to compute them, utilizing functional notation to illustrate transformations.
  • Conclusion: Expresses gratitude and concludes the document, offering closure to the lesson on relations and functions.

BSC III year

Relations
and
Functions
Real Analysis
01 02 03
Relations Properties of Relations Equivalence Relations
• Ordered Pairs • Reflexive • Reflexive
• Cartesian Products • Symmetric • Symmetric
• Anti-symmetric • Transitive
• Transitive

04 05 06
FUNCTIONS Types of Functions Inverse of a Function
• Composition of • One-one(injective)
functions • Onto(surjective)
• One-one and onto(bijective
01
Relations
INTRODUCTION
A relation from a set A to set B is a subset of
the cartesian product A X B. It is denoted by
R.
R = {(x,y): x ꞓ A, y ꞓ B}

If (x,y) ꞓ R, xRy is also used to denote x is


related to y.
Ordered Pair:
An ordered pair is a pair (a,b) having ‘a’ as the first
element and ‘b’ as the second element. Two ordered
pairs (x,y) and (a,b) are equal if and only if
X= a, y=b
Cartesian Product:
Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by
A x B, is defined to be the set of all ordered pairs (a,b)
With a ꞓ A and b ꞓ B. i.e.

A x B = {(a,b): a ꞓ A and b ꞓ B}
Properties of Relations on a set

02
b)Symmetric
a)Reflexive
A relation R on a set A is said to be
A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive symmetric if every first element x of A is
if every element x of A is related to itself i.e. related to the second element y of A implies
Ɐx ꞓ A, x R x or (x,x) ꞓ R that y is related to x. i.e.
x,y ꞓ A, (x,y) ꞓ R =>(y,x) ꞓ R.
or, x,y ꞓ A, x R x => y R x.

c)Anti-Symmetric d)Transitive
A relation R on a set A is said to be transitive
A relation R on a set A is said to be anti- if every first element ‘a’ of A is related to a
symmetric if second element ‘b’ of A and ‘b’ is related to
x,y ꞓ A, x R y, y R x => x = y. another element ‘c’ implies ‘a’ is related to ‘c’
or, x,y ꞓ A, (y,x) ꞓ R => x = y. i.e.
x,y,z ꞓ A, x R y and y R z => x R z.
or, x,y,z ꞓ R, (x,y) ꞓ R, (y,z) ꞓ R => x R z.
03
Equivalence
Relations
A relation defined on a set A
is called an equivalence
relation on A if it is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive.

It is usually denoted by ∼
Functions
04
Function:
● If A and B are non-empty sets, then the cartesian
product A X B of A and B is the set of all ordered
pairs (a,b) with a ꞓ A and b ꞓ B. i.e.

A X b = {(a,b): a ꞓ A, b ꞓ B}

● Let A and B be sets. Then a function from A to B is


a set ‘f’ of ordered pairs in A X B such that for
each a ꞓ A there exists a unique b ꞓ B with (a,b) ꞓ f.
• Domain of relation maybe subset of
A but domain of function must be
equal to A.

• An element of A maybe related to


more than one element in B but in
function f it cannot be associated
with more than one

• Some element of A may not be


related to any element of B.

Difference between
Function and Relation
05 Types of
Functions
Let f: A B be a function from A to B.
● The function f is said to be injective( or one-one ) if
whenever x1 ≠ x2, then f(x1) ≠ f(x2). If f is an injective
function, we also say that f is an injection.

● The function f is said to be surjective(or to map A


onto B) if f(A) = B, i.e. if the range R(f) = B. If f is a
surjective function, we also say that f is a
surjection.

● If f is both injective and surjective, then f is said to


be bijective. If f is bijective, we also say that f is a
bijection.
06 Inverse of a
function
Inverse Function:
● If f: A B is a bijection of A onto B, then there
exists a function f-1 that maps B onto A, i.e.

f-1 : B A

● We can also express the connection between f


and its inverse f-1 by noting that D(f) = R(f-1) and
● R(f) = D(f-1) and that, b = f(a) if and only if a = f-1(b).
Thanks!

Relations and Functions Real Analysis BSC III year
Relations 01 Properties of Relations 02 • Ordered Pairs • Cartesian Products Equivalence Relations 03 FUNCTIONS 04 • Reflexiv
Relations 01
INTRODUCTION A relation from a set A to set B is a subset of the cartesian product A X B. It is denoted by R. R = {(x,y):
Ordered Pair: An ordered pair is a pair (a,b) having ‘a’ as the first element and ‘b’ as the second element. Two ordered pai
Cartesian Product: Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by A x B, is defined to be the set of all ordered pairs (a
Properties of Relations on a set 02
a)Reflexive A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element x of A is related to itself i.e. Ɐx ꞓA, x R x o
Equivalence Relations A relation defined on a set A is called an equivalence relation on A if it is reflexive, symmetric a

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