Tensile Properties of Directionally Solidified AI-4 Wt

Pct Cu Alloys with Columnar and Equiaxed Grains

HIROSHI KATO and J. R. CAHOON

The tensile properties of directionally solidified AI-4 wt pct Cu-0.15-0.2 wt pct Ti alloys with equi-
axed grains were determined and compared with the properties of directionally solidified AI-
4 wt pet Cu columnar structures. The tensile properties of the equiaxed structure were isotropic, but
varied with the distance from the chill face. The mechanical properties of the equiaxed structure were
generally between those of the longitudinal and transverse columnar structures. The 0.2 pct offset
yield stress (Cry, MPa) is represented as a function of the grain size, d (mm), the average concentration,
Co (wt pet), and the local concentration, C (wt pet), by cry = [ (15.7 + 22.6 Co) + (1.24 + 1.04 Co)
d -~/2] + [15.7 AC], where AC = C - Co. The equiaxed structure exhibits inverse segregation simi-
lar to that in the columnar structure.

I. INTRODUCTION II. EXPERIMENTAL

IN cast materials where a nucleating agent is added to
induce an equiaxed structure, the equiaxed grains may grow
even though solidification occurs unidirectionally under a
steep temperature gradient. Therefore, it is of interest to
determine the effect of solidification conditions on the prop-
erties of the equiaxed structure formed during unidirectional
solidification. There are many investigations on equiaxed
structures; many of them are concerned with the formation
mechanism of equiaxed grains ~-7 and grain refinement by
addition of transition metals. 8-~4 However, reports on me-
chanical properties of castings with equiaxed structures,
especially those solidified unidirectionally, have been limi-
ted. Ruddle ~5 measured the strength of AI-4.5 wt pct Cu
alloys,* and found that the ultimate tensile strength in-
*In the report, there is no description of the cast structure. However,
considering the alloy composition and the temperature gradient, equiaxed
grains should have been formed.
creases with the temperature gradient. Walther e t a l . ~6
showed that there is no anisotropy in the tensile properties
of A1-Cu alloys with equiaxed grains grown directionally
under a temperature gradient. Flemings et al. ~7,~8reported
that the tensile properties of AI-Cu alloys deteriorate with
the distance from the chill face. Yoon and Nishi ~9applied a
stagewise regression analysis to examine the relationship
between the mechanical properties of A1-Cu alloys and the
solidification conditions. From these reports, it may be con-
cluded that mechanical properties vary with the position in
the casting, and it is desirable to study more quantitatively
the relationship between the cast structure and the mechani-
cal properties of equiaxed grains in unidirectionally solidi-
fied ingots.
The present paper is concerned with the quantitative
evaluation of the tensile properties of equiaxed grains
in directionally solidified castings. AI-4 wt pct Cu-0.2
wt pct Ti alloys were chosen for the study. Titanium
was added to obtain equiaxed grains during unidirectional
solidification.
HIROSHI KATO is Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama, Japan. J. R. CAHOON
is Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
Manuscript submitted June 22, 1984.
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A
Alloys of nominal composition 4 wt pet Cu with 0, 0.15,
and 0.2 wt pet Ti were prepared from Al (99.99 pet), Cu
(99.96 pet), and Ti (99.9 pet). An A1-2 wt pet Ti master
alloy was used for the titanium addition. The alloy melt (at
1020 K) was poured into a preheated sand mold (at 970 K)
situated on a copper plate. The plate was cooled by water.
Immediately prior to pouring, the alloy melt was degassed
by bubbling with dry argon for a few minutes. The ingots
obtained were 100 mm in width, 35 mm (bottom)-40 mm
(top) in thickness, and 140 mm in height. Longitudinal sec-
tions of typical ingots are presented in Figure 1, which
shows that the AI-4 wt pet Cu alloy has a columnar struc-
ture, the A1-4 wt pet Cu-0.15 wt pct Ti alloy has a mixed
structure (mixture of columnar grains and equiaxed grains),
and the A1-4 wt pct Cu-0.2 wt pct Ti has an equiaxed
structure.
Tensile specimens with a gage length of 30 mm and a
gage section of 8 x 8 mm 2 were machined from all ingots
in directions parallel (longitudinal) and perpendicular (trans-
verse) to that of solidification, as shown in Figure 2. The
specimens were tested to failure in tension on an lnstron
testing machine at an initial strain rate of 2.8 • 10 -4 s -~.
The 0.2 pet offset yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, and
elongation were obtained. Longitudinal properties were av-
eraged for three specimens (Figure 2).
For the AI-4 wt pctCu-0.2 wt pct Ti alloy (equiaxed
structure), the following measurements were conducted
at positions of 10, 35, 60, 85, and 110 mm from the ingot
chill face:
(1) Cooling curves during solidification were obtained using
chromel-alumel thermocouples (0.3 mm in diameter) con-
nected to strip chart recorders.
(2) The grain size was determined from polished sections by
counting the number of grains in four photographs of 39 •
magnification.
(3) The copper content was determined from polished sec-
tions of the transverse specimens using a Philips Model
1221515 X-ray fluorescence analyzer.
Radiation from a tungsten tube operated at 35 kv and
20 ma was used to stimulate Cu K a radiation from the
specimen. A LiF analyzing crystal and a scintillation coun-
ter were used to monitor the Cu K a radiation. Each analysis
comprised the average of 10 counts taken for 10 seconds and
VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986--823
 (a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 1 - - Longitudinal sections of ingots (a) A1-4 wt pct Cu alloy. (b) AI-4 wt pct Cu-0.15 wt pct Ti alloy. (c) AI-4 wt pct Cu-0.2 wt pct Ti alloy. Magnification
0.81 times.

824--VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A

 I I l l I

9 \ J - -
_ _ 80 --Xo

n
0
v
70 ---o ---Nx~-- -o -- - - -
\ J 0
__o
f
\
~
J
b
r
O~o
(50-
A--
~. J '

, f -,. A
5O
(a) (b) "0
I
Fig. 2-- Location of tensile specimens. Transverse Longitudinal
.I
>- Fquioxed: A I - 4 wlo C u - 0 7' w/o Ti 0 Q
4O Mixed: A I - 4 w/o C u - 0.15 w/o Ti ~ 9

each analysis was repeated four times. The five results Columnar: A I - 4 wlo CU [2 9

did not vary by more than ---1 pct and therefore the I I I I
relative accuracy of the results is expected to be within 3O o 20 40 60 80 I00 120
_+0.04 wt pet Cu. The absolute concentrations were estab-
lished by comparing the specimen results with those from a Distance from the Chill Face (am)
chemically analyzed standard containing 4.04 wt pet Cu Fig. 3--Yield strertgth vs specimen location.
which had been taken from the central portion of a direc-
tionally solidified ingot. The standard therefore had a simi- 5. In the figures, mixed structure means that the ingot con-
lar microstructure to the specimens. tained columnar grains in the lower part and equiaxed grains
in the upper part as shown in Figure 1. However, the tensile
specimens of the mixed structure were taken from the equi-
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION axed portion except for the specimen nearest the chill face
A. Anisotropy of Tensile Properties in which columnar grains were partly included. Typical
tensile curves of longitudinal and transverse specimens for
Tensile properties in both the longitudinal and transverse both the columnar and equiaxed structures are shown in
directions are tabulated in Table I and shown in Figures 3 to Figures 6 and 7.

Table I. Tensile Properties of Columnar and Equiaxed AI-4 Wt Pct Cu Alloys

Yield Ultimate
Position Strength Strength Elongation
Structure Orientation No. (mm from Chill Face) (MPa) (MPa) (Pct)
transverse 1 10 69 187 I 1.1
2 35 70 125 6.6
,'- 3 60 71 140 7.2
E 4 85 68 148 6.6
%
L) 5 110 -- 147 9.5
longitudinal 1 75* 76 211 23.6
2 75* 76 212 23.0
3 75* 72 204 24.6
transverse I 10 -- -- --
2 35 58 183 15.4
"o
3 60 60 186 21.6
4 85 51 165 18.0
5 110 54 127 9.2
longitudinal 1 75* 56 188 22.0
2 75* 56 185 21.6
3 75" 62 185 20.3
transverse 1 I0 78 220 18.4
2 35 64 199 22.3
~< 3 60 62 186 21.0
= 4 85 59 173 17.0
~" 5 110 58 135 12.5
longitudinal I 75* 59 187 22.0
2 75* 60 188 23.3
3 75* 57 186 23.0
*The center of the gauge length was at 60 mm from the chill face, but failure always occurred near one end of the gauge correspondingto ~75 mm from
the chill face.

METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 17A, M A Y 1986.. 825

 250 I 1 I I I 250 I I I I 1

~o

200

? If ...... --..
150 J50
EL
03 []
v
G)
~ I00 b I00
E
I~ Transverse Longiludino
(3)
..,.- I EquJoxed : AI - 4 w/o Cu- 02 w/o Ti O 9
{31 50- Mixed: AI-4w/o Cu-015w/oTi A 9
E 50
Columnar: A I - 4 w / O Cu [] 9

O( 1 t I I
20 40 6'0 80 I00 120 0 I I I I
0 I0 15 20 25 30
Distance from the Chill F a c e (ram)
Elongotion (%)
Fig. 4--Ultimate strength vs specimen location.
(a)

25 250 I I I

20
o/~ ~ A/
/
200

v 15
c-
O
~ O
\ , \ 150
[]
I-
o 10 ID
\ IX.
LIJ \
O x
O []

Equloxed: A I - 4w/o Cu - 0 2 w/o Ti

Transverse
O
Longitudlno
II
b 100
Mixed: A i - 4w/o C u - 015 w/oTi A 9
Columnar. A I - 4 w/o Cu D 9

J I I I
0 20 4'0 60 80 100 120
50
Distance from the Chili Face (mm)
Fig. 5--Elongation vs specimen location.

Tensile properties for the transverse specimens are plotted 0 I 1 1

for the position of the center of the specimen, but all longi- 0 5 I0 15 20
tudinal specimens (both equiaxed and columnar) fractured
near the top of the gage length (about 75 mm from the ingot Elongation (%)
bottom) and therefore the longitudinal results are plotted for
a distance of 75 a m . Figures 3 to 5 show that the tensile
(b)
properties of the columnar structure exhibit marked anisot- Fig. 6--Typical stress-strain curves for AI-4 wt pct Cu columnar alloys.
(a) Longitudinal direction. (b) Transverse direction.
ropy as expected, but there is no orientation dependence of
the properties of the equiaxed structure. The longitudinal
and transverse microstructures of the columnar and equi- before tensile testing. Back reflection X-ray analysis con-
axed ingots shown in Figures 8 and 9 are consistent with the ducted on the as-cast equiaxed structure showed that there
tensile properties. These results agree with the investigation was no orientation dependence of the equiaxed grains in
of Walther et al.]6 where the specimens were heat-treated directionally solidified ingots. The microstructures of the

826--VOLUME 17A. MAY I986 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A

 250 I I I I 1 B. Variation of the Tensile Properties with Distance from
the Chill Face
Figures 3 to 5 show the variation in the transverse tensile
200 B
properties with the distance from the ingot chill face. The
tensile properties of the columnar structure are somewhat
scattered likely because of the small number of grains in the
gage section. However, the grain size of the equiaxed struc-
150 ture is considerably smaller than that of the columnar struc-
o
13_. ture and there are many grains in the gage section, ttence,
v the tensile properties for specimens of equiaxed structures
b do not exhibit much scatter but do vary continuously with
I00 distance from the chill face.
The tensile properties of the mixed structure are similar to
those of the equiaxed structure. This suggests that the differ-
50 ence between 0.15 and 0.20 wt pct Ti causes some structural
change, but does not greatly affect the tensile properties of
equiaxed grains. The tensile properties for the specimen
located 35 mm from the chill core for the mixed structure
O I I I 1 I show lower values than those of the equiaxed structure.
0 5 to ~520 25 30 This is a result of the presence of columnar grains in that
Elongation (%) specimen.
(a)
C. Relation between Yield Strength and Grain Size
250 ~ t I t t 1 Figure 10 shows the variation of grain size with distance
from the ingot chill face for the equiaxed ingot. The yield
strength in the transverse direction and grain size can be
200 L correlated via the Hall-Petch relationship as shown in
Figure 11. In Figure 11 the straight lines are the Hall-Petch

t2.
J50 -~ relations calculated from interpolation of the data by Cahoon
and Stupak z~ and Hansen, 2t as follows:
o~ = (15.7 + 22.6 Co) + (1.24 + 1.04 Co) d -~/2 (MPa),
[1]
b Ioo where Co is the solute content (wt pet), and d is the grain
size (mm).
Assuming no diffusion in the solid during solidification,

5o

o l L I L I__
f" =
the weight fraction of eutectic, f,, can be calculated from 22
[CEIl ':(~-',]
L-~oJ '

where CE is the eutectic composition, (33.2 pct), Co is the

[2]

o 5 Io 15 20 25 30 average composition, and k is the equilibrium partition coef-

Elongation (%)
f~ = 7.9 wt pet.
(b)
Fig. 7 - - T y p i c a l stress-strain curves for AI-4 wt pet Cu-0.2 wt pct Ti
equiaxed alloys. (a) Longitudinal direction. (b) Transverse direction.
columnar and equiaxed ingots at higher magnifications
shown in Figures 8(c) and 9(c), respectively, illustrate that
the eutectic particles including the smaller ones maintain a
two phase structure and do not become divorced during
solidification.
The A1-Cu-Ti alloys likely contain some amount of AI3Ti
particles which cause the grain refinement. However, no
such particles were observed at magnifications up to 1000x,
and it is concluded that any such particles if present would
have little influence on the properties.
ficient (0.17). For A1-4 wt pct Cu, the calculated value of
However, some diffusion in the solid does occur during
solidification and the actual amount of eutectic is less than
7.9 wt pct, depending on the local solidification time.
Bower et al. 33 using the data of Michael and Bever34 calcu-
lated that the weight fraction of eutectic in 4 pet Cu alloy
varied from 8.0 pet to 5.2 pct as the local solidification time
varied from 2 to 5540 seconds. The thermal parameters for
the present ingots are given in Table II where it is seen that
the local solidification times vary from 53 to 270 seconds.
Using the values of Bower et al. the calculated amounts of
eutectic vary only from 6.9 to 6.3 wt pet for this range of
solidification time as shown in Table II.
The volume fraction of eutectic at a distance of 60 mm
from the chill face was experimentally determined for both
the columnar and equiaxed structures using a Lietz TAS Plus

METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986--827

 (a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 8--Microstructures of AI-4 wt pct Cu columnar alloy 60 mm from the chill face. (a) Longitudinal direction (solidification direction is upward).
(b) Transverse direction. (c) Transverse direction. Magnification of (a, b) 58 times and (c) 388 times.

828--VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A

 (a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 9--Microstructure of AI-4 wt pct Cu-0.2 wt pct Ti equiaxed alloys 60 mm from the chill face. (a) Longitudinal direction (solidification direction is
upward). (b) Transverse direction. (c) Transverse direction. Magnification of (a, b) 57 times and (c) 380 times.

METALLURG[CAL TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 17A, MAY t986-- 829

 Table II. Grain Size and Thermal Parameters

Secondary
Distance Cooling Rate Temperature Grain Size Dendrite Arm Local *Amount **Average
from at Liquidus Gradient at (mm) Spacing (p.m) Solidification Solidification of Composition
Chill Temperature Liquidus Equiaxed Columnar Columnar Rate Time Eutectic of Matrix
Face (K s-') (K mm -~) Ingot Ingot Ingot (mm s -~) (s) (Wt Pct) (Wt Pct Cu)
10 8.38 3.75 0.24 0.42 34 1.0 53 6.9 1.84
35 1.42 1.40 0.38 0.63 46 0.59 144 6.5 1.98
60 0.89*** 0.64 0.44 0.72 54 0.39 240 6.4 2.01
85 0.48 0.76 0.61 0.91 76 0.30 270 6.3 2.03
110 0.13 1.65 0.75 0.83 70 0.24 215 6.4 2.01
*From the values calculated by Bower e t a l . 33
**Calculated from the average composition of the ingot and the fraction of eutectic.
***Interpolated from data of other points.

0.80 I I i i l / image analyzing system adjusted so that the eutectic ap-

f
O peared as a single phase. The values obtained were

E
0.60 oJ 5.0 --- 0.6 voi pet and 5.3 --- 0.5 vol pct for the columnar
and equiaxed structures, respectively. Using density values
of 4.34 g / c m 3 for 0 phase, 3~ 2.8 g / c m 3 for a phase, 3] and
using the AI-Cu phase diagram, ~2 the volume fractions were
E converted to weight fractures resulting in values of
v
6.2 - 0.7 and 6.6 --- 0.6 wt pct eutectic for the columnar
and equiaxed structures. These values agree well with the
0.40
N
.B value of 6.4 wt pet eutectic taken from the calculations of
03 Bower et al.3.3 for a local solidification time of 240 seconds
t-
o
and an average composition of 4 wt pet Cu. Using the cal-
C.9
/ O culated values of Bower et al. 33 for the weight fraction of
0.20 eutectic at the various positions in the ingot (Table II), the
average composition in the matrix can be also calculated
since the copper content of the eutectic plus that of the
matrix must equal 4 pct Cu. The calculated average matrix
00 I 1 I I I composition is included in Table II and is very close to
20 40 60 80 100 120 2.0 wt pct Cu for all positions in the ingot.
Distonce from the Chill Foce (mm) The composition across a grain in the equiaxed ingot at a
distance of 60 mm from the chill face was determined ex-
Fig. 1 0 - - G r a i n size vs specimen location.
perimentally using a JEOL JSM-840 scanning electron mi-
croscope, a Tracor Northern TN 5500 analytical system, and
a 5.2 wt pct Cu standard. The grain analyzed is shown in
Figure 12(a) where the spots indicate the areas analyzed,
and the results are shown in Figure 13(b). The average
composition for the scan shown in Figure 12(b) is 2.2 wt pet
80:- 0 Cu, which is slightly above the calculated average of

d
~
b>" 7o

o
A I - 2 0 PC I Cu
2.0 wt pct Cu. However, since the plane of analysis is
not likely through the center of the equiaxed grain, the
minimum composition would not be encountered and
the average composition of scans across equiaxed grains
would be higher than the actual average composition of the
"'
cr 6O
p grains. Therefore, the calculated average matrix com-
F- 0
0
O3
A I - l 5 pet CU
position of --~2.0 wt pet Cu (Table II) would appear to be a
(E3 reasonable value.
t.J 5O Since the yield strength is not greatly affected by small
>-
fractions of eutectic, 23 the yield strengths of the cast speci-
W
CO mens are expected to be similar to those for homogeneous
CV 0 MEASUREDVALUES
i,i 40 9 CORRECTEDFOR SEGREGATION AI-2.0 wt pct Cu. Figure 11 shows this to be the case since
>
CO the present strengths are similar to those calculated for
7 ,
2.0 wt pet Cu.
cr
I-- 30 J ~ J J ! i i L r I J , I
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 D. Influence of Macrosegregation on Yield Strength
d-We (ram-I/z)
It is well known that unidirectionally solidified AI-Cu
Fig. 1 1 - - T r a n s v e r s e yield strength vs grain size. alloys exhibit marked inverse segregation. 24'25 AI-Cu alloys

830-- VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A

 solidified unidirectionally exhibit a columnar structure and
therefore macrosegregation has been analyzed with alloys
containing columnar crystals. The inverse segregation the-
ory, 24'25'26however, should also be applicable to an equiaxed
structure grown under a temperature gradient. The solute
(copper) distributions in the present ingots are given in Fig-
ure 13 which shows that the equiaxed structure exhibits
inverse segregation similar to that for the columnar struc-
ture. The comparison between the experimental and theo-
retical results for the equiaxed structure was presented in an
earlier communication. 27
The yield strength varies with the solute content. There-
fore, the present yield strength at each position should be
corrected for inverse segregation. From the theory of inverse
segregation, 25'26 the solute content in the middle portion of
the ingot is almost equal to the average solute composition.
With the present solute distribution and the dependence of
(a) yield strength on solute content, 23the yield strength is modi-
fied as follows:

5.0 ~ry (modified) = Cry (measured) - 15.7 AC (MPa), [3]

where AC (wt pct) is the difference of solute content be-
::::3 4.0 tween each position and that for 60 mm from the chill face.
As shown in Figure 11, the effect of inverse segregation on
3.0 the yield strength is not great.
The yield strength of the as-cast A1-4 wt pct Cu alloy is
therefore approximately equal to that of an alloy with the
F- 2.0 same copper content as the average composition of the ma-
trix in the as-cast alloy ( ~- 2.0 wt pct), and can be repre-
1.0 sented by:
O'y [(15.7 + 22.6 Co) + (1.24 + 1.04 Co)d-I/2]
0.0 =

0 300 + [15.7 AC] MPa, [4]

DISTANCE (/.z.m) where the first term on the right-hand side is the Hall-Petch
relation for the alloy with the same solute content as the
(b) matrix and the second term is the influence of macro-
Fig. 12--Scanning electron microscope analysis. (a)Area analyzed. segregation.
(b) Composition profile. Magnification of (a) 222 times. It has been recognized that mechanical properties often
correlate better with dendrite arm spacing than with grain
size. 35The secondary dendrite arm spacing can be easily and
4.4 o I I I I I unambiguously determined for columnar structures (cf. Fig-
\ ure 8(a)). Such is not the case for equiaxed structures where
the orientation of the dendrites is not clear and the grain size
(and length of dendrites) is small (cf. Figure 9(a)). How-
o \0 \ x
ever, for the ingots studied in this investigation the grain size
and dendrite arm spacing for the columnar ingot show a
4.2 - similar relationship with cooling rate as indicated in Figure
14. The secondary dendrite arm spacings are the averages of
E measurements taken at 10 locations and are essentially iden-
r 4.1- tical to the values reported by Bower et a l . 33 for similar
o alloys. It may be assumed that the dendrite arm spacings for
the equiaxed ingot would show a similar relationship with
$ 4.0- grain size and, therefore, the correlation of mechanical
properties with grain size in this study is not unreasonable.
o
Equiaxed: A I - 4 w/o C u - 0 . 2 w/o Ti -----r O~
3.9- N
Columnar;AI- 4w/o Cu ----43---
IV. CONCLUSIONS

38 I I I I I By addition of different amounts of titanium, three types

20 40 60 80 I00 120 of grain structure were obtained under the same solidi-
fication conditions: columnar structure, mixed structure,
Distance from the Chill Face (ram) and equiaxed structure. The tensile properties of direc-
Fig. 13--1nverse segregation in equiaxed and columnar structures. tionally solidified equiaxed grains were isotropic, but varied

METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986--831

 1.0
0.8
E 0.6 60
vE
LI3
z
0.4 40 c.9
N
O9
o -- >- Z
cD
Z 9 TRANSVERSEGRAINSIZE XO.
<t (COLUMNARINGOT) ~'0 ~f.~
0,2 O3
[1/ 9 SECONDARYDENDRITEARM SPACING
(_9 (COLUMNAR INGOT) Z
O
o
I I I I I ]
LLI
0.0 I i I I i ' ~ =~ 0 O3
0.1 I.O I0.0
COOLING RATE (K sect I)
Fig. 14--Comparison of grain size and secondary dendrite ann spacing.

with the distance from the ingot chill face. The 0.2 pct
offset yield stress of A1-4 wt pct Cu-0.2 wt pct Ti alloy is
represented as a function of the grain size, d (mm), the
solute content, Co (wt pct), and the local solute content, C
(wt pct), by
Oy : [(15.7 -~- 22.6 CO) + (1.24 + 1.04 C0)d-v2]
+ [15.7 a c ] ,
where AC is (C - Co). The first term on the right side is the
yield strength of a homogeneous alloy with the same solute
content as the matrix of the as-cast alloy. The second term
accounts for macrosegregation in the ingot.
The equiaxed structure exhibits inverse segregation simi-
lar to that in the columnar structure solidified under the same
conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Mr. Naresh Raut, Mr. John Van
Dorp, and Mr. Don Mardis for their technical assistance.
Thanks are also due to the Aluminum Company of Canada
who provided the aluminum for the study. The financial
support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada is also gratefully acknowledged. One of
the authors (H. Kato) is grateful to Professor K. Yoshikawa,
Saitama University, and the Japanese Ministry of Education
for providing the opportunity to stay at the University of
Manitoba.
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832--VOLUME 17A, MAY 1986 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A