Calculation of Formation Temperature Disturbances Caused

by Mud Circulation
M. J. EDWARDSON
MEMBER A/ME
H. M. GIRNER
H. R. PARKISON SHELL DEVELOPMENT co.'

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MEMBER A/ME HOUSTON, TEX.
C. D. WILLIAMS
C. S. MATTHEWS
MEMBER A/ME

ABSTRACT due only to conductivity and (3) vertical heat flow in

Quantitative interpretation of electric logs requires
knowledge of formation temperature. In this paper, meth-
ods are developed for computing changes in jormation
temperature caused by circulation of mud during drilling
operations. The basis of the method is the mathematical
solution of the differential equation oj heat conduction.
The solution of this equation is presented in a series oj
graphs. These graphs are used to determine formation
temperature disturbance at various radii for arbitrary mud
circulation histories. Example comparisons with field re-
sults show reasonable agreement. It is concluded that, in
general, the temperature disturbances caused by circulating
mud are small beyond 10ft from the wellbore but are
quite significant near the wellbore.
INTRODUCTION
Quantitative interpretation of electric logs requires
knowledge of the formation temperature in order to estab-
lish the resistivity of the formation water with accuracy.
To determine the formation temperature, the temperature
disturbances produced by circulating drilling mud must
be evaluated. The objective of this investigation was to
develop a method for the numerical determination of
these temperature disturbances at any distance from the
wellbore as a function of time.
The first step was to solve the differential equation de-
scribing the temperature behavior in the formation dur-
ing and after mud circulation. This solution was used to
calculate a series of curves relating temperature disturb-
ance to shut-in time for various circulating periods. An
"exact" method for computing formation temperatures
with the use of these temperature-disturbance plots is de-
scribed, and the results of an application of this method
to a well in Montana are presented. Procedures for ap-
proximating formation temperatures are also discussed.
BASIC EQUATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
the formation is zero, the temperature distribution around
a well bore is defined by the following differential equa-
tion:
aOT 1 aT cpp aT
-
or'+ r-or- =K- ot'
- (1)
where T = temperature,
r = radius,
C p = specific heat capacity of formation rock,
p = density of formation rock,
K = thermal conductivity of formation rock,
and
t = time.
In terms of dimensionless time tD = Ktlcppr'." and
dimensionless radius rD = rlr." the constants in Eq. 1
disappear, and it becomes
a'T 1 aT
- +-
or'D
-
rDorD
(2)
Other simplifying assumptions made in the treatment
of the temperature problem are as follows.
1. The formation can be treated as though it is radially
infinite and homogeneous in extent, as regards heat flow.
2. The presence of mud cake can be disregarded.
3. The effect of heat generated by bit action is negligi-
ble.
4. After mud circulation ceases, the rate of radial heat
flow at the well bore is negligible and is assumed zero for
purposes of calculating temperature change with time.
These assumptions are believed to be reasonable be-
cause of the agreement achieved between calculated and
measured borehole temperature in a well, to be discussed
later. Further, the agreement at the wellbore indicates
that temperatures in the formation were also approximately
correct, since it is the formation temperatures that deter-
mine well bore temperature after ceasing circulations.

With the assumptions that (1) cylindrical symmetry

exists, with the borehole as the axis, (2) heat flow is SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
AND ITS APPLICATION
Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum Engineers office
Aug. 7, 1961. Revised manuscript received Dec. 8, 1961. Paper presented The solution of Eq. 2 for the temperature behavior
at 36th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE, Oct. 8-11, 1961, in Dallas.
. *All five authors were affiliated with Shell Development Co. at the during and after a single period of mud circulation is
tIme the research reported in this paper was conducted For present
company affiliations, see author sketches on page 397. . 2References given at end of paper.
SPE 124
416
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
 tlT(rD' t)
tlT (0) = q(O)P(rD' tD) + "!8 q (tDn) P(rv,tv - tvn ) . (3)
as shown in Appendix A. This equation expresses the
temperature change .tlT(rD, t) at radius r D and at time t
in terms of the initial temperature disturbance caused by
the mud, tlT(O), and the known functions P(rD' tD) and
q(tD)' The quantity q(tD) is the rate of heat flow into
the wellbore when the temperature drop at the wellbore
is held constant. The function P(rD' tD) is the temperature
disturbance at a radius r D, and at time tD if the rate of
heat flow at the wellbore is constant. The advantage of
the form of the solution given in Eq. 3 is that the func-
tions q(tD) and P(rv, tv) are already known and tabulated.
Thus computations could be made at once using Eq. 3 by
simply looking up these values (see Appendix E) and
substituting into Eq. 3.
Using Eq. 3, computations of tlT(rD' tD) I tlT(O) were
carrried out for various circulating times, over the range
of dimensionless radii rD in which the temperature dis-
turbances are of appreciable magnitude. The method of
computation is discussed in Appendix B.
From these results, a series of curves of dimension-
less temperature disturbance vs log [(t- tk)lt] are con-
structed, where t is total time including circulation time
and (t - tk) is time after circulation ceased. These curves,
which are contained in Appendix D, can be used to deter-
mine the formation temperature disturbance tlT(rD, t)
caused by a particular period of circulation tk and a par-
ticular bore-face temperature change at the start of the
circulation period, tlT(O). Although the curves in Appen-
dix D are calculated for tD = OAt based on "average"
formation thermal properties and a well bore radius of
0.328 ft, they can be adapted to other conditions by
simply replacing the values of tk on the graphs with values
corresponding to the new set of conditions. For instance,
should the case arise in which tD = 0.2t, the curve for
tk = 4.8 hours would be redesignated t'. = 9.6 hours.
DESCRIPTION OF THE "EXACT" METHOD OF
CALCULATING TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCE
This section describes an accurate, though time-con-
suming, method for calculating temperature disturbances.
This is called the "exact" method. The reader who is
interested only in learning how to make an approxima-
tion of the formation temperature can omit this section,
as well as the next.
At any specific depth in the well, the total formation
temperature disturbance caused by any mud circulation
history is derived by adding the disturbances caused by
each of the individual periods of circulation. The tem-
perature disturbance tlT(rD' t) resulting from each cir-
culation period can be determined with the use of the
plots of tlT(rD, t) ItlT(O) vs log [(t - tk) It]. To use the
plots, the ratio (t - t.) It and tlT(O) must be com-
puted. The circulation time t. and shut-in time (t - t.)
can be read for each circulation period from the well
circulation history. The most difficult thing to determine
is bore-face temperature change at the start of a circula-
tion period .tlT(O) , since this temperature has been dis-
turbed by prior circulation periods. The residual effects
of prior circulation periods are shown on Fig. 1, which
schematically portrays the theoretical bore-face tempera-
ture-disturbance history resulting from three circulation
periods (I, II and III). In between these circulation
APRIL, 1962
periods, the mud temperature approaches the formatIOn
temperature; thus, the temperature disturbance decreases,
as shown. The disturbance increases as a new circulation
period begins, as at the beginning of circulation Period II.
Strictly speaking, the temperature disturbance will not
remain constant during Period I but, rather, will decrease
slightly as the well is drilled deeper and the mud which
rises in the annulus becomes hotter. The change in mud
temperature at a given depth will be of the order of 1 °
to 2°F1100 ft drilled. To simplify the already complex
computations, this slow change is disregarded during
Period I and .tlT(O) is assumed to apply during that
entire period, as shown in Fig. 1. However, the slow
change is taken into account approximately by using the
correct annulus mud temperature and, thus, the correct
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value for tlT(O) at the start of each new circulation
period. Thus, the value of mud column temperature at
start of Period II, (T .. ,hr used in plotting Fig. 1, is
slightly greater than the value of mud column tempera-
ture at start of Period I, (T .. , h, because the well was
drilled deeper after the beginning of Period I. The dif-
ference is only about 1°F because the well had only been
drilled about 100 ft during circulation Period I. Because
of the fact that (T .. ,)u > (T mJ r, the reader will note in
Fig. 1 that
tlT(O)r > .tlT(Ohr + tlT(22)r
and that it is greater by about 1°F.
The additional temperature change which occurs at
the beginning of Period II, .tlT(O)rr, is assumed to persist
unchanged throughout Period II. As noted on Fig. 1, this
has the effect of causing the total bore-face temperature
disturbance to decrease during Period II. This gives the
same effect as does deeper drilling and hotter annular
mud temperature. In fact, it usually over-compensates
for the rise in annulus mud temperature as the well is
drilled deeper. In examples we have computed, however,
the assumption that the additional temperature disturb-
ance which occurs at the start of a period persists
throughout that period caused an average error of only
0
---1----
10
20
T
...E
6T(22)I
,. ,. ,..-
30
40 ~
TEN HOURS AFTER CIRCULATION
50
60
70
1 1
~ ~
CIRCULATION PERIODS
~
CEASED IN PERIOD m • I liT· •
IITI65l, + 1IT(431. + 1IT(2?lm
80
90
LEGEND
100 liT = BORE-FACE TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCE, 'F
(Tflj • UNDI·STURBED FORMATION TEMPERATURE, 'F
Tmc CIRCULATING MUD TEMPERATURE, -F
110 IS
TIME, HRS
FIG. l-THEORETICAI. BORE-FACE TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCE
AT A GIVEN DEPTH.
417
about 2°F out of about a 70°F differential. This error
has been disregarded.
The reader should note that the correct value for
total temperature disturbance is used at the start of each
period. Thus, the value of boT( 0) III is chosen in such a
manner as to make the total temperature disturbance
correct at the beginning of Period III. This is true for
every circulation period, and because of this feature no
large errors are allowed to build up, even though the
temperature at the end of each period is slightly incorrect.
The curved, dashed lines indicate the residual tempera-
ture disturbance caused by each period of mud circula-
tion. For instance, at the beginning of circulation Period
III, the residual effects of Periods I and II are boT( 45) I
from the first period at the beginning of each subsequent
circulation period with the aid of the dimensionless-temper-
ature-disturbance curves. Thus, compute boT (22 hours)"
b.T(45 hours)r and b.T(65 hours)r, as shown in Fig. 1.
3. Subtract the computed boT(t) resulting from the
first circulation period from [( T t ), - T mJu for the sec-
ond circulation period to obtain boT(O)u, as shown in
Fig. 1. Then compute the temperature effect of the sec-
ond circulation at the beginning of all subsequent circu-
lation periods, such as b.T( 23) II.
4. Immediately prior to the beginning of the third
circulation period, sum the total bore-face temperature
disturbanoes resulting from the two previous circulations.
Subtract the sum of these residual temperature disturb-

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and boT(23 hI, respectively. The quantity boT( 45) I can be
read as "the temperature disturbance caused 45 hours
after the beginning of circulation Period I". The instan-
taneous temperature changeboT(O)m is the difference in
the undisturbed formation temperature and the circulating
mud temperature, [(T t ); - T m ,][!1, less the sum of.boT(45),
and boT(23}". In order to determine boT(Ohu and to utilize
the dimensionless-temperature-disturbance curves in Ap-
pendix D, the undisturbed formation temperature and the
following well information must be known: (1) the com-
plete circulation history after the particular formation
interval of interest was reached in driIIing; and (2) the
circulating mud temperature in the annulus opposite the
depth of interest.
As mentioned, the circulating mud temperature in the
annulus does not remain constant at a specific depth but,
rather, changes as the well is drilled deeper. It is assumed
that at any particular time the circulating mud tempera-
ture Tmc at any point in the annular mud column D can
be expressed as
T"" = a" + a,D + a,D' . (4)
where a", a, and a, are constants. Circulating annular
mud temperatures are discussed in greater detail in Ap-
pendix C. The undisturbed formation temperature (T,),
can be estimated from an equation in the form
(T t ), = bn + b,D, (5)
where b o = local "normal" formation temperature at sur-
face, and
b, = local geothermal gradient.
Values of the difference in undisturbed formation tempera-
ture and circulating mud temperature, (T,); - T"", can
then be computed.
The most time-consuming phase of the "exact" calcula-
tion procedure is the evaluation of boT(O) for each cir-
culation period. As shown previously, the value of boT(O)
for each circulation period subsequent to the first is a
function of the residual temperature disturbances result-
ances from [(TtL - T",]m to obtain boT(Oh). Then
compute the residual temperature disturbance resulting
from this circulation period at the start of each subsequent
circulation period.
5. Continue this step-wise process until values of b.T(O)
have been computed for each circulation period.
Once boT(O) has been computed for each circulation
period, the formation temperature disturbance at various
radii around the well bore resulting from each circulation
can be determined at any time with the aid of the dimen-
sionless-temperature-disturbance curves in Appendix D.
Summing the effects of the individual circulation periods
yields the total temperature disturbance at the various
radii.
EXAMPLE APPLICATION
OF '"EXACT" METHOD FOR DETERMINING
TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES
The dimensionless-tern perature-disturbance curves in Ap-
pendix D were used to compute formation temperatures
for a well in Montana. Circulation history, drilling depth
and mud discharge temperature were available on the
well. The local undisturbed formation temperature (OF)
as a function of depth was estimated from (T t ); = 85 +
0.0145D. Estimates of bottom-hole circulating tempera-
tures were obtained from API data" (Fig. 2). These data
provided a basis for estimating circulating mud tempera-
tures (Fig. 3) and the difference between the equilibrium
360
340
1..-
320
V
300
,/
o,~Q /
280
..y
0' /
~

ing from all prior circulation periods since drilling past

260
,,'<-9- V
1.&.1
a:
:>
240
&'7
¢- 1/
~l API RP lOB
this depth, as well as a function of (T t ); - Tn". The ~ 220 ~~ 5th EDITION-
::; ~ VMAy,I956 TABLE 5

.
.~.v
residual bore-face temperature disturbances at the begin- .. 200
ning of each circulation period are determined by utilizing OJ
t- 18 0
~,~ ~~~ <.,,~
the dimensionless-temperature-change curves in Appendix .f¥' <. '<-~/
~I(" ~
D. The procedure for calculating boT(O) values is as fol- 1.9'
16Of-- t--:;·s'v

<.O~
,+0
...G~
<.~
14 00<' sc>\~
~<.\"G,,~N
0[7
lows.
12 0 ~ ~...~<. I HALLIBURTON
1. Compute (T,); - T"" at the beginning of each cir- 011 1~"~ -'I

i sur'
(POSMIX CEMENT DATA BOOKl
100 U
culation period. 0
1o\

7 9 II 13 15 17 19
2. Since boT(Oh is equal to [(T,); - 1'",,]) for the first DEPTH X 10-\ FT

circulation period, compute the boT(t) for rD = 1 resulting FIG. 2-AVERAGE TEMPERATURE DATA FOR GULF COAST WELLS.

418 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

 o I

I ~ '\ ~ '\
f"'. \ ,\ \ I\.. >0 ::......
" "-~I'"
~
\ ...
t
~. 4
,,~
!:1 '" ~ \
-,.....,
.. 4

'2 5
~ ["'-.... 0-9/((1,-/
"""- ~~~
60 G lJ

~I
'2 x .........
I--.
x 5 ">j-oo -"«. .:g...
:r 6 800~!:""
"',.
:r !i=''' (",0
NQ", "-

°tr ~
9<'0
~ 7
~'--
6
o .,O'/- _tl ,,~ '1'/"+
.ft.o~ I:-.
CIRCULATING 0' ~4,. 0-9+ ..........
_MUD _ _ 4",
9
TEMPERATURE
7 "-9~ 0",!---

1~5O
9

-40 -30 -20 - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1 1 1 EQUILIBRIUM FORMATION TEMPERATURE
10eo 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 IGO 170 180 190 200 210 220 MINUS CIRCULATING MUD TEMPERATURE, OF
TEMPERATURE, of
FIG. 4--ESTIMATED DIFFERENCE IN EQUILIBRIUM FORMATION AND
FIG. 3-EsTI~IATED EQUILIBRIUM FORMATIOi\ AND CIRCULATI:'iG
CIRCULATING-MUD TEMPERATURE, MONTANA WELL.
MUD TEMPERATURE, MONTANA WELL.

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500 0 5000 0

formation temperature and circulating mud temperature

(Fig. 4). 0 6000 0
\
.~
A comparison of the calculated bore-face temperatures
with mud-column temperatures measured 4.8, 9.6 and 700 0
~ 7000 0

~
I
19 hours after mud circulation had ceased at total depth 1\
(9,222 ft) is shown in Fig. 5. Generally, the discrepancy
between observed mud-column temperature and calculated
o i 1 I-

I
80eo '00O-j--

~ r-
°IT
9000 0

bore-face temperature is less than 5°F. Agreement is SURVEY ~ I SURVEY

tll • !9 HR AT 9222 FT
m
judged to be satisfactory for present purposes. The fact 10,00 0
lit ~ 4.8 HR AT 9222 FT
10,000
160 200
10,00 0
160 '"0 200

that bottom-hole circulating temperatures were estimated TEMPERATURE, OF TEMPERATURE, OF TEMPERATURE, OF

from Gulf Coast data (Fig. 2) leaves much to be desired. LEGEND

061- TIME AFTER CIRCuLATION CEASED

The accuracy of this method would be much greater -

•
OBSERVED MUD TEMPERATURE
CALCULATED BORE-FACE TEMPERATURE

with more accurate circulating-mud-temperature data. FIG. 5-COMPARISON OF OBSERVED MUD TEMPERATURE AND
Table 1 is a summary tabulation of the circulation his- CALCULATED BORE-FACE TEMPERATURE, MONTANA WELL.

tory and calculated resultant temperature disturbances for

various radii at 8,812 ft for the example well shortly after shut-in time of 4.8 hours ranged from 12° to 33°F in
a total depth of 9,222 ft was reached. The contribution of the depth range investigated.
each of the several circulation periods to the total tem-
perature disturbance can be seem from this table. The APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR
relative influence of the last circulation period is quite DETERMINING TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES
prominent at and near the wellbore; however, this prom-
inence decreases with increased distance from the well. If an approximation of the temperature disturbances
The radial temperature disturbances at 9,184, 8,812 and will serve the purposes of a particular situation, the calcu-
6,180 ft computed for shut-in times of 4.8, 9.6 arid 19 lations can be greatly reduced.
hours after total depth is reached are shown in Fig. 6. The APPROXIMATION OF BORE-FACE TEMPERATURES
temperature disturbances are 1°F, or less, at a distance A few hours will usually elapse between the time of
of 10 ft (rn ~ 30) from the wellbore. At a distance ceasing mud circulation and time of logging. During this
of 5 ft from the well bore (rn ~ 15), the temperature
period, the mud-column temperatures appear to change
disturbance approximates 5°F for the depth interval 8,812-
6,180 ft. Beyond 3 ft from the wellbore (r/J ~ 10), there rapidly from the shape shown in Fig. 3 and to become
is very little difference between the temperatures at 4.8 fairly linear with depth, except near total depth. Therefore,
and 19 hours after circulation ceased; however, tem- an approximation of the bore-face temperatures in a well
peratures near the bore face are much more sensitive to in which mud circulation is closed-in can be made by the
shut-in time. Bore-face temperature disturbances for a method illustrated by Fig. 7.

TABLE l-SUMMARY TABULATION, CIRCULATION HISTORY AND CALCULATED RESULTANT TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES AT 8,812 FT, MONTANA WEll
Calculated Resultant Temperature Disturbance at Various Dimensionless
Drilling Ci rcu loti ng Radii 4.8 Hours after Mud Circulation Ceased at Total Depth 9,222 ft {OF}
Depth Interval Circulation Time o:;T(O)
(ft) Period (a) (hours)lk (bl (cl ~ fD = 1 Tn = 2 Tn = 3 TD = 5 ,rD = 10 rD = 20 rD = 30
8812-8949 1 0 '17.3 79 0 79 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.1 0.7 0.2
8949·8997 2 21.7 8.5 77 36.1 40.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.2 0
8997-9021 3 45.0 6.7 76 21.4 54.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.2 0
9021 4 64.8 4.3 76 23.4 52.6 1.2 1.2 ·1.0 0.9 0.8 0.1 0
9021-9099 5 85.0 13.0 75 21.1 53.9 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.5 1.7 0.2 0
9099-9184 6 103.0 18.3 73 37.2 35.8 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.7 1.4 0.1 0
9184-9200 7 136.0 4.0 72 26.3 45.7 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.6 0.7 0 0
9200 3 151.5 3.0 72 27.0 45.0 2.4 2.4 2.3 1.6 0.5 0 0
9200-9222 9 180.5 5.0 72 22.1 49.8 15.2 13.4 9.5 3.1 0.1 0 0
Sum of Temperature Disturbances at 8,812 ft Resulting from All Circulation Periods (OF) 32.8 30.8 25.8 17.1 8.9 1.5 0.2
(a) Cumulative time of exposure to mud at beginning of circulation period (hours).
(b) Equilibrium formation temperature minus circulating mud temperature (OF).
{el Sum of residual temperature disturbances resulting from prior circulation periods {OF}.

APRIL, 1962 419

 According to this method, two maximum-recording 4. Draw Lines BA and AXS.
thermometers are run during logging-one at total depth
The approximate bore-face temperatures are compared
and one some 200- to 300-ft higher. The calculation pro-
with corresponding measured mud-column temperatures
cedure is as follows.
in Pig. 9. In this particular example, the maximum dif-
1. Determine depth of Point X, Dx from Pig. 8. Plot ference between the computed and measured values is less
Point X. than SOp, except near the surface, where the mud-column
2. Plot Point B (at total depth). Use mud temperature temperatures show the influence of filling the hole as the
from maximum-recording thermometer run at total depth drill pipe was pulled.
during logging.
APPROXIMATION OF RADIAL FORMATION
3. Plot Point A using temperature from second ther- TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES
mometer run about 200-ft above Point B. If only the The radial formation temperatures can be approximated
thermometer at total depth was used, plot Point A at a by treating the total time of exposure to drilling mud as
temperature 7°P less than Point B (this is an average a single cycle of circulation and shut-in. The circulation
figure based on experience). period is assumed to be the sum of the individual periods
of circulation. The disturbance at the end of the shut-in

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4. Draw Line AX and extend to surface.
5. Draw Line AB. period is approximated as the average of the disturbances
after shut-in times equal to (1) the sum of the individual
Line BAXS is the approximation of the bore-face tem- shut-in periods and (2) the last shut-in period. Suppose,
peratures at the time of logging. Note that this is a good for instance, that 250 hours, of which 136 hours are actual
approximation only if there has been no mud circulation circulation time, have elapsed between the time of drilling
for a few hours prior to logging. past the point of interest and the time of ceasing mud
Computations for the example in Pig. 7 are as follows. circulation for logging. Also, suppose that the radial tem-
Given: mud temperature at total depth of 9,222 ft perature distribution at 10 hours after the end of the last
183°P (Point B); (Tf ), = 85 + 0.0145D.
1. Dx = 5,100 ft, from Pig. 8. Plot Point X.
0
2. Plot Point B at 183 °P, 9,222 ft.
3. Choose DA = 9,000 ft. Plot Point A at 183° - 7°
I ~ _J '\ SHUT~ IN TIME' 51R

176°P, since only one thermometer was run. 2

f"-,
,~+- rrLRcJLATIING ~UD
tEMP1RATLRE

--
EQUAL TO FORMATION
3 -~f---I- TEMPERATURE

• EQUILIBRIUM 1---, "~

I'-- 1\
1/
1/·
--~-
/"
5
FORMATI.ON TEMPERATURE ~~V
V I x~
..-/,.,
I \
It
I DEPTH: 9[84 FT
7

8
APPROXIMATION OF BORE-FACE
1 TEMPERATURE <...-: """ "'-
I
9
I I~ ""-
'" I
foB
10
80 90 100 1[0 120 130 140 150 [60 170 180 190 200 2tO 220
10 15 20 25 30 35 TEMPERATURE, OF
DIMENSIONLESS RADIUS, rO = rlrw
FIG. 7-ApPROXIMATION FOR BORE-FACE TEMPERATURES,
L-- MONTANA WELL.

.J--'
/ 10
A' 9
.I
/~'
/1
1
DEPTH I: 8812 FT

8
7
" 10
/
15 20 25 30 35 7
DIMENSIONLESS RADIUS, r 0:1 r Ir w
I-
U- ./
V
6
V
~
z
5

..4"
j--- '"
I
0 5
./
~
:;;
Q
10

I5
;:-;,
x
)(
4
V
/V
~ 2
:; 25
0
DEPTH a 6180 FT
0
3
V
ffi V
~ 3
0
2
3 50 10 15 20 30 35
BASIS: GULF COAST DATA

At
DIMENSIONLESS RADIUS, rO

I:
LEGEND
I:

TIME AFTER CIRCULATION CEASED

r/r.
(F1Gr E rAiD EiuATioN (i -5,
-l1t-19HR
._.- t.t • 9.6 HR
6 7 8 9 10 /I 12 13 14 15
-3
- - - At • 4.8 HP. TOTAL DEPTH, DT X 10 ,FT
FIG. 6-RADIAL TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES AT VARlOlJS FIG. 8-DEPTH OF INTERSECTION OF CIRCULATING-MUD AND
DEPTHS, MONTANA WELL. FORMATION TEMPERATURE CURVES.

420 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

circulation period is desired. The total time of exposure of the disturbed formation temperatures, particularly in
to drilling mud is then 260 hours. The approximate tem- the bottom one-third of the hole. Fig. 10 illustrates an
perature distribution is determined by averaging the effects application of this method of approximation for the radial
of a 136-hour circulation period at 124 and at 10 hours temperature disturbances at 8,522 ft in the example well in
after circulation ceases. Montana, and Fig. 11 shows that the approximate radial
An outline of the calculation procedure follows. temperature disturbances agree closely with those calculated
by the "exact" method.
1. Determine t (the total time lapse since drilling past
the depth of interest) and tk (the sum of the individual The numerical computations involved in this example
periods of circulation). Calculate the ratio (t - t.) It. approximation are as follows.
2. Determine the average mud circulating temperature 1. From the circulation history,
(T me).vg at the depth of interest, D, from* t = 250 hours + 10 hours = 260 hours,
(Tme).vg = (BHT)D + O.OI(D T - D) tk = 136 hours,
where (BHT) D = bottom-hole circulating temperature at (t - t k ) It = 0.48.
depth D, and 2. (Tme).vg = 130 + 0.01(9,222 - 8,522) = 137°F.

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DT = total depth. 3. ~T(O) = 209 - 137 = nOF.
3. Calculate (T,), - (Tme)avg. This temperature dif- 4. From Appendix D, after 124-hour shut-in time (OF),
ference is ~T(O) on the graphs in Appendix D. for
4. With the values of t k , (t - t.)lt and ~T(O) com- rD = 3 5 10 20 30
puted in Steps 1 and 3, determine the resultant tempera- ~T(rD,t) = 11.9 11.7 11.1 8.4 3.2 0.8.
ture disturbances at various radii, ~T(rD,t), with the aid 5. t = 136 hours + 10 hours = 146 hours,
of the graphs in Appendix D.
t. = 136 hours,
5. Now let the total time t equal the value of tk found
(t - t.)/t = 0.069.
in Step 1 plus the actual shut-in time since circulation
ceased in the last period of the circulation history. Cal- 6. From Appendix D, after 1O-hour shut-in time CF),
culate the new ratio (t - t.) It. for
6. With the .~T(O) determined in Step 3 and the new rD = 3 5 10 20 30
ratio of (t - t k ) It, determine another set of ~T(rD,t) ~T(rD,t) = 37.4 33.6 26.3 11.5 1.7 O.
values resulting from a circulation period of duration t k • 7. Average ~T(rD,t) values (OF), for
7. Average the corresponding ~T(rD,t) values determined rD = 1 3 5 10 20 30
in Steps 4 and 6. These average values will approximate ~T(rD,t) = 24.6 22.6 18.7 10.0 2.4 0.4.
the true temperature disturbance.
8. Compute the disturbed formation temperatures, (T t ) i CONCLUSIONS
- ~T(rD,t) avg.
1. The temperature disturbances in a formation caused
This procedure should give a reasonable approximation

"This approximating equation was derived from graphs of the type

~
DISTURBANCE AFTER
shown in Fig. 3. 124 HR SHUT-IN TIME
W ---
~ 10 ... .

or------.-------------------------, ~ 0- 0-- - - / / I

c 201----79-+-· 'A.PPROXIMATlON OF ACTUAL TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCE,

,
\
\
\
130~---7+-~--~-----~i----a-f~·I-'O-H--R---r----~----~
~ ••/ DISTURBANCE AFTER SHUT-IN TIME
\
\ I- •• / '
\
\
\ DIMENSIONLESS RADIUS, '0 = r trw
\
\
\ c: APPROXIMATION OF
FIG. 10--ApPROXIMATION OF RADIAL TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES
~~ BORE-FACE TEMPERATURES
AT 8,522 FT, MONTANA WELL.
~ ,
~

\
.
o
OBSERVED

---
COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE AND "EXACT" RADIAL
.
;: TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES AT 8~22 FEET

.'ExlCT";;ETHoJ ~
'"o 6

10

20
,/
J~~
(APPROXIMATE METHOD
.-
l!.t = 5 HR
30
.o.t=1O HR

180 190 10 I 20 25 30 35
TEMPERATURE, OF DIMENSIONLESS RADIUS, 'D '= r/r w

FIG. 9-COMPARISON OF ORSERVED MUD TEMPERATURE AND FIG. ll-COMPARISON OF ApPROXIMATE AND "EXACT" RADIAL
ApPROXIMATE BORE·FACE TEMPERATURE, MONTANA WELL. TEMPERATURE DISTURBANCES AT 8,522 FT, MONTANA WELL.

APRIL, 1962 421

by circulating mud can be computed from a knowledge
of the formation thermal properties, wellbore diameter,
circulating mud temperature and undisturbed formation
temperatures.
2. Additional knowledge pertaining to circulating mud-
column temperatures will improve the accuracy of the
calculated temperatures.
3. In general, the temperature disturbances caused by
circulating mud are small beyond 10 ft from the wellbore.
Further, the magnitude of the temperature disturbances is
significant as regards electric logging only within 5 ft of
the borehole.
NOMENCLATURE
6. "Recommended Practice for Testing Oil·Well Cements", RP
lOB, API, Fifth Ed. (May, 1956).
7. Posmix Cement Data Book, Halliburton Co., Duncan, Okla.
8. Mortada, M.: "A Practical Method for Treating Oilfield Inter·
ference in Water·Drive Reservoirs", Trans., AIME (1955)
204,217.
APPENDIX A
SOLUTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The solution to the general case in which both temper-
ature and heat flow rate at the wellbore vary with time
during mud circulation can be derived from two special-
case solutions which will be given in this Appendix.
CONSTANT·TERMINAL· TEMPERATURE CASE

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A = 1/2nKh, a constant, (hours) CF)/Btu
For this case, at time zero the temperature difference
B = 27rcp pr2 wh, a constant, Btuj"F
at the borehole face (rD = 1) is raised instantaneously
Cp = specific heat capacity, Btu/(Ib) (OF), from zero to some value and is maintained at this value
D = depth, ft throughout circulation. Under these conditions, it can
DT = total depth be shown in a manner analogous to that of van Everdingen
Dx = depth of intersection of circulating-mud and
and Hurst' that the cumulative heat influx into the well-
formation-temperature curves bore is given by
Q(t) = Bt.T(O)Q(tD) (A-I)
h = height, ft
K = thermal conductivity, Btu/(hours) (ft) (OF) where B = 27rcp pr'",h and Q(tD) is the dimensionless
cumulative heat flow into the wellbore resulting from a
P(rD,tlJ ) = dimensionless-tern perature-drop function per
unit dimensionless temperature drop. This is numerically
unit rate of heat flow the same as the Q, function tabulated in Ref. 1. An
P'(rD,tD) = derivative of P(rD,tD) with respect to tv equation for Q(tD) is given in Appendix E.
q = heat flow rate, Btu/hour
CONSTANT·TERMINAL·RATE CASE
Q = cumulative heat flow; Btu For this case, at time zero the rate of heat flow at the
q(tD) = dimensionless heat flow rate into well bore re- borehole face (rD = 1) is raised instantaneously from zero
sulting from a unit temperature drop to some value q(O) and is maintained at this value through-
Q(tJ) = dimensionless cumulative heat flow into well- out circulation. The temperature disturbance at the bore-
bore resulting from a unit temperature drop hole face is given by
r = radius, ft t.T(t) = Aq(O)P(tD) (A-2)
rD = r/r"., dimensionless radius where A = I/27rKh; the function P(tn) is tabulated in Ref.
r w = wellbore radius, ft 1. The temperature disturbance in the formation is given
t = time, hours by
tn = Kt/cppr'"" dimensionless time (A-3)
tk = circulating time, hours The function P(rD,fD) is tabulated in Ref. 8 and in Ap-
T = temperature, OF pendix E.
(T f ) i = undisturbed formation temperature (at r = (0), If the rate of heat flow varies with time, application
OF of the principle of superposition to Eq. A-3 gives
tl!
T me = circulating mud temperature, OF
t.T(r/J,t) = difference between undisturbed formation tem-
perature and actual temperature at time t and
t.T(rJ),t) = Aq(O)P(rD,t,,)

oq(t') d tn.
'
+A
(A-4)
fo
P(rn,tj) - t',,)

dimensionless radius rD , OF -,,-,-

ut D
t.T(O) = difference between undisturbed formation tem-
wheret.T(rD,tD) is the temperature drop at a radius I'D
perature and actual temperature at t = 0 and
and at time tD' Eq. A-4 can be approximated as
rD = 1, OF
P = density, lb/cu ft
t.T(rD,t) = Aq(O)P(rD,tD) + A~8q(t,,)P(rD,tD - I D,,)
n
(A-5)
REFERENCES where tD :> t D ,,, and 8q(t,,) = q(t,,) - q(t,,-l)' Substitution
1. van Everdingen, A. F. and Hurst, W.: "The Application of the of
Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems in Reservoirs",
Trans., AIME (1949) 186, 305.
t.T(O)q(tD) = Aq(l), (A-6)

2. Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. c.: Conduction of Heat in Solids,

The Clarendon Press, Oxford U. (1947).
3. Somerton, W. H.: "Some Thermal Characteristics of Porous
Rocks", Trans., AIM'E (1958) 213, 365.
4. Ingersoll, L. R., Zobel, O. J. and Ingersoll, A. c.: Heat Con·
duction, U. Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisc. (1954).
5. Zierfuss, H. and van der Vliet, G.: "Laboratory Measurements
of Heat Conductivity of Sedimentary Rocks", Bull., AAPG
(1956) 40, No. 10, 2475.
which is obtained by differentiation of Eq. A-I, leads to
Eq. 3 of the text.
APPENDIX B
APPLICATION OF THE EQUATIONS
The temperature behavior during and after mud cir-
culation is calculated from Eq. 3 of the text. To overcome

422 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

the difficulty that the rate of heat flow is infinite at time where BHT = bottom-hole circulating mud temperature
zero [q(O) = 00], the actual values of q(tD) as obtained (OF). These three equations can be solved for the three
from equations in Appendix E are approximated by a unknowns a" a, and Dx.
series of step functions. This allows a finite value ofq(tD) To use this solution it is ordinarily necessary to estimate
to be used in each step, including that at time zero. The values of BHT from an existing correlation, such as Fig.
values of q(tv) are chosen such that the cumulative heat 2. Very little data are available on circulating mud tem-
flux, as calculated from J (j(tD ) dtn , gives the correct perature.
value for cumulative heat flux Q(tD ) as given in Appendix The depth D x at which the circulating-mud temperature
E. Thus, although the initial rate of heat flow is slightly curve intersects the undisturbed-formation temperature
low at time zero (it should be infinite), the correct total curve can be determined from
cumulative heat flux is used.
BHT - a o ]D,x b ,D T -r'2 (a - bo)]DJ
The effects of approximating q(tD) in this manner were [ 2b, -- DT
- [ o
checked by a more accurate mathematical procedure,
which is based on integration of Eq. A-4 by parts and use + (a o - ho)DT = O. . (C-5)

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of Eq. A-6 to give
Fig. 3 shows estimated circulating annular mud-column
~T(rD,t)
-tJ,T(O) =
f qt"( t D)P (r/),I/) -
I I I
t /)
d
t
I
/J (B-1 )
temperatures corresponding to various drilling depths for a
specific well.
o
If mud-discharge temperature data are unavailable, esti-
The integrand becomes infinite at both limits of integra- mates can be made from information published by Halli-
tion. This difficulty was overcome by (1) dividing the inter- burton' (see Fig. 2).
val of integration into two parts, (2) integrating repeatedly
by parts and (3) evaluating the resulting expressions by
polynomial approximations for q(tll) and pI (//). APPENDIX D
Some results obtained using this method showed that DIMENSIONLESS TEMPERATURE CHANGE AS A
the step-function approximation method actually used was FUNCTION OF DIMENSIONLESS SHUT-IN TIME
in error by less than 1 of after shut-in. This is quite satis-
factory for present purposes. The approximation used be- , ,
comes more accurate the longer the flow and shut-in
periods. ~""'~ ~'
I'-..~~ ~~
..
Ik~A~1
The effect of stopping mud circulation at time If) is
simulated by superposing a negative value of q(tD) on
, ""
~ '::;?z~~""-
""'-
, SOHA

"-;--,-
,,:J
the value of q(tn) existing at that time. This gives a zero
, "'o.~ ~
""'-"'0
, ..
'j-\

~ '' ~
"'
rate of heat flow at the well bore. Problems in pressure
~"( ~,-w

~
build-up are usually treated in this same manner. ,
~'"
~'\: ~\ ~
,

'"'"
In the application of Eq. 3, the thermal diffusivity of
the fluid-saturated formation must be known. An average , ;\ ,
value of K/cpp = 0.0431 sq ft/hr has been estimated .'\:"\ ~ ~
for limestone, sandstone and shale from various sources'-' , ._-- f-- ~ ~~ ,
by choosing K = 1.303, CII = 0.21 and p = 144. Then '\:: ~~
t--TIMES GIl/EN ARE FOR '0'041,1---_
tv = Kt/c ll pr 2", = O.4tJ.t for a welIbore radius of 0.329
'\~
FOR ANY OHlER EQUA1'ION 'o'C t

ft (TVa -in. in diameter). I t;'''L'''''k ,

\~~

APPENDIX C 0
~ 0

r0 : I

CIRCULATING MUD TEMPERATURES

IN THE ANNULUS
, ,
It is assumed that the rising annular mud-column tem- m
perature T me can be expressed as
T"" = a o + a,D + a,D' (C-1 )
. ~
k''':~
-"
" 'II , "
f-

-".-';';1
where a o = surface discharge temperature (OF), a, and a, , "~ -tl!;'2SHR
4~\iI

are constants, and D = depth (ft). This equation can be ,.~ -"\\'
evaluated by using bottom-hole drilling circulating-mud , ~~
"'~
. \

" ~
temperature data published by the API: mud-discharge
temperature measurements at the surface and the assump-
, ~~ ,
tion that
~~
T"" = (tf). = bo + b,D
, ~ ~~ ,
at some depth Dx where d(T",,)/dD = O. Therefore,
r-TIMES GIVEN ARE FOR '0'0.41, ~~
{/t+ 2a,D x = 0, (C-2) ,
FOR ANY OTHER EQUATION '0'(; I
l.. I~ 0 !O 4/C' Jl
k
~~ ,
a o + a,D x + a,D'x = bo + b,DJ (C-3 ) I '\~
and, at total depth DO', 0
0
" (I-'k) SHUT-INTI"'!
0 0
0 , . "
ao + a,D T + a,D',. BHT. (C-4) -t-:~

Al'RIL, 1962 423

 • , ,
~~ ;~ ~ 1 II
.. ~.......... r--....
TlMESGIVEN.lREfOAt
FOR ANY OTHER (QUAT ION '0' C',
I
o ,o14f

I~ , (0 4/C') 'II . ' .. 1 ill

~
.•
" ~
... -.. --- ~
~
,

I
.......
~'k
""
i"
,
"0°+",
I ,

,
., ~ II J'\.~
,,,,-,,,,
~ , I
-
,
" nilES GlYEN.IIREFORIO'O",'.
"0 ~
.. I~~~
fORAMVOTH(RfOUAT'ONIO'C!

~~
I~' (0 "Ie'] 'k
,
~~
°O.OS 0.'
(I-'k) SHUT-IN TIME " . f'\
-,-:::~

· "." '"'' '" '0' '0'0.<1 ,!+ '''''' '" " "

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t k.'SOHR-1
rOA ANY OTHER (HI"TlOli I~' c' I ,

· I -'OMit

-
')!,:(04/CJt k
, "-i
"-;

:~I~ o. , ..... r----..

"T
;:: <l
<l
"
"
I.'
r-- R:
-"'t::-
,
",
,,-
• I
~"'It

· ., ::±~
0'

°0 os o. - Pr o.
1\
'0
0

TIMES GIVEN ARE FOR '0' 0.41 • .1 I

f - - - - - - j - - - - r O R ANY OTHEI't (QUATION '0' C ,-:t-
I~' 10 4/e') 'II
o,~---~-----t---r--r~r-~~t-r;

"'-20~
<l
1'0
t _SOHA

(t-'k) SHUT-INTI"E
"""""I=~
(I-II<. J SHUT-IN TIME
-,-=~
ro =10

, ,
I II
I'ZOOOKR

,
Ii r--
., l-
,
."" ~
, ,,,,, ~~ I ,
(f-I )
k
S~UT-'It TUH
ro=20
TIMES GI~EN ARE FOR to' 0.41 ~~
-.-=~ r----- 'OI'lANVOlKEI'IEQUUION ,o.e'!
I I I ' l l ,;",-,,,'''. 1 r'Ii ,
I I I II II I ~
-I~
:;.Q OOlf---------jFOR ."y OTIIE~
filliES GIVE" AR£ FOR '0'0.41,
[OUUION '0'
I I
e +--+---r-+-.-1.11-••-j/\"'>1
I 0.01
0001
IIII
". I
" .~
~ <]- 1 1~'(M/e'ltk ~.......l '0 =10

I V~;0;
,I
..
~= S::~~~"r;~:E

t---..
~"" ~,
I
"'''''''o~%+",
.""""" ,~"
"",,"
,
<'00'0 " I
, ,
l"- i
i'- ~
· ~,,-,\
,

" TIIoIESGIVENAREFORio'OA!
~OR Arty OlllER EOUATION '0' c',
"-"''-"'\ ~~
.... '\ ,

~~
I~ '10."/<:') tk
,
"
~~
,.. f'\~

°OOOl
'" {1-tk).SHI.lT-IMTIIIE " "
-.--~

424 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

 APPENDIX E

NUMERICAL VALUES OF UNIT FUNCTIONS

TABLE E·l-EQUATIONS FOR APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL VALUE OF UNIT FUNCTIONS

Function limits

370.529JfD • 137.582t D • 5.69549t DJfD

0.01 < to < 500 0.08
328.834 + 265.488JfD • 45.2157t D • tDJfD

[
1
-2 In t D + 0.40454) [I + ~)
2t D
• .....!.-
4t D
0.01

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716.441 • 46.7984JfD • 270.038t D + 71 .~098toJt;
p' (t D) 0.01 < tD < 500 0.08
1269.86JfD. 1204.73t D + 618.618t o JfD + 538.072t~ + 142.410t~JfD

P' (t or to ~ 500 -
2t 0
I I [I
- - - In t • 0.40454
2t ~ 2 0
] 0.05

I . I 2838JfD + I. 19328t o + 0.269872t DJfD + 0.00855294t~

Q(t D) 0.01 < tD < 200 0.02
I • 0.616599JfD + 0.0413008t o

-4.29881 + 2.02566t D
Q(t 0) tD ~ 200 0.07
In tD

26.7544 + 43.5537JfD + 13.3813t D + 0.492949t DJfD

q (t D) 0.01 < tD < 200 0.01
47.4210JfD. 35'5372tD + 2.60967t oJfD

3.90086 + 2.02623t D(ln tD - I)

q(t D) t D !!. 200 0.05
t D ( In t D )"

TABLE E·2-TABLE OF P(rn, ID) VALUES

to rD :II 2 ro • 3 rD • 5 rD' 8 ro = 10 r D = 15 ro = 20 rD = 30

4000 3.8591 3.4538 2.9434 2.4746 2.2526 1.8510 1.5687 1.1785

3000 3.7155 3.3102 2.8000 2.3315 2.1099 1.7095 1.4290 1.0438
2000 3.5131 3.1079 2.5980 2.1304 1.9095 1.5117 1.2347 0.8591
1500 3.3697 2.9645 2.4550 1.9881 1.7679 1.3726 1.0991 0.7330
1000 3.1677 2.7627 2.2537 1.7885 1.5697 1.1794 0.9126 0.5647
750 3.0245 2.6197 2. 1114 1.6477 1.4303 1.0449 0.7848 0.4539
500 2.8231 2.4187 1.9115 1.4509 1.2364 0.8606 0.6132 0.3140
400 2.7125 2.3083 1.8021 1.3437 1,1314 0.7626 0.5242 0.2466
300 2.5702 2.1664 I.MI7 1.2072 0.9982 0.6408 0.4168 0.1716
200 2.3103 1.9674 1.4658 1.0187 0.8164 0.4806 0.2826 0.09061
150 2.2293 1.8272 1.3285 0.8887 0.6929 0.3771 0.2021 0.05111
100 2.0317 1.6313 1.1385 0.7127 0.5291 0.2492 0.1124 0.01806
75 1.8927 1.4940 1.0068 0.5946 0.4224 0.1748 0.06692 0.00691
50 1.6991 1.3035 0.8274 0.4405 0.2888 0.09092 0.02602 0.00115
40 1.5939 1.2007 0.7326 0.3634 0.2252 0.06120 0.01356 0.00032
30 1.4600 1.0706 0.6154 0.2736 0.1552 0.03183 0.00486 0.00004
20 1.2755 0.8940 0.4624 0.1682 0.08081 0.00966 0.00071
15 1.1482 0.7732 0.3643 O. 1100 0.04515 0.00320 0.00012
10 0.9751 0.6133 0.2441 O. 05206 0.01579 0.00041
7.5 0.8576 0.5080 0.1734 0.02660 0.00603 0.00006
5.0 0.7011 0.3737 0.09613 0.00787 0.00101
4.0 0.6200 0.3077 0.06490 0.00337 0.00029
3.0 0.5217 0.2319 0.03568 0.00088 0.00004
2.0 0.3960 0.1442 0.01223 0.00007
1.5 0.3169 O. 1003 0.00461 0.00001
1.0 0.2204 0.04772 0.00077
0.75 0.1634 0.02581 0.00014
0.50 0.09938 0.00865. 0.00001
0;40 0.07212 0.00410
0.30 0.04485 0.00127
0.20 0.01973 0.00015
0.15 0.00957 0.00002
0.10 0.00263

APRIL, 1962 425

 TABLE E·3-TABLE OF P'(rD, to) VALUES

to
,. 0 =2 1" 0 = 3 1"0 = 5 1" 0 = 8 1"0 = 10 1"
0
= 15 1"0 = 20 1"0 = 30
,._-------- -----
3000 0.000172 0.000172 0.000172 0.000171 0.000170 0.000168 0.000165 0.000158
2000 0.000247 0.000247 0.000246 0.000245 0.000244 0.000241 0.000236 0.000222
1500 0.000335 0.000328 0.000328 0.000326 0.000324 0.000317 0.000309 0.000285
1000 0.000503 0.000492 0.000490 0.000485 0.000482 0.000468 0.000449 0.000398
750 0.000669 0.000655 0.000653 0.000644 0.000637 0.000613 0.000579 0.000493
500 0.000999 0.000985 0.000977 0.000960 0.000943 0.000887 0.000816 0.000638
400 0.001244 0.001229 0.001217 0.00 1189 0.001164 0.001080 0.000970 0.000713
300 0.001658 0.001627 0.001608 0.001559 0.001517 0.001372 0.001192 0.000791
200 0.002477 0.002420 0.002379 0.002273 0.002178 0.001877 0.001517 0.000819
150 0.003289 0.003206 0.003130 0.002950 0.OQ2789 0.002297 0.001722 0.000751
100 0.004894 0.004755 0.004594 0.004194 0.003851 0.002818 0.001849 0.000535
75 0.006469 0.006276 0.005989 0.005309 0.004736 0.003293 0.001789 0.000340
50 0.009536 0.009240 0.008606 0.007173 0.006049 0.003067 0.001397 0.000 119
40 0.011771 0.011392 0.010421 0.008299 0.006699 0.003020 0.001073 0.000051

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30 0.015474 0.014739 0.013165 0.009750 0.007331 0.002685 0.000641
20 0.022554 0.021278 0.017851 0.011407 0.007439 0.001637 0.00021 I
15 0.029306 0.027165 0.021601 0.011889 0.006728 0.000906
10 0.041937 0.037743 0.026859 0.0 II 005 0.004703 0.00C248
7.5 0.053606 0.046883 0.029910 0.009133 0.002971
5.0 0.074669 0.061798 0.031625 0.005452 0.001034
4.0 0.088776 0.070565 0.030712 0.003472 0.000454
3.0 O. 109950 0.082945 0.027195 0.001540
2.0 0.145349 0.085277 0.018497 0.000521
1.5 0.173536 0.101189 0.011456
1.0 0.214984 0.096057 0.003977
0.75 0.241447 0.080428 0.001446
0.50 0.268531 0.053235
0.40 0.274132 0.037050
0.30 0.266482 0.019099
0.20 0.224850 0.004586
0.15 0.176013 0.001173
0.10 0.097309
•••

426 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY