PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Words 320 Date December 28, 2021

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Advanced ceramics have long been associated with biomedical applications such as dental implants and restorations,
bone fillers, and tissue engineering scaffolds which include the use of hydroxyapatite as biomedical materials. The
Hydroxyapatite (HA or HAP) of biologic (coral, bovine, or marine algae-derived) or synthetic origin is currently used in
the form of powder, blocks, and scaffolds for bone regeneration and repair, whether alone or in composites with
polymeric materials or other ceramics, or as coatings on orthopedic or dental implants. They can be used in bone
repair, replacement, and enhancement, as well as scaffolding in tissue engineering for osteogenesis.
One of the most major challenges affecting current materials engineering is the development of improved materials for
biomedical applications. Materials based on hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, which can build tight bonding with
bone tissue, demonstrate osteoconductive function, are durable toward bioresorption, and have no harmful effects on
the human body, have the highest probability for bone replacements. Several factors influence the biological behavior
of HA ceramics, including chemical and phase composition, microstructure, pore size, and pore volume. In surgery,
depending on the implant's bearing capability needs, ceramics may be used which includes dense and porous
materials. Porous ceramics have low strength, making them ideal for implantation into tissues that do not encounter
significant stresses (e.g., middle ear surgery and some craniofacial applications) and for local medication delivery.
Pores in implants are required for osteointegration, a process that is influenced by the size, volume, and
interconnectedness of the pores.
Manufacture of hydroxyapatite (HA) via wet-chemical procedures, solid-state reactions, and hydrothermal treatment is
reviewed. The conditions for precipitating HA from calcium chloride, dibasic ammonium phosphate, and aqueous
ammonia solutions are thoroughly described. The production and characteristics of calcium-phosphate-based ceramics
are examined in depth. The methods for making dense and porous HA ceramics are explored. The synthesis of HA
granules as well as their medical applications is highlighted. The information is provided on HA-based composites.

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