PROCEEDINGS

For the Fifth International Conference

kerpiç'16

Cultural Landscape:

Rebuilding after Decay

17-18 December 2016

Organized by

Istanbul Aydın University

Kerpiç Network

I
 ISBN:..................................

Proceedings for the

5. International Conference kerpiç'16

Cultural Landscape:
Rebuilding after Decay

17-18 December 2016

Organized by
Istanbul Aydın University
Kerpiç Network

Themes of the Conference

1. Rebuilding cultural landscape after disaster, war, terrorism
2. Social, cultural, touristic reuses of heritage
3.Commercial development
4. Changes in traditional heritage value of society
5. Housing environment
6. Standards and guidelines for rebuilding
7. Advances in researches

Printed by

Print Date
DECEMBER 2016

II
 Conference Chair
Prof.Dr.Bilge IŞIK

Book Editor
Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK

Associate Editor
Asst.Prof.Dr. Gökçen F. Yücel

Conference Secretary
Asst.Prof.Dr. GökçenFirdevs YÜCEL

Organizing Committee
Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Asst.Prof.Dr. GökçenFirdevs YÜCEL
(Istanbul Aydın University)
Asst. Prof. SeyhanYardımlı
(Istanbul Aydın University)

Book Graphic Design

Instructor Ozan Sagat

Istanbul Aydın University

Faculty of Architecture and Design
Beşyol, Florya, Istanbul, Turkey
htpp://www.aydin.edu.tr
info@aydin.edu.tr
http://kerpicc2016.wixsite.com/kerpic2016

III
Dear Colleagues,

Istanbul Aydin University and The Kerpiç Network are pleased to welcome you to the fifht
International Conference on kerpic’16 - Cultural Landscape: Rebuilding after Decay,17-
18December 2016, Istanbul, Turkey.

Kerpiç–network is carrying researches over thirty years on durability, seismic response and
production techniques on earthen construction material. Durability researches are based
on gypsum & lime stabilization of earth, called “alker”; seismic response researches are
based on horizontal energy dissipation surfaces in the load bearing walls and production
techniques are based on compacting and shote-crete production of earthen walls

The conference scope will focus on Diyarbakır‐ SUR area in Turkey or on nearly problems
arround the world, and the study will range from the graduate programs, preparing the
students to the contemporary knowledge and skills, and bring together the academics and
professionals to exchange findings and experience. It will be an opportunity to understand
the strategy and the advances of the Cultural Landscape.

Our deepest thanks goes to ICOMOS, ISCEAH members who supported the conference as
scientific committee.

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the international conference kerpic’16.

Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK, Conference Chair

IV
HONOUR COMMITTEE
Mustafa AYDIN, Dr.,Istanbul Aydin University Board of Trustees Chairman
Yadigar IZMIRLI, Prof.Dr.,Rector,Istanbul Aydin University
Turhan Nejat ARAL,Prof.Dr., Dean, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Architecture and Design
HüseyinErol AKATA,Prof.Dr., Dean, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering
Murat ERGİNÖZ, Prof.Dr., Head of Interior Architecture Department
Prof.Dr. Hasan SAYGIN,Prof.Dr., Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Bilge IŞIK, CONFERENCE CHAIR, ICOMOS ISCEAH (International Scientific Committee of
Earthen Architectural Heritage), Istanbul Aydin University
Turhan Nejat ARAL (IAU‐TR),
Murat ERGİNÖZ (IAU‐TR),
Fatma SEDES (IAU‐TR),
Zülküf GÜNELİ (Dicle Uni‐TR),
Eser GÜLTEKİN (Çoruh,Uni. TR),
Dilek YILDIZ (İTÜ‐TR),
Şefika ERGİN (Dicle Uni.‐TR),
Tülay TULUN (İTÜ‐ TR),
Hüseyin AYATULLAHI (Yazd Uni.‐Iran),
Mohammad Yosof ALAIDAROOS (ICOMOS‐Saudi Arabia),
Randolph LANGENBACH (USA),
Marcial BLONDET (ISCEAH‐Peru),
Severio MECCA (Uni.Florence‐Italy),
Gouhar SHEMDIN (ISCEAH‐Canada),
Humberto VARUM (ISCEAH‐ Portugal),
Rasool VATANDOUST (ISCElAH‐ Iran),
Pete WALKER (ISCEAH‐ Director BRE Centre, England).

V
Kerpic’16 - Cultural Landscape: Rebuilding after Decay,

5. International Conference

17-18 December 2016, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey

OPENING REMARKS

Speaker 1. Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK (Conference Chair)

Speaker 2. Prof.Dr. Yadigar IZMIRLI (Rector)

Speaker 3. Prof.Dr. CelalNazımİrem (Unesco Chair, IAU)

VI
CONTENTS

1. Prof. Dr. MarcialBlondet, Nicola Tarque, Julio Vargas, 1

Pontifical Catholic University, Lima, Peru
(Re)construction of earthquake-resistant earthen buildings

2. Assoc.Dr. F. MeralHalifeoğlu, 10
Dicle University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
The culture of the city regaining a historical mansion in Diyarbakır: CemilPasa
mansion
3. Assoc.Dr. Kamuran Sami, 18
Dicle University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Diyarbakır historical Suriçi and a conflicting environment: a cultural heritage with its
color fadded and devastation of collective memory

4. Assoc.Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hossein Ayatollahi, Fatemeh M. Bafghi, Amir 19

S.Pakseresht,
Yazd University, School of Art and Architecture, Yazd, IRAN
The role of wind as a generator of cultural landscape in desert climate of Iran

5. Dr. SomayehOmidvari, Elaheh Golzari, 27

Yazd University School of Art and Architecture, Yazd, Iran
Tourism of Qanat: renewal after drought

6. Asst.Prof.Dr. NerimanFarahza, Sassan Seyedkalal, Yazd University School of 35

Art and Architecture, Yazd, Iran
Vazir historical complex: past, present, future
conservation, restoration, rehabilitation and revitalization

7. Prof.Dr.ZülküfGüneli, 44
IAU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul,Turkey
Urban texture and identity from past to present in Diyarbakır Suriçi

8. Dr.ŞenizAtik, AltanAtik, MerveÖzkılıç, 45

IAU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul, Turkey
Reconstruction of cultural landscape after disasters

9. AyselTarım, Asst.Prof.Dr. SibelHattap, 58

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey
Global rebuilding: Cumalıkızık Case

10. Asst.Prof.Dr. Murat DAL,Munzur University, 71

Department of Civil Engineering, Tunceli, Turkey
Decay occuring in the structure in the adobe materials

VII
11. Asst.Prof.Dr. FatmaSedes, 81
IAU, Architecture Restoration Program, Istanbul, Turkey
Man’s decay to historical environment in Zeyrek: a change on the physical texture

12. Asst.Prof.Dr. ŞefikaErgin,Dicle 92

University Faculty of Architecture, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Cultural landscape in the rural settlements of Diyarbakır province

13. Chiara Braucher, MattiaGiandomenici, 105

Genova, Italy
Lessons from Van territory (step 1) adobe construction heritage, technics

14. Asst.Prof.Dr. SeyhanYardımlı, Murat Dal, 120

Istanbul Aydin University Faculty of Architecture and Design, Istanbul, Turkey
Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take

15. Negar Javadi, Sara Khooshro, 129

Iran
Temporary Accommodation and Build shelter for survivors of disasters (Sur-Turkey)

VIII
Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016

Water deterioration in adobe structures and measures to take

Seyhan YARDIMLI, Murat DAL

Istanbul Aydın University, Munzur University
seyhanyardimli@aydin.edu.tr, muratdal@munzur.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Having met habitation needs since antiquity,
adobestructuresarestilluseddespitethetechnologicaldevelopments of our age. Concurrently,
it is knownthatthesestructuresarestill of decentquality in
regardstocontrollingheatandmoisture. One of themostimportantproblems of
adobestructurethatareusedforsomanyyears is thefacttheyareweakwhen it
comestowaterresistance.
Just as adobestructures can be erectedbyfirsthavingthemudprepared in
theconstructiondryout in themolds, they can also be
constructedbypouringandcompressingintothemoldsto form thestructurewalls.
Amongstimportantmethods in protectingthesestructuresagainstwaterare; to form a
drainageandrockfoundationforwatercomingfromground-
levelandtoraisethestructurefromgroundlevel. Measurestotake in
protectingthestructure’souterwallsurfacesfromwaterwould be tomakeuse of
overhangingeaves as well as utilizing a moredurabletype of plaster. Theuse of water-
resistancecoatingmaterialsandplumbinginsulationwheredeemednecessaryensureswetspaces
inside thestructureareprotectedagainstwater.
Constructingthesestructuresbytakingpreventivemeasuresanddetailingthem in
waysthatwillprotectthemagainstwaterwillextendthe life of
thesestructuresandincreasethecomfortwhiletheyareinhabited.

Keywords: Adobe structure, water deterioration, water preventive measures

1 INTRODUCTION

Adobe is a ratherimportantconstructionmaterialthat has met

people’shabitationneedsforthousands of years. It is stillused in manyregionstoday.
Becauseit’sone of thecheapestandleastproblematicconstructionmaterialsthat can be
produced, therearenowastematerialstorecycleand it doesn’tdamagetheenvironment.
Thesestructuresofferhighthermalcomfort as
theirthickwallseasilypreservetheinnerstructuretemperature in hot andcoldenvironments.
Thehumiditybalance is easierfacilitated. Whileadobeprovidesstructureswith a number of
advantages, it also has itsweaknesses, particularlyitsvulnerabilityagainstwater.
Studiesregardingthehistoricalprocess in dealingwithadobe’smoisture problem as well as
takingprecautionsandmeliorationcontinuetoday. Deformationthatoccurs in buildingsurfaces
of adobestructures can be observed in a manner of physicalorchemicalerosion.
Withphysicaleffects, windintensityincreasestheproportion of

120
Kerpic116 - Cultural Lanndscape, Rebuildding After Decay
Internaational Conferencce
Istanbuul Aydin Universiity, Istanbul, 17 December
D 2016

thew
wallsurfaceaaffectedbyraainorsnow, but what is reallym mostcruciall is theim
mpact of
liquiidwater [1]. Thegoal of thisstudyy is toaddreesswater-
relatedissuesthaatoccurwithaadobestructturesandtakeeupsolutionnsthatmay bee recommen nded.

2 TY
YPES OF ADOBE
A MA
ATERIAL USED IN CONSTRU
C UCTION

It’squuiteapparenntthatbuildinngconstructiiontechnoloogy has taken on

someeincredibleddimensionstthesedays. Despitethis,
D , it’sestimattedthatarounnd a thirdorreven as
muchh as half off theworld’spopulationllive in earth henstructurees in thisdayyand time. Adobe
A is
a buildingmate
b erialmadebyymixingwatterandsoilw withoutapplyyinganyheatt. Adobesttructures
can be produccedbyeitherppouringmuddintomolds of certainndimensionnsandletting g it dry
(Figuure 1) andppouringintom moldsthatarreused in th hemasonryoor else pourreddirectlyiintomold
in orderto form f a wall (Graaph 1). Someaddittives can be mix xed in
durinngtheproducctionprocesss in ordertooincreaseresistance.
Thesseadditivesaandproductioontechniquees can varyaccorrdingtothereegion. However,
H
generallyspeakinng, clay, saand, lime, grravelandocccasionallysoomecement at lowratio os can be
used in ordertooincreasetheeearthenmatterial’sdurab bilityandcohesiveness in itsusagee in the
consttruction [2].

Figuree 1. Dryingg out adobe material

m in molds [3].

Table 1. Wall
W constrruction using the metho
od of castingg adobe intoo a wall mo
old

(a) Construction
C of an adobee building using
u the (b
b) An exampple of an adoobe building
g in which
moldd casting methhod [4]. mud
m is poured into a moldd in Vietnam m [5].

121
Kerpic116 - Cultural Lanndscape, Rebuildding After Decay
Internaational Conferencce
Istanbuul Aydin Universiity, Istanbul, 17 December
D 2016

3 DE
ETAILS IN
N PROTEC
CTING ADO
OBE STRU
UCTURES AGAINST
T WATER

Adobbe structurees can be quuite long-lassting when they are prrotected from
m the elemeents in a
proper manner. Today, watter-related problems
p arre the most general cauuse of deterrioration
for thhese structuures [6].

When in fact, remnants of the anccient city of Çatalhööyük indicaate that thee adobe
consttruction tecchnique wass more advaanced than it
i is today annd that a grreat deal of its walls
remaain intact (F
Figure 2).

F
Figure 2. Çaatalhöyük adobe
a wall remnants
r (7500 B.C.E.)) [7].

As far
f as todayy’s adobe structures
s a concerneed, they caan disintegrrate easier with
are w the
water’s influencce whenever constructiion materiall is not bakked or stronng cohesivess are not
used (figure 3).

Figu
ure 3. A losss of mass seeen with thee breakdown n of an adobbe block unnder the influ
uence of
water.

As a consequencce, some deetails were used

u throug
ghout historyy as well ass today in prrotecting
sections of struuctures that make conttact with water
w and thhese preserrvations stu udies are
ongooing.

The manner of water’s

w inflluence on a structure can
c be from m the foundaation, the ou
uter wall
surfaace as welll as the rooof. In addittion to thesse, plumbinng water inn spaces in
nside the

122
Kerpic116 - Cultural Lanndscape, Rebuildding After Decay
Internaational Conferencce
Istanbuul Aydin Universiity, Istanbul, 17 December
D 2016

struccture such as
a the kitcheen or bathrooom can bee another faactor. Preventive measu
ures that
can be
b taken agaainst all these elementss have been touched uppon in this sttudy.

3.1 Protective
P m
measures taaken at thee foundation n and soclee level again nst ground dwater
Grouundwater coonstitutes onne of the greeatest moistture factors in structurees. Ground water
w
influuences the fooundation and
a rises upw wards from the foundation and cauuses damag ge at the
founddation and walls
w becauuse it makess constant coontact. The foundationns also need to be
proteected againsst water in order
o to presserve the walls of the structure.
s Foor this, wateer is
moveed away froom the struccture by appplying the trraditional drrainage metthod (Figuree 3) [8].
The drainage
d syystem conveeys the wateer away from m the structuure but installing separrate
water insulationn for the fouundation andd structure floor
f will ennsure a heallthier and lo
onger
lastinng protectioon.

Moisture peneetration resuulting from Alleviation

A o damp prooblems by
of
(A
A) raised groound level at
a foot of waall
im
mproved drrainage
or (B) wall coonstruction at bottom of
o
graadient

Figure 4. Drainage innstallation for

f the preseervation of structure
s fouundations [8].

Grouund water may

m cause the t collapsee in structurre walls as long as waater is not conveyed
awayy from the structure.
s A diagram reegarding thee ways wateer impacts uupon a struccture and
preveentive meassures is provvided in Figgure 5.

In orrder to proteect walls froom water inn adobe stru

uctures, onee of the tradditional consstruction
technniques in ouur country is i to erect the
t adobe sttructure oveer a stone ffoundation, whereas
this method is one of the healthiest available. The T adobe homes in Yalvaç, Isp parta are
exemmplary whenn it comes to this consstruction method (Fig. 6 a, b). Off course, pu utting up
stonee walls todaay comes att a high costt and involvves more laabor. For thiis reason, fo or adobe
strucctures, applyying a reinfforced concrrete foundattion will prrotect the strructure wall against
humiidity.

123
Kerpic116 - Cultural Lanndscape, Rebuildding After Decay
Internaational Conferencce
Istanbuul Aydin Universiity, Istanbul, 17 December
D 2016

F
Figure 5. Prroblems thaat seen in waalls beneathh the groundd [9].

Figu
ure 6 a. Ann adobe house with a roock foundatiion on Engiin Sokak in the Kaş Disstrict of
Yaalvaç, Ispartta [10].

so
ocle

Figure 6 b. An adobe wall appliccation over a stone wall in

i the Yalvaçç Kaş districtt

124
Kerpic116 - Cultural Lanndscape, Rebuildding After Decay
Internaational Conferencce
Istanbuul Aydin Universiity, Istanbul, 17 December
D 2016

Raisiing the struucture over the

t ground is also an important
i and necessarry solution. Raising
the adobe
a structtures from the
t floor by around 30--50 cm withh water-resiistant socle (such as
rock or concretee) will proteect the wall against watter (Figure 7).
7

RAIN
N

Stone or concrete
30-50 cm

F
Figure 7. An applicatioon of adobe walls raised from the ffloor.

3.2 Preservatio
P on Precautions Againsst Rain and d Snow Water on Outer Walls
Wallls of adobe structures are a easily affected
a by outside weather condiitions. In paarticular,
the force
f of rainndrops that increases with
w impactiing winds can c cause w wear on a strructure’s
outerr facade. Pllaster is appplied to the surface in order to prootect a struccture from rain and
the elements
e as well as to obtain
o a straaight surfacce. Plaster iss a mortar ggenerally co
omprised
of addobe materiial that is applied
a by spreading it i in a mannner that foorms a layeer on the
surfaace.

Howwever, with the widesprread use off cement in the 20th ceentury, a plaaster with a cement
addittive is also used
u for theese structurees. While ceement is harrder and moore impervious than
otherr construction materialls in these types
t of app plications, once
o water seeps into the wall
struccture via cappillarities, cement-base
c ed plaster trraps water inside
i the sstructure and
d causes
muchh greater craackups laterr on (Figuree 8) [ 11].

Figure 8.. Damage inn a structuree in which cement-base

c ed plaster w
was used [11
1].

125
Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016

Adobe with increased water resilience called ‘alker’ was produced in studies conducted in
our country at ITÜ. This material was obtained by adding lime and plaster-of-paris to the
soil. The application of alker to outer facades rendered the structure’s outer wall more
resilient against water effects [12].
One of the preventive measures taken to protect outer wall surfaces is to increase the
overhang of roof eaves (Figure 9). Thus, a wider surface swath can be protected in this
manner. The width of the eaves applied in the traditional construction method utilized in
our country is 50 cm. However, the protection of outer structure surfaces in regions with
more precipitation will be easier when this is extended to 70-80 cm or more.

Figure 9. A diagram concerning outer facade protection by applying a wide set of eaves.

3.3 Roof Covering on Adobe Structures

Roof coverings on adobe structures vary according to the climate and materials that are
available in the vicinity. A flat roof covering is generally used in arid and low-precipitation
regions. For a flat roof, a ceiling is formed from materials such as bars, reeds or grass over
rafters laid 40 cm apart whereas mud is spread and compressed over this surface. Slanted
roofs fashioned from reeds and covered with roof tiles can be utilized in rainy regions. A
wooden framework is generally used in the construction of these roofs and a top covering
material is spread over them. Examples of roof coverings are provided in Table 2.

3.4 Protective Measures Against Water in Indoor Spaces

Besides water that can have an impact on a structure from outside, we can also encounter
water problems that originate from the plumbing and humidity inside. Indoor water and
moisture sources spaces are found in kitchen and bathroom units. The most important point
to note about the plumbing for both units is that it be installed in such a way as not to cause
water leakage and that floor and walls are coated after making the necessary checks.
The kitchen counter is the wet section of the kitchen. Covering the counter and behind it
with a coating similar to waterproof ceramic will prevent the problem. Ventilation and a
working range hood will be enough to prevent moisture and steam buildup that forms in
the kitchen environment. Because adobe walls feature a humidity stabilizer characteristic.
As for the bathroom unit, the upper surface coatings need to be applied by using water
insulation materials for the floor and walls. The water insulation layer to be applied over
the floor must have a repellent over it, then covered by a ceramic waterproof coating. The
same method is also valid for the walls. If deemed necessary, a wall covering can be made
with cement-based panels with a thickness of around 8-10 mm. As this material will form a
waterproof surface, you can either create a decorative coating or else it can be used it this
way without any coating material.

126
Kerpic116 - Cultural Lanndscape, Rebuildding After Decay
Internaational Conferencce
Istanbuul Aydin Universiity, Istanbul, 17 December
D 2016

Tablle 2. Exampples of roof coverings seen

s on adob
be structurees

A flat roof maade from Example off tile covered roof Reeed coveredd roof Co ockington
mud [13] aapplication is
i the Gümü üşhane Couuntry, Torquay, England [15]
A
Ahmet Kaya house [14]

Struccture and coating VView of beaaring rafterss in a Vieew of a reed the cob buildings
materrials in flat
fl roof roof
r coveriing made using roof structurre of Devon
n [8]
consttruction [16] t
traditional tecchniques [17]

4 CO
ONCLUSIO
ON

The water effecct, which iss one of thee most imp portant probblems of addobe structu ures, and
their solutions were
w referreed to in this study. As is i seen, adobbe structurees, which haave been
used for many years
y and arre still usedd by a wide segment, canc be proteected from water
w by
implementing siimple, easy solutions, regardless
r how
h much thhey seem vuulnerable to o water.
Thesse solutionss Show diffferences suuch as measures to be b taken dduring construction,
detaiiling solutioons and addditive materrials. Thereffore, it is im
mportant annd necessary y to take
precaautions while erectingg a buildinng in regard ds to water protectionn according g to the
climaate and geographical feeatures wheere the adob be structure is located. T The most immportant
reasoons for preeferring adoobe structuures is because they are eco-friiendly, natu ural and
econnomical. Whhile they do not constituute a suitable method for f today’s hhigh-rise strructures,
they should become more popular
p andd be encouraaged as loww-rise structuures with th
he use of
moree modern methods
m and materials.

Adobbe structurees which haave been useed for thoussands of years look likke they will be used
for many
m years in
i the futuree.

127
Kerpic16 - Cultural Landscape, Rebuilding After Decay
International Conference
Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, 17 December 2016

5 REFERENCES
[1] AubreyHeathcote K., An InvestigationIntotheErodibility of Earth Wall Units,
Doctor of Philosophy, University of Technology Sydney, Pg: 60, 2002.
[2] http://www.ebaa.asn.au/about/earth-building
[3] https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=kerpiçin+kalıplanarak+kurutulması
[4] https://artcarchitects.wordpress.com/environment/tecnologias-y-estrategias-de-
diseno
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth#/media/File:HouseBuildingInNorthernVietnam.jpg
[6] http://cstones.org/pdfs/uploads/adobe_conservation_handbook_part_2.pdf
[7] http://www.yerelgundem.com/haberler/635344/dunyanin_ilk_yerlesim_yeri_2.html
[8] Keefe L., TheCobBuildings of Devon 2.pdf, RepairandMaintenance,
http://www.devonearthbuilding.com/leaflets/the_cob_buildings_of_devon_2.pdf
[9] Graham P., Mc Henry, Jr. AdobeandRammed Earth Buildings: Design
andConstructions, pp 186 AIA New Mexico, Chapter 13, StrucruralEngineeringfor
Earth Buildings, by Gerald W. May, Ph.D. President, University Of New Mexico,
TheUniversity of Arizona Press Tucson 3UZ4-CHS-T13A, ISBN 13: 978-0-8165-
1124-2, 1989
[10] http://yalvac.bel.tr/index.php?sayfa=kentrehberidetay&h=747
[11] http://cstones.org/pdfs/uploads/adobe_conservation_handbook_part_2. pdf,
allaboutadobepg:52
[12] https://www.xing.com/communities/posts/prof-bilge-isik-kerpic-teknigi-
yayginlastirilmali-dot-dot-dot
[13] http://www.ada-muhendislik.net/
[14] http://www.csb.gov.tr/iller /gumushane/index
[15] https://tr.pinterest.com/cchrisha/cockington-village/
[16] Duran S., Civelek F. Ç., Aktuğlu Y.K., Kerpiç binalarda Çatı ve Cephe
Malzemeleri; Akşehir, Erdoğdu ve Menderes Örnekleri, 8. Ulusal Çatı ve Cephe
Sempozyumu, MSGSÜ, 2016,
[17] https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhoto:DirectLink
-g186259-d524185-i192904768-Cockington_Country

128