MARICAR M.

GARCIA
II-BSBA-B
SOCIAL SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY
MS. SHERYL L. RIOFLORIDO

CHAPTER 6 – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MORAL AND SOCIAL

PHILOSOPHY

1. Define the following terms:

 Value – is the object of human desire and striving. It is the subjective

appraisal of an object as in some way good.
 Obligation – it is an attached responsibility.
 Natural law – it refers to the standard of morality based on the natural
law governing man, the universe and nature.
 Virtue – it is equated with the power for moral action that enables a man
to act with ease and order in the area of right and wrong in his life.

2. Compare and contrast the following western schools philosophy;

 Classical Christian Traditions
 Naturalistic Traditions
 Analytic and Emotive Tradition
 Dialectical Materialism
 Existentialist and Situational Traditions
 Contemporary Christian Traditions

Moral Issues Classical Christian Naturalistic Analytic Emotive Dialectical Existentialist Contemporary
Tradition Tradition Tradition Materialism & Situational Christian-islam
Tradition Tradition
Value Happiness Transformation of Meaningless Dignity and Man’s freedom Integration of
nature for the pursuit autonomy of man and western moralitie
of mam’s progress responsibility
Moral Law of reason To use man’s Meaningless Kant categorical To authenticity synthesis of
Obligation intelligence to advance imperative; hegel- and personal objectivity and
the evolutionary the universal will commitment subjectivity.
process of human and present in each ex. To create
moral maturity man and embodied hiself
in the law and
customs of the
community; marx
and natural need
for complete and
social equity.
Natural law Law of reason based Subject to change and Meaningless Kant- moral law Situational Must be
on human nature modification through within man; hegel Ethics interpreted to tha
man’s creative law of the state; the idea of the
intelligence marx- law of objective value i
humanism not lost and the
eqyuness of
individual moral
experience is
accounted for.
Virtue Prudence, justice, Attitude of meliorism, Meaningless Kant- recognition Authenticity Personalistic and
temperance, courage (James), attitude of of the dignity of and personal communitarian
flexibility (Dewey) man; hegel-order in integrity
the community
Chief Thomas Aquinas, John Dewey Bertrand Russel Immanuel Kant Soren Teilharf Chardin
exponents Plato, Aristotle George Santayana Ludwig Wittgenstein George Wilhelm Kierkegaard Karl Rahner
William James Alfred Julius Ayer Hegel Jean Paul Vitaliano Gorosp
Thomas Hobbes George Edward Moore Kalr Marx Startre
Herbert Spencer Mao Tse Tsung Gabriel Marcel
Martin
Heidegger
3. Give the teaching of the following:

 Confucianism – its teachings is about the rightness of names. It

teaches that people should live in harmony with the “Way of Heaven” –
each individual must act with virtue and serve as a living example to
others.
 Taosism – its teachings is that people must be fully revealed in
tranquility not through action nor righteous living
 Buddhism - There is no God in Buddhism. It is all about the
teachings of Buddha. It has no morality that is characterized as
egocentric and individualistic and gives very little positive value to
society.
 Brahmanism – it tends to move between a God who is personal
and whose nature is love, but who is limited in some way by his
relations to the world, and a God, who is absolute transcendence
but has no relation to the world. Brahmanism ‘s main ideas are
aligned with metaphysics and challenge the actual reality, the
truth of time, the conscious consciousness, the root and base of all
life.
 Islam – its teachings states that there is no divinity outside God,
Mohammed is God’s envoy to teach the truth, there is ressurection
after man’s death and divine decrees govern good and evil. They
also believe in 4 prophets namely,Abraham, Moses, Jesus and
Mohammed. They believe in on God, who is merciful and
powerful, maker of heaven and earth, speaker to men.
 Zen-buddhism – it practice meditation as the key ingredient to
awakening ones inner nature, compassion and wisdom. It is seen as the
way of liberation from an inner disorder in man. This disorder is greater
than any extenal misery like powerty, sickness or ignorance.