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UNIT TWO-COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES increase in delay period. This phase of combustion causing rapid pressure rise in the
1) What is the process involving in Combustion of CI Engines?
The diesel engines handle the entire process of vaporizing, mixing and
ignition fuel inside the cylinder in an extremely short period. Therefore
essential conditions for good combustion must be provided.
2) State the essential conditions for good Combustion?
1.The fuel only burns after vaporization therefore the fuel mass injected into the
combustion chamber must be broken into a large number of small particles to expose
maximum surface area for evaporation. 2.The heat required for the vaporization of
fuel in taken from the compressed air as the temperature of the air at the end of
compression is sufficiently high, but this alone is not sufficient to completely
vaporize the fuel. Past of the fuel still remains in liquid condition after starting of
actual combustion unlike in SI engines.3.Sufficient air turbulence should be created
during injection of the fuel for better mixing and vaporization of the fuel.
3) Say which differs from SI, CI Engines.
Combustion in chemical reaction or combustion through stages. Combustion
through stages.
4) What is known as pre-flame reaction?
As soon as the fuel jet is broken into a fine spray, the fuel absorbing heat from
the surrounding high temperature air and vaporization of fuel starts.The chemical
reaction also starts as the vaporization of fuel starts but in the absence of flame
therefore it is known as Pre flame reaction.
5) Define “Delay Period” & Delay Period Angle”.
The time required to start the actual combustion after starting the fuel injection is
known as Delay period.Crank angle required for this is known as Delay period angle.
6) What is meant by Period of uncontrolled combustion?
A considerable amount of fuel is accumulated in the combustion chamber during
the delay period. This accumulated fuel burns very rapidly causing a steep rise in the
cylinder pressure, The rate of pressure rise increase with the increase in delay period
because of the amount of fuel taking part in this combustion increased with an
cylinder is known as “Period of Uncontrolled Combustion”.
7) What is Controlled combustion.?
The temperature and pressure inside the cylinder are sufficiently high and
sufficient turbulence is created due to previous burning, thus the delay period for the
fuel injection is almost zero. This period of combustion is known as controlled
combustion.
8) Mention the types of injection systems.
Air injection system or indirect injection system Solid injection or Airless
injection system Common rail system Individual pump system Distributor
system .
9) Working principle of indirect injection system.
The fuel is injected by means of high pressure air at absent 70bar into the
combustion chamber. It needs a compressor to supply compressed air and the fuel
pump to draw the desired fuel from fuel tank both to be supplied to the injector.
10) Advantage of Air injection system.
It provides good information of fuel. Heavy viscous fuels which are cheap can be
used. Fuel pump needs to develop only small pressure.
11) Disadvantages of Air injection system.
It cannot be used for portable engine due to requirement of air compressor and if the
system is used it reduces power output and mechanical efficiency.
Air compressor needs extra maintenance.System is bulky and expensive.
12) Working methodology of direct injection system.
1.In case of solid injection system fuel is directly injected into cylinder without the
aid of compressed air.2.Air is first compressed in the cylinder to a high temperature
due to high compression ratio employed by CI engines.3.High temperature of air
helps in vaporizing the fuel when injected.4.The fuel does not vaporize at ordinary
temperature also the fuel supplied needs to be atomized and mix with the air.5.It
requires high injection pressure over 70bar..6.It consists of mainly a fuel pump and a
fine nozzle.
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13) Distinguish about solid fuel injection systems. 19 .The fuel supply system in CI engine is totally different compared to SI engine
explain?
1.Common rail system:The fuel is injected through a mechanically controlled valve
using the fuel stored in a receiver under high pressure.2.Individual pump system:It SI Engine CI Engine
has a separate metering and compressing pump for each cylinder of Uniform A:F mixture is supplied Fuel is injected near the end of compression
engine.3.Distributor system:It uses a single pump for metering and compressing the in SI engine. stroke.
fuel and a distributor for distributing the fuel to the various cylinders. A:F mixture is not homogeneous and fuel remains
A:F mixture is homogeneous
in liquid particles. The quantity of air supplied to
14) What are the methods of swirl to the air used for burning the fuel? there is no necessity to supply
50 to 70% more than stoichiometric mixture. This
more air than required for
The swirling air creates high turbulence, provides better mixing and high rate of is essential for complete combustion of fuel and
chemically correct fuel air
fuel evaporation. The effect of this is to reduce physical delay period and provide higher thermal efficiency. Due to above reasons
mixture.
better thermal efficiency. Induction swirl Compression swirl Combustion swirl. combustion phenomenon is also difficult.
Combustion is SI engine starts at
The combustion takes place at number of points
15) Classification of combustion chambers in CI Engines. one point and generated flame at
simultaneously and number of flames generated
the point of ignition propagates
are also many. Therefore burning of the fuel is
i. Open Combustion Chambers Pre Combustion Chambers,Turbulent through the mixture for further
tough.
Combustion Chamber,Special Combustion Chamber. burning of the mixture.

16) Write any three advantages and disadvantage of open combustion system.
20. What is the another name of turbulent combustion chamber why
Advantages: Simple in Construction , Heat losses are less, Starting of the engine
is easy as heat losses are less.Disadvantages: The excess air required is large. very high swirl is created ,during the combustion so its is called as swirl
chambers.
Higher injection pressure with multi hole nozzle is required. As the holes are too
small there is possibility of clogging the holes.Higher maintenance cost. 21. Advantages & disadvantages of swirl combustion chamber

17) Why open combustion chamber also known as direct injection chamber?
An open combustion chamber is one that is open to the cylinder. In this
arrangement, all the combustion air is compressed and at the time of fuel injection, all
the air is contained in a single space. Therefore this type of chamber is also known as
direct injection chamber.
Advantages:a middle range of fuel can be used.low rate of pressure rise and smooth
running of the engine. Disadvantage:the starting of the engine is difficult as heat
losses are high.Mechanical efficiency is low.because of high heat losses,bsfc is
higher.
22. Write any one special or modern combustion chamber?

18) Write any three advantages and disadvantages of pre combustion chamber. lanova or air cell combustion chamber.

Advantages: It can use wide range of fuels.Smooth combustion results in quieter
engine.The engine can be operated at high RPM.
Disadvantages: The fuel consumption is high Heat loss from the pre combustion
chamber is higher.The cylinder required special type of materials.
23. What is physical and chemical delay
Physical delay , Time required for the fuel to mix properly with the air as preparation
for combustion., Chemical delay,the chemical delay is the physical property of fuel
and it depends upon many chemical characteristics of the fuel., fuel particles are
atomized mixed with air and vapourised.physical delay is small for light fuels and it
can be reduced by using high infection pressure and better turbulence.
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24. Is delay period affects fuel spray, why? Vaporizing behavior. List the When actual burning starts, the accumulated fuel and additional fuel injected starts
factors that affect the Fuel spray Ans:es delay period affects fuel spray & burning and can cause too rapid of pressure rise.This rapid rate of pressure rise causes
vaporizing. pulsating combustion and creates heavy noise this is known detonation

25. Describe about air motion in induction swirl. 33). Explain about time and combustion parameter during combustion.
This is provided during the suction stroke as the air entry is made tangential
or forcing air to take a rotational movement. tp is the time required to atomize , evaporate mix and to prepare the suitable to
26. Give your opinion about providing better combustion – say from which start the combustion.
combustion chamber?
For the case of combustion swirl tp>>tc
When the combustion of accumulated fuel during delay period
burns rapidly in pre combustion chamber as A/F mixture is rich and forces the gases tt>>>tc since the combustion is different and difficult
at very high velocity in the main combustion chamber. This creates a very high
the fuel of higher cetane number gives lower delay period and provides smooth
temperature and provides better combustion.
engine operation
27. Discuss about direct injection chamber.
An open combustion chamber is one that is open to the cylinder. In this Viscosity & surface tension responsible for better atomization of the fuel.
arrangement, all the combustion air is compressed and at the time of fuel infection,
all the air is contained in a single space. Latent heat & viscosity responsible for rapid evaporation of the fuel.
Therefore, this type of combustion chamber is also known as direct injection
chamber.
28. What is nozzle? Say few words about it.
The high pressure fuel coming out of fuel pump enters into atomizer and 34).Factors affecting the delay or vapour sprays.
sprayed to the required space.
29. Classify nozzle. Type of fuel used. Temperature & pressure of intake air. Compression ratio.
 Single hole nozzle Multi hole nozzle Circumferential orifice Pintal nozzle
Engine load and speed.
 Pentaux nozzle
35. Type of combustion chamber.
30. What is the spray angle of single hole & multi hole nozzle?
Spray cone angle of: List the stages in CI engines. Pre flame combustion, uncontrolled combustion,
Single hole nozzle: 5o to 15o Multi hole nozzle: 20o to 45o and Controlled combustion. After burning.

31. Compare the ηotto and ηdiesel for the following conditions.
i. For minimum compression ratio : ηotto > ηDiesel
ii. For maximum compression ratio : ηotto < ηDiesel
iii. For constant maximum pressure and heat supplied : ηotto < ηDiesel
v. For the same compression ratio and the same heat input : ηotto > ηDiesel
v. For the maximum pressure and maximum temperature : ηotto < ηDiesel
vi. For peak pressure and same work output : ηotto < ηDiesel

32). Explain detonation