EXPERIMENT – 1

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT –

To prepare crystals of potash alum.

THEORY –

Potash alum is a double sulphate of potassium and aluminium. When equimolar quantities of
potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate are dissolved in water, the solution is concentrated to
crystallization point by boiling and allowed to cool, colourless octahedral crystals of potash alumare
obtained. The crystals are separated from the mother liquor by decantation, dried between the folds of filter
paper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED –

1. Tow 250 ml beakers

2. Funnel
3. Glass rod
4. China dish
5. Tripod stand
6. Wire gauze
7. Bunsen burner
8. Filter pape

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CHEMICAL REQUIRED –

1. Potassium sulphate = 2.2 gm

2. Aluminium sulphate = 8.3 gm
3. Dilute sulphuric acid = 5 ml

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS –

K2SO4 + Al2 (SO4)3 .18 H2O + 6 H2O K2SO4 .Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O

PROCEDURE –

1. 2.2 gm of potassium sulphate was dissolved in about 20 ml water by stirring.

2. 8.3 gm of aluminium sulphate was dissolved in about 30 ml of water by warming and
then 5 ml of dil sulphuric acid was added to it.
3. The two solutions were mixed and the solution was filtered into a clean china dish.
4. The solution in the china dish was concentrated by evaporation through heating up to
the crystallization point.
5. The china dish was removed from the flame when a drop of concentrated solution
taken on a glass rod forms a solid crust on blowing over it.
6. The china dish was allowed to cool slowly to room temperature and the china dish
was remain undisturbed for about half an hour when colourless crystals of potash
alum were appeared at the bottom of china dish.
7. The mother liquor was decanted off into the beaker.
8. The crystals were dried by pressing between folds of filter paper.
9. The crystals were submitted for inspection.

OBSERVATION -

Colour of the crystals = colourless

Shape of the crystals = octahedral
Yield = 8 gm
CONCLUSION –
Hence pure, dry, colourless and octahedral shape crystals of potash alum were obtained.

EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT -
Prepare 250 ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt from crystalline Mohr’s salt.

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THEORY -

Molecular mass of crystalline Mohr’s salt [FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O] = 392

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Mohr’s salt, Mohr’s salt crystals required = 392 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/20 solution,

392 1
Mohr’s salt crystals required = X 250 X 20 = 4.9 gm
1000

Hence, 4.9 gm of Mohr’s salt dissolves in 250 ml of water and 5 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid to
prepare M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt.

APPARATUS REQUIRED -

Chemical balance, 250 ml beaker, glass rod and 250 ml measuring flask.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED -

Mohr’s salt crystals, distilled water and conc. sulphuric acid 5 ml.

PROCEDURE -

1. 4.9 gm of Mohr’s salt crystals was weighed accurately.

2. The Mohr’s salt crystals were transferred gently and carefully into a 250 ml
beaker.
3. 50 ml of water was added to the beaker.
4. Mohr’s salt crystals were dissolved in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean
glass rod.
5. When the Mohr’s salt crystals were completely dissolved then 5 ml of conc.
sulphuric acid was added to the beaker, the entire solution was transferred
carefully into a 250 ml measuring flask.
6. Enough water was added to the measuring flask carefully, up to the index mark on
it.
7. The measuring flask was shaken gently to make the solution uniform through out
8. Label it as M/20 Mohr’s salt solution.

CONCLUSION

Hence, 250 ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt from crystalline Mohr’s salt.

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 EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT -
Prepare M/20 solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’ salt). With its help,
determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate
(KMnO4).

THEORY -

Molecular mass of crystalline Mohr’s salt [FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O] = 392

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Mohr’s salt, Mohr’s salt crystals required = 392 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/20 solution,

392 1
Mohr’s salt crystals required = X 250 X 20 = 4.9 gm
1000

Hence, 4.9 gm of Mohr’s salt dissolves in 250 ml of water and 5 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid to
prepare M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -

Molecular equations

2KMnO +3H SO  K SO +2MnSO +3H O+5[O]

4 2 4 2 4 4 2

2FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] Fe2 (SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O]

X5

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O K2SO4 +2MnSO4 + 5 Fe2

(SO4)3 +

10(NH4)2SO4 +68H2O

Ionic equations

MnO4- + 8H+ +5e- Mn2+ +4H2O

Fe2+ Fe3+ +e-] X5

MnO4- +8H+ + 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ +Mn2+ +4H2O

INDICATOR -

KMnO4 is a self indicator.

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END POINT -

Colourless to permanent pink colour (KMnO4 in burette).

APPARATUS REQUIRED -

Burette, burette stand, pipette and conical flask

CHEMICALS REQUIRED -

Mohr’s salt crystals, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution, dilute sulphuric acid & conc.
Sulphuric acid.

PROCEDURE -

1. 4.9 gm of Mohr’s salt crystals was weighted.

2. Mohr’s salt crystals were dissolved in 50 ml of water then 5 ml of conc. sulphuric acid
was added to the beaker then it was made 250 ml in a 250 ml measuring flask.
3. The burette was rinsed with KMnO4 solution and the washing was rejected.
4. The burette was filled with KMnO4 solution and the burette was clamped in burette stand.
5. The pipette was rinsed with Mohr’s salt solution and the washing was rejected.
6. 10 ml of Mohr’s salt solution was pipetted out into a 250 ml conical flask then 20 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid (one test tube full) was added into the conical flask.
7. The initial burette reading was noted in the table.
8. The KMnO4 solution was added from the burette till a permanent light pink colour was
imparted to the conical flask on addition of a last single drop of KMnO 4 solution.
9. The final burette reading was noted in the table.
10. The process was repeated to got at least three concordant reading.

OBSERVATION -

Weight of Mohr’s salt crystals = 4.9 gm

Volume of solution prepared = 250 ml

Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = M/20

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.

TABULATION -

S.L Volume of Initial burette Final burette Volume of Remarks

NO Mohr’s salt (in reading reading KMnO4
ml) (in ml) (in ml) solution used

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 (in ml)
1

Concordant reading x=__mL.

CALCULATION -

(a) Molarity of the KMnO4 solution

From the overall balanced chemical equation it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO 4 react with 10
moles of Mohr’s salt.
𝑀 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4 𝑋 𝑉 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4 2
Hence = 10
𝑀 𝑀𝑜 ℎ 𝑟 ′𝑠 𝑋 𝑉 𝑀𝑜 ℎ 𝑟 ′𝑠

Where, M KMnO4 = molarity of KMnO4 solution

V KMnO4 = volume of KMnO4 solution

M Mohr’s = molarity of Mohr’s salt
V Mohr’s = volume of Mohr’s salt

𝑀 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4 𝑋 𝑥 2
So, =
1/20 𝑋 10 10

2 1 1
M KMnO4 = 10 X 2𝑥 = 10𝑥 = ?

(b) Strength of KMnO4 solution

Strength = molarity of KMnO4 solution X molecular mass of KMnO4
1
= X 158 = ?
10𝑥

CONCLUSION –

Hence, the molarity of KMnO4 solution was found to be -------------- and strength of
KMnO4 was found to be ---------------------.

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 EXPERIMENT – 4
AIM OF THE EXPRIEMNT–
Identification of functional group present in the given organic
compound.
Preliminary observation-
Compound no-
Colour of the compound- White
Odour of the compound- Odourless
Physical state- Soild
Solubility- Cold water
Copper foil test

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of organic compound Non smoky flame Aliphatic compound
is heated on a copper foil
Test for unsaturation

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of given organic Pink colour not disappear Unsaturation group absent
compound solution is taken in
a test tube and then one drop
of alkaline KMnO4 solution is
added into it.
Test with blue litmus solution

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of given organic Blue litmus turned into red Carboxylic acid or phenolic
compound solution is taken in group is present
a test tube and then one drop
of blue litmus solution is
added into it.
Test with sodium bicarbonate

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of given organic Effervescence took place with Carboxylic acid group is
compound solution is taken in evolution of carbon dioxide present
a test tube and then a pinch of gas
sodium bicarbonate is added
into it.
Ferric chloride test

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of given organic A yellow colour is obtain Carboxylic acid group is
compound solution is taken in present
a test then 1ml of dilute

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NH4OH is added into it then
the test tube is heated to expel
NH3 gas and then cooled then
few drops of neutral ferric
chloride are added in to it

Conclusion – Hence the given organic compound is saturated, aliphatic compound contains
carboxylic acid groups.

EXPERIMENT – 5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-:
DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL AND ACID REDICAL OF THE GIVEN
UNKNOWN SALT.

A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION

1. Salt No.-
2. Colour of the salt- Colourless
3. Texture of the salt- Crystalline
4. Solubility-The salt is soluble in (i) cold water
B. DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

TEST TUBE HEATING

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is
taken in a clean and dry test
tube & heated first slowly and
strongly for about 3-4
minutes.
(a) The salt was first melted
but finally infusible white mass
is left.
(b) The salt swells upon
heating.
(a) May be Mg2+, Zn2+ ,Ca2+,
Sr2+ , Ba2+,Al3+ etc.
(b) It may be Al3+ or Zn2+
salt.

CHARCOAL CAVITY TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small cavity was made in a (a) An incandescent infusible (a) May be Mg2+ ,Al3+ , Zn2+ ,
charcoal block. The cavity white mass is obtained. Ca2+ , Ba2+, Sr2+ , Sn2+ etc.(
was filled with the supplied cobalt nitrate test is to be
salt. The salt moistened with a performed).
droups of water. The salt was
heated with the oxidising
flame with the help of a blow
pipe.
COBALT NITRATE TEST

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 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
A small quantity of the salt is (a) A blue mass is obtained. (a) May be Al3+ salt.
heated strongly in a charcoal
cavity in the oxidising flame
with the help of a blow pipe
till an infusible white mass
was left. one to two drops of
cobalt nitrate solution is added
to it and it is heated strongly
in the oxidising flame.
C. WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
GROUP ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1) A pinch of the salt was (b) No smell of ammonia. (b)Group zero basic radical
taken in a test tube, few are absent.
drops of conc. sodium
hydroxide solution was added
and heat it.

(2)About 2ML of salt solution (b) NO precipitates is (b) Group-I basic radical are
taken in a test tube and add obtained. absent.
dil. HCL.

(3)Take about 2ML of salt (b) Group-II basic radical are

solution in a test tube .Make it (b) NO precipitate is obtained. absent.
acidic with dil.HCL and warm
the contents. Through this
solution pass H2S gas.

(4)Take about 2ML of the salt (a) Group-III basic radical

solution and Add to about (a) A white or reddish brown may be present.
2gm of solid NH4Cl and Add precipitate is formed.
excess of NH4OH to it and
shake.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP-III BASIC RADICAL ( Fe3+,Al3+ )

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1)About 2 ml of salt solution Gelatinous white ppt. is Al3+ may be present.

is taken in a clean test tube and obtained.
NH4Cl is added to it till
saturation and then dil. NH4OH
is added till alkaline.

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CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Al3+
About 2 ml of salt solution is Al3+ is confirmed.
taken in a clean test tube and Gelatinous white ppt. is first
NaOH solution is added to it obtained. which is soluble with
dropwisely and then in excess. excess NaOH .
D. DRY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
I. TEST WITH DILUTE HCL OR DILUTE H2SO4 (CO32-,SO32-,S2-,NO2-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a (e) No effervescence no gas was (e) CO32- , SO32- , S2- , NO2-
clean and dry test tube, then 2ml evolved. were absent. So test for other
of dilute H2SO4 was added. acid radical.

II. TEST WITH CONC. H2SO4 (Cl- ,Br- ,I-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in (d) No effervescence no gas (d) Cl- ,Br - ,I- were absent. So
a clean and dry test tube, was evolved. test for other acid radical.
then 2 to 3 drops of
conc.H2SO4 was added.

III. TEST FOR NO3-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A little of the salt heated (b) No remarkable (b) NO3- was absent. so test
with conc.H2SO4 and few observation was obtained. for sulphate (SO42-) and
copper turnings. phosphate (PO43-) .

E. WET TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SO42- (SULPHATE)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of salt solution was taken A white ppt. was formed. SO42- was confirmed.
in a test tube then dilute HCL which was insoluble in conc.
was added and barium chloride HCL.
BaCl2 solution was added to it.
CONCLUSION:-

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 Hence The Basic radical found to be Al3+ and Acid radical found to be SO42-.

EXPERIMENT – 6
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-:
DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL AND ACID REDICAL OF THE GIVEN
UNKNOWN SALT.

A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION

1. Salt No.-
2. Colour of the salt- Colourless
3. Texture of the salt- Crystalline
4. Solubility-The salt is soluble in (i) cold water
B. DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

TEST TUBE HEATING

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is
taken in a clean and dry test
tube & heated first slowly and
strongly for about 3-4
minutes.
(a) Decripitation took place
(cracking sound).
(b) The salt was first melted
but finally infusible white mass
is left.
(a) May be crystalline salt.
(b) May be Mg2+, Zn2+ ,Ca2+,
Sr2+ , Ba2+,Al3+ etc.

CHARCOAL CAVITY TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small cavity was made in a (a) An incandescent infusible (a) May be Mg2+ ,Al3+ , Zn2+ ,
charcoal block. The cavity white mass is obtained. Ca2+ , Ba2+, Sr2+ , Sn2+ etc.(
was filled with the supplied cobalt nitrate test is to be
salt. The salt moistened with a performed).
droups of water. The salt was
heated with the oxidising
flame with the help of a blow
pipe.

COBALT NITRATE TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is
heated strongly in a charcoal
cavity in the oxidising flame
with the help of a blow pipe
till an infusible white mass
(a) Grey mass is obtained. (a) may be Ca2+ ,Sr2+,Ba2+ salt
( flame test is to be
performed)

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was left. one to two drops of
cobalt nitrate solution is added
to it and it is heated strongly
in the oxidising flame.
FLAME TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

The clean platinum wire is NAKED EYE DOUBLE
dipped with conc. HCl and BLUE GLASS
then it was touched a little of (e)Pea green (e)Bluish (e) may be Ba2+ salt present.
the salt. Then it is shown to green
the oxidizing flame. The
colour of the flame is
observed through naked eye
and double blue glass.
C. WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

GROUP ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1) A pinch of the salt was taken in a (b) No smell of ammonia. (b)Group zero basic radical are
test tube, few drops of conc. sodium absent.
hydroxide solution was added and
heat it.

(2)About 2ML of salt solution taken (b)NO precipitates is obtained. (b)Group-I basic radical are absent.
in a test tube and add dil. HCL.

(3)Take about 2ML of salt solution (b) Group-II basic radical are
in a test tube .Make it acidic with (b)NO precipitate is obtained. absent.
dil.HCL and warm the contents.
Through this solution pass H2S gas.

(4)Take about 2ML of the salt

solution and Add to about 2gm of (b) Group-III basic radical are
solid NH4Cl and Add excess of (b) NO precipitate is obtained. absent.
NH4OH to it and shake.

(5)Take about 2ML of the salt

solution and Add to about 2gm of (b) Group-IV basic radical are
solid NH4Cl and Add excess of (b) NO precipitate is obtained. absent.
NH4OH to it and shake. Through
this solution pass H2S gas.

(6)Take about 2ML of the salt

solution and Add 2gm of solid (a) Group-V basic radical may be
NH4Cl,boil,cool and add NH4OH till (a)A white precipitates is formed. present.
the solution smells of Ammonia.
Then add (NH4)2CO3 solution.

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ANALYSIS OF GROUP-V BASIC RADICAL ( Sr2+ ,Ba2+ ,Ca2+ )

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1)About 2 ml of salt solution is A white ppt. is obtained. Ba2+ may be present.
taken in a clean test tube and NH4Cl
is added to it till saturation and then
dil. NH4OH is added till alkaline.
Then saturated solution of
(NH4)2CO3 is added to it.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR

Ba2+
A little of the above precipitate is A Yellow ppt. is obtained. Ba2+ is confirmed.
taken in a clean test tube and to it
1ml of dil. Acetic acid is added and
warmed. Then potassium chromet
(K2CrO4) solution is added.

D. DRY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

I. TEST WITH DILUTE HCL OR DILUTE H2SO4 (CO32-,SO32-,S2-,NO2-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a
clean and dry test tube, then
2ml of dilute H2SO4 was
added.
II. TEST WITH CONC. H2SO4 (Cl- ,Br- ,I-)
(e) No effervescence no gas (e) CO32- , SO32- , S2- , NO2-
was evolved. were absent. So test for other
acid radical.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a
(a) Effervescence took place (a) may be Cl-
clean and dry test tube, then 2
with evolution of colourless
to 3 drops of conc.H2SO4 was
gas with pungent odour. white
added. fumes were produced when a
glass rod Dipped in
conc.NH4OH was shown to the
gas.
E. WET TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cl- (CHLORIDE)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of salt solution was taken A curdy white ppt. was Cl- was confirmed.
in test tube was acidified with formed. which was soluble in
dilute HNO3 and silver nitrate dilute NH4OH and reappeared
(AgNO3) was Added. on addition of dilute HNO3 .
CONCLUSION:- Hence The Basic radical found to be Ba2+ and Acid radical found to be Cl-.

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