CHAPTER THREE

CONSTRUCTION

3.1 Introduction

A cable tester is used to verify that all of the intended connections exist and that there are no
unintended connections in the cable being tested. When an intended connection is missing it is
said to be "open". When an unintended connection exists it is said to be a "short" (a short
circuit). If a connection "goes to the wrong place" it is said to be "miswired" (the connection has
two faults: it is open to the correct contact and shorted to an incorrect contact). However, the
objective of the work is construct such device that does this work

3.2 Block Diagram

Figure 1: block diagram

3.3 Circuit Diagram

Figure 2: circuit diagram

3.4 Part/List Of Components Used

The list of the components that were used in the construction are as follow (all isted under
their specified part/sections and explained):

3.4.1 Power Supply

 Step Down Transformer : We use 5 volt regulated supply for the whole circuit. For this, we can
either use step down transformer to step down the voltage or 7805 regulator to reduce the voltage
 from 9 volt to 5 volt dc. In this project we use step down transformer to step down the voltage
from 220 volt ac to 9-0-9 volt ac. This AC is further connected to the rectifier circuit for AC to
DC conversion. Transformer current rating is 750 mA.

Figure 3: Transformer
 Diode: In this project we use IN 4007 diode as a rectifier. IN 4007 is a special diode to
convert the AC voltage into DC. Here, we use two diodes as a full wave rectifier. Output
of a rectifier is pulsating DC

Figure 4: Diode

 7805 IC: This IC is used to gain regulated power supply. To convert the pulsating dc into
smooth dc we use Electrolytic capacitor as a main filter. Capacitor converts the pulsating
dc into smooth dc and this DC is connected to the Regulator circuit for Regulated 5 volt
DC

Figure 5: Microcontroller
 LED:A power LED is used in this section to observe the correct functioning of
power supply

Figure 6: LED(light emitting diode)

3.4.2 Processing circuitry

 89s52 Microcontroller 
 Crystal Oscillator 
 Capacitor
 LAN Wire Connector 
  LEDs

3.4.3 LCD Display

 LCD (2 by 16)
 Diode
 Resistance

3.4.4 Reset circuitry

 Switch
 Resistance
 Capacitor

3.5 Component Layout on Bread Board

The layout can be done either by hand or by using the PCB(PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)
Designing software like ORCAD or PROTE

Figure 7: Board Layout

3.5.1 Components Arrangement For Soldering

Figure 8: components arranged for soldering

SOLDERING: Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting
of Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to reduce the cost.
After the PCB fabrication is done, the various components are arranged at proper locations on
the PCB and then the soldering is done. All liquids consist of particles which attract each other.
The surface is always trying to shrink and this is because of surface tension.
The principle behind soldering is that when liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls
of the solid surface, it may happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface. This property is
called adhesive property. Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the
metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal.

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of melting. The
basic functions of flux are mentioned below:

1.Removes oxide from the surface.

2.Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid cover including
air gap.

3.Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

3.6 Working of the project

In this project, we use one microcontroller to control all the transfer voltage and one LCD to
display the messages. We use 89s52 controller, which is a family member of the 8051
controllers. We use 2 lines and 16 characters LCD to display the message on the screen. Along
with the LCD and microcontroller, we use total 16 LEDs to check the continuity of wire. Out of
16 LEDs, 8 LEDs are for the input signal and 8 for the output signal. We use 5 volt regulated
supply for the whole circuit. For this, we can either use step down transformer to step down the
voltage or 7805 regulator to reduce the voltage from 9 volt to 5 volt dc.

We show how we can check the LAN or any other cable with the smart point to point checking
method. In this method of wire testing, we pass voltage from one end to another end to each
wire. If the wire passes the voltage successfully, then connected LED is ON and LCD shows a
message on screen .So microcontroller checks all the eight wires one by one and shows
the result on LCD. If all the points are okay then LCD display an ‘OK’ message. If even a single
wire is not transferring the voltage, then LCD shows a ‘NOT OK’ message.

This tester is a very simple two-piece unit that allows one person to check the operation of
10Base-T cables with a minimum of fuss. Both end of the assembled cable is plugged into each
of the tester units.
So we use a unit that has 8 outputs, each one of which produces a pulsesuccessively. Only one
output can be high at any time. Then we use two RJ-45connectors and we apply the pulses to the
8 pins of one connector (A) and we connect LEDs at the pins of the other connector (B). If we
connect a straight LAN cable, we notice that the LEDs glow one by one successively. If a wire is
broken, the corresponding LED will not glow

 3.6 Casing/Packaging

Figure 9: casing

3.7 Principle Of Operation Of The Entire System

Network Testing is the prime application of LAN Cable Tester. It holds its firm existence in the

fast growing Internet broadband present scenario. The fault in any of the wire in the cable can
easily be detected by the use of this small but useful instrument and the speed can be enhanced
very easily which was earlier dumped by the cable fault. Moreover we can find its application in
the wired communication channel. If a single wire in the cable is not working it will produce
some interference resulting to noise, hence it will distort the information content and proper
information would not be transferred or received. By the use of LAN Cable Tester we can find
the actual fault in our network and make it appropriate. The implementation of this LAN cable
tester is efficient to those organizations and industries where the use of LAN wire connection is
more prominent.