Physics Beyond the Standard Model

20 oktober 2021

−mR
I. Standard Model m = 0 : V RR1 , m 6= 0 : V e R , R > m 1

Strong interactions → Yukawa S = d xL(φ, dφ), L = Lf ree + Lint

4

[g] 1, [S] = 1, [L] 4, [B](boson) = m, [Ψ] = m3/2

e2
Electromagnetic → L ≈ eψγ µ ψAµ , [e] = 1, α = 4π 1
≈ 137
Weak Interactions L ≈ g(nO p)(eOA ν) [g] ≈ m2 , m ≈ 102 GeV.
A 1

2. The Quark Model

Particle - irreducible representation of Poincare group.

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Lecture 3
II. Left-Right Symmetric Model

1. Triangular Anomaly: One vertex of a triangular diagram (Like Higgs-

fermion coupling) violates parity. SU (3) ⊗ SU (2) ⊗ U (1), Q = T3 + Y2 .
i gi = 0. Sum of charges of fermions is 0.
P

i
2. Mirror
 Fermions: m(φL φR + φR φL ). L ≈ h1 φHi φ + h2 ij φ H j φ
u u∗
For , uR , dR , there exists , u∗ , d∗ .
d L d∗ R L L
 
M1 M2
There’s a mass matrix of the form , where M1 ≈ M2 (mag).
M2 M1

2 , where B is the baryon

3. SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R ⊗ U (1), Q = T3L + T3R + B−L
number and L is the lepton number.
M1 M2
SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R ⊗ U (1) −−→ SU (2)L × U (1)Y −−→ U (1)SM .
M =?,1015 GeV
4. Pati-Salam Model: SU (4) ⊗ SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R −−−−−−−−−→ SU (3) ⊗
SU (2)L × SU (2)R ⊗ U (1)B−L . The SU(3) (dim 8) lies inside the SU(4)
(dim 15).

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 Lecture 4
III. Grand Unified Theories
These theories attempt to unify Electromagnetic, Weak, and Strong Interacti-
ons. Most recent is the Salam-Weinberg Model which unifies EM and Weak into
the Electroweak theory. SU (3) ⊗ SU (2) ⊗ U (1) ⊂ SU (5). The constants seem
to converge at about 1015 − 1016 GeV.

• Gauge fields?
• Quarks and leptons, generations
• Breaking of gauge symmetry

• Masses of quarks and leptons

a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 → a = (i, α), i = 1, 2, 3; α = 1, 2
!
i
3, 1, 23
   
a φ d
φ = → →
φα 1, 2, −1 (ν, e)
   
φ[ij] u
φ[a,b] =  φiα  = (u, d)
φ[αβ] ν
Such ideas would lead to two Higgs doublets Hα , H α
Another way is SU (5) ⊂ SO(10). Line above the number implies anti-spinor
φa . Further, models explain the 3 generations. The SUSY model deals with the
hierarchy problem, and posits the

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 IV. Supersymmetry
We need two technical points to be clarified here.

• Fermions anticommute: x1 x2 = −x2 x1 , x2 = 0

• Majorana or self-adjoint: {γ µ , γ ν } = 2g µν
1 µν
Fermions transform as χ → e− 2 σ ηµν χ

1. Examples of supermultiplets:

/
L = ∂B∂B + F ∂F

δB ≈ (F η), δF ≈ ∂Bη

Vector supermultiplet: (1, 21 )

1 i
L = − A2µν + χ∂χ
/
4 2

Read notes on supersymmetry.

(1)

Helping fields,