Emergence of SwaraJist  Swarajist allow to contest

and Revolutionary Elections as a grp within Cong

Activities Elections in Nov 1924

Swarajists n No-Changers: Gandhi’s Attitude :

Debate in Passive phase for what to  Initial oppose council entry
do  Release for health in 1924 –
Swarajists No-Changers gradualy towards reconciliation
with Swarajist
Want entry in Oppose Council
Legis Council Entry , focus on
Constructive Belgaum session of Cong 1924
Work , support  Gandhi presi – Swarajist would
Boycott n Non-
work in council as integral part
Cop
of Cong

C.R. Das , Moti Vallabh Bhai

Nehru , Ajmal Patel , Rajendra
Split in Swarajist :
Khan Prasad , Ansari,
RajaGopalaChari Responsivist Non-Respons

Coperation Withdrew
with Govt , from
Gaya Session of Cong 1922 –
Holding office legislature ,
 C.R. Das resign from PresiShip join Civil
 Moti Nehru from SecretaryShip Disobe
 Announce formation of ‘ Cong-
Khilafat Swaraj Party ‘ / ‘ Lala Rai , Moti Nehru
Swarajya Party ‘  Das Presi , Madan Mohan
Malviya ,
Nehru Secretary
Kelkar

Delhi Meet Sept 1923 :

Nov Elections 1926 :
Some Mem resign , some continu
 VallabhBhai Patel  elected
speaker of Cent Legis Asembly
in 1925
Achievements  defeat of ‘ Public
Safety Bill ‘ in 1928 – to deport
undesirable foreners for spread of
Socialist n Comunist ideas
DrawBacks :
 Relied on NewsP to communicate
with people
 Not cary with Coalition partners
bcoz of conflicting ideas
 Failed to resist previlage of
powrs n office
 Fail to support peasants cause in
Bengal n lost support of Muslim
mem
Constructive work by No-changers :
 Set up Ashrams
 National schools n clges
 Work to remove untouch ,
Boycott of foren clothes n liquor
Lahore Session 1930  Swarajist
walked out from council for ‘ Purna
Swaraj ‘ Resolution n start of Civil
DisObe
2 phases of
Revolutionary MoveM :
1st phase – befor Non-Cop
 Anant Kanhere killed Collector
of Nasik ‘ Jackson ‘ in 1909 –
Savarkar support ( Gun supplier )
– Cellular jail Andaman
2nd Phase – After Non-Cop
Spread of Marxist and Socialist Ideas
:
 Resulted in rise of Left Wing
within Cong – J nehru , Subhash
Bose support
Younger Nationalists :
 Critical of both Swarajist n No-
Changers
 Demand ‘ Purn Swaraj ‘
  Comunist Party of India 1920 –
Tashkent – By M.N. Roy , Abani
Mukharji
1925 – CPI in India
1929 – B arrest Comunist and Left
wing leaders – ‘ Meerut Conspiracy
Case ‘
2 Strands Develop :
1. Hindustan Republican association
– in Punjab, UP, Bihar
2. Yugantar , Anushilan Grps and
Chittagong Revolt Grp – Under
Surya Sen in Bengal
Punjab – UP – Bihar :
Hra – in 1924 – By RamPrasad Bismil ,
Jogesh Chandra Chatterji , Sachin
Sanyaal
1) Kakori Robbery 1925 –
Looted official Railway cash
2) HSRA –
 Inspire by Socialist ideas
 Under Leadership of Chandra
Shekhar Azad – HRA rename as
HSRA
 Include Bhagat Singh , SukhDev
Thapar
3) Saunder’s Murder
 Dec 1928 – Lahore
 Death of Sher-i-Punjab Lala Rai
due to Lathi Blow in Anti Simon
Comision – James Scott SP did
lathi charge
 Bhagat Singh n ShivRam Rajguru
killed John Saunders – for
Revenge of Lala Rai
4) Bomb in Central Legislative
Assembly – April 1929
 Bhagat Singh n Batukeshwar
Dutt threw bomb
 To protest against passage of
‘ Public Safety Bill ’ n ‘ Trade
Dispute Bill ‘
  Obj – to get arrested n use Trial 1) Chittagong Armoury Raid 1930 :
courts as forum for propaganda
 Surya Sen leader
– so that people become familiar
 To supply arms , destroy
Telephone n Telegraph lines ,
dislocate railway link of ChittaG
5) Action against Revolutionaries :
with rest of Bengal
 In jail – Revolu protested against
horrible treatment thr Fasting
 Jatin Das  death due to 63 Women Involve :
days of fasting
 Kalpana Dutt , Pritilata
 Lahore Conspiracy case 
Waddedar
against revolu for diff acts
 Santi Ghosh n Suniti Chaudhari
 ChandaS Azad – call meeting in
 school girls – killed
Alfred Park in Allahabad on 27
Dist.Magistrate of Comilla
Feb 1931 – Betray by 1 – B came
 Bina Das  shut governor while
 Azad shot himself Dead – pledge
reciving degree in Convocation
of not being capture alive

Bhagat s + SukhDev + Rajguru 

hanged on 23 March 1931 – for kill of ‘ Philosophy of Bomb ‘  by Bhagwati
Saunders – Shahid Divas Charan Vohra

Bengal :  Bhagat S helped to establish ‘

Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha ‘
After C.R.Das death , 2 fractions :
in 1926 – to carry out political
1. J.M. Sengupta – Anushilan grp work with uth
join
2. Subhash Bose – Yugantar grp
join
Simon Comision n
Nehru Report :
Simon Comision :
 7 mem – under Stanly – 1927
 To recommend B govt wheater
India was ready for Future
Consti Reforms n along what
lines
Conservative Govt didn’t want to leave
Q of B most imp Colony India – in
hands of Irresponsible Labour party
( future Govt )
Indian Response –
1) Congress Resp :
 Madraas Session – 1927
 M. Ansari – Presi
 Decide to Boycott Comision
 Support of Hindu MahaSabha ,
Mus league under Jinnah
Mus league 2 sessions – 1 under Jinna
in Calcutta
2 under Mohammad Shafi in Lahore 
support Simon
 J Nehru n Bose – emerge as uth
leaders
 Aug 1928  under J nehru – ‘ All
India Bengal Student Confe ‘
Linlithgo Comision k/a Royal
commission for Agriculture in 1926
Lord Birkenhead – sec of St for Indi –
talked abt inability of Indi to form
Constitution
Recommendation of Simon Comi
 In May 1930
 Abolition of Dyarchy , Rejected
ParliM Responsibility at Centre
 Sindh separate from Bombay ,
Burma separate from India
Above r no longer relevant bcoz
several events overtook imp of
recommendation
Nehru Report :
 To ans Birkenhead
 All parties Confe met in Feb
1928 – appoint sub Comity under
 chairman of Moti Nehru to draft
Consti
 Report was Unanimous except 1
 Majority favoue ‘ Dominion
Status ‘ n Some section want ‘
Complete Independence ‘
3. RepreS to Mus in Punjab n
Bengal in proportion to
Population
4. Formation of 3 new Mus
Majority Province – Sindha ,
Baluchistan , NW Frontier
Province

Main Recommendation :
Compromises :
 Dominion st on lines of Self-
Governing dominions 1. Jt Ele , Mus seats reservation
 Rejection of Separate where in Minority
Electorate – demand of ‘ Joint 2. Sindh deatch from Bombay only
electorate ‘ , reservation for after Dominion St was granted
Muslims 3. Broadly Unitary Stru, Residual
 Linguistic Province , 19 FR powers with Centre
 Responsible Govt in Centre n
Province , Federal St
AmendM propose by Jinnah :
Reaction of Muslim League :
1. Calcutta session in Dec 1928
 Delhi Proposals –
Jinna propose 3 AmenM
 Dec 1927 – Mus Lea Session at
2. 1/3 in CLA
Delhi – Evolved 4 Proposals for
3. ReserV in Bengal n Punjab to
their demands to incorporate in
Population , till Adult suffrage
draft Consti
estaB
 Proposals accepted by Madraas
4. Residual powers to Centre
Session of Cong in Dec 1927 – so
called Delhi Proposals
Jinnah’s 14 Points

Demands :  J went back to Shafi n in March

1929 gave 14 Pts , future
1. Joint Ele , Mus seats reserve
propaganda of Mus League
2. 1/3 representation in Cent LA
J Nehru n S Bose reject Cong
Modified Goal n Jointly set up ‘
Independence for India League ‘
Run up to Civil DisObe MoveM
 Calcutta Session of Cong
 1928 - Nehru report approv but
J Nehru , Bose , SatyaMurthy
not satisfied with Dominion
 They demand Purn Swaraj
 Conflict bet Old n Young
 Old suggested 2 yr grace period
to B – to accept demand of
Dominion Status
 Pressure from younger time
reduce to 1yr
 If not accept by B then Cong
demand Complete Independence
n Launch of Civil Disobe
Civil DisObe MoveM
and O Table
Conferences :
Irwin’s Declaration :
 Purpose was to restore faith in
ultimate purpose of B policy
 By Labour Govt
 Dominion Status n O table confe
No time scale for Dominion
Delhi Manifesto :
 2 Nov 1929 – Confe of Leaders
 Put certain Conditions for
attending O Table Confe
 Purpose of O TC shld not to
determine wheather and when
Dominion Status
 But to Formulate Consti for
Implementation of Dominion
Status – basic principle of Domi
shld immediately accept
 Cong shld have Majority RepreS
 General Amnesty for Poli
Prisoners n Policy of Conciliation
Irwin said to draft Consti for Domi
Status is Not Purpose of O TB
Lahore Cong 1929 n Purn Swaraj
 J Nehru – Presi
 Major Decisions –
 Boycott of O TB
 Complete Indep – aim of Cong
 CWC authorize to launch Civil
DisObe – Mem of Legis resign
 26 Jan 1930  fixed as 1st
Indep ( Swarajya ) Day
31 Dec 1929 –
 Midnight – Ravi river
 Newly adopted ‘ TriColor Flag ‘
hoisted by J Nehru – Inquilab
Zindabad
Kamla Devi Chatopaddhay – Bombay –
Defend Flag in Lathicharge
Civil DisObe MoveM 1930 – 1934
Gandhi’s 11 Demands – deadline given
to B was 31 Jan 1930
Dandi March 1930
12 March to 6 April – 385km
SatyaG @ diff places –
1) Tamil Nadu : RajaGopalaChari from
Thiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on
Tanjore coast
2) Malabar / Keral : Kelappan , Krishna
Pillai Defend Flag in Lati
3) Orisa : Gopal Bandhu Chaowdhary
4) Bihar : Champaran , Saran r 2
districts to start SatyaG
5) Peshawar SatyaG :
 Khan Abdul Gafar Khan  k/a
Frontier Gandhi , Badshah Khan
 Set up Khuda-i-KhidmatGar –
mem k/a ‘ Red Shirts ‘ – monthly
‘ Pukhtoon ‘
6) Solapur SatG 6-16 May :
 Fiercest response to G arrest
 Textile workers burn liq shop n
other symbols of Govt
 B apply Martial Law
7) Dharasana 21 May :
Sarojini Naidu , Imam Sahib , Manilal (
G son )
Babu Genu : Gandhi – Irwin Pact :

12 Dec 1930 – Oppose truck of Jorge  G n other leaders of CWC

Fraser – down in front of truck so
died
Extent of Mass Participation :
1) Women : picketing outside Liq
shop , foren cloths , Liberating Experi
2) Muslims : parti was not near of
1920-22
release from jail
 5 March 1931 – Delhi Pact /
Gandhi-Irwin pact
 G on behalf of Cong suspend
CDM, parti in next O TC
Evaluation of CDM  Govt treat
leaders as = n sign a pact

Revolt of Rani Gaidinlu :

Non-Cop CDM
 From Manipur , Queen of Naga
 J Nehru gave tittle ‘ Rani ‘ Vague Swaraj Comp Indep

Non-cop with Violation of

 July 1930  ViceR Irwin sugest Foren rule Laws
O TC , Tej Bahudur Sapru and M.
Jaykar – try to peace in Cong Big Mus Parti Very less Mus
and B Govt Parti
 Aug 1930  M n J Nehru shift
to Yerwada to meet G Big forms of Decline in
Protest forms of
Demands were :
protest
1) Nati Govt with control on
Defence , Finance
2) Indep Tribunal to settle B
financial claim
3) Right of Secession from B
Karachi Cong Session – 1931 :
 31 March – VallabhaB patel presi
 To endorse G-Irwin Pact
 2 Resolu adopt  FR , National
Economic Prog
 1st time Cong spelt out what
Swaraj mean to masses
O TC :
Pm of B  Ramsay MacD
1st O TC :
 Nov 1930 – Jan 1931
 Cong Boycott
2nd O TC :
 Sept 1931 – Dec 1931
 G from INC
 Right wing / Conservative from B
led by Churchill object B Govt
negoti with Cong on = front
 G deman  immedi EstaB of
Responsible Govt in Cent n St ,
No Separate Electorate for
UnTouch , Minority
 Session DeadLick on ? of MinoR
Session end with MacD announce
1. 2 Mus MajoR provi – NWFP ,
Sindh
2. Indi Consaltative Comity and 3
expert comity – finance ,
franchise , St
3. Comunal Award by B if Indi fail
to agree
3rd O TC :
 Nov 1931 – Dec 1932
 INC Boycott
RecoM publish in White Paper , Jt
Select Comity form to analyse RecoM
n Give New Act – so Govt of Ind Act
1935
CDM Resume :
 Failure of 2nd O TC – CWC
decide to resume on 29Dec 1931
 4 Jan 1932 – G Arrest
 Cong Oragani were Banned
 Not sustain for long bcoz :
 G n Other Leaders have no time
to build a Tempo
 Masses were not Prepare
 April 1934  G withdrew CDM
 Cong prti in election of Cent LA
of 1934
Comunal Award n Poona Pact :
 By RamSay MacD in 1932
 Sep Elect for Depress Class and
for Women
 G oppose so went on Fast so
poona pact
Poona Pact :
 Ambedkar n G on 24 Sep 1932
 Ambed quit Sep Elect for
depress classes
 Agree to Reserved Seats
HariJan Campaign :
 To remove UnTouch
 All India Anti-UnTouch League
by G in jail in 1932
 Weekly Harijan in 1933
 After relese from jail G shift to
Wardha Ashram
Debates on Future Strategy after
CDM :
2 stages : on future strategy of
Natinalist
1. What course for Nat MoveM in
1934-35
2. In 1937 - ? of Office
Acceptance of Prov Elect in Govt
Indi Act 1935
1st Stage Debate :
3 ways for Nati work after End of
CDM
1. Constructive work on G lines
2. Consti struggle , Parti in Elec of
Cent LA
3. Leftist trend in Cong by Nehru
oppose above 2 – favor
continuation of Non-Consti Mass
Struggle
Nehru’s Vision :
Goal is to abolish Capitalism n EstaB
of Socialism

Nehru opposition to Struggle-Truce-
Struggle :
 Struggle phase – truce to give
Govt chance to respond to
Demands – if Govt not respond
+ve then resume
 Nehru want ‘ Continuous Direct
Action ‘ – suggest Struggle-
Victory strategy
Yes to Council Entry :
 1934 – All India Congress Comity
met at poona to set up
Parliamentary board to fight
elections
 Oct 1934 – G resign from Cong
Govt of India Act 1935 :
 All India Federation
 Executive  Sub divide into
Reserv n Transfer at centre
 Legis  Bicameral at centre
 Fed – provin - Concurrent
 Provincial Autonomy
Cong Rule in Province – for 28 Months
Towards Freedom and
Partition 1939 – 1947
2nd World War n Nationalist
Response :
1 Sept 1939 – Germany attack Poland
3 Sept 1939 – B declare India as part
by Lord LinLithgo
Cong offer to ViceRoy :
2 Conditions :
 After war , Consti assembly set
up to determine political
structure of free India
 Immediately some form of
genuinely responsible govt at
centre set up
Reject by LinLithgo
CWC meet @ Wardha :
Different opinions on ? of India
Support :
1. G  uncondi support to B
2. Subhash Bose, other Socialist 
each side fight for Colonial
Intrest , no support , right time
to launch CDM , militant action
 3. J Nehru  Not support G n Bose Lahore Reso of Mus Lea 1940 :
, war was due to contradictions
 Jinnah Presi – propose 2 Nation
in Capitalism , No indi parti till
Theory
India free , Not to launch CDM n
 Mus majority area into
take advan of B posi , comp
Independent States – 23 March
indepen prerequire to support
as ‘ National Day ‘ in Pak
G go with Nehru

Cong said B shld declare war aims n

August Offer : 8 Aug 1940
how principle of Democracy were to
applied in Indi after War To get support of India in War

Lingo announce :

 Dominion Status as Obj for

Govt Reaction : -ve response
Lingo statement in 1939 :
 Refuse to define B war aims
 Consult a comity to modify Govt
Act of 1935
India
 Expansion of ViceR Exe Council
 Set up Consti Assembly after
War – Indi will decide Consti
 No Future Consti will adopted
Without consent of Minorities

Cong Rejected – Mus Lea support due

CWC meeting on 23 Oct 1939 : Cong
to Veto power
Ministry resign in province – Mus
League celebrate 22 Dec as ‘ day of
Mukti n Thanks Giving
Individual SatyaG :

 Oct 1940 – Dec 1941

Ramgarh Session 1940 –  Vinoba Bhave – 1st
 J Nehru – 2nd
 Maulana Azad as Presi
 Form n timing of Battle to G

Cong Leaders release from jail in Dec

1941 – due Japan agresive actions , to
defend Indi territory
CWC overrode G n Nehru Objection n Why Failed ?
Pass Resolution – offer to B to Help
1) Cong Objection :
 If – Full Independence, Power
 Dominion Status , Right of
Transfer Immediately
Province to secede
G chose Nehru as successor  Absense of share in Defence ,
No immediate transfer of Power

Cripps Mission March 1942 –

2) Mus L Objection :
Reasons of Sending :
 Not like machinery for creation
1. Japan threat to invade Indi ,
of Consti Assembly , No mention
Indian support crucial
for creation of Pakistan
2. Presure on B from allies to seek
 Sikh  object that Parti would
Indi Coperation
take away Punjab from them
3. Indians offer complete – then
support war

Talks broke down on ? of ViceR veto

Main Proposals :

 Set up Dominion Status – Indi

will decide relation with
CommomWealth
 Consti Assembly – for new Consti
 Any Province not willing not to
join – separate consti ( Parti )
 Meantime Defence in B hands

Significance  Make Consti whole

Indians , Blueprint of Parti , Interim
period Indians large Parti in Admini