6

The following table shows the human population (× 10 ) of six countries for the years 1960 and
2000.

6
Population (× 10 )
1960 2000
Australia 10 19
Brazil 72 172
China 650 1273
Nigeria 42 126
United Kingdom 52 59
United States 181 285

[Source: Population Reference Bureau, www.prb.org]

(a) From the data above, determine

(i) in which country the population has increased by the greatest number.

.................China.....................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) the percentage of population growth in Nigeria.

.................300%.....................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Outline factors that have affected human population growth in either Nigeria or China.

Revoking of the one-child policy, increase in quality of life, economical growth

and improvements in medicine decreasing maternity deaths cause such a growth
in population
(3)

(c) (i) Define the term sustainability.

It is defined as maintaining the ability to be permanent while ensuring the

continuity of diversity and productivity.
(1)

(ii) State two factors that may affect the human carrying capacity of a country.

Size of the population in percentage.

Water/food storages in a country.

(2)

(d) State whether the human population of a city is an open system, a closed system or an
isolated system. Explain your answer.
 It is open system, because there is material input such as immigrants who travel to an
abroad country.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

(a) As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use are widespread.
Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment.
(8)

(b) What steps could be taken to reduce these effects?

(5)

(c) The average cost of petrol (gasoline) for automobiles is four times higher in Europe
than in the USA. Discuss the environmental implications of this difference.
(4)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

The diagram below shows some of the material flows which affect food production and fresh water
resources.

a tm o s p h e re riv e rs

fo o d p ro d u c tio n s y s te m s a v a ila b le fre s h w a te r re s o u rc e s

a q u ife rs
s o il

(a) Distinguish between the terms sustainability and sustainable yield.

(2)

(b) Describe and explain how food production systems and fresh water resources can be
managed sustainably.
(10)

(c) Using examples, suggest ways in which non-renewable resources, excluding fossil
fuels, could be managed to reduce the rate at which they are being depleted.
(5)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)