MODULE 1:

OVERVIEW
Tourism is big business. In 2006, travel and tourism directly contributed $740 billion to the
U.S. economy. Travel and tourism is one of America’s largest employers, directly employing
more than 8 million people and creating a payroll income of $178 billion. (Source: U. S. Travel
Association, December 2006).
In addition to creating new jobs, new business and higher property values, well managed
tourism improves the quality of life and builds community pride. According to a 2009 national
research study on U.S. Cultural and Heritage Travel by Mandela Research, 78% of all U.S. leisure
travelers participate in cultural and/or heritage activities while traveling translating to 118.3 million
adults each year. Cultural and heritage visitors spend, on average, $994 per trip compared to $611
for all U.S. travelers. Perhaps the biggest benefits of cultural heritage tourism, though, are
diversification of local economies and preservation of a community’s unique character. certification
from International Standard Organization (ISO) making them more competitive in the niche.
Cultural heritage tourism means traveling to experience the places and activities that
authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes irreplaceable
historic, cultural and natural resources.
One challenge in cultural heritage tourism is ensuring that tourism does not destroy the very
heritage that attracts visitors in the first place. Furthermore, tourism is a competitive, sophisticated,
fast-changing industry that presents its own challenges. It is generally a clean industry: no
smokestacks or dangerous chemicals. But it does put demands on the infrastructure — on roads,
airport, water supplies and public services like police and fire protection

OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to;
1. Define tourism;
2. Define and understand the value of heritage;
3. Define the heritage tourism;
4. Identify agencies responsible for heritage tourism;
5. Identify the categories of heritage products;
6. Explain the forms of cultural heritage;
7. Identify examples of tangible and intangible product of cultural-heritage tourism
8. Understand the criteria of heritage site;
9. Understand the benefits, challenges ,other issues and opportunities in heritage tourism; and
10. Understand the positive and negative impact of Heritage Tourism

TOPIC 1. DEFINITION OF HERITAGE TOURISM

WHAT IS TOURISM?
According to UNWTO, tourism is the experience of an individual or
sometimes a group of
people for the purpose of business, leisure and for a holy expedition.
Individuals become tourists when they voluntarily leave their normal
surroundings, where they reside, to visit another environment.
These individuals will usually engage in different activities,
regardless of how close or how far this environment (destination) is
(Hall, 2008; Holloway & Taylor, 2006; Jafari, 2002). Therefore,
tourists are visitors, and what they you do whilst visiting another
place may be considered as tourism. Back in 1963, the United
Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism agreed to use the term ‘visitors’ (other than
residents) to describe individuals visiting another country. This definition covered two classes of visitor:
Tourists were classified as temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in a destination. If they are
travelling for recreation, health, sport, holiday, study or religious purposes, their visit could be
categorised as leisure. Alternatively, excursionists, including cruise travellers may be considered as
temporary visitors, if they stay in a destination for less than 24 hours. However, these definitions fail to
take into account the domestic tourists. In 1976, the Institute of Tourism (which later became the
Tourism Society) suggested that tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to
destinations outside the places where they normally live and work.
Therefore, tourism includes the movement of people for all purposes, including day visits or
excursions (Cooper, 2008; Holloway & Taylor, 2006).
This broader definition was slightly reformulated at the International Conference on Leisure
Recreation Tourism that was organised by the Worldwide Network of Tourism Experts (AIEST)
and the Tourism Society in Cardiff, in 1981: “Tourism may be defined in terms of particular
activities, selected by choice, and undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism may or
may not involve overnight stay away from home”. In 1991, the United Nations World Tourism
Organisation declared that “Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and
staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business or other purposes”. At this stage, one could differentiatebetween domestic and
international tourism (Yuksel, 2004). The former refers to travel that is exclusively undertaken within
the national boundaries of the traveller’s home country. The latter refers to travel within the
borders of one’s home country. Domestic travel will have an impact on the balance of payments
and will reduce the outflow of money from the tourists’ home country (Mathieson & Wall, 1982).

DEFINITION AND VALUE OF HERITAGE

Heritage is defined as valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions,
unspoiled countryside, and historic buildings that have been passed down from previous
generations.
Heritage is anything valued by people
today that was also valued by previous generations.
Heritage is what we have accepted as gifts from those
who came before us. Heritage is our inheritance of
land, language, ecosystems, knowledge, and culture.
Heritageisthepastmade
present. Heritage includes land, physical and material
objects, monuments, and sites, as well as intangible
beliefs,customs,knowledgeand
traditions. Heritage may be built, written, recited,
remembered, re-enacted, worn, displayed, and taught.
Heritage is everywhere. Heritage may occupy or be composed of urban, rural,
agricultural, manufactured, or backcountry settings. Much heritage is deeply rooted in specific
landscapes and regions (e.g., Swiss cheeses, Aboriginal Australian song lines), but heritage can also
be portable (Japanese kimonos, Italian stone masonry). Heritage may bear the unmistakable
signature of an individual master (e.g., Bill Reid’s wood carvings; M.C. Escher’s mathematical
lithographs) or may have been crafted by thousands or people over many generations (e.g., Angkor
Wat, the Great Wall of China). It may be central to group or regional identity because of its’ natural
character (e.g., California’s Redwoods, Tanzania’s Kilimanjaro).
Heritage plays a very important role in our life. It is what keeps us attached to our religion, traditions,&
beliefs. In today’s context we refer to cultural identity which means (feeling of) identity of a group or
culture, or of an individual as far as he or she is influenced by his belonging to a group or culture. The
best way to preserve our cultural heritage, whatever it may be, is to share it with others. It is our
responsibility to keep world history intact for the coming generation so that they may have the same
opportunities to learn about the past and their own roots as we have. Now the main question arises that
what contribution can we do for the prevention and conservation of our cultural heritage? We can teach
our own children to practice the traditions and beliefs of our ancestors and tell them to continue to pass
it on to future generations. Teach them to be proud of their roots especially if they know very few other
children of the same cultural heritage. We can also donate to or participate in associations that fund
workshops and museums that help to educate others about our cultural heritage. These organizations
will be around for many years to come and are probably one of the best ways to educate others about
the history of our ancestors.

WHAT IS HERITAGE TOURISM?

Heritage tourism Also know cultural
heritage and diaspora tourism is branch of tourism
oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location
where tourism is occurring.
This is also defined as a traveling to
experience the places, artifacts and activities that
authentically represent the stories and people of the
past.’
However, cultural heritage is not limited
to monuments and collections of objects. It also
includes lived expressions inherited from our ancestors and
passed on to our descendants. These include oral
traditions, performing arts, social manners, rituals,
celebrations, practices and knowledge and techniques related to traditional
handcrafts. Despite its fragility, intangible cultural heritage or living heritage is an important factor in
maintaining cultural diversity.
 Heritage Tourism is a tool of economic development that achieves economic growth
through attracting visitors from outside a host community, who are motivated wholly or in part by
interest in the historical, artistic, scientific or lifestyle/heritage offerings of a community, region,
group or institution (Silberberg 1995). Such travel is focused upon experiencing cultural
environments, including landscapes, the visual and performing arts and special lifestyles, values,
traditions, and events.
Tourism is widely recognized for its tangible outcomes (job creation, tax revenues) as
well as its less tangible outcomes (quality of life). It may be built upon a wide variety of attractions,
including agritourism, arts tourism, cultural and heritage tourism, destination tourism, fairs, events
and conferences, sports teams, recreation, and more. International tourism is the world’s largest
export earner and an important factor in the balance of payments in most nations (United Nations
World Tourism Organization 2007). The primary focus of this tool to attract visitors is “cultural and
heritage tourism.” Community Vitality: There is broad agreement that cultural resources generate
economic vitality by leveraging human capital and culture to generate economic vitality through
tourism, crafts, and cultural attractions. Programs based on such resources may restore, revitalize
or strengthen a community or neighborhood by serving as a centerpiece for redevelopment and
cultural renewal. They create vibrant public spaces integrated with natural amenities resulting in
improved urban quality of life, and expand business and tax revenue base and positive regional and
community image (Newman and Smith 2000). Also cultural resources may contribute to an area’s
“innovative habitat” by making communities more attractive to highly desirable knowledge-based
employees and permitting new forms of knowledge intensive production to flourish. This may be
effective not only in large central cities, but in smaller communities and rural areas as well. It is also
the case that cultural and heritage tourism can satisfy the cultural and leisure aspirations of the local
community, providing residents with a greater sense of belonging to their homeland (Chang 1999)
as well as intercultural awareness both within and outside a community. Cultural and heritage
tourists stay longer and spend more money than other kinds of travelers thus making such tourism
an important economic development tool (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, 2002).
AGENCIES PROMOTING HERITAGE TOURISM
1. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND
CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
-The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace
and security in the world by promoting collaboration among
nations through education, science, culture and communication in
order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and
for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world,
without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.

2. UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM

ORGANIZATION
The main purpose of this organization is to
encourage and promote tourism as a means to
encourage economic growth, inclusive development
(taking the poor into consideration), and environmental
sustainability. UNWTO promotes tourism as a driver
ofeconomicgrowth,inclusive
development and environmental sustainability and
offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies
worldwide. According to them there are 869 cultural and 213 natural heritage list.
UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, to
maximize tourism’s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts, and
is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development worldwide.
UNWTO generates market knowledge, promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and
instruments, fosters tourism education and training, and works to make tourism an effective tool for
development through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the world.
3. WORLD HERITAGE
This is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international
convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are
designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or
other form of significance. The sites are judged to contain
"cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of
outstanding value to humanity".The sites are intended for practical
conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or
animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local
administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones. The list is
maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World
Heritage Committee, composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by their General Assembly.
The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural
importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity. The programme began with the
"Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage", which was
adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 193 states
parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most widely recognised international
agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme.

TOPIC 2. CATEGORIES OF HERITAGE TOURISM

Heritage tourism involves travel to sites that in some way represent or celebrate an area,
community, or people's history; identity or inheritance. Heritage attractions are typically divided
into three categories: natural, cultural and built.
1. Natural Heritage - refers to the sum total
of the elements of biodiversity, including flora
and fauna, ecosystems and geological
structures. It forms part of our natural resources.
Heritage is that which is inherited from past
generations, maintained in the present, and
bestowed to future generations. The term
"natural heritage", derived from "natural
inheritance", pre-dates the term "biodiversity." It
is a less scientific term and more easily
comprehended in some ways by the wider
audience interested in conservation. Natural
sites represent about 23% of this list, including 39 mixed
(both cultural and natural) sites and 213 natural sites.

2. Cultural Heritage - Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a

community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places,
objects, artistic expressions and values. Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible or
Tangible Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS, 2002).
As part of human activity Cultural Heritage produces tangible representations of the value systems, beliefs,
traditions and lifestyles. As an essential part of culture as a whole, Cultural Heritage, contains these visible and
tangible traces form antiquity to the recent past. Cultural heritage is the legacy of cultural resources and intangible
attributes of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all legacies of past generations are
"heritage", rather heritage is a product of selection by society. The deliberate act of keeping cultural and heritage
from the present for the future is known as preservation or conservation, which cultural and historical ethnic
museums and cultural centers promote, though these terms may have more specific or technical meaning in the
same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has become an anchor of the global tourism industry, a
major contributor economic value to local communities.
2 FORMS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

1. TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Refers in general to all the material traces such as archaeological sites, historical monuments,
artifacts, and objects that are significant to a community, a nation, or/and humanity. It includes artistic creations,
built heritage such as buildings and monuments, and other physical or tangible products of human creativity that
are invested with cultural significance in a society.

2 TYPES OF TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE PRODUCT

Movable heritage is a term used to define any natural or manufactured object of
h e r i t a g e s i g n i fi c a n c e . Movable heritage may be an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e significance of heritage
places.
-Immovable heritage includes building so (which themselves may include installed art such as
organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects or
other historic places and monuments.

2. INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

These are practices, representations, expressions, knowledge,
skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces
associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases,
individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage.

3. Built Heritage - is a historic buildings and sites which have been preserved and which have
architectural, historical, or other significant value. A growing number of such sites have become

involved in the tourism industry and serve as practical tools for urban and rural regeneration. Built

heritage can be considered any individual or group of buildings, structures, monuments, or

installations, or remains, which are associated with architectural, cultural, social, political, economic,

or military history.

CRITERIA FOR HERITAGE TOURISM SITE

1. CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE - include hundreds of historic buildings and town sites,
important archaeological sites, and works of monumental sculpture or painting.
CRITERIA:
1. "represents a masterpiece of human creative genius and cultural significance"
2. "exhibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time, or within a cultural area
of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning,
or landscape design"
3. "to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which
is living or which has disappeared”
4. ”is an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural, or technological ensemble or
landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history”
5. ”is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is
representative of a culture, or human interaction with the environment especially when it has
become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change”
6. ”is directly or tangibly associated with
events or living traditions, with ideas, or
with beliefs, with artistic and literary
works of outstanding universal
significance"
2. NATURAL HERITAGE SITE - refers to
the sum total of the elements of
biodiversity, including flora and fauna,
ecosystems and geological structures. It
forms part of our natural resources.

CRITERIA:
1. "contains superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and esthetic
importance"
2. "is an outstanding example representing major stages of Earth's history, including the record of
life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant
geomorphic or physiographic
features”
3. ”is an outstanding example
representing significant ongoing
ecological and biological
processes in the evolution and
development of terrestrial, fresh
water, coastal and marine
ecosystems, and communities of
plants and animals"
4. ”contains the most important
and significant natural habitats
for in-situ conservation of
biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal
value from the point of view of science or conservation”.

TOPIC 3: THE BENEFITS OF HERITAGE TOURISM

 Heritage-based travel, like all segments of the tourism industry, offers the potential
for numerous economic benefits in destination areas. The attraction of new visitors to a site or area
increases spending and may lead to the creation of new jobs and businesses, thereby stimulating the
local economy both directly and indirectly, through the multiplier or trickledown effect. Taxes on
spending can be used to benefit all members of a community, not just those directly involved in the
tourism industry, through the improvement of physical infrastructure. In addition to the economic
benefits that the attraction of tourists to a heritage site or area can generate, the recognition of such
locations may also bring with it a number of other advantages. Identification of a site or area as of
historic, cultural or natural importance should promote greater awareness of, and appreciation for, its
value, thereby increasing the chances of its preservation in the future. Realization of the existence and
significance of its unique resources by local residents is likely to enhance community pride and help
strengthen sense of place and identity, as evidenced by Besculides, Lee, and McCormick (2002) in their
analysis of the perceptions of residents of the Los Caminos Antiguos Scenic and Historic Byway in
southwestern Colorado. Heritage sites provide real-world classrooms where both children and adults--
local and visitors--can learn about the history, nature and/or culture of an area. Beyond these
opportunities for education regarding the site or wider vicinity, lies the additional potential for increased
awareness and understanding of resource preservation. Pretes (2003) describes the more profound
impact that heritage sites can have on the formation and maintenance of national identity among
domestic visitors. Heritage sites can offer nostalgic images of traditional lifestyles, as well as of the
progress of a region or country.

Heritage tourism protects historic, cultural, and natural resources in towns and cities
by involving people in their community. When they can relate to their personal, local, regional, or
national heritage, people are more often motivated to safeguard their historic resources. Heritage
tourism educates residents and visitors about local and regional history and shared traditions. Through
involvement and exposure to local historic sites, residents become better informed about their history
and traditions. Understanding the importance of one’s heritage provides continuity and context for a
community’s residents, and it strengthens citizenship values, builds community pride, and improves
quality of life.

Generally, the benefits of heritage tourism can be categorized into three groups: economic,
social and environmental.
Economic Benefits of Heritage Tourism

• Injects new money into the economy, boosting businesses and tax revenues
• Creates new jobs, businesses, events and attractions, thus helping diversify the local
economy
• Supports small businesses and enables them to expand
• Promotes the active preservation and protection of important local resources
• Builds vital relationships among and within local communities
• Helps encourage the development and maintenance of new/existing community amenities
Social Benefits of Heritage Tourism
• Helps build social capital
• Promotes preservation of local traditions, customs and culture. UNESCO now recognises
intangible cultural heritage as being as important as buildings.
• A market for experiences and traditional projects provides the economic support for keeping
these skills and traditions alive
• Promotes positive behaviour
• Helps improve the community’s image and pride
• Promotes community beautification
• Builds opportunities for healthy and useful community relationships and partnerships
• Provides research, education and work-placement opportunities for students
• Creates enjoyable opportunities for both local residents and visitors attracted to the cultural
arts, history and preservation
• Boosts local investment in heritage resources and amenities that support tourism services

There is even evidence that by helping to maintain buildings of character

culture and
heritage tourism can also contribute to the innovation and business diversification of precincts.
Small businesses based in amazing buildings are typically innovators and provide a core for
other
larger businesses.

Environmental Benefits of Heritage Tourism

• Helps encourage a culture of preservation
• Boost awareness of the tourist site, attraction or area’s significance
• Helps encourage local residents and visitors to be mindful about their impact on the natural
and
built environment

Although there is a risk that this type of tourism can lead to a place being
‘loved to death’ (think the Taj Mahal or the Sistine Chapel), properly handled it can provide a
reason to investin thing like sewage and water resources in areas.
So that is why we think Heritage Tourism is so vital to the visitor economy –
and that destinations should seek to maximize the opportunities it brings.
CHALLENGES OF HERITAGE TOURISM
Planning and managing heritage tourism requires
a number of issues to be dealt with. For those involved in
heritage preservation the challenge is to understand and
work effectively with the tourism industry. For those in
the
tourism sector there is a need to understand the needs
of
host communities as well as the principles and concerns
that are part of preserving cultural heritage. Tourism will
not go away and poorly managed cultural heritage
destinations will not only negatively impact local
communities but also the industry when heritage
resources and values are degraded. The challenge is not
to stop tourism but rather for all stakeholders to work
together in achieving sustainable planning and
management. Planning and managing heritage tourism
requires
a number of issues to be dealt with. For those involved in heritage preservation the challenge is
to understand and work effectively with the tourism industry. For those in the tourism sector
there is a need to understand the needs of host communities as well as the principles and
concerns that are part of preserving cultural heritage. Tourism will not go away and poorly
managed cultural heritage destinations will not only negatively impact local communities but
also the industry when heritage resources and values are degraded. The challenge is not
to stop tourism but rather for all stakeholders to work together in achieving sustainable
planning and management.

There are a number of obstacles to achieving sustainable heritage tourism destinations.

Some major obstacles include the lack of financial resources, poor forms of governance,
inappropriate project management processes, ineffective enforcement of regulations,
corruption and lack of support for heritage conservation.
OTHER ISSUES
While offering many advantages to both local communities and the traveler, the development
and promotion of heritage tourism also presents a number of potentially problematic issues.
One topic that has received an immense amount of attention concerns the notions of
authenticity and commodification, in this case referring to the genuineness or legitimacy of a
site or story, and its alteration for commercial purposes. Seminal pieces by Boorstin (1991),
MacCannell (1976) and Urry (1992), have spawned a number of more recent, empirical
examinations of these issues in the context of heritage tourism. At issue is the degree to which
representations of the past are truly faithful to reality, and whether there is potential for the
alteration of portions, or even entire, pasts so as to increase market appeal by making history
more pleasant and rosy (Prentice, Witt, & Hamer, 1998; Goulding, 2002; du Cros, 2001; Austin,
2002; Chhabra, Healy, & Sills, 2003). Though problems are most commonly seen at the more
commercial end of the market, authenticity and commodification are of equal concern at
smaller sites. In contrast, however, other sites have faced the opposite problem: the complete
lack of any consideration of the visitor's experience in favor of conservation and guardianship, a
"curatorial approach." This method sometimes resents the mere presence of tourists, and may
still be found in some muse urns and galleries where the emphasis remains on the preservation
of heritage rather than its everyday enjoyment (Garrod and Fyall, 2000). Nevertheless, this
attitude may well change as the need to retain financial solvency in the face of declining
governmental support becomes ever more pressing, and the economic benefits of public
access--at the market price--become more evident to heritage managers. Thus, managers face
the challenge of providing an experience that strikes a balance between obvious simulation and
sensationalism, and an overly dry, scholarly air. The heritage visitor seeks an educational, yet
equally enjoyable visit to a site that presents accurate information yet in a stimulating manner
(Goulding, 2002).

OPPORTUNITIES OF HERITAGE TOURISM

1. A resource for development in remote and economically peripheral regions of a country.
2. Can bring improved income and living standards for local people.
3. It stimulates the economy in rural and remote regions by creating demand for agricultural
produce, and through infrastructure development projects as it did in Lumbini, Nepal, where
many locals were employed as construction workers, and then some were hired as permanent
employees to take care of the Buddhist temples.
4. Heritage tourism also helps empower local communities for local empowerment in terms of
finance, zoning, and integrating living and historical cultures.
5. Heritage conservation rejuvenates historic urban space through renovation, restoration, and
reconstruction of historic buildings. This makes urban spaces more livable and attractive for
investment. Historic preservation may help achieve sustainable economic growth.
6. Create awareness of, and pride in, history and civilization. It creates pride in communities for
their heritage and provides self-confidence in their culture and heritage, which can result in
more local efforts to protect the cultural past.
7. Heritage preservation also provides avenues for different stakeholders to open dialog and
cooperate.
8. Neglected regions can soon become nationally and internationally recognized sites.
9. Heritage is a source and symbol of identity. Both tangible and intangible
heritage plays an important role in creating individual, community, and national identity.
10. For nations, heritage is a means of affirming their national identity and promoting solidarity.
11.There are opportunities for national unity and global recognition through the World Heritage
List.

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF HERITAGE TOURISM

1. Attracting visitors interested in history and preservation of the area
2. Preservation of local traditions and culture
3. Building community pride in heritage
4. Increased awareness of the site or area's significance
5. Psychological satisfaction because of the interaction with other cultures

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF HERITAGE TOURISM

1. Damage to historic site environments as a result of excessive visitor pressures.
2. The behavior of heritage visitors and their numbers (particularly at peak times) are slowly
destroying the very things that attracted them in the first place.
3. Tourists & cameras disturb believers & worshippers in sacred sites & temples still in use from
local people.