Professional Documents
Culture Documents
11/18/2014 1
Contents
• Basic Wireline
• Surface Equipment & Pressure Control
• Best Practices
• Wireline Tools and Services
• Profiles & Plugs
• Pipe Cutting
11/18/2014 2
Slickline, Braided Line and E-
Line
• Slickline – single strand wire. Mild steel. Sizes
0.072” to >0.125”
• Braided Line – multiple strand wire braided to
form a cable. Non Conducting.
• Electric Line or E-Line – a multiple stand wire
armor cable around a single insulated electrical
conductor wire.
• Specialty cable – many forms of multiple
conductor wire in insulated or armored cable.
11/18/2014 3
Source
Wireline Operations
• Common workovers with wireline
– liquid and fill tags
– gauge running and retrieval
– gas lift valve replacement
– sleeve shifting
– plug and packer setting
– bailer runs
11/18/2014 4
Critical Lesson
• Plugs must be equalized before releasing.
• Pressure may be trapped in many tool &
wellbore configuration.
• Trapped pressure can propel a tool up the well
very rapidly, causing wellhead & pipe damage
and bird’s nests of wire that are extremely
difficult and expensive to remove.
11/18/2014 5
Theoretical loads (in lbs) resulting from pressure
differentials in various sizes of plugs.
Pressure
Differential 3-1/2" 4-1/2" 5-1/2" 8-5/8"
(psi) tube tube tube 7" tube tube
100 703 1253 1923 3737 4961
500 3514 6264 9617 18687 24807
1000 7027 12529 19234 37374 49614
5000 35137 62643 96172 186869 248070
The common element on all plugs that must be pulled is that there must be a reliable way to
release the pressure below the plug before releasing the locking mechanism on the plug.
11/18/2014 6
Nominal Weight of Wire
Wire Size Wt per 1000 ft of wire
0.072 14 lb
0.082 18 lb
0.092 22.6 lb
0.108 31 lb
0.125 44 lb
11/18/2014 7
Selecting Wireline
• What devices have to be pulled (weights, loads)?
• What impact forces are needed?
• What are the tubing sizes?
– Small tubing – smaller wire, easier to work and
recover. Easier to compress into a mass for retrieval.
– Large tubing – larger wire – stronger, less likely to
birds-nest or kink, easier to fish as a single strand, but
harder to compress into a mass when a wireline spear
would work.
• Corrosion potential?
• Local preferences?
11/18/2014 8
Wireline Surface Equipment
• Reels and Controls
• BOP
• Lubricators
• Grease (oil) Seals
11/18/2014 9
One view of a slickline unit’s controls -
11/18/2014 10
Typical slickline spool on a small unit.
11/18/2014 11
Slickline and Braided Line Drums
11/18/2014 12
Braided line – stronger (2800 to 3500 lb working strength, but
less “feel” when fishing and slower line speed.
Watch abrasion of steel by braided wire.
Harder to get a seal in stuffing box/grease injector
11/18/2014 13
Slickline – Single Strand Wire, No
Conductor
Upper Stuffing Box
Sheave
Lubricator
11/18/2014 14
Schematic of a Grease Injector for Braided Line
Rubber Elements
Flow Tubes
Grease Injection
11/18/2014 15
SPE 27227
11/18/2014 16
11/18/2014 17
Setting the Pack-Off Elements under
the topTop Sheave w/ isolation
sheave,
11/18/2014 18
Stuffing Box – the Main Seal on the
Wire
• Braided Line – Grease Injector
• Slick Line - Rubber elements with and without
oil injection capacity. A hydraulic oil is usually
used for sealing and lubrication of the wire.
• If a tool is to be hung-off on wireline, tighten
the pack-off gland, but do not keep injecting
grease – this will damage the well. you hang
off a tool
11/18/2014 19
SPE 27227
11/18/2014 20
11/18/2014 21
Wireline BOP
11/18/2014 22
Surface Rigup Considerations
1. Overall Safety
a) Height & Weight
b) Pressure Control
i. Top & Bottom
ii. Fit for purpose
c) Equipment Ratings
d) Condition
e) Pressure Test (?!?)
2. Lubricator
a) Length – tools + 3 ft(?)
b) Material? (H2S)
c) Seals
11/18/2014 23
What Do Well
Records &
Well Profile
Tell You?
Is it Correct?
11/18/2014 24
Lubricator Layout perf
Loading and Loading
gun in lubricator
11/18/2014 25
Lubricator Length
• “Consider the tool string length when
sizing the lubricator length. The available
length to swallow a tool string is from the
top of the swab valve to the bottom of the
flowtubes. This length should be the
TOTAL tool length, line head to bottom
nose, plus 3 extra feet.”
11/18/2014 26
Wireline Fishing/Jarring Best Practices
• Maximum fishing time of 45 minutes to 1 hour
before re-heading wire – move the fatigue point
(fatigue caused by continual working over the
sheaves during jarring) – usually cut off 100 to
150ft – depends on wire length that is working
over the sheaves when jarring.
• Don’t be conservative about re-heading the wire
– this prevents breaks and expensive fishing.
• Work to 50% of max load of wire.
• Use of 0.125 and braided wire considered?
11/18/2014 27
Some Wire Types
• Bright Steel – most widely used, not for H2S or
CO2
• AISI 304 – H2S service
• AISI 316 - H2S service
• Note: make sure you know what wire is going
in the well.
• Do a twist test and inspect the break on a
routine basis.
11/18/2014 28
Wire Limits (Bright Steel)
(estimates only)
Wire Size Minimum Tensile Strength Max Work Level (normal work level is lower)
0.072” 972 lb. 500 to 600 lb. ?
0.082” 1239 lb. 850 lb. ?
0.092” 1547 lb. 1000 lb. ?
0.108” 2436 1400 lb. ?
0.125” 3200 1800 lb. ?
Minimum tensile is 75% of rated break strength.
Data for “bright plow steel wire”
11/18/2014 29
Wire Limits - AISI 304
(estimates only)
Wire Size Minimum Tensile Strength MaximumWork Level
0.082” 1280 lb. 850 lb. ?
0.092” 1582 lb. 1000 lb. ?
0.105” 2070 lb. 1400 lb. ?
Minimum tensile is 75% of rated break strength.
11/18/2014 30
Wireline Weight – modeled and actual
11/18/2014 31
Wireline breaks involve fatigue, physical
damage to the wire, corrosion and other factors.
11/18/2014 32
Wireline Operations
• Advantages - speed, cost, footprint, “feel”
• Disadvantages
– low wire strength
– lack of rotation
– lack of circulation
• Problems
11/18/2014 33
Pulling Weight Into the Well – The
Problems
• Long lubricators required
• Rig up height increased
• Added friction in deviated wells from longer
weight stem
• Less wireline load capacity
• Often with large braided line, the well must be
dead due to the pressure effect on the
wireline.
11/18/2014 34
11/18/2014 35
11/18/2014 36
Common Problems with Wireline
• Wire breaks
– Fatigue (work hardening failure)
– corrosion (H2S, CO2, acids)
– load failure
• Damage to well equipment and coatings from
wire abrasion
11/18/2014 37
Slick Line Torsion Tester - Twist testing has eliminated wire breakage
in many areas.
11/18/2014 38
11/18/2014 39
Wire Fatigue – Number of turns to
break wire – Alaska
• Wire Size New Min turns to break
– 0.072 29
– 0.082 26
– 0.092 23
– 0.108 20
– 0.125 22 18
11/18/2014 40
11/18/2014 41
11/18/2014 43
Wireline Fatigue
• Limit the wireline crews to 50 - 60 jar cycles
prior to POOH and cut of +/- 50m wire
11/18/2014 44
Some Very Basic Learnings
• About “90%” (maybe 99%) of success is in the operator
selection.
• Wire line breaks can be almost totally eliminated by
torsion testing of wire, limiting jarring times, only using
a great operator and not pushing the limits with wire,
cycles or time.
• When wire breaks, always expect a little wire above the
rope socket.
• Whenever possible, run a fishing tool that has a
release.
• H2S wells can be wireline nightmares
11/18/2014 45
Wireline Equipment Checks
• 1. Measure and record data for all equipment
that goes in the hole.
– diameters of every component
– tool body lengths
– thread patterns of each component
– Tapers, shoulders, unusual equipment
– compressed and extended jar lengths
– Examine the catch shoulders of necks and grabs.
11/18/2014 46
11/18/2014 47
Wireline Equipment Checks
• 2. Wire history & checks
– size, material
– use history
– corrosion treatment
– torsion testing (turns before breaking)
– jarring time in one spot (working continuously over
the shieve or pulley thins and fatigues wire)
11/18/2014 48
Wireline Equipment Checks
• 3. Equipment
– working condition
– support for loads
– lubricator pressure limit
– seal equipment capability and backup
– seal equipment sizing
– Set screws (type, material, tightening, range of
shear)
11/18/2014 49
Examine Everything Coming Out of the Well
SPE 141023
11/18/2014 50
Wireline Basic Equipment
• Rope Socket
• Jars
• Tools
• Wireline torsion testers
11/18/2014 51
Rope Socket
Many types of rope sockets
With selection often by
operator preference.
11/18/2014 52
11/18/2014 53
11/18/2014 54
There are many different types of rope rockets.
The number of turns in the wire influences breaking strength.
If wire breaks prematurely during rope sock makeup , do a torsion test.
11/18/2014 55
11/18/2014 56
Junk in the bottom of a
well
11/18/2014 57
Jars
• Mechanical or spang jars – old design, but
very effective
– Mostly for near vertical wells, but have been used
in deviated sections (loses impact effectiveness as
deviation increases) Roller stem is possible but
not always practical.
• Hydraulic jars
– Much slower acting
– Less (?) affected by deviation – still requires a tight
wire above the jar.
11/18/2014 58
11/18/2014 59
Fishing neck must be in
good shape with sharp
shoulders. Also, look for
any damage to threads.
11/18/2014 60
Hydraulic Jars
•Hydraulic Jars – initial problems.
- Problematic operation in gas & hot wells.
- Minimal impact forces due to short stroke length.
11/18/2014 61
Tools
• Stem
• Knuckles
• Various Tools
11/18/2014 62
Wireline Weight Stem
11/18/2014 63
11/18/2014 64
11/18/2014 65
Gauge ring cutters
Problems in highly
deviated wells - sticking
11/18/2014 66
Dimension should closely follow id of tube -
this allows check for partial collapse and
prevents material from getting on top of tool
string.
11/18/2014
Camco 67
CT Fishing Survey Tools
Tools and devices which help determine fish type and orientation
11/18/2014 68
Set down once and retrieve. Multiple set
downs only confuse the imprint.
Also known as a “confusion block” -
generally for good reason.
11/18/2014 69
11/18/2014 70
Lead Impression Block Interpretation
Offset and
incomplete
impression
11/18/2014 71
Pop Quiz
11/18/2014 72
Some lead impression blocks may be made in various shapes
for assistance in describing shapes or locations of fish.
Flat and tapered impression blocks
11/18/2014 73
Impression Block Best Practices
• Run a near drift block
• Set down one time and POOH
• Keep a file of paper cut-outs of pipe body
diameters, connection diameters, tool
connections, etc., that might look up. Helps to
match the cut-out to the shape of the impression.
• Anytime an unusual fish is recovered, get a photo
and a tracing of the ends – tools often break in
the same area of the body.
11/18/2014 74
Other Specialty Tools
• Slickline tools mostly for plug setting and
other manipulation needs, plus running
memory gauges.
• Braded line is generally for running or
retrieving heavy equipment.
• E-Line is most often used for data gathering
operations.
11/18/2014 75
E-Line Tools
11/18/2014 76
Safety Switch for Explosive Devices.
11/18/2014 77
Stuck Pipe – Free Point Indicator
11/18/2014 78
11/18/2014 79
Multi-Arm Caliper
11/18/2014 80
Damage Visualization
11/18/2014 81
Cameras – down-looking and side
looking. Mainly for problem
identification and research.
11/18/2014 83
Vertical Fractures in open hole wells –
Early research into fracture height and
orientation
11/18/2014 84
Real Fractures – to scale
Average Frac Width <1/16” to 1/8”.
11/18/2014 85
Slickline Tools
• Basic BHA (bottom hole assembly)
– Rope Socket
– Weight bars (weight stem)
– Jars
– Tools
• Running
• Retrieving
• Wire grabs
• Fluid tag – blind box
• Cutters, scrapers, rasps, swedges, etc.
11/18/2014 86
One type of running tool
11/18/2014 87
11/18/2014 88
JD Pulling Tools – note sharp
shoulders and clean tool bodies
11/18/2014 89
JD Pulling tool – commonly run
just below the jar in the BHA.
11/18/2014 90
The tops of fishing
necks are usually
tapered to assist the
fishing tool in locating
and attaching.
Note sharp shoulders
Note the extended body
of the neck – this
allows some extension
above the top of debris
that may settle on top
of the plug.
11/18/2014 91
Outside fishing neck with
flow through capacity.
11/18/2014 92
One problem with inside
fishing necks is that debris
may prevent the prong from
entering and latching.
11/18/2014 93
Inside fishing neck for a GS running tool
11/18/2014 94
Fish Type and Dimensions
•Many fishing tools only catch on limited size range (OD or ID)
•When dimensions of fish are known:
– Prepare accurate fishing diagram
– Prepare wellbore or completion diagram
•Factors influencing selection of tools/techniques:
– Fish stuck/free
– Fill or junk on top of fish
– Fish material properties
• e.g. small ferrous objects retrieved by magnetic devices
11/18/2014 95
Fishing Diagram - Fishing Neck Detail
3.750 in.
2.313 in.
2.000 in. Depth to top of fish
1.813 in. 3455.50 ft
11/18/2014 96
11/18/2014 97
The top of a gas
lift valve, bent
over in the
wellbore.
DHV Inc.
11/18/2014 98
Wellbore and Completion Geometry
•Minimum tubular or restriction size
– Determines maximum OD of CT/toolstring which can be used
•When assessing drift clearances
– Consider removal of fill
•Pressure differential may exist across the fish
– Can force toolstring up or down wellbore
•When determining overpull available at fish
– Consider wellbore geometry
11/18/2014 99
11/18/2014 100
Bailer Bottom
11/18/2014 101
Tools for running and retrieving gas lift valves
– note: maximum length of tools and valve or
dummy must fit into the tool body. Latching
too long a valve can stick assembly.
11/18/2014 105
Roller stem used in higher deviation wells.
Watch problems with deposits such as
scale, paraffins, and asphaltenes.
11/18/2014 106
11/18/2014 107
Wireline Checklist – a few pointers
1. Check pipe connection and pressure rating of lubricator and BOP
2. Lubricator long enough for all the BHA with jars fully extended, plus maximum length of
fish, plus a few extra feet?
3. Check mandrel profiles and other tools to be run for correct OD, profile type and function.
4. Check pressure equalization features on all pulling and retrieving tools
5. Check that running, pulling and fishing tools have the correct latch mechanism for the tool
being run or retrieved.
6. Check wireline unit for proper function (engine, clutch and line)
7. Can you check the wire history? Especially important if the truck has been working in H2S
areas.
8. Check wire with twist test for fatigue.
9. HPHT, especially sour wells, are wireline nightmares – find another way to do the job?
10. Have emergency plan for handling breaks and leaks.
11. Have the name of a wireline expert in your pocket.
11/18/2014 108
Tractor – Profile Cleaning
11/18/2014 109
Profiles or Nipples - problems
SPE 141023
11/18/2014 111
Debris in old wells……
11/18/2014 112
SPE 141023
Corrosion in areas of the well prevent
seal of most types of plugs
11/18/2014 113
Nippleless Plug Assembly
11/18/2014 114
Bottom Anchor tool – Before & After
Setting
11/18/2014 115
Frac Sleeve & Removal of a Stuck Frac
Sleeve
11/18/2014 116
SPE 141023
11/18/2014 117
Plugs and Profiles
• Types
• Running
• Pulling
• Problems
Plugs are set for many reasons – but mostly for isolation of pressures.
Not all plugs are a permanent seal. Sand plugs, cement plugs and inflatables have special
requirements.
11/18/2014 118
Profiles (Nipples)
• Landing Profiles – provide a hones bore and locking
recesses locking mandrels (plugs) to locate and lock in
place. The specific mandrels can control flow or have
other functions.
• Selective Profiles – allow several profiles of the same size
to be run in a well. The mandrels can be run through the
profile or set in the profile, depending on the design.
• No-Go Profiles – a profile with a restricted area at the
bottom that stops larger tools from passing through the
profile.
• Pinned couplings – a coupling with a pin across the
diameter to prevent tool passage.
11/18/2014 119
Profiles
• Type S
– pre-selected landing location for subsurface flow
equipment.
– Only locates (sets) in profiles with matching key position.
– Designed to withstand pressure from above or below.
– Floating keys to hold against fluctuating pressure.
• Type N No-Go
– Single nipple installation at bottom of tbg (selective
nipples above).
– Full opening packing bore, locking recess at top, slightly
restricted No-Go at bottom..
11/18/2014 120
Mandrels
• Type B, C, D and W mandrels
– Pressure rating of 1,500 psi
– Packoff without a landing profile.
– Hold pressure from the bottom only, usually set at 1000 ft for
tree repairs.
– Slip pack-off element is mechanically expanded with a
running tool and packs off against the tubing ID.
– B mandrel uses choke cups
– C mandrel is set by upward jarring – shears a pin, allowing
mandrel to move upward and expand the packing
– W mandrel compresses a sealing element against tubing ID.
– D is a collar stop – run with a running tool, designed to lock in
API tubing collars in first upward movement. .
11/18/2014 121
Other Wireline set tools
• Downhole Regulators - Designed to reduce
surface flow-line pressure to keep surface
controls from freezing (hydrate formation).
• Pack-offs and anchors – a device that can be set
anywhere in the tubing to straddle and pack-off
holes. A type D collar stop is used at the bottom
of the tool.
11/18/2014 122
A typical plug showing seals, equalization ports and locking keys
11/18/2014 123
Collar Stop
11/18/2014 124
11/18/2014 125
X and XN Profiles
Tbg Weight Tbg Drift Packing XN NoGo
Tbg Size Tbg ID Bore
ID
in. mm. lb/ft kg/m in. mm. in. mm. in. mm in. mm
2-3/8 50.3 4.6 5.85 1.995 50.57 1.901 48.29 1.875 47.53 1.791 45.49
4.7 5.99
2-7/8 73.0 5.4 9.52 2.441 62.0 2.347 59.61 2.313 58.75 2.205 56.01
5.5 9.67
9.3 13.84 2.992 76 2.857 72.82 2.813 71.45 2.666 67.72
3-1/2 88.9
10.2 15.18 2.922 74.22 2.750 69.85 2.750 69.85 2.635 65.93
4-1/2 114.3 12.7 18.97 3.958 100.5 3.833 97.36 3.813 96.85 2.62 66.55
11/18/2014 126
R and RN Nipples
Size Wt ID Drift Packing Bore NoGo Lock ID
in. mm. lb/ft kg/m in. mm. in. mm. in. mm. in. mm. in. mm.
1.9" 48.26 3.64 5.42 1.5 38.10 1.405 35.69 1.375 34.93 1.250 31.75 0.620 15.75
2-3/8" 50.93 5.3 7.89 1.939 49.25 1.645 41.78 1.781 45.24 1.640 41.66 0.880 22.35
2-3/8" 50.93 5.95 8.85 1.957 49.71 1.773 45.03 1.710 43.43 1.560 39.62 0.750 19.05
2-3/8" 50.93 6.2 9.23 1.853 47.07 1.759 44.68 1.710 43.43 1.560 39.62 0.750 19.05
2-3/8" 50.93 7.7 11.46 1.703 43.26 1.609 40.87 1.500 38.10 1.345 34.16 0.620 15.75
2-7/8" 60.33 7.9 11.76 2.323 59.00 2.229 56.62 2.168 55.07 2.010 51.05 1.120 28.45
2-7/8" 60.33 8.7 12.95 2.259 57.38 2.165 54.99 2.125 53.98 1.937 49.20 0.880 22.35
2-7/8" 60.33 8.9 13.24 2.243 56.97 2.149 54.58 2.125 53.98 1.937 49.20 0.880 22.35
2-7/8" 60.33 9.5 14.14 2.195 55.75 2.101 53.37 2.000 50.80 1.881 47.78 0.880 22.35
2-7/8" 60.33 10.4 15.48 2.151 54.64 2.057 52.25 2.000 50.80 1.881 47.78 0.880 22.35
2-7/8" 60.33 11 16.37 2.065 52.45 1.971 50.06 1.875 47.63 1.715 43.56 0.880 22.35
2-7/8" 60.33 11.65 17.34 1.995 50.67 1.901 48.29 1.875 47.63 1.715 43.56 0.880 22.35
3-1/2" 88.9 12.95 19.27 2.75 69.85 2.355 59.82 2.562 65.07 2.329 59.16 1.380 35.05
3-1/2" 88.9 15.8 23.51 2.548 64.72 2.423 61.54 2.313 58.75 2.131 54.13 1.120 28.45
3-1/2" 88.9 16.7 24.85 2.45 62.23 2.355 59.82 2.313 58.75 2.131 54.13 1.120 28.45
3-1/2" 88.9 17.05 25.37 2.44 61.98 2.315 58.80 2.188 55.58 2.010 51.05 1.120 28.45
4-1/2" 114.3 12.8 18.97 3.958 100.5 3.833 97.36 3.813 96.85 3.725 94.62 2.120 53.85
4-1/2" 114.3 13.5 20.09 3.92 99.57 3.795 96.39 3.688 93.68 3.456 87.78 2.380 60.45
4-1/2" 114.3 15.5 23.07 3.825 97.16 3.701 94.01 3.688 93.68 3.456 87.78 2.380 60.45
4-1/2" 114.3 16.9 25.5 3.754 95.35 3.629 92.18 3.437 87.30 3.260 82.80 1.940 49.28
4-1/2" 114.3 19.2 28.57 3.64 92.46 3.515 89.28 3.437 87.30 3.260 82.80 1.940 49.28
Non-Selective Nipples
Seal bore
No-go
11/18/2014 127
Selective Nipples
Seal area
Allows running multiple
profiles, each with same ID.
Landing recess Set is determined by running
tool.
11/18/2014 128
11/18/2014 129
S Profile with plug installed. Showing locking section.
11/18/2014 130
S profile, seal assembly in the polish bore section
11/18/2014 131
S Profile – locking section
11/18/2014 132
11/18/2014 133
XN (left) and X profile (right). X profiles allow several to be run in series in the string (same size
plug passes through each). Only one XN can be run (on the bottom).
11/18/2014 134
XN (left) and XN w/ X-pin insert (right)
11/18/2014 135
11/18/2014 136
A ported profile and plug.
11/18/2014 137
Other Profiles
• Flow Couplings –
– heavy wall tube, 1 to 6 ft long (0.3 to 2m), made
of high allow steel.
– same ID as tubing but similar OD to coupling
– protection from internal erosion and corrosion
– Used where excessive turbulence is expected
• above and below some profiles
• above crossovers
• above bottom hole chokes
11/18/2014 138
Other Profiles
• Blast Joints –
– Similar to flow couplings but designed to resist
exterior erosion and abrasion
– 3 to 20+ ft long (1 to 6+m)
– Used opposite perforations
– Used opposite annular proppant entry point
– Used in straddled intervals in dual completions
11/18/2014 139
Other Equipment
• Downhole Chokes
– a set diameter restriction in the tubing that takes
some pressure drop downhole.
• Used for up-hole hydrate prevention by taking some
expansion of gas (cooling) in the downhole area where
insitu temperatures are higher.
• Used for production or injection limiting.
• Stabilize bottom hole pressures
11/18/2014 140
Downhole Choke
11/18/2014 141
Sliding Sleeves
open
closed
11/18/2014 142
Other Equipment
• Downhole Regulators
– a variable diameter restriction in the tubing that
takes some pressure drop downhole according to
the rate of flow.
• Used for up-hole hydrate prevention by taking some
expansion of gas (cooling) in the downhole area where
insitu temperatures are higher.
• Used for production or injection limiting.
• Stabilize bottom hole pressures at variable rates
11/18/2014 143
11/18/2014 144
Side pocket Mandrel
for gas lift or
Indexing Groove
chemical injection
Latch recess
“Pocket”
Port to annulus
11/18/2014 145
Seal Swelling Problems
• Gas permeation
• Solvent swelling of seals
11/18/2014 146
Swollen seals on a plug retrieved from 10,000 ft
Left – one minute after pulling from the well, Right – after sixty minutes
Seal swell happens mostly on the trip up the hole as pressure is released and gas tries to leak
out of11/18/2014
the seal. It is not usually a cause of sticking. 147
Avoiding Profile Debris Problems
• Cementing - protect the nipple profile with a
sleeve similar to an insert sleeve used in a
downhole safety valve
11/18/2014 148
When Sand Fill is Present
• “There was some sand present in the well,
which gave us difficulties to run in hole at 63
deg dev. The problem was overcome by
flowing the well slightly while running in, thus
creating turbulences around the tool to flush
away "sand dunes" building up in front of the
tool.” – Charlie Michel, BP
11/18/2014 150
Equalizing Prong with marks to differential contact on steel or sand.
11/18/2014 151
Specialty plugs are available
that will set in almost any type
of tubular, regardless of the
presence or absence of a
profile, but a seal always
depends on the integrity of the
tubing in which the plug is set.
11/18/2014 152
Schlumberger
Slickplug - The Retrievable Bridge Plug
Bow Spring
Barrier for Tree change - outs
11/18/2014
Weatherford 153
Retrievable Bridge Plugs
Features:
• Run and retrieved under pressure
• Straight pull to release
• Can be retrieved on coiled tubing
• Pressure differential is equalized with washover
retrieving tool
• Electric wireline setting with industry standard setting
tools
Weatherford
11/18/2014 154
Composite Plug Data – Drillable
Csg wt
Plug range Max Csg Min Csg Max Rec Max Pressure
Plug Mkr Type Plug Size lb/ft ID ID Length Temp from above
4.09" 3.92" 28.62" 50-250F 5,000 psi
Halliburton Std 4-1/2" 9.5-13.5 103.9 mm 99.6 mm 726.9mm 10-121C 34,474 kpa
4.95" 4.67" 29.09" 50-250F 5,000 psi
Halliburton Std 5-1/2" 15.5 - 23.0 123.7 mm 118.6 mm 713.9 mm 10-121C 34,474 kpa
4.09" 3.92" 27.92" 50-350F 10,000 psi
Halliburton HTHP 4-1/2" 9.5-13.5 103.9 mm 99.6 mm 709.2mm 10-177C 68,947 kpa
4.95" 4.67" 29.87" 50-350F 10,000 psi
Halliburton HTHP 5-1/2" 15.5 - 23.0 123.7 mm 118.6 mm 758.7 mm 10-177C 68,947 kpa
Note the temperature limits. These have proved optimistic in a few HT wells. Milling time to
remove these plugs with CT milling tools will be about 1 hour or less with the right mills,
equipment and operator.
11/18/2014 155
Example of the force generated by pulling a plug without equalizing pressures below and
above the plug
5-1/2” Csg
4.95” ID
2500 psi
11/18/2014 156
Swab/Surge Forces
• “Plunger force” - tremendous force exerted
event in small movements because of large
area affected.
• Close clearances and high tool movement
speeds increase the swab/surge force
• Circulation while pulling lessens swab/surge
loads
11/18/2014 157
Laying Sand Plugs
• Shut-in well for several hours to prevent
crossflow disruption of plug.
• Don’t bury the BHA with dumped sand
• Tag frequently to avoid over-fill
• Use a gell spacer in front of sand to prevent
sand roping or falling down the hole. Rapid
sand fall out can cause bridge off inside the
CT.
11/18/2014 158
Sand fall rates in various fluids
10/20 mesh sand 20/40 mesh sand
Fluid ft/min m/min ft/min m/min
WF220 7.5 2.3 2.2 0.67
WF240 2.05 0.62 0.49 0.15
WF260 0.49 0.15 0.11 0.03
Diesel 21.9 6.7 10.2 3.1
Water 21.9 6.7 12.6 3.8
11/18/2014 160
Setting Cement Plugs
• A near 100% reliable system if cross flow can
be stopped.
• Most cement plugs fail because of cross flow,
density and viscosity mismatch, or failure to
“break” the fluid momentum.
• Full plug method described and field tested in
SPE 11415 (published in SPE JPT Nov 1984, pp
1897-1904) and SPE 7589.
11/18/2014 161
Cement Plug Failure
Many cement plugs fail for the same 4 reasons:
1. Cross flow cuts channels into the plug.
2. Cement is higher density that the mud.
3. The mud is much lower viscosity than the
cement slurry.
4. The open ended tubing produces a high
momentum energy condition that the mud
cannot stop.
11/18/2014 162
How?
1. Use a simple tubing end plug with circulation to the
side and upward but not downward.
2. Spot a heavily gelled bentonite pill below the cement
plug depth. Pill thickness of 500- 800 ft (152- 244 m).
3. Use a custom spacer to separate the pill and the
cement slurry.
Cement
4. Use a viscous, thixotropic cement with setting time
equal to the job time plus ½ hr. Plug thickness of 300
Bentonite Pill
to 600 ft (91 to 183 m)
5. Rotate the centralized tubing (do not reciprocate)
during placement and gently withdraw at the end of
the pumping.
mud
6. WOC = 4 hrs for every 1 hour of pump time.
11/18/2014 Full details and field tests in SPE 11415. 163
Diverter Plug on End of Tubing
A simplified diverter tool can be made by
plugging the end of tubing and drilling 8 holes
– the bottom four straight out and the top four
angled up at 45o.
Holes are 0.75 to 1” (2 to 2.5 cm) diameter.
11/18/2014
SPE 11415 164
1. Modify the tubing to bull plug the bottom and open a side port
2. Pump a 20 bbl pill of heavily gelled bentonite, same density as the mud in the hole
3. Spot the cement slurry on top of the pill while slowly withdrawing the tubing.
11/18/2014 165
Pipe Cut-Off
• Methods • Targets
– Explosive (shaped charge) – Pipe, usually tubing, when
– Linear (cutting the coupling) pulling a packer
– Chemical – Tailpipe
– Radial Torch (thermite plasma) – Special Targets
• Multiple strings
– Mechanical
• Casing recovery
– Abrasive
• Exit windows
(experimental)
11/18/2014 166
Shaped continuous and segmented
Shaped Charge or Explosive Cutter – note remaining flare – may require milling in some cases.
cutters
The flare in on both ends of the pipe at the cut (up-looking and down-looking. Clearances must
be considered or pipe sticking will be a problem.
Problems: getting a large cutter (80% of ID suggested) to the target, flare remaining after cut,
outside pipe damage.
11/18/2014 167
A linear cutter – focuses on the coupling
A Split-ShotTM charge fired in a coupling. If depth control is
accurate and the coupling is not a hook design, a high success rate
is expected, however, clearances and over-pulls are often
necessary. Hook threads resist separation of pin & box.
Thread type is critical. API threads are much easier to separate
with these tools than some premium threads.
11/18/2014 168
Chemical Cutters
A chemical cut – note the jet-produced indents at
the cut from nozzles spraying the bromine tetra-
floride reactant against the inside of the pipe.
Most often, the cut is through about 95% of pipe wall. Separation of the pipe very often
requires over-pulls of > 30,000 lb.
The minimum restriction about the cut point is one of the most important limiting factors in
getting a reliable cut.
11/18/2014 169
Chemical cutter – selecting the target
and positioning the tool
Chemical cutter deployment – critical actions are:
1. Select correct cutter body diameter (75% to 80% of pipe
ID at the cut,
2. Select a new tool body (nozzles wear with re-use –
enlarged nozzles are less efficient at focusing the stream
on the inside walls of the pipe),
3. Centralization (perhaps including anchoring),
4. Punch a circulation hole and allow pipe and annulus
pressures (and fluid levels) to equalize),
5. Select a cut area away from couplings and coatings or
deposits,
6. Place the target area of the pipe in tension of +/- 30,000
lb before the cut.
11/18/2014 170
The importance of the tool diameter
The focus of the fluid stream is spread out and the cutting ability of the chemical cutter is
diminished as the distance from the tool body (exit point of the jet) increases. Proper tool
diameter and centralization are critical.
Below: the cutter body below the centralizer and above the
lower reservoir for the cutting fluid. Note the jets in the tool
arranged to spray the cutting fluid onto the wall of the pipe.
11/18/2014 171
After the chemical cut
After a successful cut.
Note the location of the
nozzles and the cut area
directly offset from the
nozzles.
11/18/2014 172
Chemical Cutter Problems
There are many factors that can defeat any type of cutter. Failures are due to many
problems including small tool diameter, moving well fluids, pressure, temperature, depth
and pipe grade.
11/18/2014 173
Other Problems
11/18/2014 174
Radial Torch Cutters
A Radial Torch Cutter uses thermite –
an aluminum powder burned to create
temperatures capable of melting steel.
The mixture is expelled and focused
through nozzles onto the pipe wall to
create a cut.
The thermite tools are useful for high
allow pipe and for depths and pressures
BP
at which chemical cutters lose
reliability.
Radial Torch Cut, 13Cr 85 ksi pipe
11/18/2014 175
•
Abrasive Cutting
Abrasives can easily cut most steel and multiple layer
cuts are possible.
• Control of the cut may be difficult and outside pipe
(nested strings) may be damaged or completely cut.
• Back pressure slows the cutting performance with Right: Single and multiple
significant drop in performance above 1500 psi pipe layers cut by
backpressure. abrasives.
• Nozzle performance is less affected by standoff when
using abrasives.
11/18/2014 178
References and Text Notes
• Cutters
11/18/2014 179
Chemical Cutters
The steel to be cut should be free of scale, oil, wax, plastic or other coatings. Many of the coatings are
resistant to the cutter fluid and can result in partial or no cut.
The tool should be centralized and anchored. Any movement of the tool during spraying of the cutter
fluid smears the fluid impact and dilutes the effectiveness of the cut.
Selection of the optimum diameter of cutter. Efficiency of the cut depends heavily upon the distance
between the nozzle and the wall of the tubing. If the cutter is too small due to restrictions in the tubing
string, the cutter will not cut the tubing.
Application of tension is usually needed to finish the separation of the pipe. Usually, only 90 to 95% of
the pipe wall body is cut during the firing of the cutter; the remainder of the tube body must be yielded
by tension.
Higher strength alloys, chemically resistant alloys, thick pipe and coatings on the inside surface of the
pipe are challenges. High alloy (above S-135) and thick wall pipe should usually not be attempted with a
chemical cutter. The cutter should be placed to avoid the coupling.
Deep tubing cuts (cut depth greater than 15,000 ft) are not usually successful. Pressure and
temperature may be reasons.
The chance of a successful first cut on pipe above the packer is 75%, with 50% of the failures resolved
by a second attempt. When tension cannot be pulled into the pipe (i.e., below the packer) , the chance
of success on the cut is about 25%.
Local variances and operator expertise are major factors.
11/18/2014 180
Shaped Charge Cutters
• The cutters work by focusing a ultra-high pressure, directed, explosive pulse against the pipe wall.
The cutter is a close relation to a perforating charge and are unaffected by most coatings. The draw
back to an explosive cutter is the flare produced at the cut area by the detonation. Early cutters
produced large flares (20% pipe diameter growth or more) and broken sections of pipe. Later
cutters (last 2 years) have been re-engineered to produce less than a 10% flare and no ribbons or
splits.
a. Selection of the optimum diameter of cutter. Efficiency of the cut depends heavily upon the
distance between the base of he charge and the wall of the tubing. If the cutter is too small due to
restrictions in the tubing string, the cutter will cut only one side of the tubing.
b. The tool should be centralized if possible. This is not as critical as with a chemical cutter.
c. Application of tension is usually needed to finish the separation of the pipe. Usually, only 80 to
95% of the pipe wall body is cut during the firing of the cutter; the remainder of the tube body
must be yielded by tension.
e. Higher strength alloys, chemically resistant alloys, thick pipe and coatings on the inside surface of
the pipe are challenges. High alloy (above S-135) and thick wall pipe should usually not be
attempted with an explosive cutter. The cutter should be placed to avoid the coupling.
f. High temperatures may create problems with explosive cutters.
The chance of a successful first cut on pipe above the packer is the same as with a chemical cutter:
75%, with 50% of the failures resolved by a second attempt. When tension cannot be pulled into
the pipe (i.e., below the packer), the chance of success on the cut is about 25%.
11/18/2014 181
Linear Cutter
The linear cutter is a linear piece of shaped charge that can be run through restrictions and still make
effective cuts in the coupling. The cutter is a straight tube with the linear charge running lengthwise.
The tool is placed in the collar or tool joint and shot through the pipe and the coupling, weakening the
connection sufficiently to allow pulling out at 5,000 to 10,000 lb. tensile force. The charge strip is held
in a magnetically decentralized tool and is run on wireline.
The advantage of the tool are its smaller diameter (1-11/16” and smaller) that will pass many
obstructions. Tube tension during cutting is still recommended. The tool is best suited to upper pipe
recovery operations. The split coupling would hamper fishing operations on the lower tubing.
Critical Factors:
a. The tool is only effective if shot in the coupling.
b. Accurate depth control (within inches) is a must. A minimum length of 18” is suggested. Reliability is
directly proportional to depth control accuracy.
Hook wall threads and high loads may affect performance.
When shooting with the pipe in tension (above the packer) and accurate depth control, the field
reliability is about 90%.
11/18/2014 182
Abrasive Cutoff
• Abrasive Cut-off – The development of abrasive cut-off tools is an outgrowth of the abrasive
perforating process that uses a sand and fluid slurry directed at the tubular and pumped at high
rates. Tubular cut-off requires a rotating nozzle on coiled tubing or rotating the workover tubing.
The mechanism can be used to cut nearly any weight or grade of tubular. Drawbacks are need for a
fluid supply path (coiled or jointed tubing) and potential damage to the strings beyond the first
pipe.
Critical Factors:
a. Although the proper standoff from the nozzle to the tubular wall is important, a cut can be made
with several inches of clearance.
b. The tool must be anchored.
c. The tool head must rotate to provide a complete cut. If the tool stalls, a hole can be cut through
tubing and casing.
d. Back pressure increases the time needed to make the cut. Experimental application of the tool in
3-1/2”, 13 lb./ft, S-135 DP has resulted in average cut times of 3 minutes at surface conditions but
may require 10 to 20 minutes downhole.
d. Sufficient solids must be pumped to achieve cutting. Solids may be of various types, including
sand, calcium carbonate and other materials. The more angular particles (like sand) will cut quicker
than round, softer pellets like limestone.
11/18/2014 183
Thermite
• The tool sprays a thermite derivative (5000F) from
shaped nozzles at the wall of the tube. This device is
used for higher alloy tubing.
• The impacted surfaces are melted. Incomplete cuts
and misfires have been the major drawback.
Critical Factors:
a. Nozzle condition. Reuse of nozzles is not suggested
due to wear.
b. Nozzle to pipe wall clearance.
11/18/2014 184
Mechanical Cutters
• Mechanical cutters – These mill-like devices, rotated by tubing or
downhole motors are, at best, slow in cutting heavy wall or high allow
pipe. Tubing cut times are 4 to 6 or more hours for cutters driven by small
motors.
Critical Factors:
a. Ability of the tool to stay in one place (anchoring required),
b. Hydraulics at the tool. Note that most of the cutters are run on coiled
tubing
c. Mill selection and mill bit breakage.
Observed reliability is generally less than 50% for cutting with small tool
BHA’s.
11/18/2014 185
Electric Line –
Wireline Cable
Source: Quality Wireline
• Cable Head and Cable
11/18/2014 186
Wireline Sheave Problems
11/18/2014 187
Wireline Sheave Selection
11/18/2014 188
Other Wireline Topics
Source: Quality Wireline
11/18/2014 189
Wireline Strength
(Adapted from Quality Wireline & Cable inc.)
• All cables that become loose, & particularly new cables, are
more susceptible to damage from:
– Drum crush
– Outer wires being milked into a “bird cage”
– Reduced break strength
• Breaking strength of a cable comes
from all inner and outer wires combined.
When a cable becomes loose, the load
is shifted from all the wires to only
the inner wires – drastically decreasing
strength.
11/18/2014 190
Why Does the Armor Get Loose?
Source: Quality Wireline
11/18/2014 191
Cable Preservation
Factors Source: Quality Wireline
11/18/2014 192
Cable Tests?
Source: Quality Wireline
11/18/2014 194
How Fast is Too Fast for Equalization?
Source: Quality Wireline
11/18/2014 195
Can a Too-Fast Equalization Create a Small Explosion?
• In extreme cases, where the lubricator is filled with air &
equalizing gas from the well is hydrocarbon with trace of
liquids, then a “diesel” ignition might result with very
high temp & press – could damage or even rupture the
lubricator.
Source: Quality
Wireline
=> <=
11/18/2014 196
Flow Tubes
Source: Quality Wireline
11/18/2014 197
Pack-off for Wireline
• Pack-offs are for use on wireline that is
stopped for long periods of time.
• Using the pack-off to wipe the cable will cause
accelerated wear to the pack-off elements.
Use a properly adjusted, fit-for-purpose wiper
instead.
• Over-tightening the pack-off will damage the
wireline.
• Formula
11/18/2014 200
Wireline in Corrosive Environment
• Slide under construction
11/18/2014 201
Seasoning New Cable
• Slide under construction
11/18/2014 202
Running wireline in a flowing well or allowing
well to start flowing when wireline is in the well.
• Avoid flowing well when using wireline if
possible.
• Do not flow well or severely curtail:
– on tool string entry and until tools reach 400 to 500+
feet in the well.
– When perforating a high pressure zone where the
tools could be blown upwards in the well. Sinker bars
are often required.
– Where the tools are passing a severely restricted area
and the inflow is below the tool string.
– In high flow rate wells.
11/18/2014 203
Electric Line –
Wireline Cable
Source: Quality Wireline
• Testing For Wear and Cable
1. Cut back 50 feet of cable from the whip end.
2. At this point take a two foot sample and inspect for any mechanical damage or unusual properties
3. Remove the outer armor wires
4. Clean the outer armor wires
5. Using a set of dial calipers (micrometer or vernier calipers) measure diameter of the individual wires
at the narrowest point (flat spot) and at the widest point. A minimum of six wires is recommended
6. If the wire has lost 12 - 15 % of its original diameter, then cable needs to be cut back farther.
7. Cut back 100 to 150 feet and re-inspect by following steps 2 through 6.
• Testing For Ductility (Once the cable has been verified to have an acceptable amount of metal left
on the outer armors) perform the ductility test as follows:
1. Cut approximately one foot from the wire sample.
2. Bend about 3” of the wire 90 degrees and place the short end in a vice
3. Wrap the long end around the diameter of the short end tightly making slow turns.
4. Once you have made five complete wraps, slowly unwrap the wire.
5. Inspect for any breaks or cracks.
6. If the wire breaks or cracks, cut back and re-test, by repeating steps 2 through 5.
11/18/2014 204
Recovering Stranded or Bird Caged
Wireline (with data from Elmar-Varco)
• Stranding is one of worst mechanical
outcomes from wireline work.
• Stranding is a condition created when armor
wire breaks or moves substantially, preventing
any part of the wireline and/or tool string
from being removed from the well and the
valves below the string from being closed.
• If the wireline sticks in this way, it results in a
potential well isolation problem.
Source: Elmar – NOV
11/18/2014 205
Stranded Wire – Recovery
Spotting the Problem.
• See best practices fro prevention – prevention
always preferred to recovery techniques.
• Indication of a stranded cable:
– During POH when cable tension increases for no
apparent reason.
– When operator notices a broken or missing wire
during spooling.
• Loose armor, highly worn wires, corrosion
damage, H2S service may precede the problem.
Source: Elmar – NOV
11/18/2014 206
Stranded Cable – Recovery
First Steps
1. Stop the cable immediately (minimizes size of the stranded cable “ball”).
2. Close the wireline valves on the BOP
3. Bleed pressure off the lubricator
4. Monitor pressure for at least 15 minutes
5. Ensure BOP is holding pressure before removing lubricator.
6. Pump great between wireline valves if you are on a gas well
7. Raise the lubricator a few feet – attach cable clamp.
8. Do not allow cable to splip through wireline valves (damage)
9. If possible use a flow diverter (sits on top of wireline valves & has a
clamp).
10. Slack off cable and check that clamp is holding.
11. Pull cable down through the control head and inspect damage.
Special equipment & procedure required when using a single lift rig-up on a
workover /mast job, or if using a turn-around sleeve.
11/18/2014 212
A Few of the More Common Wireline Tools