Enhancement of well productivity

by means of elastic waves

Rustam Kamalov, Aleksandr Lysenkov, Anatoliy Arhipov and Andrei Gareev

Sortec LLC,info@sorteclab.com

1. Introduction
The well productivity considerably depends on a value of permeability of the
exploited oil-bearing formation and in particularly from permeability of the bottomhole
zone. As a rule, reduction of the bottomhole zone permeability occurs as a result of the
drilling mud contamination during construction of well. Further operation of wells
aggravates the problem due to clay swelling, precipitation of various salts from
formation water, sedimentation of resins, paraffin, and corrosion in the filtration section
of the wellbore. Under the circumstances, the methods of recovery and improvement of
reservoir filtration characteristics within the pay zone are obtained great importance.
Along with the conventional methods, nowadays, the various elastic wave sources
are used quite efficiently to enhance the productivity of oil and gas wells. Initially, the
downhole wave sources were applied in the oil fields of the former USSR as far back as
the sixties of the twentieth century. The successful results of testing laid a foundation for
detailed studies of wave action on the oil recovery of productive reservoirs.
According to studies [2], the radius of effective elastic wave propagation from a
source located in the well can reach over 10 meters, which is comparable with the
spatial parameters of bottomhole zone. However, the most essential factor influencing
the wave propagation distance is the frequency of generated elastic waves. The study
[4] showed that under a short-term action by the elastic waves with frequency more then
1000Hz the effective wave influence are not exceed 1m from the borehole wall. In case
of long-term wave action and more distant wave propagation within the productive
stratum, it is more reasonable to use sources generating elastic waves of frequency
about 100Hz. Experimental data [2] also demonstrate that effective cleaning of porous
medium from contamination is achieved within the frequency range of 20-300Hz.
The wellbore geometry and its design impose certain requirements on formation of
efficient mechanisms to transfer the elastic wave energy within the productive stratum
[6, 9, 10]. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account the mechanism of elastic wave
energy transfer through perforated channels under pulsating fluid flow [2]. The wellbore
vicinity usually has a multilayer structure, which is a sort of frequency filter for
propagation of elastic waves. This aspect should be also taken into account [3].

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 Taking into consideration the noticeable effect of wave influence on the state and
dynamic processes occurring in the porous space, which was shown experimentally [2],
one can purposefully develop and apply technical means generating elastic waves
capable of efficiently influence on the pay zone.

2. Downhole elastic wave generators

The application efficiency of various means used to create a wave influence on the
pay zone is subject to the specific character of problems to be solved, specific
geotechnical state of a wellbore, as well as the technological scheme, in which the
elastic wave generators are used.
In terms of the use of elastic wave sources in the integrated influence aimed to
increase the well productivity it is practical to apply generators compatible with standard
downhole equipment that is used as in repair-and-renewal operations as well as in well
operation.
Generators of elastic waves - vibrators currently used normally operate within the
following frequency ranges [1]: hydraulic ones up to 1000Hz; mechanical ones up to
300Hz; electric ones up to 5000Hz and above.
Mechanical vibrators are generally easily adjustable by amplitudes. They are simple
to manufacture, but have short service life of 40 to 200hr.
Electric vibrators (electrodynamic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive
ones) are easily adjustable within a wide range of amplitude and frequency. They have
no friction parts and have rather long service life. Their main disadvantage is
impossibility to use them in high-frequency and high-load operations due to a low
specific power caused by sharp increase of losses with rising of the power.
Hydraulic generators of elastic waves are more promising means for recovery of
filtration properties of pay zone. Such generators allow conducting intensification of
various technological processes such as pumping of process fluids through them during
flushing-out of well, chemical injection, dry-up job, hydraulic fracturing, sealing of water
inflow, cavern accumulation, cementation, application of a variable pressures method,
etc.
Hydraulic devises of spring-valve and valve-impact type, “whistler” transducers,
rotary “siren” transducers, and flow oscillation generators are the pulsators 5based on
centrifugal swirl injectors and belong to hydraulic generators of elastic waves [2].
The common disadvantage of spring-valve devices is a narrow range of operating
flows resulting in low efficiency [2]. As well, the valve-impact devices have limited
service life due to the progressive material fatigue [2].

2
 The action of “whistler” type transducers is based on the working fluid swirling in
vortex chambers accompanied by the formation of pulsating gas cavities in the axial
region. According to the studies [2], the lifetime of such generators in a steady
oscillation mode is limited by the considerable cavitation wear of swirl channels as well
as of the surface of vortex chamber itself.
Spool-type oscillator GVЗ-108 designed by Moscow State Institute of Oil and Gas
named after Gubkin (now, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas) belongs to
rotary “siren” transducers. Their operation is based on fluid motion through the channels
of rotor and stator.
Pressure oscillation frequency is determined in such transducers by a number of
overlapping channels and is linearly dependent on flow rate of working fluid. According
to study [2] that device has a stable operating mode in a range of flow rates of
100m3/day to 800m3/day. Since 1967 such device has been commonly used for
vibrowave treatment of wells. The design of vibrator however has a number of essential
disadvantages. Due to the presence of a rotating rotor, the long service life and starting
reliability of the vibrator were not ensured. Furthermore, high flow rates of working fluid
required for efficient operation limit the use of that vibrator jointly with other technical
means, e.g., with ejector pumps. Also, the high flow rate reduces applicability of a
vibrator for production operations performed with use of chemicals.
Generators of flow oscillation - pulsators based on centrifugal swirl injectors such as
GJ-2 and GD2V types present devices, which operation is based on the interaction at
self-oscillation mode of kinetic energy of a main swirled fluid flow - a swirl valve and
potential energy of an elastic compressible chamber in the secondary fluid flow. Such
generators are capable of generating pressure oscillation amplitudes up to 8.0MPa in a
frequency range of 30 to 250Hz. Since 1993 [5] and up to date GD2V generators has
been widely used for vibrowave treatment of producing and injection wells. The main
disadvantage of such devices is the need to provide a high pressure differential
exceeding 6.0MPa in order to achieve the steady oscillation mode in fluid medium.
Generalizing field and experimental results of the use of hydrodynamic elastic wave
generators, the following design requirements were defined [2]:
• Generation of elastic pressure oscillation should be in a frequency range up to
1000Hz;
• The emitting surface should be coaxially aligned with the wellbore center and
placed as near as possible to the inner casing wall;
• The operability of generators should be ensured starting at low pressure
differential about 0.1MPa and working flow rate of 1×10-3 m3/s.

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• Possibility to install a resonant device at each generator should be provided;
• The possibility of joint and separate operation of several generators as well as
their operation with other hydrodynamic devices should be ensured;
• The design of downhole wave equipment should have respective dimensions for
joining with standard tubing/coiled tubing as well as with other standard downhole
devices.

3. Optimization of elastic wave generators based on centrifugal swirl injectors

The comparative analysis of various elastic wave generators [2] showed that the
most efficient and reliable oscillation sources are devices based on centrifugal swirl
injectors. Such generators (Figure 1) are capable to operate in the self-oscillation mode
of interaction between masses of rotating fluid and fluid with controlled elasticity, which
is ensured by a gas chamber with elastic membrane [7,8]. The major advantage of such
generators is the absence of movable mechanical components in their design.

Figure 1 Schematic of hydrodynamic flow oscillation generator: 1- body of centrifugal swirl injector, 2-
tangential swirling channels, 3-nozzle, 4- supply channels of elastic chamber, 5- case of elastic chamber,
6-membrane, 7- chamber with gas.

As mentioned earlier, despite high specific power and efficiency, generators of GJ-2
and GD2V types based on centrifugal swirl injectors require a relatively high pressure
differential (from 6.0MPa) to generate flow self-oscillations in fluid medium. For the
purpose of operation optimization of such devices, a number of investigations were
performed at test rigs of Moscow Aviation Institute and
Lyulka Scientific and Technical Center of SPU "Saturn" (Figure 2) and (Figure 3).
Investigations led to a technical solution allowing operation of generators with
pressure differentials below 6.0MPa. To this effect, the flow-through elastic chamber is
set at the generator outlet, i.e., the density of medium in chamber is lower than the
density of the working fluid (Figure 2). Another option when the additional feedback
between the generator outlet and the elastic chamber is introduced (Figure 3). Also
during the experiments, the influence of volume of gas chamber on the amplitude of
pressure oscillations was studied. The analysis of experimental data showed that with
reduction of volume of gas chamber the maximum values of pressure oscillation

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amplitude shifted to the high-frequency region. Thus, selecting proper volume of the gas
chamber, it is possible to control amplitude of pressure oscillation for providing of an
efficient self-oscillation mode of generator operation.

6 4 5
2

1 3

Figure 2 Schematic of test rig for investigation of mechanical impedance influence: 1- body, 2-
GD2V generator, 3- variable flow rate pump, 4- hydraulic accumulator, 5, 6- tensio-piezo sensors, 7- PC.

The experimental investigations also confirmed the theoretical conclusions stating

that the self-oscillation mode of generator based on centrifugal swirl injectors is feasible
at the lowest values of pressure differential at the generator and does not depend on
the medium into which the oscillations are being emitted.

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9 7 6 8

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 3 Schematic of test rig for investigation of oscillation initiation control mechanism: 1- body,
2- injector of GD2V generator, 3- variable flow rate pump, 4- piston, 5- spring, 6- feedback channel, 7-
replacable inserts, 8, 9- tensio-piezo sensors, 10- PC.

Furthermore, during the experiments, it was found out that by adjusting a size of an
additional feedback channel with aid of replaceable inserts it is possible to set a
threshold value of pressure differential at a generator at which the elastic oscillations
are initiated (Figure 3).
By means of a feedback channel the following parameters are controlled: the
oscillation of flow velocity, the decrease of influence of the medium impedance and the

5
pressure differential at a generator at which flow oscillations are generated, which on its
turn allows extending a range of pressure differentials without using of gas-filled
chambers.

4. Downhole wave system “Typhoon”

Optimization of generator design based on centrifugal swirl injectors led to increase
its efficiency and as a result the downhole wave system “Typhoon” was developed.
Such system can be applied in combination with other technologies aimed to enhance
productivity of wells (e.g. application of dispersed-foam systems and emulsions,
acidizing). It can be also effectively used for removal of reaction products from pay zone
after acidizing.
Field tests of earlier types of downhole systems with generators of GD2V type were
conducted on facilities of oil-companies JSC “Bashneft” and JSC “Tatneft” with
participation of research institutes such as BashNIPIneft and TatNIPIneft. Testing and
implementation of a downhole system “Typhoon” was carried out at OAO “Slavneft-
Megionneftegaz”.
Unlike earlier versions, the “Typhoon” utilizes a more efficient wave generator
“Tornado” that can operate separately or jointly with a jet. To decrease cost of well
operations and at the same time provide more efficient treatment of different producing
zones, the “Typhoon” may comprise several types of generators with different
amplitude-frequency characteristics.
Commonly “Typhoon” consists of a set of interrelated components that integrated in
one system, which is lowered into the well by means of tubing or coiled tubing (Figure
4a). The final system configuration is determined by a concrete technological task.
Downhole system “Typhoon” operates as follows. Initially, the casing of jet pump is
fixed with aid of a short-stroke stage of the switch at the top position (Figure 4a). In this
position, the jet pump outlet is isolated from the tube space. The system is joined with
tubing and is lowered in the well up to depth when the generator reaches a perforation
interval. After that the packer is released and the tubing is fixed in wellbore. Next, the
working fluid under pressure is pumped into the tubing, through a generator and then
into stratum, providing an elastic waves field. After completion of the fluid supply, the jet
pump is automatically switched in the long-stroke stage. At further fluid supply, the jet
pump casing is shifted down and connects the pump outlet with the tube space (Figure
4b). Working fluid flows to the jet pump nozzle, further into annulus, on which the fluid
elevates to the wellhead. High-speed flow at a nozzle generates a pressure drop zone
that extends to the bottomhole. This action assists to pump out formation fluid from a

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zone, which is under influence of an elastic wave field. The calculated lowering of the
pressure drop at the bottomhole is controlled by the pressure regulator. After completion
of working fluid supply, the opposing spring is released and the jet pump casing is
shifted to the initial position for execution of the next repression cycle.
Thus, by varying the working fluid pressure in tubing due to the automatic action of a
system switching mechanism, the flow direction is periodically changed, forming
controllable pressure fluctuations and elastic wave energy concentration within the
bottomhole zone.
To perform additional intensive treatment within the bottomhole zone for the purpose
of decomposition and removal particles that block porous medium as well as formation
a network of micro-cracks, the system “Typhoon” is applied without releasing of the
packer. Then, with aid of the wellhead pumping unit, the working fluid is circulated
through flow oscillation generators, and with the aid of resonators and acoustical
reflectors, the elastic pressure oscillations are created at the bottomhole zone.
Treatment of horizontal wellbores requires continuous movement of the system along
entire interval.
If after intensive wave treatment there is necessity to inject chemicals (e.g. acid) into
formation then, the packer is released and fixed. Along with this, chemicals are pumped
into formation, the products of reaction are removed by “Typhoon”, and the porous
medium is cleaned from contaminations.
Application of the “Typhoon” allows considerably increasing treatment efficiency due
to possibility of adjusting the difference between values of repression and depression,
and also due to possibility of controlling on/off of the jet pump. It is also important that
during application of “Typhoon”, the elastic waves field is formed continuously with
efficient concentration of the wave energy at the bottomhole zone. Possibility to use in
"Typhoon" the generators “Tornado” with different frequency-amplitude characteristics
and radius of influence allows noticeably increasing cleaning effect at the bottomhole
zone.

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 НКТ
Tubing
Фильтр
Filter
Корпус
Jet pump casing
струйного
Saddle
Седло насоса
Воз вратная spring
Opposing
пруж ина
Распределительная
Distributing
м уфта sleeve
Перек лючатель
Jet pump switch
струйного
насоса
Пакерующ ее Регулятор regulator
Pressure
Packer
устройство давления

Генератор Акустиче
Acousticский
reflector
Flow oscillation отраж атель
колебаний
generator
расхода
Резонатор
Resonator

Д ополнительная
Additional
распределительная
distributing sleeve
муфта

Вихревой Резонатор
Tornado Resonator
генератор
Д ополнительная
Additional
Акустиче ск ий
Acoustic распределительная
отражreflector
атель distributing sleeve
муфта
Генератор
Flow oscillation
колебаний
generator
Centralizer
Центратор расхода

Ак устиче ский
Acoustic
отраж атель
reflector Резонатор
Resonator

а) б)

Figure 4 Downhole wave system “Typhoon”, a) repression mode, b) depression mode

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 5. Borehole stability under elastic waves action
Undoubtedly, the question of borehole stability under elastic waves action on
stratum is of primary concern. This issue was thoroughly studied by Sharifullin [11]. The
allowed treatment time of the wellbore under influence of elastic waves as a function of
pressure oscillations amplitudes at the wellbore calculated for different static pressures
in wellbore, Р0, and different values of parameter, Р0/Рпл is shown in Figure 5 [11].
Analysis of curves demonstrates that if the treatment time is less than 30hr then the
occurrence of vibrocreeping under influence of oscillations with amplitude of more than
10-15MPa is unlikely.
The major conclusion of a study [11] is that pressure oscillations amplitudes of 3-
8MPa that are generated by hydraulic pulsators with total time of influence of 8-15hr
shall not result noticeable occurrence of vibrocreeping of the cement sheath and hence
the failure of the wellbore isolation is unlikely. Considerable experience of application of
different hydraulic pulsators in field conditions also confirms that under impacts of the
elastic waves there is no noticeable destruction of cement sheath and failure of the
wellbore isolation.

t, hr 3 1 3 2
4
2
6
5

102
6
Р0 Р0 4
= 0,8 6 = 0,6 5
Р 5
Рпл
10 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0

2 5 4
6 4 3
6

103

5
102
Р0 Р0
= 0,4 = 0,2
Р пл Р пл
101
5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0

Figure 5 Maximum allowed vibrowave action time depending on pressure oscillations

amplitudes at the well bottom. Static pressure values, Р0 :1) 3MPa; 2) 5MPa; 3)7MPa; 4) 9MPa;
5) 20MPa; 6) 35MPa, [11].

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 6. Results of wave treatments
As mentioned previously, the field tests and implementation of earlier types of the
wave downhole systems were performed at leading Russian oil companies. Both
producing and injection well types were tested. This section presents some data
regarding application of these downhole systems at field conditions.
The wave treatment of injection wells that were carried out at Checkmagushneft oil-
and-gas production department, JSC “Bashneft”, showed significant improvement of
filtration characteristics of the well bottom zone, namely: an injectivity index increased
by 50-200%, permeability of the well bottom zone - by 150-200%, hydraulic conductivity
- by 150%. All results are based on interpretation of hydrodynamic study data.
Assessment of the field results demonstrated that, aside from injectivity increase,
were achieved the restoration of the vertical sweep and engagement of new low-
permeability interlayers that led to the sweep increase by average of 20-50 %.
The injectivity profiles for wells #3057 and #94 located at Buraevskoye and
Sataevskoye fields respectively are presented in Figure 6. The data obtained with aid of
a hydrodynamic flow meter RGD-5 [2].

Before impac t: Ap ril 9.1989 After imp act: April 13 , 1 989

2068 .0

2069 .0
а)
Pe rforation inte rvals, m

2070 .0

2071 .0

2072 .0

2073 .0
0 2 4 6 % 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 %
3
Injec tio n capacity Q = 30 m3/da y, Inje ctio n capacity Q=1 90 m /da y,
At in jection p re ssure Р = 13 .0 MPa . at injection p ressure Р =1 3.0 MPa.

Befo re impact: Feb ruary 5, 19 90 After imp act: Feb ruary 9, 19 90

1 492.8

б) 1 494.4

1 496.0

1 497.6

1 499.2

1 501 .0
0 2 4 % 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 %
3
In je ction capacity Q = 10 0 m3/d ay Injec tion capac ity Q = 546 m /da y,
At in je ction pre ssure Р = 10 .0 MPa . At inje ctio n pressu re Р = 8.0 MPa .

Figure 6 Injectivity profiles for wells #3057 and #94 at Buraevskoye and Sataevskoye fields
obtained during their testing by means of a hydrodynamic flow meter RGD-5 [2].

Engagement of interlayers and zones of a reservoir previously not involved in oil

production after wave impact is shown in Figure 7. The field data were obtained during
testing of a well # 708 of JSC “Yuganslneftegaz”.

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 Before impact: June 6, 1994 After impact: June 23, 1994

Perforation intervals, m
3
No oil inflow Oil inflow Q=5 м /day
Q<1 m3/day

Figure 7 Inflow profiles at well #708 (БК-4 stratum)

Prirazlomnoye field, JSC “Yugansneftegaz” [2].

Initial Before impact After impact

1301.0 November 17, 1986 July 13, 1992 July 13, 1992

а) 1301.0

1302.0
Perforation
interval, m

1303.0

1304.0
1305.0
0 10 20 % 0 10 20 % 0 10 20 30 40 %
3 3 3
Injection capacity Q = 240 m /day, Injectio n capacity Q =63 m /day Injection capacity Q =460 m /day
at injection pressure at injection pressure at injection pressure
Р = 8.0 MPa. Р = 8.0 MPa Р = 8.0 MPa

Initial Before impact After impact

September 12, 1990 August 23, 1996 September 5, 1996
1816.0
б)
Perforation interval, m

1817.0

1818.0

1819.0

1820.0

1821.0
0 10 20 % 0 10 20 % 0 10 20 30 40 %
3 3 3
Injection capacity Q = 450 m /day,Injection capacity Q =23 m /d ay Injection capacity Q =600 m /day,
at injection pressure at injection pressure At injection pressure
Р = 8.0 MPa. Р = 8.0 MPa. Р = 8.0 MPa.

Initial Before impact After impact

179 0.0 March 19, 1989 July 1, 1996 July 13, 1996

1791.0
Perforation interval, m

в)
1792.0
1793.0

1794.0

1795.0

1796.0
0 10 20 % 0 10 20 % 0 10 20 30 40 %
3 3 3
Injection capacity Q=300 m /day, Injection capacity Q =10 m /d ay, Injection capacity Q =270 m /day
at injection pressure at injection pressure at injection pressure,
Р = 11.0 MPa Р = 12.0 MPa Р =12.0 MPa

Figure 8 Well injectivity profiles at Novo-Elkhovskoye field: initial, before and after impact:
а) well #7180; b) well #4468; c) well #4428 [2].

At JSC “Tatneft”, the main scope of work was performed at the wells of Elkhovneft
Oil and Gas Production Department. Success was achieved at average of 95%. As a
result of wave treatment, the oil production increased approximately by 200-1000%, and
the average oil output increase was 2.0-3.0t/day per a well. At injection wells, the

11
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injection capacity increase was 50-500m3/day, 116600tons of oil were produced
additionally, and 513400m3 of water was additionally injected into strata.
The data obtained using a remote downhole flow-meter for wells: а) #7180
(stratum CI2bb); b) #4468 (stratum DI); c) #4428 (stratum D1) are presented in Figure
8. The data were obtained at the beginning of well operation; immediately ahead of
wave treatment and after completion of treatment. It is clearly seen that there is
significant improvement of injectivity profiles even in comparison with initial profiles built
just after well completion.
In 2011, a number of wells were treated using a downhole wave system “Typhoon”
at JSC “Slavneft-Megionneftegaz”. The results of these jobs are given in Table 1.

Table 1 The wave influence effect for certain wells treated by a downhole system “Typhoon” in
2011 at JSC “Slavneft-MegionNeftegaz”
Before wave treatment After wave treatment Gain
Well Oilfield ƩQ, Qoil, Water, ƩQ, Qoil, Water, Qoil,
tons tons % tons tons % tons
1184 Vatinskoe 5.9 5.7 3.0 25.4 15.4 39.0 9.7
5141 Vatinskoe No production 7.0 4.0 42.0 4.0
596 Vatinskoe 7.8 6.2 21.0 14.2 12.2 14.0 6.3
861 Vatinskoe 18.9 12.0 37.0 27.7 19.8 28.5 7.8
974 Vatinskoe 6.7 4.0 40.0 15.4 10.0 35.0 6.0
1218 Vatinskoe 14.7 7.7 48.0 19.6 12.9 34.0 5.2
1256 Vatinskoe 5.6 0.8 86.0 29.0 7.5 74.0 6.7
513 S-Pokur 42.2 8.5 80.0 51.3 13.0 74.0 4.5
1061 S-Pokur 24.1 19.4 20.0 27.5 22.0 20.0 2.6
168 S-Pokur 25.8 6.5 75.0 52.6 21.8 59.0 15.3
1791 S-Pokur 17.0 6.1 64.3 19.0 11.9 37.0 5.8
227 Aganskoe 5.8 4.8 18.0 15.0 12.0 20.3 7.2
1535 S-Pokur Conservation 3.0 10.0 3.0

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