DESAIN (RANCANGAN) PENELITIAN

Survey

Observasional Cohort

Case control
Desain

Randomized
Control Trial
Intervensi
Community
Based Field Trial
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY:
CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY (SURVEY)

With outcomes

Subjects
selected for the
study
Without outcomes

Time

Onset of study
Question: “What is happening?”
 OBSERVATIONAL STUDY: CASE CONTROL STUDY

Exposed
Cases

Unexposed

Exposed

Controls
Unexposed

Time
Onset of study
Question: “What happened?”
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY: COHORT STUDY – PROSPECTIVE
Exposed or With outcomes
subjects

Without outcomes

Cohort selected
for study With outcomes

Unexposed or
controls Without outcomes

Time
Onset of study
Question: “What will happen?”
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY: COHORT STUDY – RETROSPECTIVE*

Exposed or 6
With outcomes
subjects

Without outcomes

Records selected
for study With outcomes

Unexposed or
controls Without outcomes

Time
Onset of study

*The grouping is not based on case/outcome, but based on exposure

JENIS PENELITIAN

Proses
Penggunaan Jenis data & cara
Tujuan Penelitian Pengkajian
statistika pengkajian
(waktu)

Sesaat (cross
Deskriptif Deskriptif Quantitative
sectional)

Eksploratif Prospektif Komparatif Qualitative

Gabungan
Asosiatif/
Analitik Retrospektif antara quanti
korelasional
& qualitative
JENIS PENELITIAN
(MENURUT TUJUAN PENELITIAN)
8
• EKSPLORATIF (PENJELASAN MENDETAIL & MENDALAM)
• UJI INSTRUMEN
• NUTRITION ANTHROPOLOGY
• DESKRIPTIF
• POLLING/SURVEY OPINI
• PENELUSURAN SEJARAH
• STUDI KASUS
• ANALITIK
• EKSPERIMENTAL
• OBSERVASIONAL
 JENIS PENELITIAN
(MENURUT PROSES PENGKAJIAN)

• CROSS SECTIONAL/SESAAT
• MENGETAHUI GAMBARAN/KARAKTERISTIK/KEADAAN SUATU
PERISTIWA/SUBYEK SAAT PENELITIAN DILAKSANAKAN
• PROSPEKTIF
• MENGKAJI PROSES PERKEMBANGAN SUATU PERISTIWA SEJAK
SEBELUM TERJADI SAMPAI SELESAI
• RETROSPEKTIF
• MENGKAJI PERKEMBANGAN SUATU PERISTIWA SETELAH
PERISTIWA TERSEBUT TERJADI, KEMUDIAN DITELUSURI KEMBALI
KE BELAKANG
JENIS PENELITIAN
(MENURUT PENGGUNAAN STATISTIKA)

• DESKRIPTIF
• MENGETAHUI GAMBARAN KARAKTERISTIK SUBYEK PADA SUATU
DAERAH/PADA SUATU WAKTU TERTENTU
• KOMPARATIF
• MEMBANDINGKAN KARAKTERISTIK ATAU DISTRIBUSI (MEAN,
PROPORSI, RASIO) ANTARA 2 POPULASI (KELOMPOK
SUBYEK)/LEBIH
• ASOSIATIF/KORELASIONAL
• MENGUKUR/MEMBUKTIKAN ADANYA HUBUNGAN ANTARA 2
VARIABEL ATAU LEBIH
JENIS PENELITIAN
(MENURUT JENIS DATA & CARA PENYAJIAN)

• QUANTITATIVE
• QUALITATIVE
• GABUNGAN ANTARA QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE
CLASSIFICATION OF STUDY DESIGN

Observational Study Intervention Study

Descriptive Study Analytic Study

Descriptive Study/ Cohort Study Randomized Controlled

Case Study (Prospective/Retrospective) Trial (RCT)

Cross-sectional Study Case control study Community-Based

Field Trial
Cross-Sectional Study
 DIFFERENTIATE: OBSERVATIONAL AND INTERVENTION STUDIES
1. OBSERVATION STUDY:
• RESEARCHER HAS NO CONTROL OVER CONDITION (ONLY OBSERVE):
a. DESCRIPTIVE: ONE STUDY GROUP, NO “CONTROL” → MEASURE AND
DESCRIBE FREQUENCY
b. 2 GROUPS FOR COMPARISON BUT GROUPS CANNOT BE “ASSIGNED”
• GENERATE & TEST HYPOTHESIS ABOUT POSSIBLE CAUSES AND
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH/NUTRITIONAL STATUS
• SUGGEST METHODS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
2. INTERVENTION STUDY :
• INVESTIGATOR CONTROL THE INTERVENTION: CONDITION CAN BE SPECIFIED,
STUDY SUBJECTS RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO INTERVENTION & CONTROL
GROUPS
• EVALUATE METHODS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
• MOST CONVINCING EVIDENCE OF CAUSES
 APPROACH OF THE STUDY
1. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY:
• DESCRIBES FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH AND NUTRITION
CONDITION IN POPULATION → WHO? WHERE? WHEN?

2. ANALYTICAL STUDY:
• STUDY DETERMINANTS, ANALYZE/ELUCIDATE CAUSES, TEST OF HYPOTHESIS,
ANALYZE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH/NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND VARIABLES

3. INTERVENTION STUDY:
• DELIBERATE ATTEMPT TO CHANGE A DISEASE OR HEALTH/NUTRITIONAL STATUS
DETERMINANT
• EVALUATIVE, EXPERIMENT, CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY TRIALS
1. DESCRIPTIVE/CASE STUDY

• A DESCRIPTION OF INTERESTING, NEW AND UNIQUE CASES WHICH INCLUDE IN-DEPTH

DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL’S CONDITION OR RESPONSE TO TREATMENT.
• A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOULD INCLUDE:
• WHEN, WHERE, WHO
• DATA COLLECTION METHOD
• FINDINGS (ANALYSIS PLAN)
• CONCLUSIONS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
◼ Easy to write ◼ Biases related to selection and
◼ Maybe useful to investigators characteristics observed
designing a study to evaluate ◼ Should be viewed as hypothesis
causes or explanation of the generating and not as
observation 11/17/2020
conclusive, especially if only 1
sample
 2. COHORT STUDY
• COHORT STUDY IS DEFINED AS A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE
FOLLOWED TOGETHER OVER TIME, TO SEE IF THEY DEVELOP THE
DISORDERS. IT MAY INCLUDE TWO OR MORE GROUPS WHO DO NOT HAVE
OUTCOMES BUT DIFFER ACCORDING TO CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPOSURE
THAT ARE CONSIDERED POTENTIAL DETERMINANTS OF THE OUTCOMES.
• COHORT STUDY CAN BE EITHER PROSPECTIVE OR RETROSPECTIVE
DEPENDING ON THE TIME SEQUENCING OF DEVELOPMENT OF DISORDERS
WITH RESPECT OF THE STUDY.
• PROSPECTIVE: THE INVESTIGATORS CONTACT THE SUBJECTS AFTER THE
EXPOSURE, BUT BEFORE THE DISORDERS HAS DEVELOPED
• RETROSPECTIVE: WHEN THE INVESTIGATORS STUDIES INDIVIDUALS WHO
HAVE ALREADY BEEN EXPOSED TO RISK FACTORS AND HAVE ALREADY
DEVELOPED THE DISEASE
2. COHORT STUDY – PROSPECTIVE

Exposed or With outcomes

subjects

Without outcomes

Cohort selected
for study With outcomes

Unexposed or
controls Without outcomes

Time
Onset of study
Question: “What will happen?”
 1
2. COHORT STUDY
Exposed or – RETROSPECTIVE*
8 With outcomes
subjects

Without outcomes

Records selected
for study With outcomes

Unexposed or
controls Without outcomes

Time
Onset of study

*The grouping is not based on case/outcome, but based on exposure

2. COHORT STUDY – PROSPECTIVE
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
◼ Extended time make studies
◼ Provide strong evidence costly
for possible causes and
◼ Possible involvement of
effects
external factors
◼ Biases can be controlled
◼ Problem associated with
subjects follow-up, subjects
attrition and subjects
migration
◼ Difficulty to find the best
control – matching age and sex
2. COHORT STUDY – RETROSPECTIVE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGES
◼ Required shorter time ◼ Bias: rely on memory,
accuracy of records
◼ The loses of cases will be
excluded, e.g. died before
study
3. CASE CONTROL STUDY
• A METHOD OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION IN WHICH GROUP OF
INDIVIDUALS ARE SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF WHETHER THEY HAVE
DISORDERS UNDER STUDY. CASES ARE THOSE CLASSIFIED AS
HAVING THE DISORDERS AND CONTROLS ARE CHOSEN AS A
COMPARISON GROUP WITHOUT DISORDER IN THE GIVEN
POPULATION.
• THE INVESTIGATOR LOOK BACKWARD IN TIME TO DETERMINE IF THE
GROUPS DIFFER WITH RESPECT TO THE EXPOSURE HISTORIES OR
PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY PUT A
PERSON AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING CONDITION OF INTEREST.
3. CASE CONTROL STUDY

Exposed
Cases

Unexposed

Exposed

Controls
Unexposed

Time
Onset of study
Question: “What happened?”
3. CASE CONTROL STUDY
ADVANTAGES
◼ The quickest and least
expensive studies to
undertake
◼ Ideal for investigators who
need to obtain some
preliminary data prior to
writing a proposal for more
complete, expensive and
time-consuming study
DISADVANTAGES
◼ Have the largest number of
possible biases and errors
◼ Depend completely on
high-quality existing
records
◼ Difficulties in selection of
control groups
 4. CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY (SURVEY)
• ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR STUDY FOR COLLECTING DESCRIPTIVE DATA. DATA
MAY INTENDED FOR GENERALIZATION TO LARGER POPULATION OR MAY BE
INTENDED AS A DESCRIPTION OF A PARTICULAR GROUP.
• A SURVEY IS COMPOSED OF A SERIES OF QUESTIONS THAT ARE POSED TO A
GROUP OF SUBJECTS.

ADVANTAGES
◼ Best for determining the status
quo of a condition
◼ Quick to complete and relatively
inexpensive
DISADVANTAGES
◼ Provide only a snap-shot ‘in time’ of
the condition of process → may be
underestimate/overestimate
◼ Causal factors may only been
yesterday/long time
◼ They already died
 4. CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY (SURVEY)
With outcomes

Subjects
selected for the
study
Without outcomes

Time

Onset of study
Question: “What is happening?”