Machine Design

REE 302
Tut 2
Stress-strain diagram
Ductile VS Brittle
• Maximum shear stress is related to the angle of twist by

• q is the angle of twist (in radians)

• r is the radius of the bar
• l0 is the gauge length
• G is the shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.
Cold Work
• A Process of plastic straining below
recrystallization temperature in the
plastic region of the stress-strain
diagram
• Loading to point i beyond the yield
point, then unloading, causes
permanent plastic deformation, ϵp
• Reloading to point i behaves
elastically all the way to i, with
additional elastic strain ϵe
Strength and Hardness
• For many materials, relationship between ultimate strength and
Brinell hardness number is roughly linear

• For steels

• For cast iron

Resilience
• The Capacity of a material to absorb energy within its elastic range.
• Modulus of resilience, uR
• Energy absorbed per unit volume without permanent deformation.
• Equals the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit.
Toughness
• The capacity of a material to absorb energy without fracture.
• Modulus of toughness, uT
• Energy absorbed per unit volume without fracture.
• Equals area under the stress-strain curve up to the fracture point.
(1) Assume you were specifying an AISI 1060 steel for an application.
Using Table A–21,
(a) how would you specify it if you desired to maximize the yield
strength?
(b) how would you specify it if you desired to maximize the ductility?
Table A-21
(a) Maximize yield strength: Q&T at 425°C (800°F).
(b) Maximize ductility: Q&T at 650°C (1200°F).
(2) A gray cast iron part has a Brinell hardness number of HB = 200.
Estimate the ultimate strength of the part in kpsi. Make a reasonable
assessment of the likely grade of cast iron by comparing both hardness
and strength to material options in Table A–24.
(2) A gray cast iron part has a Brinell hardness number of HB = 200.
Estimate the ultimate strength of the part in kpsi. Make a reasonable
assessment of the likely grade of cast iron by comparing both hardness
and strength to material options in Table A–24.
Solution
Gray cast iron, HB = 200.

Su = 0.23(200) - 12.5 = 33.5 kpsi.

• From Table A-24, this is probably ASTM No. 30 Gray cast iron.
(3) An application requires the support of an axial load of 100 kips with a round rod
without exceeding the yield strength of the material. Assume the current cost per
pound for round stock is given in the table below for several materials that are
being considered. Material properties are available in Tables A–5, A–20, A–21, and
A–24. Select one of the materials for each of the following additional design goals.
(a) Minimize diameter.
(b) Minimize weight.
(c) Minimize cost.
(d) Minimize axial deflection.
 𝐹 𝐹
• For diameter, s = = p 2 = Sy  d = 4𝐹
𝐴 d
4 pSy
• Weight/length = rA
• Cost/length = $/in = ($/lbf) * Weight/length
• Deflection/length = d/L = F/(AE) as (E = Young’s Modulus)
• F = 100 kips = 100*103 lbf.
Young’s modulus and Density (Table A-5), 1020 HR and CD (Table A-20),
1040 and 4140 (Table A-21), Aluminum (Table A-24), Titanium (Table A-
24c)
The selected materials with minimum values are shaded in the
table below.