Analog Guide

Raja Reddy P, Indian Institute of Science

July 26, 2007

1. Calculate Vout(s)/Vin(s). plot Vo(t). calculate time constant and pole frequency.

Vi(t) R

V
Vi(t) R C Vout(t)
0

2. In the following circuit plot iL(t), VL(t)

Vi(t) R L

V
Vi(t) R Vout(t)
0

3. Find Vo(t) in the circuit below.

Vo(t)
8k

1k 4k 4k 3k
0.6sin(wt) 0.4sin(wt)

2k 2k 2k

1p

4. A system has an SNR of 60 dB. If an uncorrelated noise of 1 mV is added in a 1V of

signal to it, then what is the SNR?

1
5. Both ckts are equivalent. Express Rp and Cp interms of Rs and Cs. Find ω range for
which these both are equivalent. Assume high quality factor.

Rs Rp Cp

Cs

6. Calculate the maximum clock frequency.

Tcq = 1ns
D Q
Tsetup = 200ps
Tpd = 100ps
Clk Thold = 300ps

7. Plot Vout.

10sin(wt) Vout(t)

8. Plot Vout with respect to the given input waveforms.

Vin2 Vout
3V 5V 1pF 1pF
Vin1
0
t

Vin1
3V Vin2

5V
0
t
t1

2
 9. Design a divide-by-3 counter using D-flipflops. The duty cycle of the divided clock
should be 2/3.

10. What is the function of the following circuit?

A A’

E’ E

A A’

E E’

11. Plot the output Vout.

R R R

10R
Vin = 0.1sin(wt)
Vout

12. Calculate the frequency of oscillation. What is the minimum required Gm for oscil-
lation?

Gm Gm Gm Gm

R C R C R C R C

3
13. Calculate the output impedance.

1M
Rout

500k
gm = 2uA/V
Rds=1M
500k

14. Both transistors are biased in saturation. Calculate “VA/Vin”. Neglect the body
effect.

Rd

Vin
A

15. Calculate the output if (i) gain Av = infinity (ii) gain Av = 10

Vin

Av Vout

1k

1k 1mA

4
16. If the following inverter biased in the middle of Vdd, what is the small signal gain?
(Answer: gm ro )
Vdd

Vin Vout

17. Crossection diagram of the inverter (be able to draw the contact of power supply and
ground)

18. From the crossection of the diagram, be able to draw the parasitic BJT leads to latch-
up.

19. How to prevent latch-up (do not forget guard ring, clampping circuits!)

20. Draw the layout of an inverter or NOR/NAND gate.

21. For the following source follower, what is its -3dB bandwidth? How about it stabil-
ity?

Vo

Vi

22. For the following circuits, Vdd=5v, tell me what are Vo1 and Vo2 when Vin is 5V,
3V, 2.5V and 0V.

Vdd

Vin Vin

Vo1 Vo2

5
23. What are the effective resistance from source to drain of the following two transis-
tors? (The value of the resistance is R). Answer: both of them are 1/gm.

(a) (b)

24. In the following figure, if the two resisters are equal, what is its -3dB bandwidth?
Compare its stability with that of a source follower.
R2

R1
Vi

Vo

25. For the following circuit, if the input is a rail-to-rail square wave, plot the wave after
the inverter and vo.
Vdd

Vi Vo

26. For the following circuits, What is the gain? Using what technology to improve the
matching of the input transistors? If the bias current increase, what happens to the
gain? (Hit: Decrease!!!) What happens to the bandwidth? Replace the NMOS with
npn BJT and PMOS with pnp BJT, answer the above questions.(Now gain remains
constant with increasing biasing current!)

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 Vdd

Vb1

Vo− Vo+

Vin+ Vin−

Vb2

27. For the following circuits, answer the questions again. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of these two amplifiers?

Vdd

Vo− Vo+

Vin+ Vin−

Vb

28. You are porbing a square wave pulse in the lab that has a ris etime of 5 ns and fall
time of 2 ns. What is the minimum bandwidth of the oscilloscope to view the signal?
Answer: The time thay it takes an RC circuit to go from 10% to 90% of its final value
is t=ln9*RC. The bandwidth of the oscilloscope larger than BW = ln9/(2*pi*2ns)
= 174MHz. Choose a 200MHz or faster oscilloscope. To reduce error, choose a
oscolloscope 3 time faster than the calculated value, or 600MHz.

29. What is the low frequency gain of the following circuits? The input is the input
current Iin. Where does the dominant pole locate? How about the pole at node 1?

7
 1
Iin

Vo

R C

30. For the following circuit, the threshold voltage of the transistor is 0.7V. Vb1=1v,
Vb2=2v, When Vin change from 5V to 0V, draw the current flow through the tran-
sistors VS Vin. (This question was supplied by Wang Ge)

Vin

Vb2 M2

Vb1 M1

31. For the following circuit, what is the gain of Vout/Vin? Where is the Feedback and
what is the function of feedback?

Vin Vout

Ib1 Ib2

8
32. For the following circuits, the small signal input is Iin, the small signal output is vout,
what is the small signaloutput? What is the gain?

Vout

33. Plot the Vout wave form of the following circuits:

C R
Vin Vout Vin Vout

R C

C1, 1u R1, 9k
Vin Vout Vin Vout
R C2 C R2
1k 9u 1u 1k

34. For the following circuit, at time 0, the switch switches from A to B, figure out the
voltage wave form at B.

1V C1 C2

9
35. For the following circuit, what is the voltage value at A and B? (The Vt of the tran-
sistor is 1V).

5V

5V C1 C2

36. The capacitor of the following figure is connected with two ideal MOS switches.
Switches T1 and T2 are alternately turned on with a frequency ffc. What is the
average current flowing from node 1 to node 2? What is the equivalent impedance
from node 1 to node 2?

T1 T2

V1 V2

C1

37. Plot the output of the following RC circuit

Vin Vout

10
 38. How the following two circuits differ in their functionality and which one is a better
reference?

M3 M4 M3 M4

M1 M2 M1 M2

R R

(a) bandgap1 (b) bandgap2

39. Draw Vo. Initially Vo is at +5V. Vosat = 5V

1k

1k
Vin
+4V
Vout

t
Vin
−4V

40. what is the output Y in the figure shown below.

1 2 21
’1’
Y

41. Draw the output waveform.

11
 Vdd

Vout

Vdd

42. what is the minimum value of V1.

V1

43. How the diode should be doped for faster electron-hole collection at terminals.

P
N

12
44. In which region the capacitance Cgs is maximum.

45. How a pn-diode should be doped for maximum capacitance?

46. How to reduce the crowbar (short circuit current) in an inverter?

47. How the latchup and ESD robustness are affected with increased substrate doping?

48. I have not remembered this qestion exactly. Two different MOS structures are given
and asked to find about the sidewall and bottom capacitance.

49. How I1 and I2 changes with temperature

I1 I2

50. Decreased drian doping results in (choose from the options below)

(a) High gate oxide reliability

13
 (b) Hot carrier reliability
(c) Decreases drain contact resistance

51. what is the output voltage

3V 3V

3V Vout

52. what is the slew rate of output voltage

Vout
C= 1pF
Vin
3V

2V 100 uA

53. For an NMOS in saturation, the drain current depends on (choose from the options
below)

(a) Surface mobility

(b) Bulk mobility
(c) Both
(d) None

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54. what is the output voltage after 5 seconds

Vdd

3V

0V

Vout

5uA 0.1pF

Vdd

55. plot the output voltage

I(t)

I(t)
t
Vo

R
C
20C

56. what is Vout in the final state?

Vout Vout
2V 1V 2.5V

Initial State Final State

15
57. Frequency spectrum of ideal squrewave (choose from the options below)

(a) Only C0 = 0
(b) Odd terms are zero
(c) Even terms are zero

58. Initially V1 = V2 = 1V and Vin = 0.7V. If Vin changes to 1.5V what are the final
states?
Vdd Vdd

Vin Vin
V1 V2

1pF 10 uA 1pF

59. what is the steady state output voltage, Threshold voltage is 0.5V

6V Vout

2V 1V 3V

60. Plot the output voltage

3V

Vin
3V
Vin Vout

0 t

61. If Vth of NMOS increases,for an inverter NML and NMH will

(a) both increase

16
 (b) both decrease
(c) NML increase NMH decrease
(d) NML decrease NMH increase

62. What is the equivalent value of resistance.

S1 S2
Vin Vout

63. Impulse response of interpolation filter is.

Amp Amp Amp Amp
1 1

1/2 1/2

f f f f
−T +T −T/2 +T/2 −T/2 +T/2 −T +T
(a) (b) (c) (d)

64. plot the output voltage

Vin Vin Vout

2V C
R
1V
t

65. What is the transfer function

R G1 G1 C

H1 H1

17
66. A planar metal is used for an interconnect.Neglecting the fringing capacitance the
RC time constant will be
RC RC RC RC

W W W W
(a) (b) (c) (d)

67. Relationship between the time constants of figures 1,2,3

3R 1.5R 1.5R

3C 1.5C 1.5C

(1) (2)

R R R

C C C

(3)

68. In NMOS at weak inversion, the current is dominated by

(a) drift current

(b) diffusion current
(c) both
(d) none of the above

69. In MOS, channel is inverted when the surface potential reaches

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

70. Band-to-band tunneling occurs when

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 (a) both dopings are high
(b) both dopings are low
(c) one is high and other is low
(d) independent of doping

71. One question on np = n2i

72. Logic expression [(a + b′ )(a′ + b)]′

(a) XOR
(b) NOR
(c) XNOR
(d) NAND

73. For real discrete signal magnitude will be even/odd?—————–, Phase will be
even/odd?——————–

74. plot the ouput voltage

Vin
Vin
Vout

R R
t

75. Logic of the gate shown is

a
c

b c

76. The following logic implements a (R is asynchronus reset)

(a) MOD-15 counter

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 ’1’ D Q D Q D Q D Q

R R R R

Clk

(b) MOD-8 counter

(c) MOD-11 counter
(d) None

77. Determine Vout. Give a possible application of the circuit.

Vdd

Vout

78. Plot Vout.

Vin

Vout

Vin
t

79. What is the equation of FIFO when it is empty?

80. Two clock domains 10MHz and 100MHz. One full period pulse is produced at 5th
clock cycle of 100MHz of pulse width equal to 1/100MHz. The pulse should be
received by 10MHz clock. Rig up the circuit.

20
81. There is a set of 5 bits a5, a4, a3, a2, a1. Set for mod 8 counter is

(a) a1
(b) a2, a1
(c) a3, a2, a1
(d) a4, a3, a2, a1
(e) a5, a4, a3, a2, a1

82. Which of the following circuits has higher output impedance?

Rout1 Rout2

83. Determine ib , ic , ie and Vb with β = 100 and Vbe = 0.7V for the circuit below.

Vdd

5k 0.1k

Vb

5k 0.1k

21
84. Determine gain of following circuita. Assume µn = 2µ p

4/1 4/1

Vout Vout

Vin 2/1 Vin 2/1

85. Determine Vout

R

Vin

Vout

86. Determine the gain for the circuit below.

Vdd

Vb1

Vo− Vo+

Vin+ Vin−

Vb2

22
87. Frequency response for an Open loop Opamp was given and the opamp was operated
as an inverting amplifier with gain -2. Plot the closed loop frequency response.
88. Number of Boolean equation for an ’n’ input variable.
89. Find equation for the circuit below.

B D
A’
C E

D E

B C

A’

90. Size the remaining 4 transistors for the circuit below so that Iout = In.

Iin

Iin Iout

1/1

91. Calculate R. The network is fully resistive.

23
 R1 R2 R=?

I1 I1 I1+I2

92. What is the time constant

10c

Vin Vout

R
R C

93. Compute the gain at low and high frequency.

gmp C gmp

Iout
gmn gmn
Vin

Ibias

94. The open-loop gain bandwidth product of an opamp is 200 MHz. If it is operating in
negative feedback mode with a closed loop gain of 2, then what is the bandwidth?

95. A signal x(t) = 0.4sin(2.π .75Hz.t) + 0.6sin(2.π .25Hz.t) is sampled with a sampling
frequency of 100 Hz. What will be the frequency spectrum of sampled signal?

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96. Calculate the current I through resistor.

1k

1V

97. Calculate Iout(Vin, gmn, gmp, ∆V)

∆V Iout

Vin

Ibias

98. What is the frquency of oscillation of output voltage?

C Vout

R1
R2

25
 99. Calculate Vout.

Vs

C
Vout

C R

100. What is the minimum value of resistor Rmin?.

Rmin

R C
C R

101. Two identical opamps having 3dB frequency fo are in cascade. Find the overall 3dB
frequency.

102. Find the maximum frequency of operation of the following circuit.

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 Td = 1ns min
Tcq = 0 2ns max Tcq = 0
Combinational
D D Q logic D Q

Clk Td = 1ns min

2ns max
Combinational
logic

103. Maximum power is dissipated in an inverter when

(a) Input is 1
(b) Input is 0
(c) Input is toggling

104. In a D Flip-Flop, Q bar is connected to D. Find its function.

105. In a ring oscillator frequency depends on

1 2 3 n

(a) No of stages n
(b) Supply voltage
W
(c) L ratio of the inverters

106. Plot Vc (t).

I(t) I(t)
Io R

Vc(t)
C
t
to

27
107. Draw the bode plots for gain and phase.

1k 10k
A=10db A=10db
1p 10p

108. Plot the Gate Capacitance versus Gate voltage curves for MOSFETs at DC and high
frequencies.

109. Which of these is equivalent to the given RC circuit.

R
Vin Vout
C

Ans:

A=10dB Vout
R
Vin
C

110. The following circuit is a

0
Q
D 1

Clk

28
 (a) level 0 transparent latch
(b) level 1 transparent latch

111. Find Rin for the following circuit.

Rd

Vg

Rin

112. Find Vout.

Vin

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Vout

Vin
t

113. Find i1, i2, Va and Vb.

i1 1k
Va

1k
2V Vb
i2

1mA 1k

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114. Derive the expression for gain of an inverter.
115. Plot Io Versus Vo for the following circuits.

Iin
Vout
Iout Vout
Iin Iout

116. Find R such that Vo/Vin is constant.

1k 1u

Vin Vout

R 0.1u

117. How many distinct boolean expressions are possible with 3 input variables?
(a) 3
(b) 8
(c) 256
118. Plot OUT for the following circuit. What is the function of the given circuit?

In
Out
In D Q

Clk Clk

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