No TITLE PAGES

1 Abstract
2 Methodology
3 Result
4 Discussion
5 Calculation
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendation
8 Reference
9 Appendix
TABLE OF CONTENT
METHODOLOGY
General Start-up procedure
1. All the valve were closed except the ventilation valve V13 partially open, V12 and V6
fully open
2. All the gas connections was checked and were properly fitted
3. The valve were opened on the compressed air supply. Make sure the supply
pressure is between 1 to 2 bar
The shut-off valve on the CO2 gas cylinder were opened. The CO2 cylinder pressure
is sufficient and were checked. Replace the cylinder if necessary.
4. Turn on the power for the control panel.
PROCEDURE
Experimental Procedure: Hydrodynamics of a packed column (wet and dry column pressure
drop )
1) The general start up procedure were performed as described above
2) The receiving vessel B2 was filled through the charge port with 50L of water by
opening valve V3 and V5
3) The main switch of the control panel were switched on
4) Valve V1 was opened and adjusted to give air flowrate of 30L/min into column K1
5) The time recorded were 2 minutes and the air flow were observed in column packed
K1 while the pressure drop across the column at dpt-201 was recorded
6) The air flowrate were repeated for 40,60,80 and 100 L/min
7) Pump P1 was switched on and then slowly opened valve 11 which were adjusted to
give the water flowrate of 1.0L/min. The water was allowed to enter the top column
K1, flew down the column and accumulated at the bottom until it overflows back into
vessel B1
8) The air flowrate were adjusted by adjusting valve V1 to 30,40,60,80 and 100 L/min for
every 1.0,1.5 and 2.0L/min of water flowrate.
9) The liquid and air flow were observed in the column K1 and the pressure drop across
the column at dpt-201was recorded.
PROCEDURE
General Shut down procedure
1) Pump P1 was switched off.
2) Valve V1, V2 and V12 were closed.
3) The valve on the compressed air supply line was closed and the supply pressure was
exhausted by turning the regulator knob counter-clockwise all the way.
4) The shut-off valve was closed on the CO2 gas cylinder.
5) All the liquid in the column K1 was drained by opening valve V4 and V5.
6) All the liquid from the receiving vessels B2 were drained by opening valves V7 and
V8.
7) All the liquid from the pump P1 was drained by opening valve V10
8) The power at control panel was turned off.
RESULTS
Table 1.1: Pressure Drop For Dry Packed Column At Different Air Flow Rate

Air flowrate (L/min) Pressure Drop (mbar)

30 0.5
40 0.6
60 0.6
80 0.6
100 0.7

Table 1.2: Pressure Drop At Different Water Flow Rate And Air Flow Rate

Flowrate
Pressure Drop (mbar)
(L/min)
30 40 60 80 100
air

water
1.0 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.0
1.5 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0
2.0 1.1 1.4 2.1 3.0 3.9

Table 1.3: Pressure Drop At Different Water Flow Rate And Air Flow Rate

Flowrate
Pressure Drop (mm H20/m)
(L/min)
30 40 60 80 100
air

water
1.0 10.197 14.021 19.119 20.394 25.492
1.5 14.021 17.844 25.492 31.865 38.238
2.0 14.021 17.844 26.767 38.238 49.709

Table 1.4: Theoretical Pressure Drop At Different Water Flow Rate And Air Flow Rate
(from graph)

Flowrate
Pressure Drop (in H20/ft)
(L/min)
30 40 60 80 100
air

water
1.0 0.053 0.072 0.200 0.240 0.400
1.5 0.060 0.130 0.255 0.400 0.510
2.0 0.090 0.200 0.350 0.450 0.990
Table 1.5: Theoretical Pressure Drop At Different Water Flow Rate And Air Flow Rate

Flowrate
Pressure Drop (mm H20/m)
(L/min)
30 40 60 80 100
air

water
1.0 4.4154 5.9854 16.6260 19.9512 33.2520
1.5 4.9986 10.8069 21.1982 33.252 42.3963
2.0 7.4817 16.6260 29.0955 37.4085 82.2987

Table 1.6 : Log Gas Flow Rate and Log Pressure Drop (Experimental)

Flowrate
Log Pressure Drop (mm H20/m)
(L/min)
1.4771 1.6021 1.7782 1.9031 2.0000
air

water
1.0 1.0071 1.1460 1.2805 1.3099 1.4064
1.5 1.1460 1.2511 1.4064 1.5028 1.5825
2.0 1.1460 1.2511 1.4272 1.5825 1.6967

Table 1.7 : Log Gas Flow rate and Log pressure drop (Theoretical)

Flowrate
Log Pressure Drop (mm H20/m)
(L/min)
1.4771 1.6021 1.7782 1.9031 2.0000
air

water
1.0 0.6450 0.7771 1.2208 1.3000 1.5218
1.5 0.6988 1.0337 1.3263 1.5218 1.6273
2.0 0.8740 1.2208 1.4638 1.5730 1.9154
Table 1.8: Data from calculation to Determine Theoretical Pressure Drop

Air Gas Capacity Liquid Mass velocity (Gx)

Flow Parameter (x-axis)
flowrate mass Parameter kg/m2s
(Vy) Velocity (y-axis) 1LPM 1.5LPM 2LPM 1LPM 1.5LPM 2LPM
LPM (Gy)
kg/m2s
30 0.1168 0.002584 3.3022 4.9533 6.6049 0.97114 1.4567 1.94242
7 0
40 0.1558 0.004594 3.3022 4.9533 6.6049 0.72834 1.0925 1.45678
3 0
60 0.2337 0.01034 3.3022 4.9533 6.6049 0.48557 0.7283 0.97121
4 5
80 0.3116 0.01838 3.3022 4.9533 6.6049 0.36418 0.5462 0.72841
5 7
100 0.3895 0.02871 3.3022 4.9533 6.6049 0.29135 0.4370 0.58274
6 2

1.7
Log Pressure Drop Vs Log Air Flowrate
1.6

1.5

1.4

Exp 3 (2LPM)
1.3 Exp 2 (1.5 LPM)
exp 1 (1LPM)

1.2

1.1

1
1 2 3 4 5

Figure 1 : Log Pressure Drop Vs Log Air Flowrate

CALCULATIONS
Infromation :
Density of air = 1.175 kg/m3
= 0.07335 lb/ft3
Density of water = 996 kg/m3 (R.H Perry,1973)
= 62.178 lb/ft3
Column diameter = 80 mm
= 0.08m
= 0.2625 ft
Cross sectional area of packed column,
π 2
A= D
4
π
= (0.08m)2
4
= 5.027x10-3 m2

Packing factor , Fp = 900 m-1 (Raschig Ring)

= 274.32 ft-1
Water viscosity, µwater = 0.0008 kg/ms (Bingham, 1922)

Sample Calculation for Kinematic Viscosity of water , vx

DynamicViscosity , µx
Kinematic viscosity of water , vx =
Density of water , ρx
0.0008 kg/ ms
=
996 kg /m3
vx = 0.8032 x 10-6 m2/s

Sample Calculation for Gas Mass Velocity , Gy

volume air flowrate (Density of gas)

Gas Mass Velocity , Gy =
Cross sectional area( m2)
Gy = 30 L/min (1m3/1000L) (1min/60s) (1.175 kg/m3)
5.027 x 10-3 m2
 Gy = 0.11687 kg/m2 s

Sample calculation of Liquid Mass Velocity , Gx

volume water flowrate ( Density of liquid )

Liquid Mass Velocity , Gx =
Cross sectional area(m2)

= 1 L/min (1m3/1000L) (1min/60s) (996 kg/m3)

5.027 x 10-3 m2

= 3.3022 kg/m2 s
Sample calculation for Capacity Parameter, y-axis
y-axis = Gy2 Fp vx0.1
gc (𝞺x – 𝞺y) 𝞺y

y-axis = (0.11687kg/m2s)2 (900 m-1) (0.8032 x 10-6 m2/s)0.1

(1) (996 kg/m3 – 1.175 kg/m3) (1.175 kg/m3)

y-axis = 2.5843 x 10-3

Sample Calculation for flow parameter, x-axis

ρy
x-axis = Gx
Gy
√ ρx− ρy

kg

√
1.175
=0.11687
3.3022 kg/m 2 m3
kg/m2 ss 996 kg 1.175 kg
−
m3 m3

= 0.97106

Sample Calculation for Theoretical Pressure Drop units inH2O/ft to mmH2O/m

H2O
83.31∗mm
0.053∈H 2 O m
Theoretical Pressure Drop, ∆Ptheory = ( )
ft H 2O
1∈
ft
 ∆Ptheory = 4.4154 mmH2O/m
*Eckert,Chem. Eng. Prog., 66(3),39 (1970)
Sample Calculation for Pressure Drop Units, mBar to mmH20/m

2mBar 10.1971621298mmH 20
Pressure Drop, ∆PExp = ( )
Height of column,H 0.8m 1 mBar

∆PExp/H = 25.49 mmH20/m

*1mBar = 10.19716298 mmH20 (ConvertUnits.com,n.d.)

*Height column = 0.8m

Figure 2 : The theoretical Pressure Drop is located at the intersection between flow parameter
and capacity parameter for the respective flow rate