International Journal of Education and Science Research

Review
Volume-1, Issue-2 April- 2014 ISSN 2348-6457

Postal communications in Ancient and Medieval India

Dr. Anshu Tyagi Dr. Babita Tyagi
Assistant Director, Research, Associate Professor,
Mewar University. IIMS, Meerut.
Abstract
The post office is universally recognized as a facilitator of communication. The postal runner defied all
odds- natural calamities, wild beasts, geographical terrain and bandits- in the discharge of his duties, to
earn a place in the folklore of every region. However, what is less recognized is its pioneering role in
retailing a diverse range of services through its vast network.
Today, India Post is a blend of tradition and modernity, playing the role of a catalyst for social change. It
has knit the country together by facilitating education, trade and industry and by breaking down social
barriers. Indian Postal system acts on a vibrant integrator.
The Paper traces evolution and systemic growth of postal communications in India from ancient time. An
amazing yet pertinent aspect of the development of communication system has been its adaptability with
respect to the geographical environs of the country. The routes and modes evolved over the centuries the
diverse topography and abrupt historical developments in this region. India is also a country that has
survived external aggression and ensuing regional volatility. There invaders settled and contributed in
actualizing grates ideas. Mughal period has been elaborately disused for their role in streamlining postal
communication.
India is today, the land with the highest number of post offices and postal workers .It is also the country
with perhaps the most assorted, yet effectual modes of mail conveyance ever used.
Introduction
The conventional bare-footed mail runners to the non-conformist bullock mail carts and the avant –grade
air mail of 1911, the road navigated to the present-day e-post, has been a much acclaimed historic journey.
In the mid nineteenth century, the post office served as facilitator of travel with its conveyance systems,
and by maintaining the dak bungalows and dak series.
Indian mythology and ancient history records traditional emissaries conveying messages in an
unconventional manner. Perhaps the 21 st century version of the day-and-night hi-tech courier service
draws inspiration from the time honored use of the human courier as mentioned in the Epics and scared
scriptures . The ‘Ramayana’ cites instances of Hanuman being sent by Ram to convey messages. In
“Mahabharata’, King Drupad dispatched the message to King Dhritirashtra to give away half the kingdom
through the Royal Priest. Also from ‘Mahabharata’ is the romantic legend mentioning the swan being used
to convey the message of love from prince Nal to Princess Damayanti. Chanakya’s ‘Arthashaastra’ also
calls attention to the efficient manner of collecting information and revenue data using doots, who doubled
up as spies for the king.
As the needs of men become more demanding, the methods used to communicate were manifested in
various ways designed to meet the challenge of the times. Many of the old Hindu scriptures carry to carry

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message, even as the ‘Atharvaveda’ records the use of couriers going by the term ‘palagala’. The
practice of using homing pigeons as message carriers also prevailed from the earliest times in India. It
may be interesting to note, that ‘pigeon carriers’ are still officially in use by government departments
in remote areas, like in the state of Orissa. Camels too were in Rampant use not only in the desert areas
of present Rajasthan, i.e. the North –western states, but also arid zones of Orissa, like Jajnagar,
particularly by Ashoka in the 4th century B.C. The use of horses for carrying mail was chiefly for
military purpose.
The mail or Dak runner was used by the Kings and the military commanders for purposes of
information, missives and royal correspondence. One of the earliest evidence of a systematic postal
service using foot messengers is found during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 B.C.). A
courier service between the capital and outlying provinces of the vast Kingdom served the needs of
intelligence gathering and collection of revenue data, whence regular messengers, doots (emissaries)
and pigeons were used for conveying the Royal communiqué. However its efficacy was lost upon his
death and the system fell through. Emperor Ashoka however devised a very efficient means of
communication of mail runners, horse couriers, pigeon carriers and camels for official communication.
This was exemplary of how an efficiently operated communication system gave that much needed
fillip to effective governance and the extra edge to an aggressive ruler, even in the ancient times.

2.2 Medieval India (1030-1757 AD)

Structure of the Land Postal Systems in Pre-Mughal Period
As India has undergone a long period of variable sovereignties, communication systems have not
endured. Even the well- structured postal communication of the Mauryas and Guptas of ancient India
became redundant.
Thus the overland trading activities along the northern precincts and sea borne trading hegemony with
Europe, Africa and Asia become significant to studies of postal history. For they laid the foundations
of a rudimentary postal system in medieval India, that was to remain for centuries to come.
The records of travelling historians Macro Palo, Ibn Batuta, Ferishta and Ziauddin Barani have
assumed significance as vital reference links for studies on medieval India. Albeit, there is the
occasional lack of information on postal systems in southern extremities of India, that remained
outside the ambit of most foreign invasions.
The nomenclature adopted for the postal systems of medieval India adheres to the treatise that each
ruler established his own postal system, tailored to meet the needs of the sovereign. This was
essentially a royal or state postal system used for effective rule. Thus, the period under review vis-à-vis
the postal system, has been divided according to the period of regime or from invasion onwards).
Under Mahmud of Ghazni
With dominion over North- Western and Central India, Ghazni established an elaborate network of
foot messengers. Those for intelligence gathering were called ‘Sarran’ and horse couriers for urgent
missives were called ‘Khail Sarran’, paid bonuses for their special service. A mounted courier service
called ‘Askudars’ conveyed private correspondence of important chieftains and also the official
correspondence. Each province had a Postal headquarter, overseen by a Postmaster called ‘Sahib-I-

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Barid’. His importance in the administrative hierarchy is evident from the responsibilities bestowed
upon him ~ administrative report of the province, and conduct of the military officers. The ‘ Sahib-i-
Risalat’, who was the head of the correspondence department, functioned as the emissary of the
conqueror, receiving information through postal agencies and acting upon them.
Under Mohammed of Ghor
With the stretch of empire from Delhi to Bengal, the Arabic model of postal system was adopted. The
camel riding horse couriers were called ‘Jamaza’.
Under Qutub ud-din Aibak
He consolidated the system established by his predecessor Mohammad of Ghor. A messenger post
system was introduced by Qutub ud–din Aibak that was later expanded into the Dak Chowkis by his
successor.
Under the Mongol Invasion of Genghis Khan
The Mongols under dominance of Genghis Khan in particular, achieved a speed of communication
similar to that of the ancient Persians. Their chief contribution was the development of roads and posts
in the areas under their control, which in India merely covered the northern fringes. Genghis Khan
established the ‘Horse Post House’ or Yamb messengers system, found at a distance of every 25 miles.
In between, were intermediary posts, which also served as sleeping quarters of the imperial foot
runners, furnished with bells on their girdle. The runners were assigned a 3- stretch, operating on a
relay system, thus covering a ten day’s journey in one though a period of mongol influence was
confined to a small time frame and terrain India, the foundations of the first international postal system
was being laid, so two innovations may be noted. The practice of clerks of every post house with
clearly assigned duties, and the system of express delivery of letters.
Under Allauddin Khilji
A horse and foot-posts runner service was established in 1296 primarily for latest military news and
prices of commodities. The military and civil mail of the soldiers was also served. Horses were
stationed at every ‘manzil’ and ‘dhawahs’ appointed every half a kos (2 miles). A new feature was the
news writer or ‘Munshi’ posted at every town. He was to report every day or by every third day to the
central administration, for which special horse couriers and runners were kept ready to every kos.
A postal department called ‘Mahakama-i-Barid’ under the supervision of two postal officers ‘Maalik
Barid-i-Mamalik’(Minister of state news agency)and his deputy ‘Naib Barid-i-Mamalik’ fulfilled the
dual needs of barid(post) and espionage. All this was under personal supervision with rigid laws laid
down for the network. The fresh concept of a two-way news transmission was adopted, wherein the
people were also kept informed about the well being of the ruler. This served as a deterrent for any
insurgency.
The role of a Barid took on new dimensions during this regime. He was the confidential agent of the
administration, whose work included intelligence gathering, classification and regular dispatch, to the
departments or direct to the sovereign at his discretion. Stationed at the headquarters of every
administrative sub-division, a high level of integrity and prudence was demanded of this Barids, for
which they were well paid. Another significant contribution was the first recorded Dak-Chowkis and

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Thanas of this period. The latter were established between Delhi and Warangal in south to receive
daily military updates.
The precedent of dispatching news-letters was made with taking over of Devagiri in the Deccan.
Thereafter, a regular postal communication became fully operational throughout the Deccan by 1318
A-D. This system of news-letters and news-writers became the hallmark of the communication system
of this regime.
Under Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
An improved courier system was established, much along the lines of the Roman post, but with more
closely stationed post-houses. A network of paved roads was laid out connecting the capital with
Devnagri.
In the south. For improved efficiency, the postal routes were dotted throughout with rest houses,
markets, wells and mosques. Provision of guides along these routes, further facilitated speedy
operations.
The postal system has been referred as ‘Barid’ by Ibn Batuta. The two types of postal communications
were clearly demarcated as the ‘Barid-i-Khail’ or horse-post that operated the Ulgah service and the
‘Barid-i-Rajalah’ or foot-post functioning as the Dhawah. The Ulagh or the horse-post was run by
royal horses stationed at a distance of every 4 Kroh or 8 miles, the horsemen who carried letters being
called ‘Wulaq’. Villages at each third of a kroh served as postal stations or Dhawas. Couriers ready
with girded loins and a 2-cubit long rod with brass bells were found on the village outskirts seated on
chabutras (culverts), taking the letter and running at a high speed, jingling the bells till he reached the
next station. These couriers operated on a relay system. Often quicker than the horse post, they were in
use for transport of fruits from upper Sind or Afghanistan and water of the Ganga to Daulatabad for
palace use. A horse courier took 15 days Delhi- sind while foot-courier took 5 days! Dak chowkis were
constructed at every two furlongs. Each had a mosque and was well-provided, with ten robust speedy
runners posted at any given time. Later, Sarais or rest-houses were also built at convenient points
between every two villages.
Throughout the territory, the use of drums at every post-house kept the sovereign informed about the
happenings. Another noteworthy feature was the involvement of the postal official in the
administration. Lands were allotted, and additional money paid towards maintenance of the dak
chowkis. In return they were expected to report on the appearance and activities of strangers passing
through. Milestones and signposts were erected as in the Roman communication network. The foot-
couriers and horse-couriers were given lands, income of which was fixed as salary.

Under Sultan Sikander Lodhi

Dak Chowkis throughout the territory served as an efficient communication system. Official letters
were conveyed by runners and horse couriers. Two Farman were dispatched wherever the sultan sent
his army. One Farman in the early morning bore instructions and the time of halt, and the second
Farman reaching in the afternoon or evening contained detailed military instructions.

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A novel method of news transmission requires mention. After reaching Bayana(Rajasthan), Sikander
Lodhi had dispatched an army towards Thatha (near) Karachi) and ordered the general to send news of
victory.

Although We find the continuance of the horse-courier and foot-relay postal system through eight
dynasties of rule, from 1001 to 1526 when the Lodhi dynasty fell through, only the above-mentioned
rulers made contribution to the communication network was laid with the construction of paved roads,
bridges, milestones, dak-chowkis and rest-houses called sarais. Also news-couriers were introduced.
There also developed a more uniform system of remuneration for the postal couriers.

Structure of the Postal Systems in Mughal Period

With the advent of the Mughals, came a turning point in the history of Indian postal communications.
For, this was the period, when the foundations of a unified communication system were laid. It is no
wonder that Arabic and Persian travelling historians attributed the establishment of a postal system to
the Mughal period, in particular the administration of Babar, Akbar and Sher shah suri. However Sher
shah, whose reign was parallel to that of Humayun, deserves special mention. His landmark
contributions to the evolution of postal system in India were further boosted by the speedy
development of roads and administrative reforms affected by him.
It is evident therefore, that the genesis of the imperial post lay in the central postal Department
established during the Mughal period. However, the imperial system is widely and erroneously
believed to be the precursor of the modern postal system, as it was only the colonial rule that the entire
country was brought under one umbrella postal structure.

Under Sher shah suri

The Suri dynasty of the Pashtuns from Northern India may have been an aberration of the Mughal
period, but proved to be a boon for the postal history of medieval India. In the short span of a 5-year
rule (1540-1545), Sher Shah suri established the foundations of a mounted post or horse courier
system, wherein conveyance of letters was also extended to traders. This is the first known record of
the Postal system of a kingdom being used for non-state purposes, i.e. for trade and business
communication. Sher shah’s that it rightly earned the place of the first officially recorded mounted post
in India.
His multi-front crusade began with building 3000 miles of communication network, complete with
milestones, connecting the capital, Agra with outlying areas. Sher shah is also credited with
establishing the principal line of communication, the grand trunk road or Sadak-e –Azam, which has
been rigorously used down the centuries. It ran from Sonargaon (now Upazila in Bangladesh) through
Agra, Delhi and Lahore to Multan in Sind (present Pakistan). Feeder routes from Agra to various parts
of North India also spruced up communication, and will find mention in further articles. One road ran
from Attack to Cacca, a second route from Agra to Mandu was extended to Burhanpur on Tapti river ,a
third route from Agra went up to Chittor fort, while a fourth went on to Jodhpur and Ajmer linking up
with the seaports of Gujarat. A new road between Multan and Lahore completed the North –Eastern
link.

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The existing dak runner system was revamped, with two horse couriers stationed at every 2 mile
distance for speedy conveyance of official and trade correspondence. A total of 1700 post houses with
3400 postal messengers have been recorded. The serais (inns) and dak Chowkis (post- houses) dotting
the route were over hauled to serve the needs of Hindus and Muslims alike.
A porter cum chawkidaar, stationed at each of the post houses, attended to the post-horses and oxen of
travelers as well as the needs of post- messengers. A darogah (watchman-in-charge) looked after each
post-house. Additionally, there were two tariqh navis or post-house clerks, who were essentially of
tribal origin or belonged to the lower castes.
As a great postal administrator, Sher Shah established a self-sustaining postal system. The entire postal
system was under supervision of the Darogah-I-Dak and the Darogah-I-Dak Chawki, Superintendent
of postal Department. He served also as Director of post-houses, receiving the administrative
dispatches for conveyance to the ruler. The department of correspondence was overseen by the Dewan-
I-Isha who issued letters and royal Farmans, forwarding the same for transmission to the Darogah-i-
Dak Chowki. These imperial Farmans and correspondence were served by Mir Munshis, the Head
Clerks.
Babur
Babur further developed the speed and efficiency of the horse courier system along the north-western
route of Kabul-Agra to serve the postal and army link with his capital at Agra, in 1527. This was used
for both military purpose and the traders that abounded on that route.
Babur’s contribution to road management can be established with his construction of Char-Dwaris,
which served more like watch-towers, ensuring safety along the routes. We also find mention herein,
how he appointed officers to measure the road from Agra to Kabul to erect a tower 12 qaris (yards)
high with “a Cha-dari on top”, at every 9th Kuroh. At distances of 18th Kuroh, a yamb, a dak chowki
and 6 post- horses were kept fastened, and arrangement was made for the payment of post-masters.

Babar integrated the Departments of post and Intelligence, under the aegis of Darogah-i-Dak Chawki.
This postal system followed throughout the empire, with a large number of postal officers under the
Darogah-i-Dak-Chowki, was called Diwan-i-Insa. The chief Darogah, or postmaster juggled his duties,
acting as overseer of postal conduit points, ensuring steady supply of dak runners, couriers and jasus,
coordinating the news gathering from far-flung provinces and the functions of the two post-house
clerks called tariq-navis.
Intelligence gathering played an important role in the military administration of the Mughals. So it is
obvious that news reporters were treated as officers, complying with the same rules as that of military
officers. These news couriers too, were each given the military rank of mansab, and assigned a horse,
for quality performance.
Mail of the Mughal ruler and those of the military, administration and commerce, were carried by
runners and mounted couriers. During times of emergency, the messages were borne by carriages
drawn by fast stations. These were however used specially for conveying express news of the state. In
deserts, camels were used, where they were trained to run at great speeds.

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The obsession of the Mughals for speed is evident from the fact that these couriers, mostly Mewras,
depended upon optimum to help them complete their journey on time. Reward or remuneration was
payable only upon delivery of the letter.
A postal runner began his journey with a written permit,(signed and sealed) by the Darogah-I-Dak-
chowki, which made it obligatory for the respective Darogah and Faujdar, to provide safe journey
permit was sanctioned by the Sawanih-navis. All of these men, serving the postal and news- gathering
needs of the emperor’s domain were on the state payroll even though many were stationed at the
roadside serais.
The letters handled by the Department included the Farmans or royal orders, with the Mir Munshi
serving as the Secretary for processing the same. It may be noted that during the period of Sher Shah’s
administration, the role of the Mir Munshi was more of a Head Clerk, whereas herein assumed more
powers as of a Chief Secretary.
Royal mail was transported to the districts, wherefrom the reports and local news were in return
communicated to the centre. At the seat of the postal administration in the capital of the kingdom, the
Darogah-i-Dak-Chowki conveyed the royal mail received from various provinces to the Mir Bakshi
(secretary) for the knowledge of the emperor. The Mir Bakshi dealt with all mail except for those
personally addressed, and summarized them for perusal and comments for the emperor.
Humayun
The same postal system continued in the time of Humayun, with no significant changes.
Akbar
The Mansabdar system was originated by his predecessor Babur, it was given shape by Akbar. Under
his aegis, the Mansabdars constituted the second tier of military governance, subordinate only to the
Omrahs, who commanded the armies in the emperor’s name.
The Mansabdar system assumes importance in the light of fact that the Dak Chowkis were chiefly
controlled by the provincial governments. Dak Chowkis were thus visible throughout the empire, even
as Gujarat and parts of Deccan were annexed. A network of 2,000 miles of post roads linked the far-
flung areas of his territory.
The system of Dawk-Chowki was established to procure and transmit secret news and messages along
the different dawk routes. The chief Darogah or Postmaster networked and administered the news-
gathering and postal communications, serving the dual needs of espionage and administration. A
Darogah supervised operations at the dawk chowki and a Nazir took charge at every pargana level. The
Darogah-I-Dawk chowki at the headquarters of a province or pargana exercised complete sway over
his domain.
The practice of Sher Shah suri was adhered to, with 2 horses and a set of footmen stationed at the Dak
Chowkis at a distances of every 5 kos. The footmen often traversed up to fifty kos in twenty-four
hours. Special messengers operated in a similar relay service using post-horses, while carriages drawn
by fast stallions were used in times of emergency. It has been noted by Ferishta, that there were 4000
such mail runners on a permanent pay, some of whom rendered exceptional service by even travelling

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700 kos in 10 days to transmit urgent messages using post-horses. The harkara was the lowest rank in
the postal administration. In addition to carrying mails, the harkara also made reports to the governor
of the province. Letters were carried within a gilded box, carried on the head.
Chiefly routine correspondence and express letters were conveyed, to and from the court. The
important types of mail carried were (1) Farmans (Royal orders), (2) Shuqque (a letter written directly
to any other person by the emperor), (3) Nishan (a letter from a prince or any other royal person), (4)
Hasb-ul-hukum (a letter written by a minister, conveying the orders of the Emperor), (5) Sanad (a letter
of appointment), (6) Parwanah (an administrative order to a subordinate official ), and (7) Dastak (a
short official permit ).
The communication system of Akbar was streamlined along lines of prudence which dictated that
every measure necessitated a counter-measure. Thus provisions were made to ensure that every news
was counter-checked for precision.
The postal system was demarcated as (a) the regular postal service and (b) the much acclaimed ‘news-
gathering’/ Akhbaar Navis system devised by Akbar. The regular postal service was primarily served
by mail runners and horse-couriers for urgent transmissions. The Akhbaar Navis or news-gathering
system, on the other hand, consisted of the Wagai navis (News writers), Sawami Nigar (News
Reporters cum Intelligence agent), Khufia Navis (secret Agents and writers)
Over and beyond the above two, were the Sawami Nigars on a regular pay-check, spread all through
the subas, functioning independently of the above two. Their operations were covert and underground,
under direct surveillance and instructions of the royal court. The Wagai Navis had his network of
grassroots level stringers, in each district and pargana, who kept him posted with all current news of
the region on a daily basis. He even had his men posted at offices of the subedar, diwan, faujdar, court
of justice, and the Kotwaal’s chabutraa. The Wagai Navis made his own summary, as in filling news
report, and dispatched the same to the Chief Darogah, and the Subedar of that province. This was then
forwarded to the Darogah-i-Dak- Chowki. However, the reports of the Sawami Nigar were sent
directly to the royal court without knowledge of the district or regional officials. Often, they
accompanied the military forces outside the country, for communicating updates to the military
commanders on site. All such Akhbaar Navis or news-letters were received un-opened by the Mir
Bakshi, who ensured that the same were sorted for priority and read before the emperor each evening
at 9 pm in the royal court.
Pigeon post was in random use, as also camels in desert areas. The pigeon carriers were housed in the
royal palace, where they were trained to carry news over the far-flung territories.
Extension of the relay postal system in the Deccan started with the conquest of Imad Shahi kingdom of
Berar. This region was suitably organized into three subas (districts, comprising of several villages).
The system of news conveyance and Khufia Navis underway at the time of military pursuits, continued
even after conquest, to evolve as a well-organized postal service in northern Deccan.

Jahangir

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Jahangir established control over Bengal, he appointed the Darogah or superintendent of the Dak
Chowki for receipt and dispatch of letters to and from Dhaka, capital of Bengal since 1610, at every
provincial headquarters. The pigeon post was also introduced for carrying messages from Bengal to
Orissa and Rajmahal to Murshidabad.
A Sadar post office was opened in each district, served to carry mail by hand to the collector wherever
he was based at that point of time.
Avenues with trees were laid out in the routes of Agra to Attock in the west and Agra to Dhaka in the
east. In the former route a pillar at every kos sporting a sign, was constructed, as also a well at every 3
kos. Speed of transmission for the traditional mail runner service, was recorded at 80 kos in a day.

Shah Jahan
Though governance came under strain with Shah Jahan’s costly and unsuccessful campaign to subdue
the Hindu Maratha confederacy, the postal system, was greatly improved.

Aurangzeb
Stricter rules related to postal laws and orders were enforced. Postal runners were bound by structures
that dictated a minimum postal mileage of 1 jaribi kuroh in one ghari (hour), failing which a penalty
was imposed, equaling a quarter of their salary.
By the end of the 18th century the Postal system in India had reached impressive levels of efficiency.
According to Thomas broughtom, (1778-1835) British soldier and writer on India, the Maharaja of
Jodhpur sent daily offering of fresh flowera from his capital to Nathadvara (a distance of 320 km), and
they arrived in time for the first religious darshan at sunrise. Later this system, underwent complete
modernization when the British Raj established its full control over India.

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