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Integrated Services Digital

• This is a world wide telecommunications network that
Network (ISDN) utilizes digital techniques for both transmission and
switching .
• It is a standard for transmitting voice, video and data
at the same time over fibre optic telephone lines.
• Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)can support data rates of 1.5
million bits per second

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Components of ISDN
• Note that individual operating companies and
ministries define the specific services, but
• Within the ISDN architecture the ITU standards define
a number of component parts and functions
1) ISDN CHANNELS
2) ACCESS TYPES
3) DEVICES
4) INTERFACES
5) PROTOCOLS
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B Channel
• A B channel is a 64-Kbps unit of clear digital
bandwidth. Based on the data rate required to carry one
digital voice conversation,
• a B channel can carry any type of digital information
(voice, data, or video) with no restrictions on format or
protocol imposed by the ISDN carrier.
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ISDN Channels
A CHANNEL is the basic unit of ISDN service. The ISDN
Standards define three basic types of channels:
• Bearer channels (B channels)
• Delta (or "Demand") channels (D channels)
High-capacity channels (H channels)
•
D Channel
• A D channel is a signalling channel.
• It carries the information needed to connect or disconnect
calls and to negotiate special calling parameters (i.e.,
automatic number ID, call waiting, data protocol).
• The D channel can also carry packet-switched data using the
X.25 protocol.
• The D channel is not a clear channel. It operates according to
a well-defined pair of layered protocols:
1) Q.921 (LAPD) at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
2) Link Access Protocol for the D Channel(LAPD)
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H Channel
• An H channel is a special, high-speed clear channel. H
channels, designed primarily for full-motion color video, are
• The data rate of a D channel varies according to the type of access it
serves: not yet in common use. There are currently three kinds of H
• a Basic Rate Access D channel operates at 16 Kbps and a Primary Rate channel:
Access D channel operates at 64 Kbps
 H0 ("H-zero")
 H11 ("H-one-one")
 H12 ("H-one-two")

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ISDN Access Types

• An H0 channel operates at 384 Kbps • ISDN offers two general types of access:
• An H1 channel operates at 1.536 Mbps
• An H12 channel occupies an entire European Primary 1) BASIC RATE ACCESS (BRA)
Rate AccessQ.931 at the upper layers (Layers 3 and 2) PRIMARY RATE ACCESS (PRA)
above)
• These differ from one another by the amount of information
they can carry

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Basic Rate Access
• Basic Rate Access is based on new technology conceived
especially for ISDN.
• Designed to provide service to individual users or small
businesses
• Basic Rate Access provides two 64-Kbps B channels and one
16-Kbps D channel (referred to as 2B+D).
In other words, it provides transmission facilities for:
a) one voice conversation (one B channel),
b) one medium-speed data session (the other B channel), and
c) the signaling exchanges needed to make them work (the D
channel).
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Primary Rate Access
• Primary Rate Access, is designed to provide high-
capacity service to large customers for applications
such as PBX-to-PBX trunking.
• There are two kinds of Primary Rate Access: 23B+D
and 30B+D.
• Each depends on the kind of digital carrier available in
a given country
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• Two B channels at 64 Kbps plus one D channel at 16
Kbps equals 144K bps.
• The ISDN Basic Rate transmission protocol uses an
additional 48 Kbps of bandwidth for maintenance and
synchronization,
• Hence ,an ISDN Basic Rate Access actually uses 192
Kbps.
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• In North America and Japan, 23B+D Primary Rate
Access operates at 1.544 Mbps and offers 23 B
channels plus 1 64-Kbps D channel. (usually located in
time-slot 23), or 4 H0 channels, or 1 H11 channel.
• In most of the rest of the world, 30B+D Primary Rate
Access operates at 2.048 Mbps and offers 30 B
channels plus 1 64-Kbps D channel (located in time-
slot 16), or 5 H0 channels, or 1 H12 channel
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ISDN Devices
In the context of ISDN standards,
• STANDARD DEVICES refers not to actual hardware, but to
standard collections of functions that can usually be
performed by individual hardware units.
• The ISDN Standard Devices are:
1) Terminal Equipment (TE)
2) Terminal Adapter (TA)
3) Network Termination 1 (NT1)
4) Network Termination 2 (NT2)
5) Exchange Termination (ET
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Terminal Adapter (TA)
• A TA is a special interface-conversion device that allows
communicating devices that don't conform to ISDN
standards to communicate over the ISDN.
• The most common TAs provide Basic Rate Access and
have one RJ-type modular jack for voice and one RS-232
or V.35 connector for data (with each port able to
connect to either of the available B channels).
• Some TAs have a separate data connector for the D
channel.
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Terminal Equipment (TE)
• A TE is any piece of communicating equipment that
complies with the ISDN standards.
Examples include:
a) digital telephones,
b) ISDN data terminals, Group IV Fax machines, and ISDN-
equipped computers.
• In most cases, a TE should be able to provide a full
Basic Rate Access (2B+D), although some TEs may use
only 1B+D or even only a D channel
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Network Termination (NT1 and NT2)
• The NT devices, NT1 and NT2, form the physical and logical
boundary between the customer's premises and the carrier's
network.
• NT1 performs the logical interface functions of switching and
local-device control (local signalling).
• NT2 performs the physical interface conversion between the
dissimilar customer and network sides of the interface.
• In most cases, a single device, such as a PBX or digital
multiplexer, performs both physical and logical interface
functions.
• In ISDN terms, such a device is called NT12 ("NT-one-two") or
simply NT.
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Exchange Termination (ET)
• The ET forms the physical and logical boundary
between the digital local loop and the carrier's
switching office.
• It performs the same functions at the end office that
the NT performs at the customer's premises.
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c) ISDN provides a faster data transfer rate than modems
by using the bearer channel (B channel of 64Kbps).
With multiple B channels, ISDN offers users more
bandwidth on WANs than some leased lines. For
example, if you were to use two B channels, the
bandwidth capability is 128Kbps because each B
channel handles 64Kbps.
d) ISDN can provide a clear data path over which to
negotiate PPP links.
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Benefits of ISDN
a) ISDN can carry a variety of user traffic signals.
b) ISDN provides access to digital video, circuit-switched
data, and telephone network services by using the
normal phone network which is circuit-switched
c) ISDN offers much faster call setup than modem
connections because it uses out-of-band (D, or delta,
channel) signalling. For example, some ISDN calls can
be setup in less than one second.
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ISDN design issues:
Security issues –
•
-Because network devices can now be connected over the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), it is crucial to
design and confirm a robust security model for protecting the
network.
• Cost and Containment issues -- A primary goal of selecting
ISDN for your network is to avoid the cost of full-time data
services (such as leased lines or Frame Relay). So
it is very important to evaluate your data traffic profiles and
monitor ISDN usage patterns to ensure that your WAN costs are
controlled.
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ISDN Standards
Some bits of an ISDN physical-layer frame
• ISDN utilizes a suite of ITU-T standards spanning the physical, data
link, and network layers of the OSI reference model
Framing bit - Provides synchronization.
1) The physical layer -- The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) physical-


layer specification is defined in ITU-T I.430. The ISDN Primary Rate  Load balancing bit - Adjusts the average bit value.
Interface (PRI) physical-layer specification is defined in ITU-T I.431.  Echo of previous D channel bits - Used for contention
NOTE resolution when several terminals on a passive bus
contend for a channel.
ISDN physical-layer (Layer 1) frame formats differ depending on
whether the frame is outbound (from terminal to network-the TE frame
format) or inbound (from network to terminal-the NT frame format).
Both of the frames are 48 bits long, of which 36 bits represent data.
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• The data link layer -- The ISDN data link-layer

specification is based on LAPD and is formally
 Activation bit - Activates devices. specified in ITU-T Q.920, ITU-T Q.921, ITU-TQ.922 and
 Spare bit-Unassigned. ITU-T Q.923.
 B1 channel bits.
B2 channel bits.
• The ISDN network layer -- The ISDN network layer is


• D channel bits - Used for user data defined in ITU-T Q.930 (also known as I.450) and ITU-T
Q.931 (also known as I.451).
• Together these two standards specify user-to-user,
circuit-switched, and packet-switched connections.
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Broad Band ISDN(B-ISDN)
The factors influencing the emergence of the B-ISDN are:
Demand. Users (both commercial and residential) are
showing interest in receiving high speed and reliable
services.
Technology. Advances in technology have increased
demand, as well as the ability to supply it.
High speed transmission (based on the use of
optical fibre), high speed switching and
increased processing power make the
realisation of these demands possible.
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Broadband ISDN services
Can broadly be categorized as follows:
a) Interactive services. These are services allowing
information flow between two end users of the
network, or between the user and the service provider.
Such services can be subdivided:
1) Conversational services. These are basically end-to-end,
real-time communications, between users or between a
user and a service provider, e.g. telephone-like services.
Also the additional bandwidth offered allows such
services as video telephony, video conferencing and high
volume, high speed data transfer.
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 Service integration. There is a need to integrate both
circuit switched and packet switched services into one
network that can provide interactive and distribution
services.
 Flexibility. The resulting network must be able to satisfy
the needs of the users as well as the network operators in
terms of its functionality and usability.
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2) Messaging services. This is mainly a store-and-forward
type of service. Applications could include voice and video
mail, as well as multi-media mail and traditional electronic
mail.
3) Retrieval services. This service provides access to
(public) information stores, and information is sent to the
user on demand only. This includes things like tele-
shopping, videotext services, still and moving pictures, and
entertainment.
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b) Distribution services. These are mainly broadcast
services, are intended for mainly one way interaction
from a service provider to a user:
1) No user control of presentation.
-This would be for instance, a TV broadcast,
where the user can choose simply either to view
or not.
-High definition TV (HDTV) services that need
broad band.
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2) User controlled presentation. This would apply to
broadcast information that the user can partially
control, in that the user can decide which part of it
he/she accesses, e.g. teletext and news retrieval
services.
Many of these services have very high throughput
requirements that require B-ISDN
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