Feedback control is Every where you just have to look for it

Content…
● Why is control important?
● Terms used in Control Engineering
● What is the significance of feedback?
● Basic Features and configuration of
Control Systems
Historical Development
Memory Devices
History of Android
 Introduction
● Automatic control has played a vital role in
modern manufacturing and industrial processes.

● Applications of control systems includes

manufacturing products, automatic assembly
lines, machine-tool control, process control,
space technology and weapon system,
transportations system, robotics, ..etc.

● It is used to control parameters such as pressure,

humidity, temperature, flow rate, liquid level,
chemical compositions,...etc.

● Control systems are what make machines, in the

broadest sense of the term, function as intended.
 Terminology
● System: “A system is a combination of
different physical component which act
together as an entire unit to achieve
certain objective or goal.”

Input System/
Response
Plant/
r(t) c(t)
Process

Fig 1. Input-output configuration

● Examples: pen, Classroom, chair, fan,

telephone, watch, lock, bell, freeze, AC,
grinder,….etc
Classification of Control Systems
 Control System
● Control System: “A control system is an
arrangement of different physical elements
connected in such a manner so as to regulate,
direct or command itself or some other system to
achieve a certain objective.”
OR
● “The system by which any quantity of interest in
a machine, mechanism or other equipment is
maintained or altered in accordance with a
desired manner.”
 Control System

Fig.2 Control System showing cause and effect relationship

Why Control?
 Modern society have sophisticated
control systems which are crucial to their
successful operation.

 Reasons to build control systems:

◦ Power amplification
◦ Remote control
◦ Convenience
◦ Compensation for disturbance
 Requirements of Ideal Control
System
● Accuracy
● Noise
● Sensitivity
● Speed of Response
● Oscillations : will not oscillate
widely and damage the system
● Stability
● Robust
 Open loop systems
● Open Loop System: “A system in which the
output quantity has no effect upon the
input quantity is called as open loop
system.” OR
● “Any system which does not automatically
correct the variations in its output is called
as open loop control system.”

Fig.3 Control System

Control System Examples

Fig a: Variable POT

Fig b. Speed Control of motor

Control System Examples

Fig c: Academic System

Fig d: Hydraulic Crane

Control System Examples

Fig e: Open loop control of Speed of Turntable and its

block diagram
 Control System Examples

Fig f : Open loop Temperature Control System and its block diagram
Control System Examples

Fig g: Machine Tool with Table and Robot Welder

Closed Loop/Feedback Control Systems

● Closed loop System: “The control system in

which the output has an effect upon the
input quantity so as to maintain the
desired output are called the closed loop
system” OR
● “A closed loop control system is one that
measures its output and adjust its input
accordingly by using a feedback signal.”
 What is Feedback?

 Feedback is a key tool that can be used to

modify the behavior of a system.

 This behavior altering effect of feedback is a

key mechanism that control engineers
exploit deliberately to achieve the objective
of acting on a system to ensure that the
desired performance specifications are
achieved.
Closed-loop control with sensor feedback

Fig 4: Basic Structure of Feedback Control System

Structure of Feedback Control System

Fig 5: Basic Structure of Feedback Control System

Closed loop System Examples

Fig a: A Manual Control System for regulating the fluid level by

adjusting the valve
Closed loop system examples

Fig b : Closed loop control of Speed of Turntable and its block

diagram
Open loop and Closed loop system

Fig c1. Open Loop System

Fig c2. Closed Loop System

Open loop and Closed loop system
Manipulated
Variable

Fig d: Speed control of car

 Closed loop system examples

Fig e: Closed loop Temperature Control System and its block diagram
Closed loop system examples

Fig f: Simplified Missile Launching and Guidance System

Closed loop system examples

Fig g: Antenna Positioning System

Closed loop system examples

Fig h: Block diagram of Antenna Positioning System

Application of Control Theory in
Non-Engineering Field

Fig 6: Economic Inflation Dynamics

Dynamics of epidemics in human
beings and animals

Fig 7: Block diagram representation of epidemic dynamics

 MIMO Systems

Fig 8: Basic Structure of MIMO Systems

 Boiler System

Fig 9: Co-ordinated system for Boiler-Generator

 Effect of feedback
● Gain: overall gain and accuracy
increases
● Stability: will not oscillate widely and
damage the system
● Disturbance/Noise: reduces it
● Sensitivity: sensitive to command and
insensitive to noise
● Reduces the non-linearity
● Increases the bandwidth
 What is the Control System Engineer trying
to achieve?
 First, understand the broader picture of the
application to best apply a suitable control
system.
 A good control system is a system that will
◦ generate a response quickly and without oscillation
(good transient response),
◦ have low error once settled (good steady-state
response),
◦ and will not oscillate wildly or damage that system
(stability).

EEL 3657: Linear Control Systems.

 Design steps of control systems

Fig 10: Showing design steps and evolution of control system

Scope of the Subject
 Mathematical modeling of dynamic
systems (transfer function representation)
 Stability concepts
 Transient response for first and second
order systems
 Root locus analysis
 Frequency response techniques: Nyquist
criterion, Bode plots.