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SENSES
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo


SPECIAL SENSES
SENSE, SENSATION, &
PERCEPTION
Sense is the ability to perceive stimuli.
Sensation is the conscious or
subconscious awareness of changes in
the external or internal environment.
Perception is the conscious
interpretation of sensations.
EXAMPLE
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
" Perception is primarily a
function of the cerebral cortex.
We have no perception of some
sensory information because it
never reaches the cerebral
cortex."

SPECIAL SENSES
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Sensory receptors are sensory
nerve endings or specialized
cells capable of responding to
stimuli by developing action
potentials
Selectivity is the characteristic
of a sensory receptor to respond
to a specific stimuli.
CLASSIFICATION OF
SENSES
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
TYPES OF SENSORY
RECEPTORS
1. MECHANORECEPTORS respond
to mechanical stimuli, such as
the bending or stretching of
receptors.
2. CHEMORECEPTORS respond to
chemicals, such as odor
molecules.
3. PHOTORECEPTORS respond to
light
4. THERMORECEPTORS respond
to temperature changes.
5. NOCICEPTORS respond to
stimuli that result in the
sensation of pain.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SPECIAL SENSES
PROCESS OF STIMULATION

MAJOR FEATURES OF EYES AND IT'S

FUNCTION
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EYE

Ophthalmology is the science that deals with the eyes and their disorders.

ANATOMY OF THE EYE

1.
Eyeball is a hollow, fluid-filled
sphere. The eye is 1 inch (2.5 cm)
in diameter and is located in the
anterior portion of the orbit.
The orbit is the bony structure of
the skull that surrounds the eye
and offers protection to the eye. Fibrous tunic is consist of sclera
2. and cornea.
There are 3 layers that comprise a. Sclera
the eye wall: a connective tissue layer
1. Fibrous tunic – outermost a.k.a. “the white of the eye”
layer protect internal eye
2. Vascular tunic – structures
intermediate layer provide attachment for
3. Nervous tunic – innermost muscles
layer b. Cornea
a transparent structure
that bends, or refracts, the
entering light.

Vascular tunic contains blood vessels of the

eye. It has three components.
a. Choroid
thin structure of vascular network that
has melanin to absorb light and prevent
reflection
b. Ciliary body
a contains ciliary muscles, a group of
smooth muscles, that holds the lens (a
flexible, biconvex, transparent disc) in
place through the suspensory ligaments
produces the aqueous humor
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EYE

Vascular tunic contains blood
vessels of the eye. It has three
components.
c. Iris
the colored part of the eye
control the diameter of the
pupil (the opening of the
eye where light passes
through).

Nervous tunic consists of the

retina which is composed of two
layers.
a. Pigmented retina
the outermost layer
prevent reflection of light,
function together with the
choroid
b. Sensory retina
the innermost layer
contains photoreceptor cells,
called rods and cones
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EYE

Vitamin A is
important in the
production of
Rhodopsin, a protein
that is sensitive to
light and is
important in seeing
in the dark. Hence,
low amount of
vitamin A

3.
Optic disc is a creamy-pink
to white depressed area in
the retina. The optic nerve
enters and exits the
eyeball at this area.
The optic disc is also
known as the “blind spot”
because it contains only
nerve fibers, lacks
photoreceptor cells, and is
insensitive to light.

4.
Macula lutea is a small, oval,
5.
yellowishpink area located laterally
Vitreous humor, or
and temporally to the optic disc.
vitreous alone, is a gel-
The central depressed part of the
like substance that
macula is the fovea centralis, the
maintains the shape of
area of sharpest and keenest vision,
the eye.
where most acute vision occurs.
It provides additional
The functions of macula lutea
physical support to the
include: central vision, night and
retina
color vision, and motion detection.

ANATOMY OF THE EYE
6.
Vitreous body or chamber
contains a gelatinous substance
that occupies the vitreous
chamber, the space between the
lens and the retina.
It also transmits light and gives
shape to the posterior eye.
8.
Aqueous humor is a clear, watery
fluid that fills the anterior and
posterior chambers of the eye.
It is produced by the ciliary
bodies (processes), and the fluid
drains into the canal of Schlemm.
10.
Lens is a transparent convex
structure behind the iris and in
front of the vitreous body
The lens bends rays of light so
that the light falls on the retina.
The curve of the lens changes to
focus on near or distant objects.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
7.
The Aqueous chamber is divided
into two:
the anterior chamber, which
lies between the cornea and
the iris and
the posterior chamber that lies
between the iris and the lens.
9.
Canal of Schlemm is the
passageway that extends
completely around the eye; it
permits fluid to drain out of the
eye into the systemic circulation
so that a constant intraocular
pressure (IOP) is maintained.
11.
Conjunctivae: Thin, transparent
mucous membranes of the eye
that line the posterior surface of
each eyelid, located over the
sclera.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EYE

12.
Lacrimal gland: Produces
tears that are drained
through the punctum into
the lacrimal duct and sac.

13.
Eye muscles do
not work
independently;
each muscle
works with the
muscle that
produces the
opposite
movement.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

FUNCTION OF THE EYE

FUNCTION OF THE EYE

1.
Light Refraction
When light passes through a concave or flattened lens, the light bends
outward (diverge)
When light passes through a convex or rounded lens, the light bends
inward (converge)
Focusing causes the light rays to converge toward the crossing point or
the “Focal Point” (FP).
The focal point in the eye occurs just anterior to the retina, and the tiny
image that is focused on the retina is inverted compared to the actual
object.

2.
Focusing image on the retina
Influenced by the shape of the lense
Accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus on an object irrelevant
of its distance.
When looking at a distant (>20 feet) object, the ciliary muscles relaxes;
thus, the suspensory ligaments maintains its tension against the lens,
keeping it flat.
When looking at a near (<20 feet) object, the ciliary muscles contracts,
pulling the ciliary body towards the lens, reducing the tension at the
suspensory ligaments; hence, allowing the lens to assume a rounded
shape.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

FUNCTION OF THE EYE

The visual pathway explains how visual signals reach the brain.
Optic nerves provide output from the retina to the brain.
Optic chiasm (crossover) is where ‘some’ optic nerves cross to the other
side of the brain.
After passing the chiasm, the optic nerve is now part of the optic tract
which enters the brain and most of them terminate in the lateral
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
At this point, the optic tract synapses with neurons whose axons form the
optic radiations, which project to the primary visual areas in the occipital
lobes of the cerebral cortex, and visual perception begins.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EAR

Otorhinolaryngology is the science that deals with the ears, nose, pharynx
(throat), and larynx (voice box) and their disorders

THREE MAIN DIVISION OF THE EAR

ANATOMY OF THE EXTERNAL EAR

1.
External ear is composed of the auricle,
external auditory canal, and eardrum. Near the exterior
a. Auricle opening of the ear,
a.k.a. “pinna”, is a flap of elastic cartilage there are specialized
shaped like the flared end of a trumpet and sweat glands called
covered by skin. The rim is called helix ceruminous glands
while the inferior part is termed as lobule. that produce earwax
b. External AC or cerumen which
curved tube about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long that protects the external
lies in the temporal bone and leads to the auditory canal from
eardrum. water, dusts, and
c. Tympanic membrane  other foreign objects.
a.k.a. “eardrum”, is a thin,
semitransparent partition between the
external auditory canal and middle ear.
Sound waves causes it to vibrate.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EAR

ANATOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAR
2.
Middle ear is consist of the auditory tube and
the auditory ossicles.
a. Auditory ossicles – conduct sound
vibrations from the outer ear to the central
hearing apparatus in the inner ear.
The malleus (hammer) is connected to the
ear drum and transmit vibrations to the
incus.
The incus (advil) articulates with the head
of the stapes.
The base or footplate of the stapes
(stirrup) fits into the oval window.

b. Auditory tube
equalizes the air pressure
between the middle ear and
the external environment to
prevent rupturing of the ear
drum.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY OF THE EAR

ANATOMY OF THE INTERNAL EAR

The tensor
3.
tympani and
Internal ear is a.k.a. the labyrinth and is consist of two
stapedius (the
divisions.
smallest
a. Bony labyrinth – divided into three areas:
skeletal muscle)
semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea.
muscles protect
1. Semicircular canal – contain fluid (perilymph)
the inner ear by
and hair cells connected to sensory nerve fibers of
reducing the
the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve.
amplitude of
loud sounds.

2. Vestibule – an oval central

portion of the bony labyrinth
responsible for balance.
3. Cochlea – a snail-shaped organ
that contains the organ of Corti
and is responsible for hearing.
b. Membranous labyrinth – contains
(endolymph) houses the receptors
for hearing and equilibrium.

The cochlear branch of the CN 8 transmits neuro-impulses from the cochlea to

the brain, where they are interpreted as sound.
The vestibular branch maintains balance and equilibrium.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TEST FOR VISUAL FUNCTION

SNELLEN EYE CHART
Snellen eye chart a tool used to measure
distance vision
The client is positioned in a well-lit spot
20 feet from the chart and asked to read
the smallest line that he or she can
discern.
Record the result using the fraction at the
end of the last line successfully read on
the chart.
Normal visual acuity is 20/20.

ISHIHARA CHART

Ishihara chart is used for

testing and consists of
numbers composed of colored
dots located within a circle of
colored dots.
The test is sensitive for the
diagnosis of red-green
blindness but cannot detect
discrimination of blue.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TEST FOR HEARING FUNCTION

RINNE'S & WEBER'S TEST
Tuning fork tests are used to measure hearing on the basis of air conduction
or bone conduction.
It includes Rinne’s and Weber’s test.
The Weber’s test determines whether the client has a conductive or
sensorineural hearing loss.
In conductive loss, the sound travels toward the impaired ear while in
sensorineural loss, the sound travels toward the good ear
The Rinne’s test also determines whether the client has a conductive or
sensorineural hearing loss
Normally the sound is heard twice as long by way of air conduction (AC)
(near the ear canal) than by way of bone conduction (BC) (at the mastoid
process)
2AC:1BC = Normal
AC > BC, but not 2x = Sensorineural HL
AC = or < BC = Conductive HL
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

DISEASES & DISORDERS

COMMON EYE DISORDERS

LEGAL BLINDNESS
Visual acuity of 20/200 or worse
When speaking to the client who has limited sight
or is blind, the nurse should use a normal tone of
voice.
Allow the client to touch objects in the room.
Instruct the client in the use of the cane for the
blind
Instruct the client that the cane sweeps the ground
where the client’s foot will be placed next to
determine the presence of obstacles

GLAUCOMA CATARACTS
A group of ocular diseases Opacity of the lens that can
resulting in increased progress to blindness
intraocular pressure (IOP) Surgical removal of the lens, 1
Caused by inadequate drainage eye at a time, is performed and
of aqueous humor from the canal lens implantation will follow to
of Schlemm or overproduction of replace the it.
aqueous humor.
The condition damages the optic
nerve and can result in
blindness.
Has two types: Primary Open-
Angle Glaucoma (POAC) and
Primary AngleClosure Glaucoma
(PACG)
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

DISEASES & DISORDERS

TYPES OF GLAUCOMA

REFRACTION DISORDER
Hyperopia – farsightedness;
object is focused behind the
retina.
Myopia – nearsightedness; object
is focus in front of the retina.
Astigmatism – irregularly shaped
lens causes distorted images
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

DISEASES & DISORDERS

COMMON EAR DISORDER
MENIERE’S SYNDROME/DISEASE
A.k.a. endolymphatic hydrops
Attributed to the imbalance of thefluids in the inner ear
Symptoms include: tinnitus, vertigo, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss