 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 





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   

           

             
         
            
          
            
           
           
          
             
         



   




          









           




 








         

            

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   


          

            
          
        
             
            
                
           
               
           
           
           
         



       
            
    
 

 


      
          
           



          
            
           
          
             
        
            
           
          
          
             
           
            

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   

             

          
     

           
 



           

          



    



 








        


        


        


 

  
   


         



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   


           
          









          

 



 

        
  
            



  







       




                 
               
            
         
           
        

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

2

1 1 1

 

 



  





           




 

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

Plane of
symmetry

 

Longitudinal axis

 

 







          
          
           
         
           
         
             
     


           


Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

3

3

2 2

2

1 1

1

 

 




Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   


1

2
2
1 3
1

2

 

 


 








Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

 
 


         
           





 



           

        





           
          




Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   


 

 

  

   








 

 






(a) Plane Truss

5 4 6

5 6 9 10
7 8
1 4

1 2 3 3
(b) Analytical Model



Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

 








 

           
             
          
   

        

 

         



        
         



           

2

2
3
3
1


4
1

4
0 



Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

3
2

3

1
4
2

1

5 4


0




  

         

            




          
           
 
            







 


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   

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2 3
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1

2
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

  
 
  

  








          




     
 

           
          
            
          

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   

            
       
          
            




     








        
         
         
        

            
        
           
           
        
            
          
        


  


  

          
           
              
              
               
                
             
         
  

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

1 2


(a)



1 

3 1 2

2


(b)

Virtual displaced 2
position

1 ( )




1 
1 2
3
Initial equilibrium
2 position 

(c)



          

            
              
           
  
 
   
    

        
  

                   

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

  
                

 
               



             
             
    

   





  







         

 



          

           

   

         




        


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   

2
1 Initial equilibrium
1 position 2

1 2

Virtual displaced
position
 3

3'


(a)

1 2
1 2 3

2
(
)
s
co

co
)

s
2

1
 1
3


  Virtual joint
Real joint displacements
forces
(b)



 

               

            
             
  
 
              

 
         



Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

 

   



   

  





          
             


           
  
           


       

        












 


 






Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   


    
     
   
   


                    
         
                


 


                  







                   




 
           
          

           

            



          
         
          

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  

          

          
             




 

          
  



 





 


 
          









           

 
        


   
   
  


Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
   

         

        
           

   



        
      
            



         
          
           
       

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.