Suspended Solids

Assignment
Assignment
Suspended Solids
in Seawater
Base on:
1, Arkhipov, B. et al. (2003)
2, Bilotta, G.S. and Brazier. R. E. (2008)
3, Bruton, M.N. (1985)
4, Gartner, J. W. (2004)
5, Shin, P.K.S.et al. (2000)
6, Suzuki, Y., Maruyama, T. (2002)
7, Weiner. E. R. (2000)
8, Wong, M. S et al. (2007)
9, Zang, M. et al. (2010)
Nguyen Hoang Lam

Environmental Oceanography, CNU
lamfishery@gmail.com
Assignment
Content
1, Introduction
2, Effects on water quality and aquatic lives
3, Analytical methods
4, Removal method
© Nguyen Hoang Lam 2011

Assignment 1, Introduction
Suspended solids (SS) (7)

Insoluble solid or filterable solids
Including organic and mineral particular matters
- Do not pass through a 0.45 μm filter
- With a diameter of less than 62 μm
(Water, 1995; Weiner 2000)
Includes silt, clay, metal oxides, sulfides, algae,
bacteria and fungi

Assignment 1, Introduction
Suspended solids (SS)

Removed by flocculation and filtering
Contributes to turbidity which limits light penetration
for photosynthesis and visibility in water

Assignment
Physical alteration (2)

Reduce penetration of light
Temperature changes
Infilling of channels when solids are deposited
Reduce navigability of channels, higher cost
of water treatment

Assignment
Chemical alteration (2)

Release of contaminant (heavy metals and pesticide),
nutrients (phosphorus) from adsorption sediments
Deplete levels of dissolved oxygen in the water
Produce a critical oxygen shortage (kills fish in
low – flow condition)

Assignment
Biological effect (2, 3)

Directly or indirectly through food chains and
energy input to the water column
Fast flows of high level SS can act to scour these
organisms away from streambed substrates
Damaging to the photosynthetic structures of organisms
Indirectly affect the abundance of phytoplankton
and other aquatic life as nutrients or toxic compounds

Assignment
2, Effects on water quality and aquatic lives (2)

Assignment

Assignment

Assignment
1, Reduction in light
penetration -> reduced food
availability and plant biomass
2, Reduced
visibility of
pelagic food
3, Reduced visibility
of benthic food
(in shallow water)
4, Clogging of
gillrakers and gill
filaments
Assignment
Factors determining the effects of SS

The concentration of SS
The duration of exposure to SS concentrations
The chemical composition of SS
The particle size distribution of SS
Life stage of aquatic animals (egg, larvae or adult)

Assignment
Conclusions
Most important negative effect: limiting the penetration
of sunlight and reduce the production of sea
(seriously in areas that grow seaweed)
Positive effect: hard water (dissolved Ca and Mg)
can reduce the toxic of heavy metals on aquatic lives

Assignment 3, Analytical methods (2)
Filter water sample through a dried and pre weighed 0.7 μm

pore size glass fiberfilter (Anon, 1980; Gray et al. , 2000)
This technique are time consuming and must have a large
water size so we use turbidity method (conventional method)

Figure 1: A diagram shows the various components that are incorporated

when measuring turbidity and SS via the conventional method

Table 4: Total suspended solids concentration estimated from the

turbidity measurement

The disadvantages of turbidity method

Measure of only one of many effect of SS
(the light penetration)
Responds to many factors than SS concentration
(the particle size and shape of SS, the presence
of phytoplankton, dissolved humic substances
and dissolved mineral substances

MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)

or MODIS spectral imagine method is used to measure SS
Case study: use MODIS to measure SS in Hong Kong

Assignment 3, Analytical methods (8, 9)

Using images from NASA Aqua/ MODIS satellite (250 and
500 m) and 49 ‘in-situ’ samples in 10 clear sky days
Data from MODIS satellite are supported from 7 different bands
Analysis method using 3 different models such as linear,
multiple regression and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Finding the best correlation constant in models between
the SS in satellite and ‘in – situ ‘ samples

Table 5: MODIS chanels on 250m and 500m images and their potential applications
(adopted: http://synergyx.tacc.utexas.edu/DataUsersGuide/MODISbands.html. Cited:
Wong, M. S. et al. (2007))


Best modes:
SS (mg/l) = 94.095 x Band 1 – 2.787
SS (mg/l) = 97.085 x Band 4 – 5.821
SS (mg/l) = -4.281 + 23. 628 x Band1 – 15.675 x Band 2 – 14.653 x Band 3

+ 79.251 x Band 4 + 21.303 x Band 5 + 9.709 x Band 6 + 10.963 x Band 7
SS (mg/l) = - 3.683 + 120.966 x Band 1 – 24. 282 x Band 2

Case study: use MODIS to

measure SS in Hong Kong
Results
The best imagines that have
high correlation constant
(R > 0.82) from 250 m pixel
resolution with wavelenghts
at 650 nm and 859 nm
Figure 2: Suspended solids in Hong Kong

Assignment 4, Removal method (6)
.
Coagulation and foam separation using surface – active protein
Using coagulation foam separation with FeCl3 and casein

The removal efficiency of SS was over 98% (FeCl3: 20 mg/l
, casein dosage 3 mg/l, pH 5 – 6)

Assignment 4, Removal method (6)
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of batch foam seperating system (not to scale)

Assignment
References
1, Arkhipov, B. et al. (2003). Calculation of suspended solids dispersion in the sea environment.
Proceedings of the fifth Ocean Mining Symposium Tsukuba, Japan, September 15 -19, 2003. ISBN 1-
880653-61-3.
2, Bilotta, G.S., Brazier. R. E. ( 2008). Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality
and aquatic biota. Water research (42): 2849 – 2861.
3, Bruton, M.N. (1985). The effects of suspensoids on fish. Hydrobiologia 125, pp. 221 – 241.
4, Gartner, J. W. (2004). Estimating suspended solids concentrations from backscatter intensity measured
by acoustic Doppler current profiler in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Geology 211, pp. 169 – 187
5, Shin, P.K.S., Yau, F.N., Chow, S.H. and Cheung, S.G. (2000). Responses of the green mussel Perna viridis
(L.) to suspended solids. Marine Pollution Buletin 45, pp. 157 – 162.
6, Suzuki, Y., Maruyama, T. (2002). Removal of suspended solids by coagulation and foam separation using
surface – active protein. Water Research 36, pp. 2195 – 2204.
7, Weiner. E. R. (2000). Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry: a practical guide. 2 rd Ed., CRC
press .
8, Wong, M. S et al. (2007). Modeling of suspended solids and sea surface salinity in Hong Kong using
Aqua/ MODIS satellite Images. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 161 – 169
9, Zang, M. et al. (2010). Retrieval of total suspended matter concentration in the Yellow and East China
Seas from MODIS imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 114, pp. 392 – 403.

Assignment

Suspended Solids

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Nguyen Hoang Lam

© Nguyen Hoang Lam 2011