315

PUSHDOLJN AUTOMATA

A
PuAhdouo aulomata (os PDA) M ts a sé1 - tuple (K,z, T, A,%,A), where
K t6 a fioie set of stales

the oput alphabet

T6 the tack alphabet
EK ?6 the starE Atal

aod
ACK the set of accepting stales,
A t6 the tsanhif00 7elafon. It ?% a $of e subset af

(k x (E Ulet) x T") x (K x T)
Atale oput o Atale strne oF
ymbols l mbol 15 pus h
Pop fpm 00 lop of stack
the op f
stack

A x " xT. It
Confiuratoo of a PDA M t an elemcot of K
Captures the three th:gs that cao make a d'fference o M'a fulure

bebavi or
fth CUTTentE skale

the toput that 16 stil lest lo sead and

the conlents of ts stack

Jhe nitial Contio ura ti oo ofa PDA M, o oput o, i(A,o,E.

Jhe Tel at'on 4eld, ostten FMP% the seflexive , tran s:tive clo^uve of
F So Contouvation C, elds confuati oo C fH*

A Computation b M 16 a foië sequeoce of conftourations Co,C, C

for bome huch that,
to:6al
CoCo 16 do Contouratioo

C of the foTm ( ,V), for

AOme stale qe K aod some Atsog
10 T , and

C CECs FC
 316
Let C be a Computatioo of M o0 toput e Jhen

C kome
h an
ac ceptng computati on ff C =
(A, o, ¬) F (e,¬,e), fpr
¬ A yidds

Computason accept onl if t Tuns out of nput ahen t h io on

acceptinS stale and the stack empty)

' , ) ,whee C
a
ejecg computalGoo 1f C C , ¬ ) H (o.
that ?t
ohere h a s no move s
o an
accepting Computalon and
Can make
from 8. ,a).
(A Comput atí oo have not
seject ooly 'f tbe C lêsa fos acceptng
been met and Ehere are no fu lher moveh Cfnciuding foltosng
tansiboos) that can be takeo.)

Let be that
a
stinS ao element a E . Jhe
M w tff at least one of t s computatioas accepts
accepts
M Tejects 1 f f al of ito computations rejeck

ne lanuage a ccepted by M, denoted L(M), ?s the Aet af all strag

a ccepted by M.

Even very aimple PDA may be able lo accept lanouao es that canno t be
ver
accepted by any FSM, Jhe posev of such mackines comes fronm the ab7lt
Of the htack o Count.

Ex ample Je Balan ce d Parenth enes Langu age

Bal w¬i ,C3: the parentheses are balaoced 3 .
M K, E,T, A, ,A), where
K 1S3

T:1
Stack enpl
final 6tal

Cs, Ge), (*, )) e * No 7'p Aymbol

o
can

(CA,),), (a,¬DComputation
clelc 3 Conc'oualion Machine halt
(pupop
Mack
 311

example Ae- iab: n>O}

M (K,2,T, A, A,A), ohe«e m
K:1,f3 alela bale
1abt blale
T:1al
A ,ff
A
(C6, a,£), CA,a)), slal
(Ca,ba), Cf.e)),
alele
(Cf.b,a)(f.e))
3

Etample: Wc wcw wela,b}}

M
(K, E, T, A, s,A), shere
alale
K ihf alela
: a,b clele

T ia,bf
lel
.
A
C4,a.E ), (6,a )),
CA,b,e,4,b)),
(a,c,e) Ge)),
(G.a,a), Ge),

Example: A°8 :1 a^b": o>o

M:
(k,E, T, A, *,A), where
alelaa 6lale
: ia, b}
blal e
T: ia
A

A:(,o, E), (6,aa),

a,b,a f.e)),
 Delermioistic PDA 318
re111
A PDA M o be delminntic 1ff theee eiAth no conftouratoo of
M hat lo do neit. fos th: lo be true,
wht ch M has a chot ce of
two condbonh must hold

AM Cootaio no pai Ts trans'ti ons that Compelë w*tb each other.

of
Tf t an acceptin Atalé of M ,then these t no tvana?ton

E.e), Cpa)) fox ay p o a.

(M neve forced lo choose between acceptíog and Conti nu'og

eithe ConAUume
Ary transitioos out of an acceptin Atale musE

iput O pop 6omethtng from the Atack)

So
fa, all of the PDAS that oe have bus lt bave
been deleimioistic. So
each machio e followed 0oly a 7gle Computationa path.

Ezplotg Non de ls mioiAm

abab, e

, bab, a#
a, abab, #

,ab ab# g, ab, a#

Crample : Even Lenolb Palindrome

PalEven w elo,bt 3
=

Jhe
follosing nondelêrmini bttc PDA MaCcepts PalEven
alela
alale
elele

blelh
M: (K.2, T, A, s,A). whese

A:i(^,a,t), (4, a) ),
T: 1a,b}
(6,b,e, (s,b))

M ih nondelermnihtC becadh e CCf. a,a), G,E)),

tcannol kno dhen tt hoo C , b , b ) , f.e) )}
eache d the middle of ts nput
 Conhide he 319
t9 abba

, abba, £

,bba, a#

, ba, att

sba, ba# f.ba,dat#

, a,bbat fa, at
Halts
, &, abbatt
fe,e
accepl
etample:Egual Numbesh of o's aod b
L: w
eia,bl # ) =#)}
Jhe
follosing nondelarm/otsti c PoA M accepi L
alela
Conaider e strno aabbb a
alble , aabbba, &
blal
M: CK ,2, T,
blelb Aabbba, at
A, s, A) , ohere
h bbba, aat

T: 1aj
bba, baaF ,bba, a#
:S Push POp
A:
i(Ch, a, e ), (6,a)), ,ba, bbaat
(C6, b, e) (a,b)) ,ba,bat,ba,E

POP
(6,a,b), (4,0 ), a,bbaat#
pusb

tA,b,a ), (6,)S , E, abbbaat#,a,bbat a,a,bt b,a,b

,6,bot
Halts
Mochtne t highly nondelsninisbc." ,abba# s, E,abt 6,e,E
,8bat

Hall Halts accepa

Hal
 320
etample Jhe a Regi on and the b Regoo are Diffeven.

L la"b": m #o m, n>o
Jhe following nondelemtnrstC PDA M accept ^ L
Jhe following
blale elal e
alela aaab (E,a,
lale8 clale 6 abbb (b,e,e)

blele
blele
M: CK, E,T, A, s ,A), here

K: 2 , 2,3, 4 A 2((1, a,E , (1,a),

CC, b, a ,2, E )),
TT: i a (Ca, b,a , (2,&)),
A i3,43 (Ca, e, a ), 6, 8)),
(Ca,e,a , (2,e) ),
(Ca, b ), 4,e)),
(C4,b E ), (4.e))}

Technigues fo Reducio kondel rmin's

CircamAtaoceb:

Nondelë rminism aibtnfrom tuso verdpecifc

empt
A trans;bo o that shauld be taken only ifthe stack ih
that regire amatch 0f
coainE one o1 more moves
coropetes
home On the tack, 0nd
seam
shoald be tateo ooly f
he ?oput
t r a n s ' hoo that
ge a
moves that
one or move
h empy compelë agaiost
characlir.
match aoa'ns
a
specifc tnput

U6tn Bottom 0f Stack Marker

OMeh oc a

alea blae e ae

lela8lele, lale «ele

/b#le

ele
 321
Mefod: Uto ao
End-of Strog Mar ker
Marker
alea blale elale çalor

+le

iele S a
the e 6 be accepted
. Adding a end-of-sting marker 15
languag3
ihm.
paesful tool fo Teducioo nondelevmfn

Conl xt- free Grammar and

and PDA
Euvoalence of

*Buld:oo a PDA from a Srammar

Top docoo paring

the trans?tioos
all but the f rde of
deheibeddescsbed belooD
elels
ohere
M:(ipi, E, T, A, p, 23),
ool the stack
e), (&. S) the start symbol
A:CCp. e, Pushe
lo tole
and o e s

p.E.E),(g.S) Por eadh rule X ,a Vn n R, the transitoo

ClE, X), G. a ) whch replaces X by Y, Va Y.

E,A) ( . )
(3.E,6) (66)
1f:0 Ci.e, ie tght -hand ide of the rule is e,then
(.E.S), (g,A08)
the trant t'oo ? 6s ((8.e,*), (&.e)).
a,a), (3 E)
(Brbb) ( ) Fox each characler cEE, the trans:t0o ((8.c,c), (&.e
hich
which compare an expected characle from the stack a^aiosE
the nezt oput characle and contioues f thet match.

ELomple R: A a ,B b S+ AAB3
put aab

M ffst shift S oold Ihe Atack.

AAB
PopS 5 veplaces it bH
Poph9 vepíaces t ba.Alouo Atack is aAB
the tuo
Read the fivot characle of ts toput pops a, compases
charad, hees that thet match.
Noo Stack AB.
 322
Pop off A and veplaces t by a .
Noo btack is aß
Teads the net charac of its fopa t ,Pops a compares he tao

characlëvs , heeh that he match.

No tack i B.

b. No stack is b.
Pop off Baod
veplaces itby
eads the last foput charoclé, pops o f f , compare the toDo

characd rs, aqd sees that they match.

Mtto an acceptng btal and bok Ihe stack and the oput stream
ave
emptt. 60 M acce pta

Bottom- up parng
Omple R i A-+a, 8-b, S+AAB}foput h aab,
M fst hifts a onlö the tack. Jhe lop of the otack mathes tbe
TghE- hand de of the fht rule.
M the
apply Tale, pop off a, veplace it orlhA.
hitEb nett a , 0 stack is aA

aPPyrule, so stack is AA
hifEs , apply Tule, ho stack is BAA.
stock vioht hand 4:de of lka rusle.
top of the match e ,to veuerse, Ihe

Jhe tvno 6euerse cd because e leptmost *Ymbol cas read s t

and ho i at the bottom o4 the stack.

M p opop off BAA,3cplace itE by .

Pop o f f the stack leave the stock mptt and go lo il3 accepeg

eSl )
all bat the last of the traosiaionh descsbed below

M : ( 3 P } ,, T , A.P 1 g ) shere A cootaio

(CpIC, (pc)) for each cE S

bhift ran sitio n e),
educe transto o C(p e, ( , Ya . f R , ( p , x ) ) for each krnhe

Tule
X , s ... (nto R.

'fioibh up tran%fto o (Cp«¬, S). (g.e))

(p.,E),(p.o pE,a), (p,A)
(Pb.E) (pb) p fb)(pi6)
(P, BAA),(P.S)
 323
Erampe Oning c f PDA topdon and Cfo loPDA bo ttomp

Coohide 6: ?iE,T,f,}d, +, ,C, >}, 2id, t, *,C,)SR,E

hese R EE +T IT Obtaso o PDA
TTAf F
tolloog 1
F-(EN:d f2tke

bottom u

c t to PDA topdon CG)

tgl5PDA+opdeonz
ache
s .

elelE (8.&. E), (e.e47) appro

>
8.E.E). (8.T) OC.eX) CG1,.-)
(8ET , (3.T+F) RAS&
Ce. e,x) (3.<)
(g.E,T), (&.F)
( e F),(3.CED)
(.E,F) Ce,id)
(,idd), C%. e)

(e.C.c),(&.e)
( . , ) ,Ce.e)
t t ) ,C8.e)

Cf ta PDA
bottomup (G)

elele
(Pid,E).(p.id)
o , c) Cp.c)
(p.CE) (p)
Cp.EG4) ,(pK)
(p. ,e), (p»))
(p.E, s), ( )
(p tE), (p1t
pE), (p.)
Cp,e, T+E), (p.E)
(p, E,T, (p.E
(p, , F*T), Cp T)
(p, e,), (pT)
(p,)EC),(p.f
(p. f,d), (p f)
 324
*Butlding aGrammaxfro a PDA
Restricted Nosmal fovm
Exdmple Coovertn o

LWe iucuf : weia,b3

al ela 0 alale
()-Clele

( Os1ble
blelb
alela alale

ele 4D-5_clels
K

blelb bble
Tranbitto of Ahould b cbaoged
( , , ) (h,4)
() (C, a, 4), CA,a#)) (Cb,a,a), CA aa)) t ((%,a,b), (%,ab))
(*)C6, b,#) Cs,b4#) # CA,b, a), (,ba) +CA,b,b), (A,bb)
(+)(CA,c, +), (G 9+) #CCh Ca), Cfa) #CCA,C,b),Cf.b))

o 4.E,#) (f e) mal form)

M: PDA to restricted
butldoramma1

Set

Set the tast ybol of 6 5 S

3 Bu:ld R ab follod:

3.1 In hert the Tule S <, #, a>

3 2 For
fo eue transition ((.c,f).I ,¬)) C:e, every trans tioo
euey M
tnat Pushe s no
Hmbols ), and ever state , ex cept ^', ?o
do: Inoert the e gTw>+ c(7,8, ) .
33 for evey tanhition ( ( . c ) . r . a ) ) C.e , eveH tranA: 6 oo
3 3
eve
and evef
that pushe One
mbol , ezcept the ooe from s',
Eale , eLcept s ,
?n M do:
Innert the ru le
For eveH tranatioo ( ( z . c , ) . , a p ) ) (te., evey trannitioo that

pushe s tuo bobolh ), except the 0oefiom &', aod ever Pa

of stateb v and, etcept ' ,9o M do:

Tnhettte rale G T , a > + c <3T,a,u<v,ß,a>

3.5
3.5 na o las a y Cvealë Tules for tranAS tioob that psh more

than two obol .

36 for stale . except 6,to M do
Jest
JeH he xa le K e9. e
 KS

mentioned o thee Tules

A Set V o Uinonfêrminal mbols
tOberted iolo BJ Kb, E. e>, <6,4>

* KB, b, #> h,b

Etample Wcwk iwc*: we 1a,bt 6, a , a ' K,aa>

ReA tricted Novmal fos m and M Kh) b b h,bby

alalaa

al#|# o , b,<h, ab
a lale
alblab ,b, a , <h, ba
elelt

clala
elele, a.a>, <f,e
clbb
b#l* 6ble
blalba 32
bb |bb ,Kf ,a >
, Ca >

LA, c, b f b>
S <a, #a
CCb,a # , (6,a#))
X
Kh #s> > a <h,a,¢> Kf #S>

s,#,s ais,a,a
f>>a <6,a,s> <8,#f>
K f + a < A,a f> <f # f >
X
C ( 7 , 4 p )

( 0,4 (6,a4)
f
Kh#a +a<A,a,s> <5,#,a
ba a <^, a,f > f # a
#a> > a <A, a,a <a,#,as

(CA,a,a), C6,aa)D A,a,f aKh,a,f> <f.a,f> 3

CCha,b), 6,ab)) Kh, bf> a
<h,a,f> <f, b,f> Cu
(C,b#),Cb,b#) tf b <s,bif> <f t.f> s

CCA,ba), (3,ba)) af +b6,b.f> A{ af> 43

CChb,b), (6,bb)) h,bf bs,bf><fib1f Ci6

(3) (CAC,#), (f 4))
()CCh,Ca),(fa)) 6af +c{fa,f>
()CC,c.b), (f1b)) bf> > c4f bif
)CCfE), (g,e)) e a , E ,a> 63
3Cta,a), Cf.E)) a fEf? C1
C(ftbb) ,(fE)) fbif> b4f f>
(6)E E <f.E, f >e,44,8,a>>e
 25 A
8ule 3. S {, t. o IOne Ie Rule S 1., #,a
1uh
Rule 36 to t4
cu lalè
q, ccep , da,
Iodest the u le E

Rule 32
oeve tranht%0n (,c,),(7,h)
K(a,a K{.E O
ede y tranhition thot pw.he, o

eokol , ond ewey state o, ese

ioM do, ?%e (t the rule

w e(T,e, )

fa a kf. e, 5
N o t r o K 0 n o m

4 a ff > > a
f. E 4>
bE 4 0

f.,4' f, 4 a

fb ' ( . E, f

Rule 3.-3

fov ee tranhtoo((%.c,), ( . ) ) e .
2Ct, a,b
6, C,a, <f.a ey tanAition that punhe s one Avmáo

C Cest the
6, C, b> <f.b> one om , aod euny
lalè , exceptA', o
M do:

, A,
6, ah> c a h>

4b b

h ,t 4
af 7
C f a ,(>
o h, b > c f b , {>

h, 7 C
A4,#.4
a' :
hb '
 Bule 3 4 25-B

K, a, +>, s , at> fo ewe y tan kition ((8.,Y), (T,ajs)) e ,

eu e traokitoo tha E pushes two sgm bol ,
ed Cept Ihe
<,a,a h,aa>
One
from and ewey paiv O
stales V , except a', ?o M do,
Cbere he
, ab> ,ab> rule , , s > c
{Y,, AYB:
,ba> <b ,ba
, t,>> A > a <A ,a, f > <4,#, f>
a
kk,a, > Ab,4,A
b <^, bi 2><s,t>
haf > a <h ,a,f> <£,a,¢> O
acA,a, 5> sra, ^>
> i l
Kb> b L6b, f>
<4b.7
Kb, b
b 5> <sb, > ,b,f>> oa <b,a, 4> Kf. b f
a,a,h >Ká, b. > S L o o

,af b <h,b, ,> A)

b s , b, s > S a , 4>
Sp CRule 3-3)
K >a Zh,a, i><4,#, > )

a<A,a, ><fa>
b,, b , b, 4>K5 , 4,f> ,bf b b,b, f> < f ,bi{2
,f> a <h,a, f <f 1bf>
,,
b a
ha, 5 ><5,b, f> 4 5 > > a <6,a, ><4',# h>
, a,f> , a,f> b<b, >,#, h>
(Rule 3.3) a, >> a <h,a, > , a , A>
(roo p C not applicable

<b, f> a <h,a, < s ,#f 4> , a<h,a, '> <{',b, 5>
Kha 5> b b, < a, 6>>
f ob no trohitom)
a h,0, a,f , f> a4h,a, > <4,#, S
' bks,b Ks b,
,
a, f>> a <h,a,
bb, >14'a, 4>
ka, ' bh,6, 5 > a b ih,b, {'><4', b f>
Kbb > > a<b,a, f><¢',b,
lo4 no trohitom)
, 5>
a,5>> bs,b, 4' > <4 ,a,5
k, > > a<h,o, f 4,#,> f of no tranhitioch)
6, # b,bf h t,'>>a<6,a, 4' > <4,4, f>
<64,5>> b4A,b, f' >
<f,# {>
,a >
a<h, a, 4 <f' ,a,f'
,b > adh,a, <f, b,b h, b, f' 6th,b, >
%4,b: f"
, ,f>-> a<h,a, >
<4 ,b1
,af'>>b<6,b, 4 <4',a,^>
foA (No tonhitoh)
f6 (No t«anaitos)
 325-C
Final Rule fo Ie 6ven PDA
S 6, #f

,e, > >

33

CsJ
,a.f a (f.ef)
f.b.f Cf.Ef)
f. . f ' e q'.E')

h, # f cf.f>
6,0,f cfa.f
<s,b1f cfbf
<6,a.f a s , a ,f f af
6,b.f b , b.ff.b.f
a ,afff
,bf
6,af - ,bf f. a,f
(3 K6,#.f'> ,,f <f. *f>
C63
 326- A
Stine bobcbab

a
6a.f &
fA
C4

f af
(5

<f 6.f> C6

&
Strino bba cabb

S C

b,f fe,'>

,a,f> [
<fE[&J

<fEf>

Sting abcab C
6,, f '>> s J
f,#f' (1
,a,f> C14

Cbalth)
Conh:der topu tsng abcba
326
bab c bab
S C
bbaccabb

ab cab X

a,f>Ci4 ftaC3

a, e, a>(4
C
fb,f>6 a
,f3
&

nal Stale Alone

Etample Acceptin` by
M accepi
C , , ¬) E (8.E, ) and EA , Ihe .

Inttially, let M:M

Cveale a De tart ta lë Add the trans/tion ((s',e,e),(A,#)
Cveal a ne accept ^g stale ba
tale a to M do
for each acceptn3
Ad d the tsan 67tion CCa,e, #), (8a,e))
tale tn M.
S Make %, the ooly
accepting
bale M lands fn some
M'londh n t OnlH acceptsng da ift
btale at 6 Atock.
acceptinÇ as
empty
Bal: iweit, »f balanced paren heies}

M M' not.
delermnibtc,
 32T
MODULE 3

Etercibe

L
1. (c) Buld a PDA lo
accept each of the follasfng anguage
L: w e i a , b " : # (u) - 3 . 4(o)}

N (2, ia,bt, 2a,bt, A, 318,21), ohere A = i CI,a,¬), Cl,a) ,

(C,a,6), (1.e)),
alela blalE CC1,b,e), C1,66))
alble a l61E blelbb
alele
alale
(C1,b,aa), (1,e))
CC1,6,a), (1,6))3
blaale

#aw):S. #lw) aab

blelbb
a
alela alela
a bl al& a alble
blaale
6b 3b alele aab
alaE a a a a b b

0.a0aaa bbb

L e a'b:m> m-o eueof

M: C2, 3,3,43, ia,bt, 1a, A, 1, 233) whese A : (Ca,E ),C1a),

(1,6,a, (a.8)),
alela 0blale
blalE (C1,,E), 3,e)),
C(,ba), (a,E))

Elsle elele
((a, E,E , C3,E),
((3bE), (48)),
lele
( 4 , b e ), Ca£)S
blele

M- ewe
a
2-0 a ewen b
bb 2o
4-0 4
bbbb 40
Euano. of a's 2 bs
ab
11
2 2 o
oa bb
27
3-3: o

O0obbb
3-1 3 a'k b s
(Equal no.
of
a bbb
4-2 2 Ceo oo of 6
Oobbbb
42 follo-sed by
abbbbb 52 5-82
o bbbbb 53
a a
 328
() c 1e a,b}, #a) :no )-o
M (21, 3, la,b,c} , ic, A, i I , it), oheve A (Ci,a,E), 0,c),
CCbe),Ci,c)),
Olele (C,cc), C,¬)S
bec

(h a b"a":, m o and mis ewen f

a lale
alela
ElElE elele

blele

(6) Bu:ld a delerm?aintic PDA accept each of the fsllesp

languaoe

(a)
L$ shere L: àwe ja,b3 #alo) #co)
M: (o,1,22, j a b l ,ia,bt, o,1a 8, A ), where 4

- e l e l

a#|at

al bE
bl alE

L:ab" m<n såmf

(1) (d)
A, 1,1,2), where
A= i Cc1,a,E),ci, a)).
M: (2,23, 1a,b), ial,
(C,E,E), (2.¬),
(a,ba),(a,E)),
Cca, b,aa), (2,¬))
6ale
al ela
b aal e

m s < 2m
¬ a l
o's
zb b
aaa bb
aaabbb
2 4 <4 aaa a bbb
 .S sbo a
nalur al PDA f L
(4) le a Conl ut - free grammaY ooenerale 329
L a b"a":n,m>Os

S aSa |6
8 beblE

M 29, 2,2,4, 2a,b,iat,ai3, i4},a), ohere A: CCi,a, e) ,Ci,a),

(CE,E) (2, E)),
0lela
((2, b,E) (3, e)),
OlelEQcle ((3,b, E), 2, 8),
Elele CC2, E,E) C4 ,¬)
CC4,a,a), C4,E))}
alale
, m O

DO, m:0

O:O , : I b
aa

a bbo
abbbba
:2 a a bbaa

(5) (6) L,ohere L: a° b"a" : o>0 and 3k>o (m 2ktn)F

ak*o b
n:0, lk: O
O:O k:
6a a
a 0+5 oba
aba
',k: O a ab aaaa
.1+2
:ab
ab aaaaa

k:2 a'a aba

alal e

alela blele

lel# elealle +
lele
a tle ale

ele,)
ale e

A),
Ohere A
CC,&,£), (2,4)1
T, 2 a,b},iat ,
l
21
M:(21,2,3,4,5,C. CCaa,e), C2,a)),
(+,a,a), (4¬) (C2,6, £), C3,e)),
(C6,a,e) ,(5,e)), CC4¢,#), C7.&)
(3, 4 , (1.E)), CC3,b,e) , e,e))
(C4a,4), (C, E)),
(3, a,# , (6.8) (C3,aa, C4E)),
CCs,a,e), (G.E),
((S,4.E) , (7.e)),
 330
MODULE 4

Exercines

( Let L: w E ja, bt the frsE, middle and last characlër ^ ofo are

tde ohcal

(a) Sho a con lê tt- fee ramn ai f

( Sho a natural PDA that acceps
alele
ele
SA& alele alele
A
aM alele

M alGM,C D
B
bMg blelelelebiee
Meb CMC
G a b alcle

(15) Let L 2ab": n>m Let R,:i (aub) these A on odd oumbes of a'^ a
and a9

eveo number of b'hS. Une contsthopn Bu?id a PDA that accepu L,OR,.

M, whch ac cepls L 2 , ,2oa, bb, iat, A,1, 1ass

b ale
A (CC, a, e), C,a)) alela
Elale

CCba) , a.e)) balE

(C,E, ¬) .e)) ElelE
C(a, 6,a), (a.¬)) PDA

(8,E,a), (a, ¬)))

Ma uhcb accepa R,
3,3,4s, {a,b &,1, 23),
A
S C,a,2)
Cb3
(3,a)
(a,,4) DE A

(3,a,4)
(3,b,
(4,a,3)
(46,a)

(3,),(8,3,(2.3),(2,4)
Maohich accepi L,oR, :(20,1), C),C3),(4),
a , b 1 a l , a , ( , 1 ) , }L3,)3) PDA

T SAa fnal
 CCO,),5,a), ((a.3), ¬)) 331
CcC) ,a,e), CC,D,a))
e))
CC,), b,a), (3.3),e) CCCa3),b,a), ((, 4),
(CCa.3,bia), ( , 1),E))
(CC, a.e), (C,1),a)
(Cc3,4), b a ) , (e,),¬))
CC), b,a), CC,4) E))
CCCa,),E, a), ((3,1), E)
. (cC,3), a,e), CC4),a))
CcCa,),E, a) ((),E))
. (CC,2, b,a), (t,1).E))
((C9.3), E,a), ((a, 9), e))
CCu), a,e), (C,3, a)) a), C,4),E))
CCC,u), e,
(CC,4),b1a), (Ca,6),e)
(cC,,k, E), (a,1),E))
x CcC), E, e), C.0),e))
Ccc,3,E, ¬), CCa,3), e))
CCC,4), E,E), C(a,u),¬))