lkfo=hCkkbZ Qqys iq.ks fo|kihB] iq.

ks
fo|kihB vuqnku vk;ksxkP;k ekxZn’kZd rRRokuqlkj

nqjf’k{k.k dsanz varxZr

cfgLFk fo|kF;kZalkBh ‘kS{kf.kd lkfgR;

izFke o‛kZ dyk

bfrgkl

^N=irh f’kokth o f’kodky*

Yks[kd
M- lksiku ‘ksaMs M- Lokrh dkGHkksj
l- Ik- egkfo|ky;] iq.ks Jherh lh-ds- xks;y egkfo|ky;]nkiksMh iq.ks

M- inekdj xksjs izk- x.ks’k Hkkes

dyk okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] rGsxko <e<js M- vjfoan c- rsyax egkfo|ky;] fuxMh] iq.ks

1
 Yks[kdkaps euksxr
Lku 2014 iklwu fo|kihB vuqnku vk;ksxkP;k ekxZn’kZd rRRokuqlkj lkfo=hCkkbZ Qqys iq.ks
fo|kihBkekQZr cfgLFk fo|kF;kZalkBh nqjf’k{k.k dsanzkekQZr Ckh- de-@ch- ,- ;k ‘kk[kslkBh ‘kS{kf.kd
lkfgR; miyC/k d#u fnys tkr vkgs- lkfo=hCkkbZ Qqys iq.ks fo|kihBkvarxZr izFke o‛kZ ch- ,-
vH;klØekr ^^N=irh f’kokth o f’kodky** lekfo‛V dsysyk vkgs- tqu 2015 iklwu lkfo=hCkkbZ
Qqys iq.ks fo|kihB varxZr izFke o‛kZ ch- ,- vH;klØekoj vk/kkfjr gs ‘kS{kf.kd lkfgR; iqLrd #ikus
fo|kF;kZaP;k gkrh miyC/k d#u nsrkuk vkEgkyk euLoh vkuan gksr vkgs- gs ikB;iqLrd uksdjh o
O;olk; d#u f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZalkBh mi;qDr gksbZy vlk fo’okl okVrks-
^^N=irh f’kokth o f’kodky** ;k fo‛k;kps vkdyu gks.;klkBh fo‛k;kph ekaM.kh ljG
lksI;k o izHkkoh Hkk‛ksr dj.;kpk tk.khoiqoZd iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs- izR;sd izdj.kkP;k ‘ksoVh fo|kihB
ifj{ksl mi;qDr Bjrhy vls egRokps iz'Uk fnysys vkgsr- R;kpk fo|kF;kZauk fuf’pr mi;ksx gksbZy-
izLrqr ‘kS{kf.kd lkfgR; fyfgrkuk baxzth o ejkBh Hkk‛ksrhy vusd xzFa kkpk mi;ksx dsysyk vkgs- R;k
lanHkZ xzFa kkaP;k ys[kdkaps vkEgh _.kh vkgksr-
gs ‘kS{kf.kdlkfgR; miyC/k d#u ns.;kph tckcnkjh lkfo=hCkkbZ Qqys iq.ks fo|kihBkps ek-
dqyxq#] ek- lapkyd] egkfo|ky; o fo|kihB fodkl eaMG] ek- CkfgLFk foHkkx izeq[k ;kauh
vkeP;koj lksifoyh] ;kCkÌy vkEgh R;kaps vkHkkjh vkgksr-
^^N=irh f’kokth o f’kodky** ;k fo‛k;kps v/;kiu dj.kkjs O;k[;krs vkf.k ;k fo‛k;kps v/;;u
dj.kkjs fo|kFkhZfe= ;k iqLrdkps fuf’prp Lokxr djrhy v’kh vis{kk vkgs-
Ikq.ks
fnukad %

ys[kd

M- lksiku ‘ksaMs

M- Lokrh dkGHkksj
M- inekdj xksjs
izk- x.ks’k Hkkes

2
 N=irhf’kokth egkjkt o f’kodky
izFke o‛kZ dyk
bfrgkl
vuqØef.kdk
izFke l=
1- lk/kus
v½ okM~%e;hu lk/kus
1- laLd`r
2- ejkBh
3- fganh
4- if’kZ;u ¼ Qkjlh ½
c½ ijdh; lk/kus
1- iksrqZxht
2- Mp
3- Ýsap
4- baxzth
d½ izok’kkaps o`Ÿkkar
2- N=irh f’kokth o f’kodkGkrhy ladYiukapk vH;kl
1- HkDrh
2- oru
3- ljatke
4- eulc
5- tgkxhj
6- ftf>;k
7- xfuehdkok ;q/nra=
8- egkjk”Vª /keZ
9- f’kysnkj
10- LojkT;
11- pkSFk

3
 12- buke
13- ckjxhj
14- ljns’keq[kh
3- ejkBh lRrspk mn; vkf.k n`<hdj.k
1- LojkT;kph LFkkiuk
2- f’kokth egkjkt vkfny’kkgh laca/k
3- f’kokth egkjkt eq?ky laca/k
4- f’kokth egkjktkapk jkT;kfHk”ksd
5- dukZVd eksfge
4- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaphÁ’kklu O;oLFkk
1- dsafnz;
2- izkafr;
3- y”djh
4- U;k;fo”k;d
5- N=irh f’kokth egkjkt vkf.k ijdh; lŸkk
1- iksrqZxht
2- Mp
3- Ýsap
4- fczfV’k
nqljs l=
6- N=irh laHkkth egkjktkaph dkefxjh
1- lŸksps n`<hdj.k
2- eq?kyka’kh laca/k
3- ijdh; lŸks’kh laca/k
4- eqY;ekiu
7- ejkB;kaps Lokra«; ;q/n
1- N=irh jktkjke vkf.k R;kaph dkefxjh
2- egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ vkf.k R;kaph dkefxjh
3- larkth ?kksjiMs] /kukth tk/ko vkf.k jkepanziar vekR; ;kaps ;ksxnku

4
8- lkekftd thou
1- xkoxkMk
2- L=hthou
3- /kkfeZd
9- vkfFkZd thou
1- ‘ksrh o eglwy /kksj.k
2- mRiUukph lk/kus
3- O;kikj o m|ksx
4- Pkyu O;oLFkk
10- dyk vkf.k LFkkiR; fo’ks”k lanHkZ nsÅG] x<h vkf.k fdYys-

5
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k 1

f’kodkGkrhy bfrgkl vH;klkph lk/kus

1-1 okM%e;hu lk/kus

1-1-1 laLÑr
1-1-2 ejkBh
1-1-3 fganh
1-1-4 if’kZ;u
1-2 ijdh; Hkk‛ksrhy lk/kus
1-2-1 iksrZqxht
1-2-2 Mp
1-2-3Ýspa
1-2-4 baxzth
1-3 izok’kkapso`Rrkar
1-3-1 tkWuÝkW;j
1-3-2 fudksyks euqph
1-3-3MkW- tkWu CkkfIVLVk dWjsjs
1-3-4 vWcs dWjs
1-3-5 FksosukWV
1-3-6 ÝkfUll ekfVZu
1-3-7 dkWLes nh xknkZ
1-3-8ÝkfUllcfuZ;j
1-3-9 foY;e ukWfjl
1-3-10VWOgfuZ;j
1-3-11 brj izoklh

6
 izLrkouk
lrjkos ‘krd f’kodkG Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- bfrgkldkjkaP;k ers] f’kokthegkjktkaP;k
tUekiwohZ iapohl o‛ksZ o f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj 25 o‛kZs vlk dky[kaM ^f’ko;qx fdaok
f’kodkG* Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- R;keqGs ‘kgkthjkts] N=irh f’kokth egkjkt] N=irh laHkkth
egkjkt] N=irh jktkjke egkjkt] egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kaP;kgh dkjfdnhZPkk vk<kok ;k fBdk.kh ?ks.;kr
vkysyk vkgs-
bfrgkl gs ,d ‘kkL= vkgs- bfrgklkpk ‘kkL=’kq/n vH;kl o ys[ku dj.;klkBh ,sfrgkfld
lk/kukapk okij djkok ykxrks- ekxhy dkGkr ?kMysY;k ?kVukacjkscjp fopkjkapk os/kgh bfrgklkr ?ksryk
tkrks- vkf.k R;keqGs bfrgkl oLrqfu‛Bi.ks fygkok ykxrks- dk; ?kMys\ dls ?kMys\ d’kkeqGs ?kMys\
R;kpk gks.kkjk ifj.kke] ;kpk os/k ?ks.ks vko’;d Bjrs- R;klkBh rkfdZdrk o iqjkos vlkos ykxrkr-
bfrgkl ys[kuklkBh mi;qDr iqjkO;kauk lk/kus Eg.krkr- lk/kus gk bfrgklkpk vkRek vkgs- izk- ykWftykWl
o izk- lsuckWl ;kaP;k ^No Documents No History‟ ;k vFkZi.q kZ fo/kkukrwu lk/kukps egRo y{kkr ;srs-
,sfrgkfld lk/kukpk okij dsY;kus bfrgkl ys[kukyk ‘kkL=h; Lo:Ik izkIr >kys vkgs-
eksxy] is’kosdkG o fczVh’k dkGkP;k rqyusr f’kodkGkph lk/kus deh izek.kkr miyC/k vkgsr-
f’ko’kkghrhy gtkjks dkxni=s dkGkP;k vks?kkr u‛V >kysyh vkgsr- N=irh f’kokth egkjkt o brj
jktkaPkh drZcxkjh letwu ?ks.;klkBh vko’;d rso<h lk/kus feGr ukghr- ijarw miyC/k lk/kukP;k
vk/kkjs f’ko’kkghpk bfrgkl bfrgkldkjkuh ekaM.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

1-1 okM%e;hu lk/kus &

ejkB;kP;k bfrgklkph ekfgrh T;k okM%e;hu lk/kukeqGs feGrs- R;ke/;s ns’kh Hkk‛ksizek.ks brj
Hkk‛ksrhy fyf[kr lkfgR;kpk lekos’k gksrks- fofo/k Hkk‛kse/;s fyfgysys xzaFk] c[kjh] ‘kdkoY;k] dkxni=s
;ke/kwu ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkckcr ‘kkL=’kq/n ekfgrh izkIr gksrs- R;keqGs ;k okM%e;hu lk/kukaph ekfgrh
tk.kwu ?ks.ks ;ksX; Bjsy-

1-1-1 laLÑr lk/kus

ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy f’kodkGkP;k vH;klklkBh mi;qDr xzaFk fo’ks‛kr% dkO;xzaFk laLÑre/;s
miyC/k vkgsr- ;kiSdh dkgh xazFk gs ledkyhu vlY;kus R;kps egRo tkLr vkgsr- dkgh xzFa k gs
dkO;e;] o.kZUkkRed] vfrjaftr vkgs- rjh ?kVukaph uksna ?ks.;klkBh R;k xzaFkkps egRo [kwi vf/kd vkgs-
laLÑr lk/kukaph ekfgrh iq<hy izek.ks-
1½ jk/kkek/kofoykl paiw
b-l- 1653 & 54 P;k lqekjkl t;jke fiaM;s ;kauh ‘kgkth jkts caxyksj eqDdeh vlrkuk
rsFksp gk dkO;xzaFk fygkyk- ‘kgkth jktkaps pfj= o ijkØe gk ;k xaFz kkpk eq[; fo‛k; vkgs-
^jk/kkek/kofoykl paiw* ;k xzaFkkr dkO;kps 10 mYykl vlwu 1 ifjf’k‛V vkgs- 1 rs 5 mYyklkr
jk/kkÑ‛.k foyklkps o.kZu vlwu 6 rs 10 mYgklkr ‘kgkth jktkaps pfj= gk eq[; fo‛k; vkgs- ‘kgkth
jktkaph drZcxkjh] nf{k.ksrhy ‘kkg;kae/khy gkypkyh o jktdkj.k ;kfo‛k;h ekfgrh ;k xaFz kkrwu miyC/k
gksrs- ;k xzFa kkph iksFkh euksgj y{e.k iqjkf.kd ;kaP;kdMs bfrgkldkj jktokMs ;kauk feGkyh- 1922 e/;s
7
jktokMs ;kauh foLr`r o fo}rkiw.kZ izLrkouslg gk xzFa k izdkf’kr dsyk-fofo/k y<k;kaph ekfgrh ;k
xzaFkkrwu feGrs-
2½ f’koHkkjr
f’koHkkjr gk xaFz k doh ijekuan ;kauh fyfgysyk vlwu 1661 Ik;Zarph ekfgrh ;kr feGrs- ;k
xzaFkke/;s ,dw.k 32 v/;k; vlwu 32 ok v/;k; 9 ‘yksdkapk vkgs- 1927 e/;s l- e- fnosdj ;kauh
gk xzFa k laikfnr dsyk- l- e- fnosdj ;k xzFa kkfo‛k;h Eg.krkr]^f’kokth egkjktkaps foLr`r o fo’oluh;
vls ts pfj= Hkfo‛;dkGh fygys tkbZy] R;kpk xkHkk izLrqrpk f’koHkkjr gk xazFk gks.kkj vkgs-* ;k
xzaFkkpk doh ijekuan f’kokth egkjktkauk ^vorkjh iq:‛k* ekurks- ‘kgkthjkts ;kaP;kiklwu f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k nf{k.k dksd.k fot;ki;Zar gk dkO;xzaFk fygyk vkgs- ;k dkO;xzaFkkr f’kokth egkjktkauh
‘k`axkjiwjkps jkT; ftadwu ?ksrys] rksi;Zar bfrgkl vkysyk vkgs- ijekuankP;k dkO;kr dkgh fBdk.kh
vfr’k;;ksDrh vk<Gwu ;srs- rjhgh 17 O;k ‘krdkP;k lkekftd ifjfLFkrhph ekfgrh ;k dkO;krwu
feGrs-
3½ i.kkZyioZrxzg.kk[;ku
b- l- 1674 e/;s t;jke iaMhr fdaok fiaM;s ;kauh gk xzaFk fygyk vlkok] vls er l- e-
fnosdj ;kauh uksna foys vkgs- iukZy Eg.kts iUgkGk- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh iUgkGk fdYyk 1673
e/;s vk..kkth nRrks o dkasMkth QtZn ;kaP;k ekQZr nqlÚ;kank dkcht dsyk- iUgkGk fdYyk
?ksrY;kiklwu izrkijko xqtj ;kauh mezkuhtoG cgyksy [kkuk’kh dsysY;k y<kbZ Ik;aZrph ekfgrh ;k
dkO;kr lkafxryh vkgs- iUgkGk fot; gk ;k dkO;kpk fo‛k; vkgs- ;k xzFa kkr ejkB;kaP;k y‛djh
Mkoispkackcr mi;qDr ekfgrh feGrs- ;k xzFa kkr 5 v/;k; o354 ‘yksd vkgsr- ;k xzFa kkr lSfudkaph
ukos] LFkGkaps o.kZu gqcsgqc dsY;kps tk.kors- ratkojP;k ljLorh egky xaFz kky;kr ;kph izr vlwu
1913 e/;s fnosdjkauh ejkBh Hkk‛kkarjklg gk xzFa k izdkf’kr dsyk vkgs-
4½ f’kojkT;kfHk‛ksd dYir:
vfu:/n ljLorh;kauh 8 ‘kk[kkae/;s 234 ‘yksdkapk gk fuosnukRed dkO;xzaFk fygyk] ;k
xazFkkpk eq[; fo‛k; ^f’kokth egkjktkapk jkT;kfHk‛ksd* gk vkgs- xkxkHkÍkus dsysyk osnksDr jkT;kfHk‛ksd
dlk pqdhpk o fu’pyiqjhpk rka=hd jkT;kfHk‛ksd dlk ;ksX; vkgs gs lkax.kkjk gk xzFa k vkgs- ;k xzFa kkr
fu’pyiqjh o xksfoan ukjk;.k cosZ ;kapk lokan ns.;kr vkyk vkgs - ;k xazFkkr lsukirh izrkijko xqtjkapk
e`R;w] jk.kh dk’khckbZpk e`R;w] nqlÚ;k jkT;kfHk‛ksdkpk rkaf=d fo/kh o lIrdksVh’ojkpk ft.kksZnkj ;kph
ekfgrh vkyh vkgs- caxky ,f’k;kfVd lkslk;VhP;k dydRrk ;sFkhy laxzgkr gh iksFkh vlwu n- fo-
vkiVs o dk- uk- fnf{kr ;kauh gh iksFkh laikfnr dsyh vkgs-
5½ jkT;O;ogkj dks’k
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkKso:u gk xzFa k /kaqMhjkt y{e.k O;kl ;k iafMrkus fygyk- Qkjlh Hkk‛ksps
ejkBh Hkk‛ksoj >kysYks vkØe.k nwj dj.;klkBh 1678 e/;s jkTkO;ogkj dks’kkps fy[kk.k >kys vkgs- ;k
xzaFkkr Qkjlh o vjch ‘kCnkapk iz’kkldh; O;ogkjkr eksB;k izek.kkoj tks okij gksr gksrk- R;kyk
Ik;kZ;h laLÑr ‘kCn :< dj.;klkBh dks’kkph fufeZrh >kyh- gk xzFa k 10 Hkkxkr foHkkxyk vlwu 454
‘yksd ;kr vkgsr- gk dks’k Eg.kts dsoG ‘kCn lwph o ta=h ukgh- ;k dks’kkckcr lsrw ek/kojko ixMh
8
Eg.krkr] ^jk‛VªkP;k tkx`rhrhy ,d egRokps gs ioZp Eg.kkos ykxsy- jkT;O;ogkjkrhy ‘kCnkps
ejkBhdj.k djkos gh dYiukp eqGh egkjktkaps LoIu fdrh HkO; gksrs] gs nk[kowu ns.;kl leFkZ vkgs -**
rj MkW- czEgkuan ns’kikaMs ;k dks’kkfo‛k;h Eg.krkr- ^gk dks’k ikgrk N=irhaP;k pkSQsj dr`ZRokph lk{k
iVrs* ;k xzFa kkps dk- x- {k=h] dk- uk- lkus] Jh xks- dkjs] Jh- v- n- ejkBs ;kauh laikfnr vko`R;k
izdkf’kr dsY;k vkgsr-
6½ f’kodkO;
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps ledkyhu lad‛kZ.k f’konkl ldGnGs ;k dohus fygysY;k gk xzFa k
1974 e/;s jk- ik- xksLokeh ;kauh laikfnr dsyk vkgs- ;k dkO; xaFz kkr ,dq.k 17 lxZ o 1160 ‘yksd
vkgsr- tkoGh izdj.k] vQ>y[kku izlax o mRrj dksd.k eksfgek b- ?kVukaph ekfgrh ;k dkO;krwu
feGrs- tkoGhpk mYys[k doh ^y{ehph isVh* vlk djrkr- ;k xzFa kkr O;DrhP;k ewG ukok,soth uoh
ukos okijyh vkgsr- R;kauh LFkGkaukgh okijysY;k fo’ks‛k.kkr xfHkZrkFkZ lekoysyk vkgs-
7½ f’kokdksZn;
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh gk xzaFk jktkP;k vkpkjklkBh xkxkHkÍkdMwu gk xzaFk fygwu ?ksryk
vkgs- xkxkHkÍkauh frFkh fu.kZ; fo‛k;koj 268 ‘yksdkapk leUo; xzFa k 1680 e/;s fygyk vlwu rks
N=irh laHkkth egkjktkauk viZ.k dsyk vkgs- o‛kZHkjkrhy o`Rr vkf.k mRlo] l.k] dks.kR;kosGh dks.kR;k
eqgwrkZyk lktjs dkjkosr] ;kph ekfgrh ;k xzFa kkr vkgs- gk xaFz k f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk‛ksdkuarj
fygyk vlkok-
8½ vuqiqjk.k
vuqiqjk.k gk xaFz k dfo ijekuan ;kauh N=irh laHkkth jkT;kaP;k dkGkr fygyk vlkok- ;k
xazFkkr 30 v/;k; o 2092 ‘yksd vkgsr- N=irh laHkkth egkjktkaps thou pfj= letwu ?ks.;klkBh
gk xzFa k mi;qDr vkgs- MkW- czEgkuan ns’kikaMs ;kauh] ^,dk vFkkZus gh laHkkth jktkaph dSQh;r vkgs** vls
;k xzFa kkckcr er O;Dr dsys vkgs- ‘kstoydjkaP;k ers] ^gk xzFa k ijekuankpk eqyxk nsonRr o R;kpk
eqyxk xksfoan ;kauh jpyk vkgs*-;k xzFa kkr ‘kgkth jktkaiklwu laHkkth egkjktkai;Zarpk dkO;e; bfrgkl
fnyk vkgs- fo’ks‛kr% f’kokth egkjkt o laHkkth egkjkt ;kaP;krhy laca/kkpk vH;kl dj.;klkBh gk
xzaFk mi;qDr vkgs-
9½ cq/kHkw‛k.ke~
f’kodkGke/;s 1664 rs 1677 pk njE;ku [kq) laHkkth egkjktkauhp gk dkO;xazFk fygY;kpk
lanHkZ feGrks- gk xzFa k 3 Hkkxkr foHkkxyk vlwu R;kr ,dq.k 883 ‘yksd vkgsr- ifgY;k Hkkxkr
‘kgkth jkts o N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaph Lrqrh vk<Grs- nqlÚ;k Hkkxkr jktdkj.k gk fo‛k; gkrkGyk
vkgs- R;kr jkT;dkjHkkjkph lkr vaxs] jkT;kph drZO;s ;kfo‛k;h ‘yksd vkgsr- MkW- lnkf’ko f’kons
Eg.krkr dh] ^gk ,d mRre lqHkkf‛krkapk laxzg vlwu R;kaph fuoM vpwd o lkFkZ vkgs-* 1926 e/;s
izk- osyo.kdjkauh gk xaFz k izLrkouslg laiknu d:u izdkf’kr dsyk-
10½ jktkjkepfjre~

9
 N=irh jktkjke egkjktkaP;k injh vlysY;k ds’ko iaMhr ;kus 1690 e/;s ;k xzaFkkph jpuk
dsyh- ;k dkO;xzaFkkr ikp lxZ o 276 ‘yksd vkgsr- ;k xzFa kkr >qYQhdkj[kkukP;k ftath os<;kph]
larkth ?kksjiMs] /kukth tk/ko] jkepanzira vekR;] ij’kqjkeiar izfrfu/kh bR;kfnaP;k ijkØekph ekfgrh
feGrs- jk;xM rs ftath izoklkr ds’ko iaMhr jktkjke egkjktkacjkscj gksrk- 1931 e/;s uk- lh- csna zs
;kauh Hkk‛kkarjklg gk xaFz k izfl/n dsyk vkgs-
11½ brj laLÑr lk/kus
17 O;k ‘krdkr dukZVdkrhy fon~oku O;adV /kkojh ;kauh fo’oxq.kn’kZUk gk xzFa k fygyk vkgs-
,dk izdj.kkr egkjk‛Vªkph ekfgrh fygyh vkgs- ;kr ;sFkhy oxZ] laHkk‛k.k i/nrh] o ejkBh yksdkaps xq.k
nks‛kkaps o.kZUk dsys vkgs- ‘kkgsUa nz foykl gs dkO; Jh/kj O;adVs’k ;kauh jpys vkgs- xaxk/kj vk;Zd`r e/;s
35 ‘yksdkae/;s Hkkslys dqGkph ekfgrh vlwu ekyksth rs ratkojps ‘kgkth nqljk Ik;Zar ekfgrh feGrs-
Ñ‛.k T;ksfr‛kh ;kus ^dj.k dkSLrqHk* gk xzFa k fygyk-

1-2 ejkBh lk/kus

ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkpk vH;kl dj.;klkBh iq<hy ejkBh lk/kukapk mi;ksx gksrks-
1- ejkBh dkxni=s
ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklys[kuklkBh ejkBh Hkk‛ksr vusd c[kjh] ‘kdkoY;k] xzFa k] iksokMs miyC/k
vkgsr- ijar;q k lk/kukauk dkgh e;kZnk vkgsr- R;k vFkkZus ljdkjh dkxni=s gh vf/kd mi;qDr o
egRokph vlrkr- ejkBh dkxni=kae/;s N=irh f’kokth egkjkt] N=irh laHkkth egkjkt] N=irh
jktkjke egkjkt o egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ b- jkT;dR;kaZph vkKki=s] orui=s] bukei=s] fuokMs] eglwykps
dkxn] o‛kkZlukps dkxn] osxosxG;k uksna hps dkxn] nSufnuh b- dkxni=kapk lekos’k ejkBh dkxni=kae/;s
vlrks- jktkauh] ljnkjkauh fdYysnkjkauh] lqHksnkjkauh] Bk.ksnkjkauh] iz/kkukauh] odhykauh fyfgysY;k i=kapk
;ke/;s lekos’k gksrks-
ejkB;kaP;k dkxni=kaP;k vk/kkjs bfrgkl fyfg.;kph lqjokr tsEl dWfuaxgWe xzWaV MQ ;k baxzt
vf/kdkÚ;kus dsyh- ekÅ¡V LVqvVZ ,yfQULVu ;kP;k izksRlkgukrwu x¡V MQ ;kus ^ejkB;kapk bfrgkl* gk
xzaFk rhu [kaMkr izdkf’kr dsyk- iq<s vusd o‛ksZ xz¡M MQ pk bfrgkl izek.k ekuyk tkr gksrk- ek=
baxztkauh fyfgysY;k bfrgklkrhy =`Vh y{kkr vkY;koj ewG dkxni=s ‘kks/k.;kph izfØ;k xfreku >kyh-
R;kaurj eksB;k izek.kkoj dkxni=s ladfyr >kyh- o R;kaP;k izdk’kukojgh Hkj fnyk tkow ykxyk-
bfrgklkoj vk/kkfjr fo- dk- jktokMs ;kauh 78 izdkjP;k dkxni=kaph ekfgrh fnyh vkgs- R;kauh
ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkph lk/kus gk xzFa k 22 [kaMkr izdkf’kr dsyk vlwu R;krhy dkgh [kaM
f’kodkGklkBh mi;qDr vkgsr- R;kauh vusd egRokph o nqyZf{kr dkxni=s izdkf’kr d:u ejkB;kaPkk
bfrgkl leksj vk.kyk- Hkkjr bfrgkl la’kks/kd eaMGkus ^f’kopfj= lkfgR;* ;k ekysr rsjk is{kk vf/kd
[kaM izdkf’kr dsysys vkgsr- R;kauh ^f’kopfj= izfni* e/;s vusd f’kodkyhu ‘kdkoY;k izfl/n dsY;k
vkgsr- ;k f’kok; f’ko’kkghrhy dkxni=kaps ,df=r vls] ^f’kodkyhu i=lkj laxzg* ;k ekysps rhu
[kaM izfl/n dsys vkgsr- ^^laHkkthdkyhu i=lkj laxzg* ^f’kopfj= o`Rrlaxzg* v’kk dkgh izdk’kukaPkk gh
mYys[k djrk ;sby- ;k izdk’kukP;k vk/kkjs f’koiwoZ dkyhu egkjk‛Vª rlsp fgax.ks] iqja/kjs] panzpwM]

10
nkHkkMs] vkaxzs] fp=s ?kjk.;kph dkxni=s] f’kodkyhu ekrCcj ?kjk.;kaph ekfgrh rlsp RkRdkyhu
djO;OkLFkk] rkfdni=s] nRrd izdj.ks] uk.kh O;oLFkk] orufo‛k;d /kksj.ks b- dkxni=kaeqGs rRdkyhu
?kMkeksMhoj izdk’k iMrks- ^^jktokMs* bfrgkl la’kks/ku laLFkk ;kauh R;kaP;k ^la’kks/kd* ;k
fu;rdkfydkrwu vusd uoh dkxni=s izdkf’kr dsyh vkgs-
Hkkjr bfrgkl la’kks/kd eaMGkus u- fp- dsGdj] v- fo- iVo/kZu n- fo- vkiVs ;kaph f’kopfj=
milferh useyh gksrh- ;kf’kok; uhydaB tuknZu fdrZu]s fo‛.kw’kkL=h fpiGw.kdj] jk- c- lkus]
fotkiwjdj] ikjluhl ;kauh fofo/k KkufoLrkj] fuca/kekyk] dkO; bfrgkl laxzg] xzaFkekyk ;k ekfldkrwu
vLly dkxni=s izfl/n dsyh vkgsr- xks- l- ljnslkbZ] x g- [kjs] ok- lh- cans sz] vkIkklkgsc iokj] l-
ek- xxZs] ek- fo- xqtj] t;flaxjko iokj] lnkf’kojko ekrZaM] eksMd] lkus] iz- u- ns’kikaMs b-
la’kks/kdkauh eksykps ;ksxnku fnys vkgs-
2½’kdkoY;k& ‘kd Eg.kts lu fdaok o‛kZ vkf.k vkoyh Eg.kts vksG- o‛kZ ¼’kd½ nsowu R;kiq<s
?kVukaph laf{kIr uksan vlrs] ;kyk ‘kdkoyh Eg.krkr- ;ke/;s lxG;k ?kVuka ;srkrp vls ukgh- bLykeh
jkT;dR;kZaP;k njckjh rokfjdk fdaok egRokP;k ?kVukaP;k uksna h dj.;kph i/nr :< gksrh- ejkB;kauh ;k
i/nrhps vuqdj.k d:u ‘kdkoyh r;kj dsY;k- ‘kdkoyh e/;s egRoiw.kZ ?kVukaP;k uksna h laf{kIri.ks
rkj[kslg fnysY;k vlrkr- loZlk/kkj.ki.ks ‘kdkoyhe/;s fnysY;k rkj[kk fcupqd vlrkr-
f'kodkGkrhy LFkG dkGkph vpqd ekfgrh ‘kdkoyh e/;s feGrs- MkW- v- jk- dqyd.khZ ;kaP;k
ers ^vkiY;k ?kjk.;krhy iq:‛kkaP;k tUee`R;w] ijkØe vFkok egRokP;k ?kVuk Øe’k% uksna fo.;kph ijaijk
izeq[k ljnkj ?kjk.;kr Qkj iqohZiklwup :< gksrh- v’kk uksna h djhr vlrkuk R;k dkGkr ?kMysY;k
lkekftd jktdh;] vkfFkZd egRokP;k ?kVukapkgh lgt mYys[k dsyk tkr vls-
1½ ts/ks ‘kdkoyh& iq.ks ftYg;krhy Hkksj toGhy dkjhps ns’keq[k & ts/ks ;kaP;k nIrjkr feGkysyh
ts/ks ‘kdkoyh yksdekU; fVGdkaP;k izLrkouslg Hkkjr bfrgkl la’kks/ku eaMGkus 1916 e/;s izdkf’kr
dsyh- ts/ks ‘kdkoyhe/;s vkSjaxtsckP;k tUekikwlu ftathP;k os<;ki;ZarP;k 300 uksna h vkgsr- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k tUe frFkhpk iqjkok fVGdkauh ;kp ts/ks ‘kdkoyhrwu feGfoyk-
2½ f’kokiwjdj ‘kdkoyh& f’kokiwjP;k ns’kikaMs ?kjk.;kP;k dkxni=kr gh ‘kdkoyh lkiMY;kus
^f’kokiwjdj ‘kdkoyh ;k ukokus vksG[kyh tkrs- ;k ‘kdkoyhr jkT;kfHk‛ksdkIk;ZarP;k uksna h vlY;kus
^f’kopfj= iznhi* P;k laikndkauh ;k ‘kdkoyhl ^jkT;kfHk‛ksd ‘kdkoyh* vls gh EgVys vkgs-
3½ f’kokiwj ‘kdkoyh& ^f’kopfj= izfni* e/;s gh ‘kdkoyh ^f’kokiwj nIrjkrhy ;knh* ;k ukokus
Nkiyh vkgs- ;k ‘kdkoyhr 1570 rs 1602 ;k dkyko/khrhy 99 uksna h vkgsr-
4½ fp=s ‘kdkoyh& f’kokth egkjktkaps fpV.khl ckGkth fp=s ;kaP;k ?kjk.;kP;k nIrjkrfp=s ‘kdkoyh
lkiMyh- ;k ‘kdkoyhr 1612 rs 1709 ;k dkGkrhy 30 uksna h vkgsr-
5½ brj ‘kdkoY;k& xnk/kj izYgkn ‘kdkoyh] ?kksMxkodj] 6 dyeh] ‘kgkthdkyhu ‘kdkoyh] gksui
ns’kikaMs ‘kdkoyh- v’kkbrjgh vusd ‘kdkoY;kaps ^f’ko pfj= izfni* ;k xzFa kkr Jh vkiVs o Jh fnosdj
;akuh laiknu dsys vkgs-

11
3 c[kj& f’kodkG o is’kosdkGkph barHkwr ekfgrh o lR;klR; dFku dj.kkÚ;k vusd c[kjh miyC/k
vkgsr- ijarq izR;{kkr f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkr ,dgh c[kj fyfgysyh ukgh- cgqrd s c[kjh
is’kosdkGkr fyfgysY;k vkgsr- ;k c[kjh HkMd o vfrjaftr Lo:ikr fyfgysY;k vkgsr- ;k c[kjh
vLly lk/kukaoj vk/kkjysY;k ulwu Lej.kkoj vk/kkfjr vkgsr- nqljs Eg.kts ;krhy cgqrsd c[kjh
vkJhrkauh fyfgysY;k vkgsr- R;keqGs R;kapk okij djrkuk oLrqfu‛Brsph dkGth ?ksowu brj lk/kukpah
iMrkG.kh d:u ekfgrh vH;klkoh ykxrs-
1- lHkkln c[kj
f’kodkGkoj izdk’k Vkd.kkjh vR;ar egRokph c[kj Eg.kwu lHkkln c[kjhdMs ikfgys tkrs-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;wura j 17 o‛kkZauh Ñ‛.kkth vuar lHkkln ;kauh gh c[kj fygwu iw.kZ dsyh-
N=irh jktkjke egkjktkaP;k vkKsus 1694 rs 1697 ;k dkGkr fyfgysyh vlkoh-
;k c[kjhe/;s ekyksth jkts] foBksth jkts] ‘kgkth jkts ;kaP;k dk;kZcjkscjp f’kopfj=krhy
toGtoG loZ egRokP;k ?kVukaph] ijkØekaph ekfgrh lHkkln nsrkr ;k f’kok; eqydh o y‛djh
iz’kklu O;oLFkk] fdYys] [kftuk] izns’k foLrkj] jkcfoysY;k lq/kkj.kk] ns.kX;k] v‛Viz/kku ;kfo‛k;h
egRoiw.kZ ekfgrh feGrs- dsoG f’kojk;kapk ijkØep uOgs rj iz’kkldh; o vkfFkZd bfrgklkP;kn`f‛Vusgh
gh c[kj egRoiw.kZ vkgs- gh c[kj vR;ar laf{kIr vlwugh ledkyhu vlY;kus fryk ,sfrgkfld n`‛V;k
vuU;lk/kkj.k egRo vkgs- 1881 e/;s jkocgknwj dkf’kukFk lkus ;kauh gh c[kj laikfnr dsyh-
f’kopfj=dkj xtkuu esgna Gs Eg.krkr dh] brj c[kjhe/;s vk<G.kkÚ;k vfr’k;ksDrh o
diksydfYir xIik ;k nks‛kkaiklwu gh c[kj lkekU;r% eqDr vkgs vls fnlrs-
2- Jh f’koN=irhaph 91 dyeh c[kj
;k c[kjhe/;s ekyksthjkts Hkkslys rs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;qi;Zarpk bfrgkl lkafxryk vkgs-
gh c[kj nRrkth f=acd okduohl ;kauh 1686 rs 1707 ;k njE;ku fyfgyh vlkoh- ;k c[kjhe/;s
91 dyes vkgsr- Eg.kwu gh c[kj 91 dyeh c[kj Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkrs- fo- l- okdldj ;kauh rh
c[kj izdkf’kr dsyh-
3 fpV.khl c[kj fdaok Jh f’koN=irhaps lIr izdj.kkRed pfj=
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaadMs fpV.khlh dj.kkÚ;k ckGkth vkoth fpV.khl ;kaP;k ?kjk.;krhy
eYgkj jkejko fpV.khl ;kauh lkrkjP;k N=irh ‘kkgw egkjkt nqljs ;kaP;k vkKso:u gh c[kj 1811
e/;s fyfgyh- ;k c[kjhrwu foLr`r ekfgrh feGrs- ;k c[kjhr lkr izdj.ks vkgsr- Eg.kwu rh ^lIr
izdj.kkRed pfj=* Eg.kwugh vksG[kyh tkrs- ys[kdkP;k ukokus fpV.khl c[kj Eg.kwugh vksG[kyh tkrs-
gh c[kj lHkkln c[kj o 91 dyeh c[kj ;k nksUghP;k vk/kkjkoj fyfgysyh vkgs- ijarw nksUghe/;s
uksna foysY;k dkgh xks‛Vh fpV.khl c[kjhe/;s vkysY;k vkgsr- fofo/k dkxni=kapkgh vk/kkj lnj
ys[kuklkBh ?ks.;kr vkyk gksrk- f’kodkGkuarj toGikl 100 o‛kkZauarj fyfgyh xsyh vlY;kus gh
c[kj Qkj’kh fo’oluh; ekuyh tkr ukgh-
eYgkj jkejkokus gh c[kj vk[;kf;dk] ,sdho ekfgrh] lkrkjP;k nIrj[kkU;krhy ekfgrh ;k
vk/kkjs fygyh vkgs- xWzVa MQ P;k xzaFkkr u lkiM.kkÚ;k vusd xks‛Vh jkejkokP;k pfj=kr vkgs ;k

12
f’kopfj=kojhy c[kjh f’kok; eYgkj jkejko ;kauh N=irh laHkkth] N=irh jktkjke] N=irh ‘kkgq]
N=irh jkejktk o N=irh nwljs ‘kkgw ;kaph gh pfj=s fyfgysyh vkgsr-
4-fp=xqIr c[kj
j?kqukFk ;kno fp=xqIr¼fp=s½ ;kauh gh c[kj 1765 e/;s fygyh vlkoh- R;kus ;k c[kjhe/;s v/kque/kqu
dfork fyfgY;k vkgsr- gs lq/nk ckGkth vkoth fpV.khl ;kaP;k ?kjk.;krhy vkgsr- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k dkGkrhy vusd ?kVuk ,sfdo ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjkus fyfgysY;k vkgsr- lHkkln c[kjhe/;s
vusd dkYifud ?kVukaph Hkj ?kkrysyh vkgs- dkgh ljnkjkaph ukos] fp=s] ys[kd nsrkr- rj
‘kkfgLrs[kkukojhy Nkik] rkukthpk ijkØe ;k ?kVuk lfoLrj fnY;k vkgsr-
lHkkln c[kjhr dkGkP;k vks?kkr dkgh nks‛k fuekZ.k >kys gksrs- R;keqGs ;’koarjko f’kans ;kaP;k
lqpuso:u j?kqukFk ;kno ;kauh ;k c[kjhps iquysZ[ku dsys vkgs-
5-nyirjk;kph c[kj
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fojks/kh ‘k=w i{kkrhy] xVkrhy nyirjk;kua 1765 P;k lqekjkl gh c[kj
fyfgyh vlkoh- nyirjk; gk fojks/kh xVkrhy vlY;kus bfrgkldkj ;k c[kjhl fo’ks‛k egRo nsrkr-
dkj.k ;k c[kjhrwu egRokP;k ?kVukaP;k rkj[kk fcupwd dGrkr- vkf.k fojks/kdkapk f’kokth egkjktkadMs
ikg.;kpk n`f‛Vdksu letwu ?ks.;klkBh ;k c[kjhpk mi;ksx gksrk-
6-f’kofnfXot;c[kj
f’kofnfXot; gh c[kj 1818 e/;s fygyh xsyh vlkoh- ;k c[kjhpk drkZ vKkr vkgs- b-l-
1895 e/;s bfrgkldkj nkaMd s j o uanwjckjdj;kauh c[kjhps laiknu dsys vkgs- ;k c[kjhe/;s f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k dkjfdnhZrhy vusd ?kVuk] f’kokth egkjktkapk ijkØe ;kaps o.kZu dsy s s vkgs-gh c[kj
fyfgrkuk fofo/k nk[kys] i=s] ckjfu’kh] tqus xzaFk o dkxn ;kapk vk/kkj ?ksrY;kps ys[kd lkaxrks- jktkjke
egkjktkauk N=irhin feGkos ;klkBh lks;jkckbZuh dk; dk; dsys] ;kph ekfgrh c[kjhe/;s fyfgyh
vkgs-
7- brj c[kjh &eYgkj jkejko fpV.khlkus laHkkth egkjktkaph c[kj o jktkjke egkjktkaph c[kj
fyfgysY;k vkgsr- c[kjdkj N=irh laHkkth egkjktkacÌy fojks/kh oDrO;s djrks- rj jktkjke
egkjktkacÌy iz’kalksn~xkj dk<rks- 1810 e/;s ejkBh lkezkT;kph NksVh c[kj fyfgyh xsyh- ;kf’kok;
‘ksMxkodj c[kjh] f’kokth izrki c[kj] iarizfrfu/khc[kj] eksjs c[kj b- c[kjhapk mYys[k djkok
ykxrks- 109 dyeh c[kjhe/;s f’kokth egkjkt o ,sadksthph oa’kkoG fnyh vkgs-
f’ko’kkghoj izdk’k Vkd.kkÚ;k ;k egROkkP;kc[kjh vkgsr- ;k c[kjhe/;s vfr’k;ksDrh]
dkYifudrk] HkMdi.kk vkgs- ijarw vLly dkxni= ulY;kus ;k c[kjhoj f’ko’kkghpk bfrgkl
let.;klkBh voyacwu jgkos ykxrs-
4 lar okM%e;
ejkB;kapk vk| bfrgkldkj xzWVa MQ ;kaus ^o.kok fl/nkar* ejkBh lRrsP;k mn;klanHkkZr ekaMyk-
rks [kksMwu dk<.;klkBh jk‛Vªoknh bfrgklys[ku izokg fuekZ.k >kyk- U;k- jkuMs ;kauh vkiY;k ^ejkBh

13
lRrspk mn; vkf.k mRd‛kZ* ;k xzFa kkr] ^^ejkBh lRrk gh vpkud fuekZ.k >kyh ulwu Kkus’ojkaiklwu
rqdkjkekai;ZarP;k larkuh ejkBh lRrsP;k mn;kph ik’oZHkweh r;kj dsyh gksrh-** vls fo’ys‛k.k dssys
vkgs-
larkP;k okM%e;kr rRdkyhu egkjk‛Vªkps izfrfcac rj fnlrsp i.k rs dsoG ?kMkeksMh iqjrs
e;kZfnr ulwu rRdkyhu dkGkpk ekxksok gh ?ksrk ;srks- lar rqdkjke egkjkt gs N=irh f’kokth
egkjktkaps ledkyhu gksrs- rqdkjke egkjktkauh vkiY;k ys[ku dk;kZrwu o vHkaxa krwu izcks/ku djhr
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT; mHkkj.khP;k dk;kZlkBh vuqdwy v’kh okrkoj.k fufeZrh dsyh- t.kek.klkr
LojkT;kph izsj.kk fuekZ.k dsyh- R;kaP;k vHkaxkrwu lektthou o ?kMkeksMhap izfrfcac fnlrs- rqdkjke
egkjktkaP;k vHkaxkrwu rRdkyhu lkekftd] jktfd;] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd o /kkehZd ifjfLFkrhps o.kZu
bfrgklkP;k vH;klklkBh mi;qDr Bjrs-
5- iksokMs& Okhjjlkus vksFkacysyk o ekSf[kd ijaijsus pkyr vkysyk dkO;izdkj Eg.kts iksokMk-
iksokMk gk egkjk‛Vªkrhy yksdfiz; dkO;izdkj vkgs- bfrgklkps lkFkZ lk/ku Eg.kwu iksokMs gs lq/nk ,d
egRokps lk/ku vkgs- iksokMs ohjjliz/kku vlys rjh R;krhy o.kZu gs ,sfrgkfld lR;kyk /k:u vlrs-
‘kkghj] xksa/kGh gs R;kdkGh iksokMs xkr vlr- fofo/k Kku foLrkj] fuca/kekyk] dkO;sfrgkl laxzg ;k
ekfldke/;s lqjokrhl iksokMs izfl/n >kys-iksokMs ladyu] la’kks/kukl izsj.kk feGkyh- 1879 e/;s ‘kadj
‘kkGhxzke ;kauh 43 iksokM;kapk laxzg izfl/n dsyk- xksfoancYYkkG] Jh ckGÑ‛.k vkRekjke xqIrs
bR;knhaP;k iz;Rukrwu vkti;Zar 300 is{kk vf/kd iksokM;kaps ladyu >kys vkgs- ts/ks ‘kdkoyh o
djhU;kr ^f’kokth vQ>y[kku HksV* iksokM;kpk mYYks[k vkgs- gk mYys[k vKkunklkP;k vQ>y[kku
o/kkP;k iksokM;krhy jpus’kh tqG.kkjk vkgs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k laca/kh lokZr izfl/n o yksdfiz;
iksokMk vkgs rks vKkunklkpk- ^vQ>y[kku o/kkpk iksokMk* ;k ukoko:up R;kps dFkkud dGrs-
vFkkZr vR;ar mi;qDr ekfgrh ;kr vkgs- vKkunkl o rqG’kh nklkpk iksokMk [kqÌ egkjktkauh ,sdyk o
vKkunklkyk ?kksMk o lksU;kpk rksMk rj rqGlhnklkyk lksU;kpk rksMk fnY;kpk iksokM;kP;k ‘ksoVh
mYys[k vkgs- t;flaxkP;k LokjhP;k osGh ijkØe xktfo.;kÚ;k nRrkth tk/kojko ;k lSfudkoj
vKkr;ekth iklydjkpk iksokMk vkgs- ;k iksokM;kr ‘kkfgLrs[kkuk ojhy Nkik] lqjrsph ywV o
tloarflagkpk Qlysyk dksaMk.kk gYyk ;kapk mYys[k vkgs-
Jh v- u dsGdj Eg.krkr] iksokM;ke/kwu rRdkyhu :<h] ijaijk o dje.kwdhph ekfgrh feGrs-
ekSf[kd lkfgR;kr dkgh nks‛k vlrkr rjh R;kaps egROk ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- egRokP;k O;Drh o
?kVukackcr nardFkkaP;k :ikus lekteukr bfrgkl ftoar vlrks-
6- f’kykys[k& f’kodkGke/khy f’kykys[kkaph la[;k vxnh e;kZfnr vkgs- fdY;kaP;k njokT;koj o
eafnjkaP;k x.ks’kiÍhoj ;k dkGkrhy ejkBhrhy f’kykys[k fnlrkr- fdYYks] eafnjs] okMs ;kaph cka/kdkes
dks.kh dsyh o R;kekxph Hkqfedk Li‛V gksrs- ratkojP;k c`gnh’ojkps eafnj vkgs- ;k eafnjkP;k nxMh
fHkarhoj ,d f’kykys[kvkgs- raTkkojP;k Hkkslys ?kjk.;kPkk 1803 Ik;Zarpk bfrgkl ratkojpk ckcqjko
foðy ;kus dks:u ?ksryk- jk;xMkoj ^lsoslh rRij fgjksth banqydj* vlk f’kykys[k dksjyk vkgs-N=irh
f’kokth egkjktkauh dksBsgh fdYY;koj Lor%ps uko dksjysys ukgh fdaok vls f’kykys[k vk<Gr ukghr-
7- esLrds& ;kno dkGkiklwu esLrds fyg.;kph i/nr vkgs-esLrdkae/;s ,sfrgkfld ?kVukaph uksna ulwu
dsoG tek[kpkZP;k i/nrh R;kr fo’kn dsY;k vkgsr- vkfFkZd O;ogkjkaP;k vH;klklkBh esLRkds mi;ksxh
14
vkgsr- f’kodkyhu dkj[kkus o fdYys ;kaph O;oLFkk letwu ?ks.;klkBh esLrdkapk mi;ksx gksrks- ok-
lh- csna zs ;kauh ^egkjk‛Vª bfrgklkph lk/kus foHkkx ifgyk* ;k xaFz kkr lgk esLrdkaps ladyu dsys vkgs -
8- vkKki=& f’kokth egkjktkaph jktfurh o jkT;O;oLFkk letwu ?ks.;klkBh] vH;kl.;klkBh
jkepanziar vekR; ;kauh fygysY;k ^vkKki=* ;k xzaFkkps ;ksxnku egRoiq.kZ vkgs- vkKki=ke/;s ,dq.k 9
izdj.ks vlwu R;kr jktkph drZO;] jkT;O;oLFkk] vFkZO;oLFkk o y‛djO;oLFkk ;kaoj Hkjfnysyk vkgs-
;k xzaFkkr jktuhrh] jktk o iz/kkukph drZO;s] orunkj] bukes] fdYys o R;kaps iz’kklu] ik;nG] ?kksMnG
o y‛djh O;oLFkk] vkjekj] O;kikj] lkodkj] eglwy [kkrh v’kk egRoiq.kZ fo‛k;kaoj foospu dsys
vkgs- 1775&76 e/;s fofo/k KkufoLrkj ekfldkr ifgY;kank gk xzFa k izfl/n >kyk- iz- u- ns’kikaMs
;kaps ers ^f’kodkyhu jkT;O;oLFksps eeZ letwu ?ks.;klkBh o bfrgklkP;k vH;klklkBh gk xzFa kmi;qDr
Bjrks*-

1-1-3- fganhlk/kus
1-f’kojktHkw‛k.k & N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps ledkyhu doh Hkq‛k.k ;kauh 1673 e/;s ^f’kojkt Hkw‛k.k*
gs dkO;s fygys- f’kojktHkw‛k.k gk xzFa k vyadkfjd vlwu vQ>y[kku o/k] ‘kkfgLrs[kukojhy Nkik]
vkxzk HksV&dSn o lqVdk] 1672 ps lkYgsj&eqYgsjpss ;q/n ;k izlaxkoj dfork vkgsr- ;k ?kVukae/kwu
vusd ckjdkos o egRoiq.kZ ekfgrh Li‛V gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh /keZj{k.kkFkZ dsysys dk;Z o
vkSjaxtsckps fganw }s‛Vs /kksj.k ;kafo‛k;h ;kr ekfgrh feGrs-
2- N= izdk’k& ykydoh iqjksfgr ;kauh gk dkO; xzFa k fygyk vkgs- N=lky o f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
HksVhps o.kZu ;k dkO;kr dsysys vkgs-
3- f’kocko.kh&f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ijkØekph xkFkk lkax.kkjs ckoUu Nan ;k xaFz kkr doh Hkq‛k.k ;kauh
fygys vkgsr- jkeizlkn vWM cznlZ vkxzk ;kauh laikfnr dsysyk xzaFk Nkiyk vkgs- egkjktkaP;k
vkfny’kkgh] dqrqc’kkgh o eksxy ;kaP;k cjkscjP;k laca/kkph ekfgrh ;kr vkyh vkgs-

1-1-4-if’kZ;u¼ Qkjlh½
eqfLye jkT;drkZP;k injh vlysY;k ys[kdkauh Qkjlh Hkk‛ksrwu dsysY;k fy[kk.kkrwu
f’kodkyklaca/kh ekfgrh feGrs- Qkjlh Hkk‛ksrhy lk/kus foiwy vkgsr- ijarw R;kauh fnysyh ekfgrh ,dkaxh]
i{kikrh vlysyh vkgs- Qkjlh lk/kukae/;s vusd nks‛k vlys rjh ijfd;kaP;k n`f‛Vdksukrwu ejkB;kapk
bfrgkl letwu ?ks.;klkBh gh lk/kus egRokph vkgsr-
1½ YkqRQqYyk[kkukph i=s & ;k eksxy ljnkjkus 1690 rs 1700 ;k dky[kaMkrhy ejkB;kaP;k
Lokar«;;q/nkP;k laca/kh vusd ^?kVukapk* vkiY;k i=krwu mYys[k dsyk vkgs- eksxy&ejkBk la?k‛kZ]
larkth] /kukthpk ijkØe] ejkB;kaps xfueh dkO;kps ra= ;kfo‛k;h ekfgrh ;k i=krwu feGrs-
^eksxy&ejkBk la?k‛kZ* ;k xzFa kkr lsrw ek/kojko ixMh ;kauh ;k i=kapk vuqokn dsyk vkgs-
2½ ekfljs vkyefxjh & vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkpk vkf/kdkjh lkdh eqLrsn[kku ;kus 1709 e/;s gk
xzaFk fygyk- rks vkSjaxtsckcjkscj nf{k.k eksfgesr lgHkkxh gksrk- eksxy&ejkBk la?k‛kkZph ekfgrh R;kus;k
xzaFkkr fnyh vkgs- ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«; laxzkekphekfgrh ;krwu feGrs-

15
 3½ rkjh[ks [kkQh[kku & eksxy vf/kdkjh [kkQh[kku ;kus 1734 e/;s gk xzFa k fygwu iw.kZ dsyk-
;k xzFa kkr vkSjaxtsc] cgknqj ‘kgk] Q:dfl;j b- ckn’kgkaph ekfgrh feGrs- ;kp cjkscj f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k gkypkyh] laHkkth egkjktkapk LoHkko o dr`ZRo] N=irh jktkjke] egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kaph
dkefxjh] larkth] /kukth ;kaP;k dkefxjhph ekfgrh ;k xzaFkkr feGrs- [kkQh[kku ejkB;kapk fVdkdkj
Eg.kwup vksG[kyk tkrks- rjhgh f’kokth egkjktkaph /kkehZd lfg‛.kwrk] egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kaph R;kus
Lrqrh dsyh vkgs-
4½ rkjh[ks fnydq’kk& vkSjaxtsckP;k injh uksdjh dj.kkÚ;k fHkelsu lDlsuk ;kps gs vkRepfj=
vkgs- ;k xzFa kkr R;kus 1654 rs 1709 Ik;Zarpk eksxykapk bfrgkl fygysyk vkgs- ;k xzFa kkr N=irh
f’kokth egkjkt rs egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ Ik;ZarP;k loZ ejkB;kauh vkSjaxtsckcjkscj fnysY;k la?k‛kkZph ekfgrh
feGrs- 1893 e/;s lsrw ek/kojko ixMh ;kauh ^eksxy o ejkBs* ;k ukokus gk xzFa k ejkBhr fygyk-
5½ Qqrqgkrs vkyefxjh& Qqrgq krs vkyefxjh Eg.kts vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkP;k fot;kph dFkk-
bZ’ojnkl ukxj ;kus gk xzaFk fygyk- ;kxzaFkkr bZ’ojnkl ;kus ‘kkfgLrs[kkukP;k eksfgesiklwu lkrkÚ;kP;k
os<;ki;Zar ekfgrh ;kr fnyh vkgs- laHkkth egkjktkaP;k ‘ksoVP;k fnolkph gdhxr bZ’ojnkl nsrks- doh
dy’k] laHkkthegkjkt]jktkjkeegkjkt] nqxkZnkl jkBksM] vdcj]vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgk]ckn’kgkps ljnkj ;kaP;k
fo‛k;h ufou ekfgrh ;kr vkyh vkgs- ^;k xzFa kkps ejkBhrhy c[kjh lkj[ks Lo:Ik vkgs*] vls jktnjsdj
Eg.krkr-
6½ [kqrwrs f’kokth& [kqrwrs f’kokth Eg.kts f’kokth egkjktkaph i=s- ;kr 32 i=kapk laxzg vkgs-
f’kokth egkjktkacjkscjp vkSjaxtsc] vdcj] >qfYQdkj [kku] fe>kZ jkts t;flax] ‘kkgw egkjkt ;kaphgh
i=s vkgsr- ftf>;k djkP;k fu‛ks/kkFkZ f’kokth egkjktkauh vkSjaxtsckyk ikBfoysYks i= ;kr vkgs-;k i=kapk
^eksxy&ejkBs la?k‛kZ* ;k xzFa kkr lsrw ek/kojko ixMh ;kauh vuqokn fnysYkk vkgs-
7½ g¶r vatweu&g¶r vatqeu gk fe>kZ jkts t;flax ;kaP;k i=kpk laxzg vkgs- t;flax
nf{k.ksr vlrkuk R;kauh vkSjaxtsck’kh dsysyk gk i=O;ogkj vkgs- t;flaxkpk fpV.khl mn;jkt ;kus gh
i=s laxzfgr dsyh- ;kykp ^gIr vatweu* ;k ukokus vksG[kys tkrs- ^ejkBk&eksxy la?k‛kZ* ;kiqLrdkr
lsrw ek/kojko ixMh ;kauh ;kpk vuqokn fnysyk vkgs-
8½ ekrcj[kkukph i=s & eksxy lsukirh ekrcj[kku ;kus ckn’kgk o brj eksxy lsukf/kdkÚ;kauk
fygysyh i=s R;kpk fpV.khl tsBey ;kaus ,df=r d:u ^dkjukek* ukokpk xzFa k fygyk- ;k i=karwu
laHkkth egkjkt o jktkjke egkjktkaP;k eksxykcjkscjhy la?k‛kkZph ekfgrh feGrs-
9½ eqgEenukek& bczkfge vkfny’kgkpk doh tgwjh ;kus 1654 e/;s ^eqgEenukek* gk xzFa k
fygyk- ;k xzFa kkr ‘kgkthjkts o vusd ejkBk ljnkjkaph ekfgrh vkyh vkgs- f’kokth jktkaps izkjafHkd
dkGkrhy dk;Z letwu ?ks.;klkBh gk xzFa k mi;qDr Bjrks- ‘kgkth jktkaph vVd] fotkiqjyk jokuxh o
dks<a k.kk] danihZ o caxyksj fdYys nsowu dsysyh lqVdk ;k fo‛k;h ekfgrh feGrs-
10½ rkjh[ks vyh & fotkiwjpk ckn’kgk eqgEen vkfny’kgk ;kP;k injh vlysY;k vyh
eqgEen gqlsu ;kus ^rkjh[ks vyh* gk xzaFk fygyk- ;k xzaFkkr vQ>y[kku izalx] flÌ~h tksgjpk iUgkGk
os<k] t;flaxkph Lokjh ;kfo‛k;h ekfgrh feGrs-

16
 11½ vyh ukek & egaen uqL=r ;kus gk xzFa k mnwZr fygysyk vkgs- 1665 Ik;Zarph ekfgrh ;k
xzaFkkr vlwu 57 izdj.kkae/;s rh fygyh vkgs- vQ>y[kku o|] iUgkGk os<k] ‘kkfgLrs[kkukojhy Nkik]
t;flaxkph Lokjh ;kph ekfgrh lfoLrj fnyh vkgs- LojkT;kfo‛k;h f’kokth egkjktkauk vfHkeku
vlY;kps rks lkaxrks-
12½ clkrhu & ml & lykrhu & eqgEen bczkfge vÖ>qcSJh ;kus 1824 e/;s fotkiqjP;k
vkfny’kkgh pk bfrgkl fygyk- ;k xzFa kkpk ejkBh vuqokn ^fotkiwjP;k vkfny’kkgh ?kjk.;kpk bfrgkl*
;k ukokus Jh eksMd o Jh o>s ;kauh dsyk vkgs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k gkypkyh] ijkØe] jktdkj.k o
R;kaps vkfny’kkgh’kh vlysYkk laca/k ;kapk vH;kl djrkuk ;k xzFa kkph enr gksrs-
13½ v[kcjkr & eksxy njckjkrhy nSufnu ?kMkeksMhapk o`rkar ljdkjh vf/kdkÚ;kdMwu fygwu
?ksryk tkbZ- ;k o`rkarkuk ^v[kcjkr* vls uko vkgs- dkGkP;k vks?kkr ;k v[kcjkark iSdh cjhp o`rkars
u‛V >kyh vkgsr- ;krhy dkgh Hkkx yaMu] t;iqj] dydRrk ;ssFkhy nIrj[kkU;kr vkgs- lj tnqukFk
ljdkjkauh ;k v[kcjkrkapk mi;ksx vkiY;k History of Aurangzeb ;k xazFkkr dsysyk vkgs-
14½ brj Qkjlh lk/kus &
1648 e/;s vCnwy gehn ykgksjh ;kaus ^ckn’kgkukek* gk xzFa k fygyk- ;k xzFa kkr ‘kgktgkupk
bfrgkl fnyk vkgs- vln[kku ;k ys[kdkus 1663 e/;s nqljk vyh vkfny’kgk ;kaP;k dkjfdnhZoj
^g¶Rk dqlhZ* gk xzaFk jpyk- Qqtwuh vLrjkcknh;kus Qqrgq krs&b&vkfny’kkgh rj vcwy Q>y ;kus
^vkbZus vdCkjh* gk xzFa k fygyk- gehnqnhu [kkukus ^vgdkes vkyefxjh*] eqgEeÌ lkfyg dacw ;kus
^vey b lkfyg* xazFk rj l¸;n gqlsu[kku ;kus 1780 e/;s ^fl;k:y eqr[kjhu* gk xzFa k fygyk- fe>kZ
eqgEen dkfle[kku ;kus vkSjaxtsckP;k vkKsus R;kP;k ifgY;k 10 o‛kkZPkk njckjh bfrgkl
^vkyexhjukek* fygyk vkgs- v’kk fofo/k Qkjlh xzaFkkrwu@lk/kukrwu f’kodkGkph ekfgrh miyC/k gksrs-

1- 2- ijdh; Hkk‛ksrhy lk/kus

b-l- 1488 e/;s okLdks&n&xkek ;k iksrZqxht [kyk’kkus Hkkjrkr ;s.;kpk tyekxZ ‘kks/kwu
dk<yk- iksrZqxht O;kikÚ;kauh Hkkjrkr ;sowu O;kikj dj.;kl ifgY;kank lqjokr dsyh- R;k ikBksikB Mp]
baxzt] Ýsp ;k ;qjksfi;u ns’kkrhy O;kikÚ;kauhgh Hkkjrkr ;sowu O;kikjkl lqjokr dsyh- lqjokrhyk
Hkkjrh; if’pe oiqoZ fdukj iÍhoj ;qjksfi;u O;kikÚ;kauh o[kkjh LFkkiu dsY;k- ;k o[kkjh fdaok
O;kikjh dsanzkeqGs LFkkfud lRrka’kh R;kapk laca/k ;sow ykxyk- if’pe fdukjiÍhojhy o[kkjhpk ejkB;ka’kh
laca/k vkyk- ;k ;qjksfi;u daiuhpk vkiY;k vf/kdkÚ;kcjkscj] ;sFkhy LFkkfud lRrkcjkscj >kysYkk
i=O;ogkj] rg] djkj ;kfo‛k;h o laiRrh fo‛k;h th ekfgrh fygwu Bsoyh xsyh- R;kpk ijdh; Hkk‛ksrhy
lk/kus Eg.kwu ejkB;kapk bfrgkl vH;kl.;klkBh mi;ksx gksrks-
1-2-1- iksrqZxht lk/kus &
iksrZqxhtkauh HkkjrkP;k if’pe fdukjiÍhoj dkfydr] xksok] ckjns’k] nkHkksG] olbZ] nho]neu]
lk‛Vh] pkSy] jsonaMk] QksMa k ;k Hkkxkr opZLo izLFkkfir dsys- iksrZwxky e/khy fyLCku o ,Ogksjk ;sFkhy
nIrj[kkU;kr f’kodkGkyk mi;qDr vl.kkjh vusd dkxni=s vkgsr- ;k lk/kukapk vH;kl d:u MkW-
ikaMjq ax filqyZsdj ;kauh iksrZqxht Hkk‛ksr ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkoj vusd xzaFk fygysys vkgsr - iq.ks

17
fo|kihBkus izdkf’kr dsysyk ^iksrZqxht & ejkBk laca/k * gk xzFa k filqyZsdjkaP;k fy[kk.kkpk vuqokn vlwu
vR;ar egRokpk vkgs- xksO;kP;kiksrZqxht iqjk.k oLrw la’kks/ku foHkkxkps izeq[k czkaxkl ijsjk ;kauh iksrZqxht
dkxni=kaps vusd [kaM izdkf’kr dsysys vkgsr- R;kpk ejkBh vuqokn egkjk‛Vª jkT; lkfgR; vkf.k
laLÑrh eaMGkus ^ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkph lk/kus & iksrZqxht nIrj* ;k ukokus nksu [kaMkr izfl/n dsyk
vkgs- f’kokth fo|kihBkus ^rkjkckbZ dkyhu dkxni=s* ;klk/kuxzaFkkr Jh l- ‘ka- nslkbZuh vuqokfnr
dsysyh vusd iksrZqxht i=s Nkiysyh vkgsr- R;keqGs ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkpk vH;kl l[kksyi.ks gksow
‘kdr vkgs-
;k xzaFkkf’kok; iksrZqxht Hkk‛ksr dkgh xzaFk ys[kugh >kysys vkgs- f’kokth egkjktkapk ifgyk
ijdh; pfj=dkj dkWLeks nh xknkZ ;kph vksG[k vkgs- R;kus 1695 e/;s iksrZqxht Hkk‛ksr f’kopfj=
fygys- rs 1730 uarj fyLcue/;s izfl/n >kys- rRdkyhu pyuO;oLFkk uk.kh] ejkBsy‛djh la?kVu]
lSU;kl feG.kkjh okx.kwd] ejkBk jktk iztk laca/k] dksd.kkrhy nslkbZph ;kckcrph ekfgrh mi;qDr
vkgs- /keksZins’kd ÝkafUll lkS> ;kaph ^O Oriente‟ Conquistado gk xzFa k laHkkth egkjktkalaca/kh ekfgrh
nsrks- ^fn ;ksxq nq dkSrw*] ;kps ys[kugh mi;qDr vkgs- ;kf’kok; vrksfuvks cqdk:e ;kus 1612 rs 1617
Ik;Zarpk bfrgkl fygyk vkgs-
1-2-2- Mp lk/kus
b- l- 1605 iklwu Mpkauh Hkkjrkr ePNyhiÍ.k] lqjr] osxa qykZ] dksjkseaMy] eyckj b- fBdk.kh o[kkjh
LFkkiu dsY;k gksR;k- iksrZqxht o baxztkaP;k rqyusr Mp O;kikÚ;kapk ejkB;ka’kh laca/k deh vkyk- rjh
gsx] cVkfOg;k] yaMu ;sFkhy nIrj[kkU;krhy Mp jsdkWMZe/;s ejkB;kalac/kh cjhp ekfgrh feGrs- Mpkauh
vkiY;k i=O;ogkjkarwu f’kodkyhu ?kVukapk cÚ;kap osGk mYys[k dsyk vkgs- cVkfOg;krhy nSuafnu
dkedktkph dkxni=s] Mp Hkk‛ksrhy gLr fyf[kr dkxni=s o Mp vf/kdkÚ;kP;k i=O;ogkj vWeLVjMWe
;sFkhy laxzgkr ^Mkx jftLVj* ;k ukokus izdkf’kr >kysyk vkgs- Mkx jftLVjps vusd xzFa k izdkf’kr
>kys vlwu R;ke/;s b-l 1610 rs 1820 Ik;Zarpk Mp yksdkapk fganwLFkkukrhy i=O;ogkj* ,y OgkWu
fMOgsaVj ;kauh izdkf’kr dsyk vkgs-
Mp jsdkWMZpk mi;ksx MkW- ckGÑ‛.k ;kauh vkiY;k ^Shivaji the Great‟ ;k xzaFkkP;k 4 [kaMkr
iqjsiwj dsysyk vkgs-
1-2-3-Ýspa lk/kus
Ýspa kph Hkkjrkrhy ifgyh o[kkj 1668 e/;s lqjr ;sFks LFkkiu >kyh- R;kp o‛khZ LojkT;krhy
jktkiqj ;sFks Ýspa kuh o[kkjh LFkkiu dsyh- dksjkseaMy] enzkl] ikWUMspjh ;sFks gh Ýspa kuh o[kkjh LFkkiY;k-
jktkiqjP;k o[kkjheqGs Ýsapkpk ejkB;ka’kh laca/k vkyk- 1670 P;k lqjr ywVhe/;s Ýspa kuh ejkB;kauk
nk:xksGk iqjfoY;kpk mYys[k 1674 P;k baxzth i=kr vkgs- 1675 e/;s Ýsap daiuhps izfrfu/kh
egkjktkauk HksVys- gs eS=hlaca/k iq<gs h lq: jkfgys-
f’kodkGkfo‛k;hph Ýspa lk/kus iWfjl] yaMu ;sFkhy nIrj[kkU;kr vkgsr- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
nf{k.k LokjhP;k osGh Ýsapkuh eksBh lko/kfxjh ckGxysyh fnlrs- ÝsapxOguZj ,e- ,- ekfVZu ;k
Ýspa vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k jkstfu’khr f’kokth egkjktkaP;k nf{k.k Lokjhpk o`Rrkar igko;kl feGrks- jkstfu’khps
gLrfyf[kr iWfjl ;sFkhy laxzgkr miyC/k vkgs- miyC/k Ýspa dkxni=kaP;k vk/kkjs MkW- gkrkGdj ;kauh

18
^Relations Between The French And The Marathas (1668-1815) gk mRÑ‛V xzaFk r;kj dsyk- rks
ejkBk daiuhps vf/kdkjh ;kaP;krhy i=O;ogkjkpk mYys[k ledkyhu Ýspa kP;k fy[kk.kkr vkgsr-
egkjktkaps Ýspa k’kh Lusgkps laca/k gksrs vls fy[kk.kkr EgVys vkgs- bfrgkldkj Jh lqjsanzukFk lsu ;kauh
^QkWjsu ck;kWxzkQht vkWQ f’kokth* ;k iqLrdkP;k izLrkousr nksu ledkyhu Ýspa i=kapk mYys[k dsyk
vkgs- brj Ýspa lk/kukae/;s La Compagnie Indes Orientales‟ gk i=laxzg] MksfyZUlus fygysys
f’kopfj= ^ Histoire de Shivaji‟ gk xzFa k] vWc dWjs ;kpk ^Voyages Indes Orientales‟ gk xzFa k vkf.k
tslqbV fe’kuÚ;kapk ^La Mission Du Madure*gk i=laxzg ;kapk mYys[k f’kodkGkrhy ekfgrh
feGfo.;klkBh egRoiq.kZ Bjrks-
1-2-4- baxzth lk/kus
bZLV bafM;k daiuhP;k Hkkjrkr lqjr] eqca bZ] jktkiwj] dkjokj] enzkl] dydRrk b- fBdk.kh
o[kkjh gksR;k- LojkT;kPkk fopkj djrk lqjr] eqca bZ] jktkiwj] /kj.kxko] dkjokj] enzkl] gqcGh b- fczfV’k
o[kkjhapk ejkB;ka’kh laca/k vkyk- baxztkaP;k o[kkjh T;k izkarkr vlr] R;k izkarkrhy jktdh; o O;kikjh
?kMkeksMh R;k vkiY;k izeq[k o[kkjhyk o baXyMyk dGfor vlr- R;keqGs o[kkjhapk o`Rrkar o R;kaP;k
eaMGkP;k CkSBdhrhy Bjkokr ejkB;kaP;k gkypkyh] eksghek] jktdkj.k ;kfo‛k;h vR;ar eksykph ekfgrh
feGrs-yaMu] dYkdRrk] enzkl] eqcbZ b- fBdk.kP;k ljdkjh nIrj[kkU;kr daiuhP;k y{kko/kh
dkxni=krwu ejkB;ka’kh laca/khr dkxni=s feGrkr- bZLV baMh;k daiuhpk loZ i=O;ogkj ^QWDVjh jsdkWMZ*
Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- 1931 e/;s iq.ks ;sFkhy ^f’kopfj=* dk;kZy;kus f’kokth egkjktka’kh laca/khr
^English Records on Shivaji‟;k ukokus izdkf’kr dsys vkgsr- Hkkjr bfrgkl la’kks/kd eaMGkus
izdkf’kr dsysY;k ^f’kodkyhu i=lkj laxzg* e/;s bafXy’k jsdkWMZpk ejkBh vuqokn vkgs - f’kokth
egkjktkauh baxztkaoj vadw’k Bso.;klkBh baxzth o[kkjhgh yqVY;k gksR;k- R;k o[kkjhaP;k uqdlku
HkjikbZlkBh o lyks[;klkBh baxzt odhy egkjktkauk HksVY;kP;k uksna h vkgsr- 1672 e/;s lWE;qvy
vkWfLVu egkjktkauk HksVys gksrs- 1674 e/;s gsUjh vkWfD>aMus egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk‛ksd izlaxh jk;xMkoj
mifLFkr gksrk- ;kph QWDVjh jsdkWMZ e/;s uksna vkgs- R;kus jkT;kfHk‛ksdkps o.kZu jkstfu’khr d:u Bsoys
vkgs- gsUjh xkWx ;kaP;k i=kae/;s f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dukZVd Lokjhps mÌs’k o lSU;kckcr egRoiq.kZ uksna h
vkgsr-jkWcVZ vkeZ ;kus f’kodkyhu dkxni=kaP;k vk/kkjs fygysyk ^fgLVkWfjdy ÝsaXesaV* gk xzaFk
1783&84 izdkf’kr >kyk- ^n yaMu xW>sV* o`Rri=kr 1674 njE;kuP;k ejkB;kaP;k gkypkyhP;k
ckrE;k izfl/n >kY;k- baxzt o[kkjokY;kauh f’kokth jktkapk ^iqoZsdMhy ns’kkrhy vR;ar /kksj.kh jktk*
vlk mYys[k dsyk vkgs-

1-3 izok’kkaps o`rkar

Hkkjrkph laiUurk] le`/nrk] Kku o /keZ ;k xks‛Vhps ckg; txkyk usgehp vkd‛kZ.k jkfgys vkgs-
R;keqGs vusd fons’kh izok’kh osGksosGh Hkkjrkr vkys- osxosxG;k dkGkr osxosxG;k Hkkxkr gs izoklh
vkysys fnlrkr- R;kauh izokl o.kZu] jkstfu’kh o;sFks vkysys vuqHko bfrgkl xzaFkkrwu fygwu Bsoys- ;k
ijfd; izok’kkaP;k fy[kk.kkpk] ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkpk vH;kl dj.;klkBh mi;ksx gksrks- 1810e/;s

19
LdkWV osvfjax ;k baxzt bfrgkldkjkus baxzth izok’kkaps izokl o`rkar o brj ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjs ßejkB;kapk
bfrgklÞ izdkf’kr dsyk vkgs-
1½ tkWu ÝkW;j & 1672 rs 1681 ;k dkGkr bZLV bafM;k daiuhpk ltZu Eg.kwu Hkkjrkr
vkyk- R;kus eqca bZ jk;xM] tqUuj] dkjokj] xksok] xksd.kZ osaxqykZ] b- fBdk.kh HksVh fnY;k- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k jkT;fHk‛ksd izlaxh tkWu ÝkW;j jk;xMkoj mifLFkr gksrk- R;kuas fyfgysyk izokl o`rkar 1863
lkyh „Travels in India in the Seventeenth Century‟;k iqLrdkr izfl/n dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-
N=irh f’kokth egkjkt o laHkkth egkjkt ;kaP;k pfj=klkBh mi;qDr lanHkZ izokl o`rkar vk<Grkr-
ÝkW;jus okLrooknh ys[ku dsys- jktdh; o lkekftd ifjfLFkrh letwu ?ks.;klkBh rs egRokps vkgs-
2½ fudksyks euqph& gk bVkfy;u izoklh b-l- 1656 e/;s fganqLFkkukr vkyk- rks Hkkjrkr 65
o‛ksZ jkfgyk- rks nkjk] vkSjaxtsc] t;flax] ‘kgkvkye] iksrZqfxt o baxztkadMs uksdjhl jkfgyk- R;kus
Hkkjrkr ts vuqHkoys R;kpk o`rkar R;kus „Storia Do Mogor‟¼eksxykapk bfrgkl½ ;k ukokus Ýspa o
iksrZqfxt Hkk‛ksr fyfgyk- ;k xzFa kkps baxzth Hkk‛kkarj foY;e vk;foZu ;kus rj ^vls gksrs eksxy* gs ejkBh
Hkk‛kkarj Jh t- l- pkScG ;kauh dsys- rj egkjk‛Vª jkT; lkfgR; eaMGkus rs izdkf’kr dsys- ejkB;kaP;k
bfrgklkP;k lanHkkZr euqph ;kpk xzFa k vusd lanHkZ iqjforks- N=irh f’kokth egkjkt]N=irh laHkkth]
jktkjke egkjkt o egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kaP;k fo‛k;hph ekfgrh euqphus vkiY;k xzFa kkr fnY;k vkgsr -
3½MkW tkWu ckfIVLVk dWjsjh% gk bVkfy;u izoklh oS|d ‘kkL=K gksrk- R;kus LojkT; o yxrP;k
izns’kkr izokl dsyk- olbZ] ?kksMcanj] dkUgsjh] pkSy] nkHkksG] QksMa k] fpdksMh] eq/kksG] csGxko bR;knh
xkokauk HksVh fnY;k- R;kfBdk.kh vkYksys vuqHko R;kus fygwu Bsoys-
4½ vWcsdWjs& b-l- 1668 rs 1673 ;k dkGkr Eg.ktsp f’kodkGkr vWcsdWjs gk Ýspa izoklh
Hkkjrkr vkyk gksrk- lqjr] neu] pkSy] jktkiwj bR;knh fBdk.kh rks vkyk gksrk- R;kus fyfgysY;k
izoklo.kZukrwu f’kokth egkjkt o laHkkth egkjktkaph ekfgrh feGrs- R;kus f’kokth egkjktkaps o.kZu
„One of the Greatest men, the east has ever seen‟vls dsys vkgs- vWcsdWjsjhph ^,d fpdhRld
o ?kVukaP;k dkyiVkph vpwd ekfgrh vlysyk izoklh* v’kh [;krh vkgs-
5½ FkWosukWV &b- l- 1664 rs 1667 ;k dkGkr Hkkjrkrhy vkSjaxkckn] nkSyrkckn] os:G]
vftaBk] Hkkxkuxj] lqjr ;k fBdk.kkauk HksVh fnY;k- Ýspa izoklh vlwu R;kus izokl fo‛k;d uksna h dsY;k
vkgsr- R;kaP;k ys[kukpk vuqokn rhu Hkkxkr izdkf’kr >kyk- lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh letwu
?ks.;klkBh R;kps ys[ku egRokps vkgs- rks ‘kkfgLrs[kkukojhy Nkik o lqjr Lokjhph ekfgrh nsrks-
6½ ÝkWfUll ekfVZu& N=irh f’kokth egkjktkapk rks ledkfyu gksrk- 1664 rs 1694 ;k
dkGkr ekfVZu ePNyhiÍupk o[kkj izeq[k gksrk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ftath os<;kP;k osGh R;kus
vkiyk odhy jktkaP;k HksVhyk ikBfoyk gksrk- iq<s gk ekfVZu ifgyk Ýspa xOguZj cuyk-;k ÝkfUll
ekfVZuus jkstfu’kh fygyh vkgs- tnqukFk ljdkjkauh rh baxzthr Hkk‛kkarjhr dsyh vkgs- R;kP;k ys[kukr
ejkB;kaP;k dukZVdkrhy gkypkyh] f’kokth egkjktkaph dukZVd eksfge] jktkjke ftath os<k] f’kodkyhu
y‛dj] ?kksMnG] ik;nG] ftadysY;k izns’kkph egkjktkauh ykoysyh O;oLFkk gh ekfgrh jkstfu’khrwu
feGrs-

20
 7½dkWLes nh xknkZ& ;k iksrZqxht ys[kdkus 1695 e/;s rRdkfyu pyu O;oLFkk] uk.kh]
ejkB;kaps y‛djh la?kVu] lSU;kyk feG.kkjh okx.kwd] egkjk‛Vªkrhy jktk o iztk laca/k ;kfo‛k;h ekfgrh
fyfgyh vkgs-
8½ÝkfUll cfuZ;j%&b-l-1655 rs 1667 ;k dkyko/khr ÝkfUll cfuZ;j ;k Ýspa izok’kkus
vkiY;k izokl o.kZukr N=irh f’kokth egkjktkafo‛k;h ekfgrh fnyh vkgs- R;kP;k xzFa kkr R;kus lrh izFkk
txékFkkph ;k=k] /kkehZd vkpkj bR;knh laca/kh euksjatd ekfgrh fnyh- f’kopfj=krhy egRokP;k ?kVukaph
ekfgrh R;kus FkksMD;kr fnyh vkgs- vkSjaxtsckP;k laerhusp f’kokth egkjktkauh vkxzkgwu iyk;u dsY;kps
fo/kku cfuZ;j ;kus dsys vkgs-
9½ foY;e ukWfjl & baXyMP;k jktkus 1701 lkyh foY;e ukWfjl ;kyk daiuhlkBh O;kikjh
loyrh feGfo.;klkBh o feGfoysY;k loyrhP;k ijokU;kaP;k uqruhdj.kklkBh vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkdMs
ikBfoys gksrs- 1701 e/;s lqjryk vkY;kuarj vkSjaxkckn] ‘kgkxM] czEgiwjh] ehjt o iUgkGk vlk
izokl dsyk- iUgkG;kr ckn’kgkph HksV ?ksryh- uarj rks ek;ns’kh fu?kwu xsyk- R;kus vkiyk izokl o`rkar
fyfgyk vkgs- R;ke/;s ckn’kgkP;k Nko.;k] R;kaph laj{k.k O;oLFkk] ljnkjkaps gsosnkos] Hkz‛Vkpkj o
ejkB;kapk ijkØe ;kfo‛k;h ekfgrh fyfgysyh vkgs- ejkB;kaP;k Lokar«;;q/nkP;k n`‛Vhus R;kpk izokl
o`rkar egRokpk vkgs-
10½VWOgfuZ;j & b-l- 1642 rs 1666 ;k dkyko/khr VWªOgfuZ;j ;k Ýspa izok’kkus o fgjs
O;kikÚ;kus HkkjrHkj nqHkk‛;klg izokl dsyk- R;kps fufj{k.k lq{e gksrs- R;kus vkiys vuqHko fygwu
Bsoys- ‘kkfgLrs[kkukP;k pkd.kP;k os<;kosGh rks ‘kkfgLrs[kkukdMs xsyk- rsFks jkfgykgh gksrk-
VWªOgfuZ;jP;k ys[kukrwu pyukps ewY;] otuekis] O;kikjh ekxZ] okgrwd lk/kus ;kph ekfgrh vkyh vkgs-

11½ brj izoklh &;kf’kok; fiVj MsykW] tkWu vkWfOgXVu] FkkWel ckWcjh] vkWfOgXVu] tkWu ek’kZy
;klkj[ks izoklh Hkkjrkr vkys gksrs- o R;kauh ejkB;kafo‛k;h FkksMsQkj fy[kku dsysys vkgs-
f’kodkGkP;k vH;klklkBh ojhy izok’kkauh fyfgysys o`rkar mi;qDr Bjrkr- ;krhy lkekftd]
HkSkxksfyd o brj ekfgrh Dofprp brj= lkiMrs- ;k izok’kkaP;k fy[kk.kkr vkReizkS<h o Lor% cÌy
Qkthy vkRefo’okl fnlrks- izR;sd xks‛Vhoj fVdk iqoZxgz nqf‛kr o`Rrh] ikSokZR; laLÑrhrhy pkyhfjrh
cÌy migkl izo`Rrh fnlwu ;srs- ijarw okLrfodrk] fulxZjpuk] HkkSxksfyd jpuk] Ik’kqi{kh] ouLirh]
taxys ;kaph ekfgrh egRoiq.kZ vkgs- otu] ekis] pyu i/nrh ;k fo‛k;h okLro ekfgrh feGrs-
LkjkoklkBh iz’u
[kkyhy iz’ukaph mRrjs 400 ‘kCnkr fygk-
1½ ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy ejkBh lk/kukaph ekfgrh lfoLrj fygk-
2½ ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy laLÑr lk/kukaph lfoLrj ekfgrh fygk-
3½ ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy Qkjlh lk/kukaph lfoLrj ekfgrh fygk-
4½ ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkph ekfgrh lkax.kkÚ;k ijdh; lk/kukaps eqY;ekiu djk-

21
 5½ ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkph ekfgrh lkax.kkÚ;k ijdh; izok’kkaps o`Rrkar Li‛V djk-
fVikfygk-
1½ ^vuqijq k.k* o ^f’koHkkjr* gh laLÑr lk/kus -
2½ Ck[kj Eg.kts dk;\
3½ f’kodkyhu c[kj
4½ ‘kdkoyh Eg.kts dk;\
5½ ‘kdkoY;kaps bfrgklkrhy egRo
6½ vkKki=-
7½ iksrZqxht lk/kus
8½ iksokMs o esLrds
9½ ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy Ýsap lk/kus
10½ ijdh; izoklh tkWu ÝkW;j
vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds

1- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] [kjs x- g- (laik-)] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM 1-

2- dqyd.khZ v- jk- (laik-)] ts/ks ’kdkoyh & dfjuk-
3- esganGs xtkuu HkkLdj] Jh jktk f’koN=irh Hkkx 1-
4- ljnslkbZ xksfoan l[kkjke] ejkBh fj;klr [kaM 1-
5- Kulkarni A R, Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji,
6- Sarkar Jadunath , House of Shivaji

bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky

22
 izdj.k 2
N=irh f’kokth o f’kodkGkrhy ladYiukapk vH;kl
2-1 HkDrh
2-2 oru
2-3 ljatke
2-4 eulc
2-5 tgkxhj
2-6 ftf>;k
2-7 xfueh dkok ;q/nra=
2-8 egkjk‛Vª /keZ
2-9 f’kysnkj
2-10 LojkT;
2-11 pkSFk
2-12 buke
2-13 ckjxhj
2-14 ljns’keq[kh

izLrkouk
dks.kR;kgh fo‛k;kpk lkdY;kus vH;kl djko;kpk vlsy rj R;k fo‛k;k’kh lacaf/kr ladYiuk
letwu ?ksrY;k ikfgtsr- bfrgklkpk vH;kl djrkuklq/nk bfrgklk’kh fuxMhr ladYiukapk vH;kl
djkok ykxrks- ,sfrgkfld ladYiuk ekfgrh d#u ?ksrkuk gs y{kkr Bsoys ikfgts dh ;k ladYiuk
dkGkuqlkj cnyY;k vkgsr- dkgh ladYiuk ;k R;k dkGk’khp fuxMhr vlrkr- Eg.kwup bfrgklk’kh
fuxMhr v’kk ladYiukapk vH;kl djrkuk R;k dkGkpk fopkj d#up vkf.k R;k dkGkrhy R;kaps
egRo y{kkr ?ksÅup vH;kl djkok ykxrks- ;k izdj.kkr f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dky[kaMkrhy
ladYiukapk vFkZ vkf.k R;kaP;k R;k dkGk’kh vl.kkjk lanHkZ ;kph ekfgrh ?ks.kkj vkgksr- bfrgkl tlk
vusd ?kVdka’kh fuxMhr vlrks r’kkp ;k ladYiukgh vusd ?kVdka’kh fuxMhr vkgsr- R;k vkfFkZd]
lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktdh; vkf.k iz’kkldh; lanHkkZrhy vkgsr- egkjk‛Vª /keZ] LojkT;] xfueh dkok ;k
[kkl f’kodkykps oSf’k‛V~; vl.kkÚ;k ladYiuk ekurk ;srhy- ;k ladYiuk letkowu ?ksrY;kl
vki.kkl vf/kd lkdY;kus f’kodkGkpk vH;kl djrk ;sbZy- ;k ladYiuk vkiY;kyk rRdkyhu

23
bfrgkl let.;klkBh enr djrkr- ;krhy dkgh ladYiuk ;k R;k dkGkcjkscj laiq‛Vkr vkY;k vkgsr
rj dkghaps vFkZ dkGkuq#i cnyys vkgsr- f’kodkGkr dkgh ladYiukaps lanHkZ lrr ;srkr R;k
ladYiukaph ekfgrh R;k dkGkP;k vuq‛kaxkus ?ksryh ikfgts-
2-1 HkDrh
e/;;qxhu dkGkrhy fganw /kekZr HkDrhyk [kwi egRo gksrs- HkDrh Eg.kts dk; rj HkDrhcÌy
vls EgVys tkrs dh] HkDrhpk mxe izsekr gksrks- frph ok< izsekr gksrs o frps Ik;Zolugh izsekrp gksrs-
gs izse ykSfdd ulwu vykSfdd vkgs- ijes’ojk cÌyps izse Eg.kts HkDrh- ijes’ojkrhy izsekpk HkDrh
Eg.kts mRLQwrZ o‛kkZo vkgs- ijes’ojk’kh ,d#irk] vkRE;kpk ijekRE;k’kh la;ksx gs HkDrhps mÌh‛V~;
vkgs- HkDrh pGoG gh e/;;qxhu HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy ,d vfr’k; egRoiw.kZ vkf.k O;kid v’kh
/keZfo‛k;d pGoG gksrh ftus ijes’ojkfo‛k;hP;k HkDrhyk vuU; lk/kkj.k egRo fnys- loZ ek.kls
bZ’ojkph ysdjs vkgsr- R;kauh ,desdka’kh izsekus okxkos v’kh f’kdo.k ns.kkjs o tkrikr u ekurk lokZauk
lekursus okxo.kkjh v’kh HkDrh pGoG gksrh-
1½ egkjk‛Vªkrhy HkDrh pGoG
Ekgkjk‛Vªkr fofo/k /kkfeZd laiznk; gksrs- ;kr ‘kSo Eg.kts ‘kadjkph HkDrh dj.kkjs vkf.k oS‛.ko
Eg.kts fo‛.kqph HkDrh dj.kkjs gs nksu eq[; laiznk; gksrs- ;k O;frfjDr HkDrh ekxkZpk izlkkj dj.kkjs
vusd laiznk; gksrs- ;k laiznk;kauh loZlkekU; yksdkae/;s HkDrh ekxkZpk izlkj tk.khoiwoZd dsyk Eg.kwu
;kyk HkDrh pGoG vls Eg.krkr- egkjk‛Vªkrhy HkDrh laiznk;kph lq#okr ;knodkGkr >kyh-
egkjk‛Vªkrhy ikp HkDrh laiznk; egRRokps vkgsr- ukFk laiznk;] egkuqHkko iaFk] okjdjh laiznk;] nRr
laiznk; vkf.k leFkZ laiznk; gs ikp laiznk; HkDrh ekxkZpk voyac d#u lektkr ‘kkarrk] ,dkRerk
fuekZ.k dj.kkjs Bjys-
I½ ukFk laiznk;
ukFk laiznk; gk ‘kSo HkDrhpk izlkj dj.kkjk laiznk; vkgs- ukFk laiznk;krgh fl/n~ekxZ] vo/kwr
ekxZ] ;ksxekxZ voyac.kkjs iaFk vkgsr- ukFk laiznk;kr efPNanzukFk] xksj[kukFk] pisVhukFk] ukxktqZu gs
egRokps ukFk gksÅu xsys-
II½ egkuqHkko iaFk
egkuqHkko iaFkkph lq#okr pdz/kjLokehaP;k izsj.ksus >kyh- ^lw=ikB* ;k xzFa kkr egkuqHkko iaFkkph
rhu rRos lkafxryh vkgsr- Kku vkf.k HkDrh ;kapk izlkj dj.kkjk iaFk egkjk‛Vª] xqtjkr o iatkce/;sgh
iljysyk fnlrks-
III½ okjdjh laiznk;
egkjk‛Vªkrhy egRRokpk] loZlekos’kd o loZlkekU;ki;Zar iksgkspysyk HkDrh lainz k; Eg.kts
okjdjh iaFk- okjdÚ;kae/;s foB~BykP;k HkDrhyk egRo vlwu tkrikr] mPpuhprsis{kk ekuorsyk egRo
fnys vkgs- okjdjh iaFkke/;s Kkus’oj] ,dukFk] ukenso] pks[kkesGk] ujgjh lksukj] lkorkekGh] xksjk
dqaHkkj] rqdkjke ;kaps eksBs ;ksxnku vkgs- ;k lokZauh loZlkekU;kauk HkDrhpk ekxZ nk[kfoyk vkf.k
lektkr ,dftulhi.kk vk.k.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk-
IV½ nRr laiznk;

24
 nRrkph mikluk dj.kkjk laiznk; Eg.kts nRr laiznk;- nRr laiznk;klkBh xq#pfj= gk egRRokpk
o ifo= xzFa k vkgs- u`flag ljLorh ;kaP;k izsj.kus nRr laiznk;kpk izlkj >kyk- nRr laiznk; gk lukruh
fopkjlj.kh eku.kkjk vkgs-
V½ leFkZ laiznk;
Jhjkekph mikluk dj.kkjk laiznk; Eg.kts leFkZ laiznk;- leFkZ jkenkl Lokehauh Lo/kekZph egrh
iVowu fnyh- ;k laiznk;kpk vuq;k;kauk jkenklh vls Eg.rkr- ^nklcks/k* ;k leFkZ jkenkl ;kauh
fyfgysY;k xaFz kkr leFkZ lizank;kph rRos lkafxryh vkgsr- dksnaM/kkjh jkekph mikluk d#u dekZyk izjs .kk
ns.kkjk gk laiznk; vkgs- f’kodkGkr LFkkiu >kysY;k ;k laiznk;kus egkjk‛Vª /kekZP;k ladYiusyk ikfBack
nsÅu gkrHkkj ykoyk-
2½ HkDrh pGoGhps ewY;ekiu
HkDrh pGoGhus loZlkekU; yksdkauk vkiY;krhy lqIr ‘kDrhaph o Hkkoukaph tk.kho d#u
fnyh- ijkHkwri.kkph o`Rrh ukgh’kh d#u izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhyk d.k[kji.ks rksaM ns.;kph o`Rrh fuekZ.k
dsyh- var%dj.k ‘kq/nh] drZO;fu‛Bk] Hkwrn;k] /keZ’khyrk] ijksidkj ;k nSoh xq.kkaph tksikluk dsyh-
foosd] lnkpkj] uhfreRrk ok<oyh- euq‛;kpk eksBsi.kk gk R;kP;k lkekftd izfr‛Bsoj Bjr ulwu
R;kP;k oS;fDrd pkfj= ;koj Bjrks gh xks‛V lekteukoj fcacoyh- HkDrh pGoG gh /kkfeZdrscjkscjp
lektlq/kkj.ksph ewY;s #to.kkjh Bjyh- ,ds’ojoknkpk iqjLdkj d#u ca/kqHkkokyk pkyuk fnyh- HkDrh
ekxkZrhy larkauh izknsf’kd Hkk‛kse/;s HkDrhps] ukeLej.kkps] ijes’ojkps egRo lkax.kkjs okM~e; fyfgys-
R;keqGs R;kaps fopkj loZlkekU;kai;Zar vxnh rGkxkGkrhy yksdkai;Zar iksgkspys- ;k fufeRrkus larkauh
/keZKkukph nkjs lokZalkBh [kqyh dsyh- HkDrh ekxkZus tkfrikrhph ca/kus f’kfFky dsyh- eks{k feGfo.;kpk
lokZar lksik o lokZalkBh miyC/k ekxZ Eg.kts HkDrh ekxZ vkgs vls lkaxwu eks{k feGfo.;kpk vf/kdkj
HkDrhekxkZ}kjs dks.kkykgh vkgs gs lokZauk iVowu fnys- mnkRr fopkj vkf.k ‘kq/n vkpj.k ;koj larkauh Hkj
fnyk- Hkkjrh; lektkr th /kekZyk Xykuh vkysyh gksrh rh nwj d#u loZlkekU;kauk izsj.kk fnyh-
yksdkae/;s la?kVu ok<wu jktdh; bPNk’kDrhph fufeZrh >kkyh- gh bPNk’kDrh LojkT; LFkkiusP;k osGh o
LojkT; j{k.kklkBh f’kokth egkjktkauk osGksosGh mi;ksxh iMysyh fnlrs-
2-2 oru
,[kk|kpk ns’k fdaok jkg.;kph tkxk vlk ^oru* ;k ‘kCnkpk ewG vFkZ gksrks- ;k ‘kCnkpk okij
egkjk‛Vªkr tsOgkiklwu eqfLye vaey lq# >kyk rsOgkiklwu lq# >kyk- ejkBh eqy[kkr oru ;k ‘kCnkPkk
vFkZ ^^lektkyk #tww dsysY;k lsoscÌy ,[kkn~;kyk fnysyh djekQ fdaok ukeek= dj ns.kkjh tehu
fdaok tehu dkgh gDd o vokarj izkIrh** vlk loZlk/kkj.ki.ks gksr vls- nk’ru~ ;k Qkj’kh ‘kCnkpk
vFkZ /kkj.k dj.ks fdaok rkC;kr vl.ks- Eg.ktsp ekyd vl.ks- oru /kkj.k dj.kkjk fdaok ;k orukpk
ekyd vl.kkjk rks orunkj fdaok v’kk orukpk miHkksx ?ks.kkjk v’kk vf/kdkÚ;kyk orunkj EgVys tkr
vls-oru Eg.kts oa’kijaijkxr ‘kk’or miHkksxko;kph lRrk gksrh- tksi;Zar ,[kknk orunkj xkokps dke
ikgr vls rksi;Zar R;kyk feGkysyh tehu gh orunkjkdMsp jkgr vls- orunkjkps ikyuiks‛k.k
xkokdMwu gksr gksrs- xkodÚ;kadMwu orunkjkyk oLrq vkf.k jks[kLo:ikr fuf’pr mRiUu feGr vls- ;k
oLrw vFkok jDde fuf’pr dsysyh gksrh- vkf.k frph olwyh orunkj dk;ns’khjfjR;k dfjr gksrs- v’kk
dk;ns’khj gDdkauk gDdyftek EgVys tkr gksrs-
egkjk"Vªkrhy xzkelaLFkse/;s orunkj gk egRokpk oxZ gksrk- orunkjhph i/nr iwoZijaijsus vkysyh
fnlrs- orunkjh gh R;kosGh egRokph o izfr‛Bsph gksrh- O;kikj o m|ksx/kan;kis{kk pfjrkFkkZlkBh
orunkjh egRokph gksrh- xzkelaLFksps orunkjkdMs lkjk olwyh] ’ksrhpk fodkl] xkokps laj{k.k] lqO;oLFkk
25
jk[k.ks] U;k;nku v’kh egRRokph dkes gksrh- [ksMsxkokr ikVhy] dqyd.khZ] egkj] pkSxqyk] pkS/kjh]
jkeks’kh] ns’keq[k] ns’kikaMs] ’ksVs] egktu] fejklnkj] cyqrns kj] vywrsnkj]mijh ;kapk lekos’k gksrk-
Eg.ktsp xkoxkM;krhy izR;sdkyk dkgh uk dkgh dke gksrs vkf.k R;kpk ekscnyk vFkok gDdyftek
gksrk- Qjd brdkp dh orunkjkaps gDdyftes eksBs gksrs- o R;akuk xkokr izfr‛Bkgh vf/kd gksrh- rj
brjkauk gDdgh deh o izfr‛Bkgh deh ;k orunkjkaph dkes R;kauk vl.kkjs vf/kdkj R;kauk feG.kkjs
gDdyftes ;kaph lfoLrj ekfgrh f’kodkGkrhy lektO;oLFksr vk<Gwu ;srs-
f’kodkykiwohZ xzkeO;oLFksr orunkjkauk oa’kijaijsus orus fnyh gksrh- [ksM;krhy lekt o
vFkZO;oLFkspk rs vfoHkkT; Hkkx gksrs- ;kiSdh nslkbZ] ns’kdqyd.khZ] ns’kikaMs gs eksBs orunkj gksrs- ;k loZ
orunkjkaph orus lkjkeqDr gksrh- fdaok ukeek= lkjk |kok ykxr gksrk- ;k orunkjkauh vkiY;k gDdkpk
mi;ksx j;rsoj tqywe dj.;klkBh dsysyk dkgh osGy s k fnlwu ;srks- gs orunkj iS’kkP;k o vf/kdkjkP;k
cGkoj lkeF;Z’kkyh >kysys gksrs- R;kaP;k xkokps rs t.kw dkgh jkts gksrs- ;kp lkeF;kZP;k tksjkoj rs
dkgh osGy s k dsafnz; lRrsyk lq/nk ‘kg nsr vlr- R;kaP;k toG vl.kkjs lSU; R;kaph xkokrhy
lkekftd izfr‛Bk jktkpk R;kapkoj vl.kkjk fo’okl vkf.k R;kaP;kdMhy laiRrh ;keqGs rs dks.kkphgh
ijok dfjr ulr- gsp orunkj e/;dkGkr ljnkj cuys gksrs- vkf.k Lora=i.ks okxr gksrs- f’kodkGkrgh
vls orunkj] ljnkj gksrs] T;kauk Lora=i.ks jkgk;ps gksrs- ;ke/;s tqUujps gkaM]s iq.;kps f’krksGs]
f’kokiwjps dksMa ]s vackM;kps [kksiMs] okbZps filkG] tkoGhps eksjs] c/kikpsxkops /kkjxs] QyV.kps
fuackGdj] ;kf’kok; ekus] tk/ko] ?kksjiMsa] txnkGs] gsgh orunkjkaps ljnkj >kys gksrs vkf.k Lora= jkgw
bfPNr gksrs- ;kiSdh cÚ;kp orunkjkauh f’kokth egkjktkauk LojkT; LFkkiusP;k osGh fojks/k dsyk gksrk-
R;kapk fojks/k f’kokth egkjktkauh d/kh lkeatL;kus rj d/kh cGkpk okij d:u eksMwu dk<yk- ;klkBh
f’kokth egkjktkauh iz’kklukph vk[k.kh v’kh dsyh dh R;keqGs orunkjkaps iz’kkldh; vf/kdkj deh
>kys- f’kokth egkjktkauh iwohZph pkyr vkysyh orus can dsyh ukghr vFkok dk<wugh ?ksryh ukghr
i.k uO;kus orus ns.ks can dsys- orunkjkauk lkeatL;kauh cksywu R;kauk jks[k jDde nsÅu dkgh
orunkjkaph orus can dsyh] gs orunkj eksB;k x<;k cka/kwu jkgr vkf.k jktkafo:/n caM djhr Eg.kwu
f’kokth egkjktkauh dkgh orunkjkaP;k x<;k ikMwu VkdY;k- orunkjkadMs vl.kkÚ;k lSU;kP;k cGkoj
R;kapk xkodÚ;kaoj opd vls vkf.k rs dkgh osGsyk dsafnz; lRrsyklq/nk ‘kg nsr vlr- Eg.kwup
orunkjkaps lSU; deh >kys- orunkjkadMs vl.kkÚ;k cÚ;kp’kk tehuhaoj ‘ksrlkjk ekQ vls- f’kokth
egkjktkauh gs /kksj.k cnywu oru tehuhaojgh lkjk olwyhps /kksj.k voyafcys- ,o<sp uOgs rj vU;
vf/kdkÚ;kaiez k.ks orunkjkapk tek[kpZ rikl.;kl lq:okr dsyh-
vkKki=kpk vH;kl dsY;kl f’kokth egkjktkaps orunkjkacÌyps /kksj.k Li‛V gksrs- ;ke/;s
eq[;r% f’kokth egkjkt Eg.krkr] izpfyr orus pkyw Bsokohr] ijarq orunkjkapk j;rsojhy gDd dk<wu
?;kok- ;kr j;rsphgh dkGth dsysyh fnlrs- uwru o`Rrh nsÅ u;s ;k /kksj.kkyk vuql:u f’kokth
jktkauh vioknkRed mnkgj.ks oxGrk uohu orus fnyh ukghr- myV ijaijkxr orukauk laj{k.k u nsrk
orunkjkaps jktdh; o lkekftd opZLo deh dsysys fnlwu ;srs-
2-3 ljatke
ljdkjh uksdjkauk rs ctkor vlysY;k lsosP;k ekscnY;kr fnysY;k tehuhapk lekos’k
ljatkeke/;s gksrks- jktk jkT;kP;k fnysY;k y‛djh lsospk ekscnyk v’kk izdkjs tfeuhP;k Lo:ikr nsr
vls- loZ tfeuhapk ekyd jktkp vls- izeq[k ljatkenkj R;kaP;k rkC;krhy tfeuhapk dkgh Hkkx
dqGkauk i.k nsr vlr- dqG ;k tfeuh HkqnklkaekQZr dlr vlr- lokZar [kkyP;k LFkkukoj Hkqnkl
vlr vkf.k R;kauk dks.krsgh vf/kdkj uOgrs- ljatkenkjkauk fnY;k tk.kkÚ;k tfeuh nksu izdkjP;k
26
lsokalkBh fnY;k tkr- ,d Eg.kts y‛djh lsok vkf.k nqljh Eg.kts eglwyh olwyhph dk;Zlsok- ;k
vuq‛kaxkus ljatke ‘kkghps nksu izdkj gksrs-
1½ ljatke’kkghps izdkj
ljatke’kkghps jktdh; vkf.k vkfFkZd vls nksu eq[; izdkj gksrs-
I½ jktdh; %& ljatkekauk tfeuh nsÅu R;k ekscnY;kr ljatkenkjkauk jktdh; vFkok ljdkjh
tckcnkÚ;k ikj ikMkO;k ykxr vlr- ;k izdkjps ljatke eq[; iz/kku] lsukirh] U;k;k/kh’k] v’kk
njckjkrhy eksB;k gq|kojhy vf/kdkÚ;kauk feGr vlr- R;kaP;k ljdkjh dkekP;k ekscnY;kr R;kauk
gtkjks :i;s mRiUu vlysY;k tfeuh ljatke Eg.kwu fnY;k tkr vlr- ;k tfeuhaojhy feG.kkjk
eglwy gkp R;kapk ixkj gksrk-
II½ vkfFkZd %& ts ljdkjh vf/kdkjh vkfFkZd tckcnkÚ;ka’kh fuxMhr lsok nsr vlr R;kauk R;kaP;k
ixkjkiksVh ljatke fnys tkr- ;k ljatke’kkghrhy dqG ljatkenkjkyk jks[k vFkok oLrwaP;k Lo:ikr
ekscnyk nsr vlr-
III½ y‛djh ljatke %& tj jktkus fnysY;k tfeuhps mRiUu lSU; mHkkj.khlkBh vFkok lSU;kaP;k
jk[k.khlkBh fnY;k vlrhy rj R;kauk y‛djh ljatke Eg.kr vlr- ;ke/;s nksu izdkj gksrs- ^QkSt
ljatke* vkf.k ^tkr ljatke* lSU; ckGx.;klkBh fdaok fdY;kP;k j{k.kklkBh fnysY;k tfeuhyk QkSt
ljatke Eg.kr vlr- ,[kk|k ?kjk.;kyk izfr‛BslkBh tfeu fnyh rj R;kyk tkr ljatke Eg.kr vlr-
ljatkenkj y‛dj mHkk:u rs jk[kr vlr- ;k lSU;kph jktkyk enr gksr vls- y‛djh enrhcjkscjp
ljatkenkj vkikiY;k izns’kkrhy eqydh dkjHkkjgh ikgr vlr- ;kiSdh dkgh ljatkenkj ,dkp osGh
nksu vFkok frUgh izdkjkrhy dkesgh djhr vlr-
ljatkenkjhps nks‛k
f’kokth egkjktkauh ljatkenkjh can dsyh- dkj.k y‛djkr ljatke’kkghpk Lohdkj dsyk rj
R;kps dk; ifj.kke gksrhy gs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k y{kkr vkys gksrs- dkGkcjkscj ljatke vkG’kh o
pSuh gksrkr] lSU;koj R;kapkp gqdwe pkyrks vkf.k jkT;koj ladV vkys rj] ,suosGh rs jktkP;k enrhyk
/kkowu ;srhy ;kph dkgh [kk=h ulrs- d/kh d/kh rs jktkP;k fo:/n gh tkrkr- ljatkenkj o R;kaps
okjlnkj drZO;’kwU; o drZcxkjghu cuw ykxrkr- vkf.k j;rsoj vR;kpkjgh d: ykxrkr gh
ljatke’kkghph okbZV oSf’k‛V;s gksrh- Eg.kwu f’kokth egkjktkauh ljatke’kkgh i/nrhpk iw.kZi.ks R;kx dsyk
gksrk-
laHkkth egkjktkaP;k nqnsZoh e`R;wuarj jkT;kP;k j{k.kklkBh jktkjke egkjktkauh ljatke ns.;kps
/kksj.k Lohdkjys- ‘kkgw egkjktkauhgh ts iq<s pkyw Bsoys- ljatke’kghph dkgh oSf’k‛V~;s iq<hyizek.ks
vk<Grkr-
ljatkenkjhph oSf’k‛V~;s %
1- Tkkrh vk/kkjhr ljatke
Tkkrh vk/kkjhr ljatke gs eq[;r% mPpo.khZ; tkrhrhy yksdkaukp feGr vlr Eg.kts
mPpo.khZ; yksd gs ljatkenkj cuys rj [kkyP;k oxkZrhy yksd dsoG d‛Vdjh o Hkwnkl cuys-
2- dqG o Hkwnklkaps ‘kks‛k.k
ljatkenkjh i/nr gh Js.khc/n i/nr gksrh- ;krhy mrjaMhe/;s lokZr [kkyP;k Lrjkoj vl.kkÚ;k xjhc
dqGkaps o Hkwnklkps vkfFkZd ‘kks‛k.k gksr gksrs-
3- ljatkenkjkadMs lRrk

27
 ljatke gs ea=h] lsukirh] U;k;k/kh’k v’kk njkckjkrhy mPp vf/kdkÚ;kdMs gksrs- rlsp eksBeksBs
vf/kdkjh ljatkenkj gksrs- gs ljatkenkj y‛djh] jktdh; o vkfFkZdn`‛V~;k lcG >kys o vizR;{kfjR;k
lRrk miHkksxw ykxys-
4- N=irhaps vf/kdkj
ljatkekph fu;qDrh dj.;kps vf/kdkj N=irhadMs gksrs- rlsp fnysY;k ljatkeake/;s cny dj.ks]
ljatkenkjkus voKk dsY;kl ljatkekph tIrh dj.ks] ljatkekcn~ny dkgh okn fuekZ.k >kY;kl
ljatkekph okV.kh dj.ks ;kps vf/kdkj N=irhadMs gksrs-
5- Oka’k ijaijsps rRo
ljatkenkj i/nrhe/;s oa’kijaijkxr ljatke ns.;kph i/nr fLodk#u oa’kijaijsps rRo
Lohdkj.;kr vkys-

2-4- eulc
eulc gk ewGpk vjch ‘kCn vkgs- eulc pk vFkZ LFkku fdaok gqn~nk vlk gksrks- eq?ky dkGkr
jkT;krh ukxjh fdaok y‛djh uksdjkaP;k gq|kps] izfr‛Bsps eksteki eulcho#u gksr gksrs- eulc /kkj.k
dj.kkjk fdaok T;kP;kdMs eulc vkgs v’kk vf/kdkÚ;kyk eulcnkj vls Eg.kr- ewGph gh ladYiuk
if’kZ;u vkgs- Hkkjrke/;s eq?ky dky[kaMkr o fo’ks‛kr% vdcjkP;k dkGkr eulcnkjh i/nr loZ O;kid
dsyh- eulcnkjkpk gq|k] R;kps njckjkrhy LFkku] jktnjckjkrhy R;kps dk;Z gs loZ fuf’pr dsysys
gksr- FkksMD;kr eulcnkj Eg.kts ‘kkgh lsusrhy mPpin xzg.k dj.kkjk vf/kdkjh oxZ - eulcnkjh
i/nrhe/;s eqydh vkf.k y‛djh lsok ;ke/;s Qjd dsyk tkr uOgrk-
1- eulcnkj i/nrhpk vk<kok
1- eulcnkjkpk ntkZ
eulc 10 iklwu 10 gtkjki;Zar fnyh tkr gksrh- ;k la[;suqlkj eulcnkjkpk ntkZ Bjr gksrk-
2- eulcnkjkps osru
eulcnkjkauk o‛kkZps osru fnys tkr gksrs- gs osru R;kP;k eulchP;k Eg.kts fdrh lSU; vkgs
;kP;kuqlkj Bjfoys tkr gksrs-
3- eulcnkjkpk [kpZ
jktkdMwu feGkysY;k osrukrwu eulcnkj lSU;kpk ixkj o lSU;O;oLFkspk brj [kpZ djhr vls- i.k
gk [kpZ d#ugh eksBh jDde f’kYyd jkgr vls-
4- ;q/nkpsosGh enr
jktkyk ;q/n dj.;kps osGh eulcnkjkadMhy lSU; miyC/k gksr gksrs- jktkus izR;{k lSU; u ckGxrk
eksBs lSU; ;k i/nrheqGs miyC/k gksr gksrs- vdcjkP;k dkGkr vls lqekjs rhu yk[kkis{kk vf/kd lSU;
miyC/k gksrs-
5- eqydh o y‛djh lsok
izR;sd eulcnkjkyk lSU; ckGxwu ;q/nkps osGh rs miyC/k d#u |kos ykxr- njckjkr lokZauk
eulc fnyh tkr gksrh- U;k;k/kh’k oxGrk lokZauk ;q/nkoj tkos ykxr gksrs-
6- oa’kijaijk ukgh
eulcnkjh gh R;k O;Drhph ;ksX;rk ikgwup fnyh tkr vls- oa’kijaijkxr eulcnkjh ns.;kph
i/nr uOgrh- R;keqGs oMhy o eqyxk nks?ksgh eulcnkj vlw ‘kdr fdaok nks?kkaid S h ,dt.k gh
eulcnkj vls-
28
 7- pSuh o foyklh eulcnkj
eulcnkjkdMs lSU;klkBh [kpZ d#ugh eksBh jDde f’kYyd jkgr gksrh- f’kok; eulcnkjh oa’kijaijkxr
ulY;kus gh f’kYyd jDde ljdkj tek gksr vls- Eg.kwu gh jDde [kpZ dj.;kdMs eulcnkjkapk
dy jkgr vls- R;keqGs eulcnkj pSuh o foyklh cuys gksrs-
8- lSU;kph fu‛Bk
lSU;kP;k fu‛Bk jktkizrh u jkgrk eulcnkjklkBh jkgr vlr gk eksBk nq‛ifj.kke eulcnkjh
i/nrhpk gksrk-
9- eq?kykapk lkezkT;foLrkj
eulcnkjh i/nrheqGs eq?kykaP;k lkezkT;foLrkjkyk eksBkp gkrHkkj ykxyk-
f’kodkyhu eulcnkjh
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k tUekiwohZ vusd ‘kwj ejkBk ?kjk.kh mn;kyk vkyh gksrh- R;kaP;k ‘kwjRokpk]
ijkdzekpk mi;ksx ;sFkhy eqfLye lRrkauk gksr gksrk- eulcnkjh feG.ks gh R;kaP;klkBh vfHkekukph xks‛V
gksrh- ;krp gs ljnkj /kU;rk eku gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaps vktksck ekyksthjkts gs futke’kkghrhy
eulcnkj gksrs vkf.k vki.k ckn’kkgh eulcnkj vkgksr ;kpk R;kauk vfHkekugh gksrk- gk vfHkeku
rRdkyhu dkxni=karwu fnlrks- y[kqth tk/ko ;kaP;k [kqukuarj ‘kgkth jktsua k ikp gtkjh eulc
feGkyh] i.k ‘kgkth jkts ;ke/;s lek/kkuh uOgrs- FkksMD;kr f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGki;Zar eulcnkjh
gksrh i.k ejkBs’kkghr eulcnkjh uOgrh- ejkBs’kkghP;k dkGkrgh vusd ejkBk ljnkj eqfLye
ckn’kgkadMs eulcnkj Eg.kwu pkdjh djhr gksrs- iqjanjP;k rgkpsosGh f’kokth egkjktkadMs eq?kykauh T;k
ekx.;k ekaMY;k R;ke/;s eulcnkjh Lohdkj.;kph ,d ekx.kh gksrh i.k f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%
eulcnkjh Lohdkjyh ukgh- dkj.k ckn’kgkph eulcnkjh Eg.kts R;kph pkdjh f’kokth egkjktkauk ekU;
uOgrh- i.k R;kauh laHkkth jktsua k iapgtkjh eulcnkjh Lohdkj.;kl ekU;rk fnyh gksrh- ;kp
eulcnkjhP;k vuq‛kaxkus R;kauk laHkkth jktslg vkXkzk ;sFks HksV |koh ykxyh- vFkkZr vkxzk HksVhph vusd
dkj.ks gksrh- gs R;ke/khy ,d dkj.k gksrs-
2-5 tgkxhj
tgkxhj Eg.kts ,d Bjkohd tfeuhpk Hkkx- vkiY;k drZcxkj ljnkjkauk jkT;kP;k lsospk
ekscnyk Eg.kwu gk tfeuhpk Hkkx fdaok izns’k fnyk tkr vls- jkT;kP;k iz’kkldh; xjtsrwu gh i/nrh
fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh- ljnkjkyk fnysyk izns’k Eg.kts tgkfxjh vf.k gh tgkxhj /kkj.k dj.kkjk rks
tgkfxjnkj- ;k izns’kkrhy eglwy tgkxhjnkjkauk feGr vls vkf.k ;k ekscnY;kr rs jkT;kph y‛djh o
eqydh dkefxjh ikj ikMr vlr- gh tgkxhj nsrkuk ‘kD;rks ,dkp fBdk.kph fnyh tkr vls- laiw.kZ
[ksMs fdaok [ksM;kpk dkgh Hkkx fof’k‛V dj] iV~Vh oxSjs tgkxhj Eg.kwu fnY;k tkr vlr- vkiY;k
okV.khpk eglwy] dj] iV~V;k ;kaps mRiUu xksGk dj.;kph O;oLFkk tgkxhjnkjkyk Lor%ykp djkoh
ykxr gksrh- dkGkP;k vks?kkr vlk ekydh gDd vl.kkjk ,d oxZp r;kj >kyk- ygkueksB~;k
tgkfxjnkjkauh vkiY;k Lor%P;k tgkfxjh tfeuhaoj opZLo fuekZ.k dsys- ;k tgkfxjhaP;k j{k.kklkBh
Lor%ps lSU;gh mHks dsys- dsfa nz; ‘kklukps dkgh opZLo oxGrk gs tgkxhjnkj Eg.kts t.kw dkgh
vkikiY;k tgkfxjhaps Lora= jkT;drsZp >kys- tgkfxjnkjh i/nr gh e/;;qxhu HkkjrkP;k lektjpsuspsgh
,d oSf’k‛V~; Eg.kwu ikfgyh tkrs- laiw.kZ mRrj Hkkjrkr tgkfxjh i/nr izLFkkfir >kysyh gksrh-
1½ tgkxhjnkjh i/nrhps Lo#i
I½ oa’kijkaijkxr vf/kdkj

29
 tgkfxjh gh oa’kijaijkxr ns.;kr vkysyh gksrh- laiw.kZ xkokoj ekydh] lkjk xksGk dj.;kpk
vf/kdkj] dqGkauk dl.;klkBh tfeuh ns.;kpk vf/kdkj tgkfxjnkjkdMs gksrk vkf.k gk vf/kdkj
oa’kijaijkxr gksrk-
II½ iz’kkldh; vf/kdkj
tgkxhjnkjkaP;k rkC;kr vl.kkÚ;k izns’kkrwu tehu eglwy xksGk dj.;kps] ‘kkarrk] lqO;oLFk
jk[k.;kps dke tgkxhjnkj djhr vlr- ,dw.k xkokpk iz’kkldh; dkjHkkj tgkxhjnkjkdMsp vls-
III½ tgkxhjnkjkaoj fu;a=.k
eq?ky dky[kaMkr tgkxhjnkj eksB~;k izek.kkr Lora=rsus okxr gksrs- R;kaP;kdMs vl.kkÚ;k
lSU;kpk mi;ksxgh lRrkfoLrkjklkBh d#u ?ksryk xsyk gksrk- tgkfxjnkjkadMwu ckn’kgk Bjkfod [kaM.kh
olwy djhr- tgkxhjnkj Lora= vlys rjh jktkps R;kaP;koj dkgh va’kh fu;a=.k gksrsp-
2½ f’kodkGkrhy tgkxhjnkjh & eksxy ckn’kgk] vfny’kgk] futke’kgk ;kaP;kdMwu vusd
ejkBk ljnkjkauk tgkfxÚ;k ns.;kr vkY;k gksR;k- LojkT; fufeZrhP;k osGh ejkBh eqy[q kkr vls vusd
tgkfxjnkj gksrs rs vkikiY;k tgkfxjhrhy jktsp >kys gksrs- lksGkO;k ‘krdkP;k v[ksjhyk v’kh ins
Hkw‛ko.kkÚ;k futke’kkghrhy tgkxhjnkjkapk mYys[k cqgjkus eklhj e/;s vkyk vkgs- ijdh; eqlyekukauk
‘kg ns.;klkBh ;sFkkhy LFkkfu; eqlyeku jkT;dR;kZauh ejkB;kaps lgdk;Z ?ksrys gksrs- R;kauk tgkfxÚ;k
nsÅu vkiys jkT; lqjf{kr Bso.;kpk o ok<o.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk gksrk- fttkckbZaps oMhy y[kqth tk/ko
gs futke’kgkdMhy ,d cyk<~; ejkBk tgkxhjnkj gksrs- Hkkslys ?kjk.;krhy ckckth Hkkslys ;kauk
R;kaP;k drZcxkjheqGs nkSaM toGhy isMxkoph tgkxhj feGkysyh gksrh- futke’kgkizek.ksp vkfny’kgkus
ns[khy ejkBk ljnkjkauk tgkxhj fnyh gksrh vls vusd ejkBk ljnkj mn;kyk vkys vkf.k izfl/nh
ikoys- gs ejkBk ljnkj vkikiY;k tgkfxÚ;kae/;s jkts Eg.kwup dke djhr gksrs- ;ke/;s QyV.kps
fuackGdj] tkoGhps panzjko eksjs] >qt a kjjko ?kkVxs] bLykeiwjps ekus] eq/kksGps ?kksjiMs] trps MQGs ]
dqMkGps lkoar ;kapk lkeos’k gksrks- f’kokthjktkaps oMhy ‘kgkth Hkkslys gs lq/nk vkfny’kgkps
tgkxhjnkj gksrs- R;kaP;kdMs vl.kkjh iq.;kph tgkxhj R;kauh f’kokth egkjktkadMs lksioyh gksrh-
tgkxhjnkj caM[kksj gksrkr gs f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor% ikfgys gksrs- jkT;kpk mxe o
laj{k.kkps ekxZ f’kokth egkjktkauh ckjdkbZus riklys gksrs- ;ko#u R;kaph [kk=h >kkyh gksrh dh jkT;
lqjGhr pkyok;ps vlsy rj tfeuhph ekydh dks.kkdMsgh ns.ks jkT;klkBh ?kkrd Bjrs- Eg.kwu tehu
dks.kkykgh |ko;kph ukgh gk fu;e R;kauah dMdi.kkus vaeykr vk.kyk- dks.kkykgh tgkxhj fnyh ukgh-
T;kauk v’kk tfeuh fnysY;k gksR;k R;k LojkT;krhy tfeuh [kkylk dsY;k- iwohZP;k tgkxhjnkjkauh ts
etcwr okMs] gqMs] dksV] fdYys oxSjs cka/kys gksrs rs f’kokth egkjktkauh ikMwu Vkdys- izR;sd dke
dj.kkÚ;kyk R;kP;k dkekuqlkj jks[k ixkj Bjowu fnyk o rks ixkj osGP;k osGh feG.;kph rjrwn dsyh-
ts tgkxhjnkj LojkT; dk;kZr lkehy >kys- R;kaukgh dsafnz; lRrsP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh vk.kys- tgkfxjh
i/nrp uke’ks‛k dj.;kpk fu.kZ; f’kokth egkjktkauh ?ksryk gksrk-
2-6 ftf>;k
ftf>;k Eg.kts eqlyeku lkezkT;kr fcxj eqLyhe fganw] f[kz’pu oxSjs /kfeZ;kauk ¼ftEehauk½
lqjf{kr jkgw ns.;kph geh ¼ftEek½ ns.;klkBh ?ksrysyk fof’k‛V dj- fcxj eqlyeku iztPs ;k izk.kkaps vkf.k
laiRrhps j{k.k dj.;klkBh gk dj yknyk vlY;kps lkaxwu eqfLye ckn’kgk ;k djkps leFkZu djhr
gksrs- izR;{kkr ek= bLyke /keZ Lohdkjk vU;Fkk ftf>;k dj Hkjk vlk ckn’kgkpk naMdp gksrk-
vkiY;k /kekZus lkafxrY;ko#u vki.k gk dj olwy djhr vkgksr vlsgh ckn’kgk lkaxr vls - okLrfod

30
ikgrk ftf>;k djkps vfLrRo dqjk.kkr fdaok T;k dkGkr bLykepk ‘kq/n ijaijk loaf/kZr gksr gksrk R;k
vkjaHkhP;k dkGkr dksBsgh vk<Gr ukgh-
1½ ftf>;kph ik’oZHkweh
bLykeh dk;|kr fcxj bLykeh iztps s nksu izdkj lkafxrys vkgsr- eqfrZiwtps k voyac
dj.kkjk /keZ eku.kkjs vkf.k xzaFkiwtspk voyac dj.kkjk /keZ eku.kkjs] ewfrZiwtdkae /;s fganw /kehZ;kapk
lekos’k gksrk rj xzFa kiwtdkae/;s f[kz’pu] T;w] ikj’kh ;kalkj[;k /kehZ;kapk lekos’k gksrk- R;k /kekZP;k
vuq;k;kauk ftEeh EgVys tkr gksrs- ftEehdMwu ftf>;k dj olwy dsyk tkok v’kh /kekZKk gksrh- i.k
ftEeh yksdkauh bLyke /kekZps loZ dk;ns ikG.;kps ekU; dsys rj R;kauk ftf>;k dj ekQ dsyk tkr
vls- eqfLye jkT;drsZ eqfLye izns’k lksMwu vU; izns’kkr jkT; d# ykxys rsOgk /kekZus ekU; dsysyk
tdkr gk dj eqfLye /kfeZ;kauk |kok ykxr vls- gk dj QDr /kkfeZd Lo#ikpkp dj gksrk- ;k djk}kjs
tek >kysY;k iS’kkrwu nku/keZ o /kkfeZd ckch dsY;k tkr i.k jkT;krhy fcxj eqfLye tursdMwugh dj
?ksryk tkok ;k mn~n’s kkus ftf>;kph olwyh lq# dsyh- eksxy dkGkr ckn’kgk vdcj ;kus dkgh
dkGklkBh gk dj jn~n dsyk gksrk i.k ‘kgktgkuP;k dkGkr gk dj iqUgk lq# >kyk-
2½ f’kodkGkrhy ftf>;k dj vkdkj.kh
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT; LFkkiusP;k gkypkyh pkyw vlrkukpk mRrjsdMs vkSjaxtsckus
ckn’kgkps r[r dkcht dsys- vkSjaxtsc /kekZps dkVsdksji.ks ikyu dj.kkjk ckn’kgk gksrk- 2 ,fizy
1679 jksth ,d QekZu tkjh d#u vkSjaxtsckus xSjeqfLyekaoj ftf>;k gk dj cloyk- QekZukr R;kus
EgVys gksrs dh] bLykepk izlkj dj.ks vkf.k bLykefojks/kh pkyw vlysY;k izFkk u‛V dj.ks gk ftf>;k
djkekxpk gsrw vkgs- gk dj T;kP;koj ykoyk vkgs R;kus rks Lor% vf/kdkÚ;kdMs usÅu fnyk ikfgts-
deh mRiUukP;k fganwukgh vf/kd izek.kkr ftf>;k dj Hkjkok ykxr gksrk- gsrw gk gksrk dh xjhc fganw
tj dj nsÅ ‘kdyk ukgh rj R;kyk ukbyktkus bLyke /keZ Lohdkjk;yk Hkkx ikMrk ;sr gksrs- dj
Hkjrk u vkY;kus vusd xjhc fganwauh /kekZarj dsys gksrs- fganw egkf/kirhauk lq/nk gk dj |kok ykxr gksrk-
vkSjaxtsckP;k ftf>;k dj olwyhyk m?kMi.ks vkOgku ns.;kps /kkMl fj>k ;kauh nk[koys gksrs- R;kauh
ckn’kgkyk i= ikBowu R;k ftf>;k dj ykn.;kps R;kps d`R; fdrh nq‛Vi.kkps vkgs gs Li‛Vi.ks uewn
dsys gksrs- ftf>;k dj olwyhcn~ny vkSjaxtsckph dMd ‘kCnkr fuankgh dsyh gksrh- ijarq ;kpk
vkSjaxtsckoj dkgh ifj.kke >kyk ukgh- jktk j?kqukFk] fe>kZ jkts t;flag vkf.k egkjk.kk tloarflag gs
eq?ky njckjkrhy cyk<~; ljnkj g;kr vlsi;Zar vkSjaxtsckus ftf>;k dj yknyk ukgh- ijarq ;k
fr?kkaP;k e`R;wura j Eg.kts 1679 e/;s ftf>;k fo‛k;h QekZu dk<ys- vFkkZr vkSjaxtsckP;k ;k /kksj.kkyk
N=irh f’kokth egkjkt vkf.k esokMpk jktk jktflag ;kauh dMkMwu fojks/k dsyk vkf.k vkiyk fu‛ks/kgh
O;Dr dsyk- fganwaph eku[kaMuk dj.kkjk] R;kaph NGo.kwd dj.kkjk ftf>;k dj gk Hkkjrkr tknk dj
Eg.kwup yknyk xsyk gksrk-
2-7 xfueh dkok ;q/nra=
xfue gk ewG Qkjlh ‘kCn vkgs- xfue ;kpk vFkZ ‘k=w vlk vkgs- dkok ;kpk vFkZ diV dkjLFkku
vlk vkgs-
1- xfuek dkok vFkZ
xfueh dkok gh ,d ;q/nfurh vkgs- ejkB~;kauh LojkT; fufeZrhP;k osGh ts ;q/nra= okijys
R;kyk xfueh dkok vFkok xqfjyk okWj vls Eg.krkr- xfueh dkok Eg.kts ikBiqjh y<kbZ] ;ke/;s vxksnj
H;k;yks vls nk[kowu ‘k=wyk ikfBoj ?;k;ps o rks vMp.khP;k tkxsr vkyk vkgs vls ikgwu R;koj
tksjkus myVwu gYyk djk;pk o R;kpk QTtk mMok;pk- leksjkleksj y<kbZ u djrk ;qDrhus] vkMekxkZus
31
‘k=wyk tsj djk;ps- ‘k=w’kh y<rkuk ejkBs ;k ekxkZpk voyac djhr gksrs- xfue Eg.kts ‘k=w- xfuekbZ
Eg.kts ejkBh QkStps k dkok- Eg.ktsp xfueh dkok- ejkBs Eg.kr vkEgh xfueh dkO;kus jkgrks- xfueh
dkok Eg.kts yckMhph ;qDrh- mRrjsdMhy ijdh; vkØed eqlyeku ,rn~ns’kh; ejkB;kauk ‘k=w o
yqVk# letr gksrs- gs xfue T;k izdkjkus y<rkr rks xfueh ;q/nizdkj Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkÅ ykxyk-
Lor% ejkB~;kauh lq/nk vkiY;k ;q/n i/nrhyk xfueh dkok fdaok ejkBh dkok vls EgVys gksrs - gs
;q/nra= voyacrkuk ejkB~;kauk ,d fof’k‛V i/nrh voyacyh gksrh- ;ke/;s fof’k‛V Mkoisp vk[kwu
‘k=wP;k eqyq[kkoj gYyk dj.ks] R;kph tkGiksG dj.ks] ‘k=wph jln rksM.ks] R;kP;k ;q/nlkfgR;kpk o
brj ekyeRrspk fo/oal dj.ks vls i/nrh ekxZ gksrs-
2- xfueh dkok ;q/nra=kpk voyac
vgenuxjP;k futke’kgkrhy othj efyd vacjP;k dkGkr xfueh dkok ;q/nra=kpk
mYys[k vk<Grks- i.k R;kiwohZgh lqosZ] lkoar v’k dkgh ljnkjkauhgh ;k ;q/nra=kpk voyac dsysyk
gksrk- efyd vacjus futke’kgh eq?ky o vkfny’kghiklwu okpo.;klkBh gs ;q/nra= okijys gksrs-
futke’kkghdMs vxnh deh lSU; gksrs- ijarq eq?ky o vkfny’kkgh R;kekukus cyk<~; gksrh- rsOgk efyd
vacjus yiwu Niwu ‘k=wyk gkuh ikspor =kl nsr] ;q/n d#u futke’kkgh ftoar Bsoyh- ghp i/nr iq<s
‘kgkthjkts o uarj ejkB~;kauh voyacyh-
3- xfueh dkO;kps egRo
1) vkfny’kkgh o eq?ky’kkghP;k cyk<~; lSU;kiq<s vkiyk fuHkko ykx.ks vo?kM vkgs gs f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k y{kkr vkys- FkksM~;k lSU;kP;k enrhus leksjkleksj y<.ks ‘kD; uOgrs ;kph tk.kho R;kauk
gksrh- xfueh dkO;kP;k ;q/nra=kus ejkB~;kauh vusd y<k;k ftadY;k gksR;k-
2) xfueh dkO;kP;k ;q/nra=kpk okij dsY;keqGs lSU;cGkus o vFkZcGkus eksB~;k vl.kkÚ;k ‘k=wauk
ijkHkwr dj.ks ‘kD; >kys-
3) ‘k=woj vpkud gYyk d#u rks lko/k gks.;kiwohZ ejkBk lSU; ijr fQjr vls- v’kk izdkjP;k
;q/nfurheqGs ‘k=wps lSU; Hk;Hkhr >kys- R;kaps euks/kS;Z deh >kys-
4) leksjkleksj y<kbZ dsY;kl vkdzedkaps eksBs uqdlku gksrs i.k rqViqaT;k lk/ku lkexzhfu’kh dsysY;k
;k ;q/nkeqGs ejkB~;kaps dehr deh uqdlku gksÅu vusd fot; feGkys-
5) ejkB~;kapk eqyq[k gk Mksxa jkG] taxykauh Hkjysyk vkgs- ;k ifjfLFkrhpk Qk;nkgh xfueh dkok
;q/nra=keqGs mpyrk vkyk-
FkksMD;kr xfueh dkok gk ejkB~;kaP;k ;q/nra=kpk vkRek gksrk- ejkB~;kaps gs ;q/nra=
Hkfo‛;dkGkr tkxfrd Lrjkoj dqrqgykpk o vH;klkpk fo‛k; Bjys- ejkB~;kaP;k loZ ‘k=wafo:/n
ejkB~;kauh ;k ;q/nra=kpk okij dsysyk gksrk- ejkB~;kae/;s LojkT;kph izsj.kk fuekZ.k gksr vlrkuk xfueh
dkok ;q/nra=kus R;kauk vusd fot; feGowu fnys- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh xfueh dkok ;k
;q/nra=kpk LojkT; LFkkiuslkBh ;ksX; rks okij d#u ?ksryk- laHkkth egkjktkauh gs ra= vf/kdp fodflr
dsys rj R;koj egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ o ejkBk lsukirh larkth ?kksjiMs] /kukth tk/ko o vekR; jkepanziar
;kauh dGl p<oyk-

32
2-8 egkjk‛Vª /keZ
ejkB~;kaP;k bfrgklkr egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiusyk ,d vuU;lk/kkj.k egRokps LFkku vkgs-
f’kokth egkjktkaps LojkT; fuekZ.k dj.;kps vkf.k iq<s ;k LojkT;kps lkezkT;kr #ikarj gks.;kps lkeF;Z
;kp ladYiusus fnys- egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiuse/;s egkjk‛Vªhrhy yksdkaps vkpkj&fopkj] laLd`rh]
jkT;O;oLFkk] /kkfeZd fu‛Bk v’kk loZ ckchapk lekos’k gksrks-
1) egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiuspk ifgyk mYys[k ljLorh xaxk/kj ;kauh fyfgysY;k xq#pfj= ;k xzaFkkr
vkgs- ;ke/;s egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYius[kkyh osnkaP;k lkek.`;kapk Lohdkj] J`rh] Lezrh ;kauh
vkKkfiysY;kizek.ks fu;e o ca/kukps ikyu] vkpkj] fopkjkaps ekxZn’kZu ;kapk lekos’k gksrks -
2) ;kuarj egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiuspk mYys[k efgdkorhP;k c[kjhe/;s ;srks- ;ke/;s egkjk‛Vª /keZ
dkGkP;k vks?kkr lqVr pkyY;kus R;kps j{k.k dj.;kph tckcnkjh efgdkorhpk jktk uk;dksjko ;kyk
dqyLokfeuhus dsyh vkgs-
3) egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiusyk leFkZ jkenkl ;kauh jktdh; vFkZ izkIr d#u fnyk- jkenklLokehauh
egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiuspk ifgyk mYys[k f’kokth egkjktkauk fyfgysY;k ,dk i=kr dsyk vkgs vkf.k
R;ke/;s rs Eg.rkr] dsoG f’kokth egkjktkaeqGs egkjk‛Vª /kekZps j{k.k >kys vlwu R;kcn~ny rs f’kokth
egkjktkaps dkSrd q gh djrkr vkf.k /kU;okngh nsrkr- ;kf’kok; jkenkl Lokehauh ts laHkkth egkjktkauk
i= fyfgys R;kr rs Eg.krkr ejkBk frrqdk esGkokok] egkjk‛Vª /keZ ok<okok- egkjk‛Vª /keZ gh R;kosGph
egRokph ladYiuk gksrhp-
4) N=irh ‘kkgw egkjktkauhgh vkiyk pqyrHkkÅ laHkkth futkekyk tkÅu feGkyk rsOgk vkiY;k
jkT;kfo‛k;h fu‛Bk Bso.;klkBh egkjk‛Vª /keZ lksMw u;s v’kh tk.kho d#u nsrkr-
5) jktkjke’kkL=h Hkkxor egkjk‛Vª /kekZfo‛k;h Eg.rkr dh] lrjkO;k ‘krdkr egkjk‛Vª /keZ Eg.kwu th
ladYiuk vfLrRokr vkyh rh Eg.kts Hkkxor /kekZpsps iqu#Tthou vks-
6) bfrgklkpk;Z jktokMs egkjk‛Vª /kekZps i`Fk%dj.k iq<hyizek.ks djrkr- fganw/keZ $ /keZLFkkiuk $
xksczkEg.k izfrikyu $ LojkT; LFkkiuk $ ,dhdj.k $ /kqjhdj.k & egkjk‛Vªkrhy fganw /keZ- R;kaP;k ers
egkjk‛Vª /keZ gk jktdh; mUurhpk ekxZ vkgs] vkf.k ejkBk tkrhps rs vk| drZO; vkgs-
egkjk‛Vª /keZ gh ladYiuk Lora= fganw jkT; LFkki.;kckcr egkjk‛Vªkph drZO;s ;k vFkkZus
okijyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT;kP;k LFkkiusiklwup egkjk‛Vª /kekZpk izlkj dsyk gksrk- R;kauh
LojkT;LFkkiusP;k dk;kZyk fojks/k dj.kkÚ;k Lo/kehZ;kapk fu%ikr dsyk rj y‛djh o eqydh lsokae/;s loZ
/kehZ;kauk lekfo‛V d#u ?ksrys- f’kokth egkjktkaps gs loZO;kid /kksj.k Eg.ktsp egkjk‛Vª /kekZps O;kid
Lo#i vkgs- ejkB~;kaP;k Lokra= ;q/nkP;k dky[kaMkr egkjk‛Vª /kekZpk izdV vfo‛dkj fnlrks-
egkjk‛Vª /keZ ;k ladYiusus dk; lk/; dsys rj /kkfeZd lyks[kk fuekZ.k dsyk- ejkB~;kaP;k
Lora= LojkT;kph fufeZrh >kyh- uSfrd o vk/;kfRed mUurh >kyh-
2-9 f’kysnkj
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lSU;kr ?kksMnGkyk vR;ar egRokps LFkku gksrs- ?kksMnGkr nksu izdkj
gksrs- R;kiSdh ,d Eg.kts f’kysnkj-
1- f’kysnkjkpk vFkZ
f’kysnkjkpk ‘kCn’k% vFkZ toG midj.ks ckGx.kkjk] Lor%pk ?kksMk vkf.k gR;kjs vl.kkjk
lSfud vlk gksrks- cjsp ejkBk ekoGs vkikiys m|ksx O;olk; ikgwu lSU;kr pkdjhlq/nk djhr-

33
R;kaP;kdMs Lor%pk ?kksMk vls vkf.k ijkdze dj.;kph ftn~n vls- vls lSfud f’kysnkj Eg.kwu
vksG[kys tkr- f’kysnkj lMikrG cka/;kps o piG gkypkyh dj.kkjs gksrs-
2- f’kysnkjkps drZO;
pkaxY;k izdkjpk f’kysnkj gk eq[; uk;d vlwu R;kP;k gkrk[kkyhy yksdkaph lsok vkiY;k
ethZizek.ks d#u ?ksr vls- rks ikpiklwu ikp’ksi;Zar ?kksMsLokj vkiY;ktoG ckGxr vls- f’kysnkj
jktkpk dk;eLo#ih uksdj ulwu rks jktk’kh djkj djhr vls- ;q/nkps osGh vkiY;kdMhy Lokj ?ksÅu
y<k;yk ;sr vls- ?kksM]s gR;kjs ;kapk [kpZ f’kysnkj Lor%p djhr vls- f’kysnkjkaP;k lewgkyk iFkd
vls EgVys tkr vls- ;k iFkdkoj ,d ljnkj useyk tkr gksrk- iFkdkP;k [kpkZlkBh tj ljdkjdMwu
jks[k jDde feGkyh rj R;k iFkdkyk bRryk[kh iFkd vls EgVys tkr vls vkf.k v’kk iFkdkP;k
[kpkZlkBh tj izns’k vFkok eqy[q k rksMwu fnyk vlsy rj R;kyk ljatkeh iFkd vls EgVys tkr vls-
izR;sd f’kysnkjkpk ixkj gk R;kpk ?kksMk o gR;kjs ikgwu Bjoyk tkr vls- ,dk f’kysnkjkyk lk/kkj.ki.ks
20 #i;kaiklwu 30 #i;kai;Zar ixkj feGr gksrk vls fnlrs- f’kokth jktkauh f’kysnkj useys i.k
ckjxhjkyk f’kysnkjkis{kkgh tkLr ixkj gksrk- f’kysnkjkus tj ijkdze xktoyk rj R;kyk Lora=fjR;k
cf{kl feGr gksrh- ;ke/;s tgkxhj fdaok ljatkenkjkdMwu tehulq/nk feGr vls-
FkksMD;kr f’kysnkj gs Lora= gksrs- rs ljdkjh ixkjnkj uOgrs- R;kapk ?kksMk o gR;kjs R;kaP;k
Lor%P;k ekydhph gksrh- dkgh dkGkiqjrs rs jktkP;k lSU;kr ;q/nklkBh ;sr vlr vkf.k rso<~;kiqjrk
ixkj ?ksr vlr- ;q/n ulrkuk f’kysnkj vkiyh ‘ksrh o ‘ksrhph dkes djhr vlr vkf.k ;q/nkps osGh
jktkP;k lSU;kr lkehy gksr vlr-
2-10 LojkT;
LojkT; gh ladYiuk dkGkuq#i cnyr xsysyh fnlrs- ;k fBdk.kh f’kodkGkrhy LojkT; gh
ladYiuk ikg.kkj vkgs-
1- LojkT; vFkZ
LojkT; Eg.kts Lor%ps lkoZHkkSe jkT; gk vFkZ fuf’pri.ks y{kkr ;srks- LojkT;kph dkgh
egRokph y{k.ks vkgsr- ;ke/;s yksdkaps j{k.k] lkoZtfud fgr lk/k.ks] dk;|kyk /k#u U;k;nku dj.ks]
ns’kkP;k j{k.kkdfjrk y‛dj o eqydh lsok la?kfVr dj.ks o loZlkekU;r% j;rsP;k dY;k.kkps /kksj.k
vk[k.ks- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT;kyk jk‛Vªh; /;s; vkf.k fganw ijaijk ;kaP;kdMwu LQwrhZ eGkysyh
fnlrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh T;kyk fganoh LojkT; EgVys vkgs R;k ladYiuse/;s fganwaps Lo;a’kkflr jkT;
gk vFkZ vfHkizsr gksrk- eqlyeku jkT;dR;kZaP;k rkC;krhy fganLFkku] fganw jkT;dR;kZaP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh
vk.k.ks o fganqirikr’kkghph LFkkiuk dj.ks gk LojkT;kP;k LFkkiusekxpk izeq[k gsrw gksrk- fganoh
LojkT;kpk vFkZ fganwaps vFkok ejkB~;kaps jkT; vlk e;kZfnr uOgrk rj fganqLFkkukrhy yksdkaps vf/kjkT;
v’kk O;kid vFkkZus rks voyafcyk gksrk- Lora= fufeZrhekxph izeq[k izsj.kk gksrh- LojkT;
HkkSxksfydn`‛V~;k ygku gksrs ijarq rs jktdh;n`‛V~;k Lora= o Lo;a’kkflr gksrs- fganw /kehZ;kauk ;k jkT;kr
LokfHkekukus txrk ;sr gksrs-
2- LojkT;kps egRo
LojkT;keqGs fganw /kfeZ;kauk vkiY;k /kekZps ikyu fuHkZ;i.ks djrk ;sÅ ykxys- LojkT;keqGs
j;rsps ‘kk’or thou lqjf{kr >kys- izty s k dsoG /kkfeZd tkpkrwup uOgs rj orunkj o tgkxhjnkjkaP;k
tkpkrwugh eqDr dj.;kps egRokps dk;Z dsys- f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT;kph LFkkiuk dsyh vkf.k ,dk
dY;k.kdkjh jktoVhyk lq#okr >kyh- LojkT;ke/;s v‛Viz/kku eaMG] orunkjh i/nrhpk ‘ksoV] j;rsph
tehunkjkaP;k tkpkrwu eqDrrk] O;DrhP;k xq.kkauk egRo] xfueh ;q/nra=] vf/kdkÚ;kauk jks[k ixkj] vkn’kZ
34
dji/nrh] vkn’kZ U;k;i/nrh v’kh oSf’k‛V;s gksrh- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps LojkT; gs eq?ky
lRrsiklwu laiw.kZr% Lora= vkf.k lkoZHkkSe vls gksrs- LojkT;kph gh ladYiuk iq<s R;kaR;k oa’ktkauh
Eg.kts laHkkth egkjkt] jktkjke egkjkt] egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kauh pkyoyh i.k is’kO;kaP;k dkGkr
LojkT;kps egRo o oSf’k‛V;s ;kar cny ?kMwu vkys-
2-11 pkSFk @ pkSFkkbZ
pkSFk fdaok pkSFkkbZ gs rRdkyhu jkT;dR;kZaP;k mRiUukps ,d lk/ku gksrs- pkSFkkbZ Eg.kts
jkT;dR;kZyk |koh ykx.kkjh [kaM.khp gksrh-
1- pkSFk vFkZ
LojkT;kckgsjhy izns’kkauh ejkBh QkStsP;k [kpkZlkBh ,danj eglqykpk pkSFkk Hkkx |ko;kpk
R;kyk pkSFkkbZ vls EgVys tkr vls- ;k pkSFkkbZP;k ekscnY;kr R;k izns’kkrhy yksdkauk ejkB;kadMwu
laj{k.k feGr vls-
f’koiwoZdkGkr lq/nk pkSFkkbZ olwy dj.;kph i/nr gksrh- 1579 rs 1616 ;k dkyko/khr
jkeuxjP;k dksGh jktkyk ne.kP;k yksdkauh pkSFkkbZ fnY;kpk mYys[k ;srks- f’kokth egkjktkuh
LojkT;kP;k mRiUukps izeq[k lk/ku Eg.kwu pkSFkkbZpk mi;ksx dsyk- R;kauh ne.k] olbZ gs izkar vkiY;k
rkC;kr vk.kY;kuarj iksrZqxhtkadMs pkSFkkbZph ekx.kh dsyh- iksrZqxhtkauh gh ekx.kh ekU; dsyh gksrh- ;k
pkSFkkbZP;k ekscnY;kr f’kokth egkjktkauh rsFkhy yksdkaP;k laiw.kZ laj{k.kkph geh ?ksryh gksrh- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k pkSFkkbZP;k /kksj.kkcn~nyph ekfgrh f’koHkkjre/;s vkysyh vkgs- doh ijekuan fyfgrks dh
f’kokth egkjktkauh gh xks‛V tk.kyh gksrh dh dks.kR;kgh O;Drhyk lSU;kph enr vlY;kf’kok;
R;kP;kdMwu ‘k=wpk ijkHko gks.ks ‘kD; ukgh- Eg.kwu jktkus lrr pkaxys lSU; ckGxwu ‘k=wpk ijkHko
dsyk ikfgts- i.k ;klkBh Hkjiwj iSlk vko’;d vkgs- gk iSlk ‘k=wP;k izns’kkrwugh feGork ;srks-
vlk iSlk feGo.;kpk ekxZ Eg.kts pkSFkkbZ gks;-
,danjhr pkSFkkbZ gk fu;fer Lo:ikpk dj ulwu ,[kk|k izcG jktkus ‘kstkjhy izns’kkrhy
tursdMwu olwy dj.;kpk tknk vf/kdkj vkgs- tnqukFk ljdkj Eg.krkr f’kokth jktkaph pkSFkkbZ
Eg.kts ,d izdkjph [kaM.khp gksrh- R;kaps lSU; rh fu;feri.ks olwy djhr- pkSFkkbZ jks[k jdesP;k
Lo:ikr fdaok opu fpB~BhP;k Lo:ikr olwy djhr- olqyhe/;s brj jkT; fdaok eksxyh izns’k vlk
Qjd djr ulr- j;rsdMwu 1@4 jDde olwy djhr- olwy fnY;kuarj ek= j;rsyk dks.kR;kgh
izdkjpk =kl fnyk tkr uls- myV R;kaps laj{k.k dsys tkr gksrs- i.k olqyhyk fojks/k dsyk rj ek=
rks lDrhus olwy dsyk tkr vls-
vkfny’kgk o dqrcq ’kgkP;k izns’kkr f’kokth jktkauk pkSFkkbZpk gDd feGkyk gksrk vkf.k v’kh
gDdkph lungh ns.;kr vkyh gksrh- Eg.kts pkSFkkbZpk gDd gk ,d izdkjpk le>ksrk gksrk- fdaok
izcG vkf.k nqcZG ;kaP;krhy djkjkps R;kyk Lo:I gksrs- FkksMD;kr ejkBk lSU;kdMwu vlqjf{kr v’kk
‘k=wP;k izns’kkrhy yksdkaps ftohr o ekyeRrk ;kaps laj{k.k dsys tkos ;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
osGh pkSFk gh ,d izdkjs y‛djh [kaM.kh olwy dsyh tkr gksrh- ;k jdespk mi;ksx LojkT;kP;k
cGdVhlkBh dj.;kr vkyk-
2-12 buke
oru o tgkfxjh ;kaP;kizek.ks buke gs jktkus fnysys c{khl vFkok HksV vlrs vkf.k buke /kkj.k
dj.kkÚ;kyk bukenkj vls EgVys tkrs-
1- buke vFkZ

35
 buke gk ewG vjch ‘kCn vkgs- R;kpk vFkZ c{khl vFkok nku vlkgh gksrks- jktlRrsus ,[kk|k
O;Drhyk tehu c{khl fnY;kl R;kyk buke EgVys tkrs- v’kk bukekps nksu izdkj vlrkr- 1½ lunh
buke] 2½ xko fulcr buke- lunh fdaok fnok.k buke gs jktlRrsus lun fdaok QekZuk}kjs fnysys
buke gksrs- v’kk bukek}kjs fnysY;k tfeuhaoj dkgh osGy s k laiw.kZ ‘ksrlkjk ekQ dsyk tkr gksrk rj
dkgh osGk ‘ksrlkÚ;kpk 1@2 fdaok 1@3 fdaok 1@4 Hkkxp bukenkjkyk |kok ykxr gksrk- tj iw.kZ
lkjk eqDr buke ulsy rj olqyhizek.ks R;k bukekyk buke frekbZ] beku] fttkbZ] buke pkSFkkbZ vls
EgVys gksrs-
buke QDr vf/kdkÚ;kaukp fnys tkr gksrs vls ukgh rj izsekiksVh ,[kk|kP;k xjtsiksVh jkT;kP;k
mRre pkdjhiksVh] pkaxY;k dykdkjkyk vlsgh buke fnys tkr gksrs- mnkgj.kkFkZ eqyhyk] cfg.khyk
fnysY;k bukekyk lkMh] pksGh fdaok nw/kHkkr buke Eg.kr gksrs- tj jktk cnyyk rj bukenkj vkiY;k
bukekaps uohu jktkdMwu uwruhdj.k d#u ?ksr vlr- f’kokth egkjktkauh vkfny’kgkpk izns’k
ftadY;kuarj rsFkhy bukes T;k O;DrhadMs gksrh rh r’khp iq<s pkyfo.;kr ;kohr v’kh vkKk f’kokth
egkjktkauh fnyh gksrh-
xko fulcr buke vlk bukekapk nqljk izdkj gksrk- ;k izdkjps buke jktkdMwu fnys tkr
uOgrs rj ,[kk|k dkjkfxjkyk fdaok lsodkyk xkokrhy j;r feGwu fdaok xkokrhy ,[kknh O;Drh
vkiY;k rkC;krhy dkgh tehu buke Eg.kwu nsr gksrs- v’kk buke tfeuhyk xko fulcr buke Eg.kr
gksrs- gh tehu lkjkeqDr tehu vls- bukenkjkus lkjk fnyk ukgh rjh R;keqGs ljdkjps ts uqdlku gksbZ
rs uqdlku xko Hk#u nsr gksrs- v’kk bukekauk fBdk.kkauh csxkjh fdaok nsgkaxh buke vlsgh EgVys vkgs-
jktkyk tlk buke ns.;kpk vf/kdkj gksrk rlk vkgs rs buke pkyw Bso.ks] jn~n dj.ks] tIr
dj.ks ;kpkgh vf/kdkj gksrk- bukenkjkus jkT;k’kh nzkgs dsyk rj R;kps buke jn~n gksr vls- orukaph o
bukekaph fodzhlq/nk R;k dkGkr gksr gksrh- buke tfeuhaoj dtZ dk<yh tkr gksrh- buke gs izfr‛Bsps
vlY;kus ‘kD;rks R;kph [kjsnh fodzh gksÅ u;s fdaok dtkZlkBh xgk.k Vkdw u;s v’kh lk/kkj.kr%
fopkjlj.kh gksrh-
2-13 ckjxhj
f’kodkGkr djkpk fopkj djrk ?kksMnG o ik;nG gs egRokps foHkkx gksrs- ;kiSdh ?kksMnGkr f’kysnkj
vkf.k ckjxhj vls nksu izdkjps lSfud gksrs-
1- ckjxhj vFkZ
ckjxhj gk Qkjlh ‘kCn vlwu R;kpk ‘kCn’k% vFkZ vks>s okg.kkjk vlk vkgs- f’kodkGkr
?kksMnGkr vl.kkÚ;k ckjxhjpk vFkZ ek= y‛djkr dke dj.kkjk ekydkdMwu ?kksMk ?ksrysyk lSfud vlk
gksrk- Eg.ktsp jktkP;k lSU;krhy ?kksMLs okj] R;kP;kdMs jktkus fnysyk ?kksMk o gR;kjs gksrh- ckjxhjkyk
ljdkjh uksdjkpk ntkZ gksrk vkf.k R;kyk ixkjgh ljdkjdMwup feGr gksrk-
2- y‛djkrhy ckjxhjkps LFkku
f’kodkyhu ?kksMnGkrhy loksZPp vf/kdkjh ljukScr gk gksrk- ljukScrkP;k injh ikp gtkj
ckjxhj vlk;ps- ejkB~;kaP;k ?kksMnGkph Js.khc/n jpuk gksrh- iapohl ?kksMLs ojkoj Eg.kts ckjxhjkaoj ,d
vf/kdjh gksrk rks Eg.kts gokynkj- gokynkjkps cjkscj ,d i[kkh o ukycan vls- ;k ljdkjh ?kksM~;kaP;k
ekxP;k pkSdkoj ljdkjpk f’kDdk ekjyk tkr gksrk- ts.ksd#u ljdkjh ?kksMk vksG[kw ;kok- v’kk ikp
gokynkjkaojhy vf/kdkÚ;kyk tqeysnkj Eg.kr- ngk tqeysnkjkaojhy vf/kdkÚ;kyk lqHksnkj vls uko gksrs-
lqHksnkjkyk 1000 gksu okf‛kZd ixkj gksrk- loZ ?kksMnGkpk izeq[k Eg.kts ljukscr- ljukscrkyk o‛kkZyk
10]000 gksu ixkj gksrk-
36
 ckjxhj gs ljdkjh ?kksMsLokj lSfud gksrs- R;kaP;koj jktkpk vf/kd fo’okl gksrk- [kkQh[kkukP;k
uksna huqlkj f’kokthjktkadMs 10 rs 12 gtkj dPNh vkf.k vjch ?kksMs gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
eksfgekae/;s ckjxhjkaph dkefxjh eksykph gksrh-
2-14 ljns’keq[kh
LojkT;ke/khy mRiUukP;k T;k vusd ckch gksR;k R;ke/khy ,d Eg.kts ljns’keq[kh
1- ljns’keq[kh vFkZ
ljns’keq[h gs ,d oru vkgs- fj;klrdkj ljnslkbZ ;kauh ljns’keq[k ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ lkaxrkuk
EgVys vkgs dh] iVokjh] ikaM]s xkSMk ;k loZ laKk vkf.k ikVhy dqyd.khZ gh vf/kdkjn’kZd ukos vkgsr -
rlsp nslkbZ gh laKk vkf. ns’keq[k gk vf/kdkj vkgs- ns’keq[kkP;k ojhy vf/kdkÚ;kyk ljns’keq[k Eg.kr
vlr- ns’keq[kkaP;k ns’keq[k rks ljns’keq[k- ljns’keq[kh gs oru vls- ;kpk vFkZ T;kyk ljns’keq[kh
fnyh vkgs R;kus R;kP;k rkC;krhy izns’kkrwu feG.kkÚ;k eglwykiSdh 1@10 brds mRiUu Lor%P;k
[kpkZlkBh BsÅu ?;kos o mjysys 9@10 mRiUu ljdkjkr tek djkos- ljns’keq[kkpk gDd oa’kijaijk
gksrk- ejkB~;kaP;k LojkT;kr ,danj mRiUukpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu ljns’keq[khdMs ikfgys tkr gksrs- pkSFkkbZ
vkf.k ljns’keq[kh ;krhy eq[; Qjd Eg.kts pkSFkkbZ- ns’kkP;k dks.kR;kgh Hkkxkrwu olwy dsyh tkr gksrh
rj ljns’keq[kh QDr LojkT;krp olwy djr gksrs-
2- ljns’keq[khph olwyh
ljns’keq[kh olwy dj.;kps dke ljns’keq[k vkiY;k gkrk[kkyP;k vf/kdkÚ;kadMs lksor vls-
gs vf/dkjh tekcanhP;kosGh Eg.kts eglwy fuf’prhP;k osGh gh jDde fuf’pr djhr vlr- gk gDd
olwy djrkuk tqywe] tcjnLrh dsyh tkr uOgrh- ljns’keq[kkapk gDd oa’kijaijk gksrk- f’kokth
egkjktkaukgh gk gDd oa’kijaijsus feGkyk gksrk- lq#okrhyk R;kauk gk gDd lgth feGkyk ukgh rsOgk
f’kokth egkjktkauh gs fl/n dsys dh] ljns’keq[kh oru gs R;kaP;k ?kjk.;kyk dk;eps cgky dsysy oru
vkgs vkf.k Hkkslys ?kjk.;kpk rks [kkl gDd vkgs- R;kauh gs fl/n dj.;kps dkj.k Eg.kts loZ ns’keq[k]
loZ izkarkf/kdkjh o ijx.;kps vf/kdkjh ;kaP;kis{kk ljns’keq[kh Js‛B vkgs vkf.k gh ljns’keq[kh f’kokth
jktkadMs vlY;kus rs ;k lokZai{s kk Js‛B vkgsr- lq#okrhyk ljns’keq[kkyk mRiUukP;k ngk VDds fgLlk
|kok v’kh vV gksrh- ;k ekscnY;kr R;kus ljdkjph lsok dj.;kps ca/ku gksrs- i.k LojkT;kr f’kokth
jktkaP;k #ikus ljns’keq[kp jkT;izeq[k >kyk- R;keqGs ;k ladYiuse/;s cny >kyk- LojkT;kizek.ksp
gGwgGw LojkT;kckgsjgh brj izns’kkrwu f’kokth egkjtkauh pkSFk o ljns’keq[kh olwy dj.;kl lq#okr
dsyh- R;keqGs 25 VDds] 10 VDds] 35 VDds mRiUu R;kauk feGw ykxys-
ljns’keq[khpk gk gDd f’kokth egkjkt 1650 iklwu olwy djhr gksrs- eksxykaP;k [kkuns’k
izkarkrwugh f’kokth jktkauh pkSFkkbZ o ljns’keq[khpk gDd 1671 iklwu olwy dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkauh
fotkiwjdMwu 3 yk[k o xksoGdksMa ~;kdMwu 5 yk[k ljns’keq[kh olwy dsyh- ;kf’kok; iksrZqxhtkadMwugh
ljns’keq[khpk gDd olwy dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk‛ksdkuarj dukZVdoj Lokjh dsyh rsOgk
rsFkhy laLFkkfudkadMwugh pkSFkkbZ o ljns’keq[kh olwy dsyh-
iq<s vBjkO;k ‘krdkr ljns’keq[khP;k ladYiusus ejkB~;kaP;k bfrgklkoj nwjxkeh ifj.kke >kys-
pkSFkkbZ o ljns’keq[kh gs nksu olwy dj.;klkBh ejkB~;kauk vusd ;q/ns djkoh ykxyh i.k ljns’keq[khpk
gDd ek= ‘ksoVi;Zar N=irhaP;k ?kjk.;krhy [kkl gDd Eg.kwu ‘kkchr jkfgyk-

37
ljkoklkBh iz’u %
1- HkDrh ;k ladYiuksph ekfgrh + egkjk‛Vªkrhy HkDrh pGoGhpk vk<kok ?;k-
2- oru ;k ladYiuspk vFkZ lkaxk o ejkBsdkyh xzkeO;oLFkse/;s orunkjkaps egRo Li‛V djk-
3- ljatke i/nrhfo‛k;h ekfgrh fygk-
4- eulcpk vFkZ fygk o ;k i/nrhP;k bfrgklkph ekfgrh fygk-
5- tgkxhj gh ladyiuk Li‛V d#u frph oSf’k‛V~;s fygk-
6- ft>h;k djkfo‛k;h lfoLrj ekfgrh fygk-
7- xfueh dkok ;q/nra= Eg.kts dk;\ ejkB~;kauh ;k ;q/nra=kpk dlk okij dsyk-
8- egkjk‛Vª /keZ gh ladYiuk Li‛V d#u egkjk‛Vª /kekZfo‛k;hpk lfoLrj vk<kok ?;k-
9- f’kysnkj dks.k gksrs\ f’kodkGkrhy f’kysnkji/nrhph ekfgrh |k\
10- LojkT;kpk vFkZ lkaxwu egRo Li‛V djk\
11- pkSFkkbZcn~ny lfoLrj Vhi fygk-
12- f’kodkyhu buke i/nrhps lfoLrj o.kZu djk-
13- ckjxhjpk vFkZ lkaxwu ejkB`;kaP;k y‛djkrhy R;kaps LFkku ;kcn~ny fygk-
14- ljns’keq[kh Eg.kts dk;\ f’kodkGkrhy ljns’keq[khps o.kZu djk\
vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds
1- v=s f=a- uk-] xkoxkMk]
2- vkBoys lnkf’ko] f’kokth o f’ko;qx]
3- ns’kikaMs v- ua- (laik-)] vkKki=
4- jko o- nh- (laik-)] vkKki=
5- Kulkarni.A. R., Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji,
6- Mujumdar R. C. , (Gen. Ed.) The Maratha Supremacy, The History and the culture of
the Indian people, Vol VIII.

38
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k 3

ejkBh lRrspk mn; o n`<hdj.k

3- 1- LojkT;kph LFkkiuk
3- 1- 1- ’kgkth jkts
3- 1- 2 fttkckbZ
3- 1- 3 rksj.kk] flagxM] pkd.k o iqjanj fdYys dkcht
3- 1- 4 ’kgkth jktsauk dSn
3- 2- f’kokth egkjkt & vkfny’kkgh lac/ak
3- 2- 1- tkoGh izns’kkoj Lokjh
3- 2- 2- vQ>y[kkukph Lokjh
3- 2- 3- fl/nh tkSgjph Lokjh
3- 3- f’kokth egkjkt & eq?ky laca/k
3- 3- 1- ’kkfgLrs[kkukph Lokjh
3- 3- 2- lqjrsph ifgyh yqV
3- 3- 3- fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkph Lokjh
3- 3- 4- f’kokth egkjktkaph vkxzk HksV
3- 3- 5- lqjrsph nqljh yqV
3- 4-f’kokth egkjktkapk jkT;kfHk"ksd
3- 4- 1- jkT;kfHk"ksdkph dkj.ks
3- 4- 2- jkT;kfHk"ksd lksgGk
3- 4- 3- jkT;kfHk"ksdkps egRo
3- 5- dukZVd eksfge
3- 5- 1- dukZVd eksfgesph dkj.ks
3- 5-2- dukZVd eksfge
3- 5- 3- dukZVd eksfgesps egRo

izLrkouk
e/;;qxhu HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Eg.kwu ejkBh lRrsP;k LFkkiusdMs ikfgys tkrs-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ,d= ;sÅu ejkB;kauh Lora= jkT; LFkkiu dsys- Lora= jkT; LFkkiusph
lq:okr rksj.kk fdYyk ftadwu dj.;kr vkyh- vkfny’kkgh lRrsP;k mRrjsdMhy iq.ks] lqis] pkd.k o
bankiwj gs izns’k egaen vkfny’kgkus ’kgkth jktsua k tgkfxjh Eg.kwu fnyk gksrk- vkfny’kgkus caxyksj o
vkliklpk izns’kkr vkfny’kkgh lRrspk foLrkj dj.;klkBh ’kgkth jktsua k dukZVdkr ikBoys- 1636
iklwu ’kgkth jktsaP;k iq.ks] lqis] pkd.k o bankiwj ;k izns’kkpk eq[kR;kj Eg.kwu nknksth dksMa nso dkjHkkj
igkr gksrk- b- l- 1642 e/;s caxyksjgwu f’kokth egkjkt o fttkckbZ iq.;kl ijrys- iq.;krhy
39
dk;kZr f’kokth egkjktkauk enr dj.;klkBh ’kgkth jktsauh vkiY;k fo’oklkrhy dkgh ek.kls ikBoyh
gksrh- ;kfo"k;h lHkkln Eg.krks] ^^rs le;h jkft;kal o"ksZ ckjk gksrh- cjkcj ’kkejko uhydaB Eg.kwu
is’kos d:u fnys o ckGd`".kiar] ukjksiar nhf{krkaps pqyrHkkÅ] eqtqenkj fnys o lksuksiar Mchj o
j?kqukFk cYykG lcuhl ,sls nsÅu nknkthiarkl o jkts ;kafl iq.;kl jokuk dsys-** f’kokth egkjkt
caxyksjgwu iq.;kl vkY;kuarj ckjk ekoG vkiY;k opZLok[kkyh vk.kys- dkUgksth ts/ks] ckth iklydj]
lw;Zjko dkdMs] ;slkth dad] ftok egky] nknkth ujl izHkw] ckiwth eqnxy uÚgsdj ns’kikaMs] rkukth
ekyqljs vls drZRooku O;Drh f’kokth egkjktkalkscr vkys- R;kaP;k leosrp jk;js’ojkP;k lk{khus
LojkT;kPkh ’kiFk f’kokth egkjktkaauh ?ksryh- vf}rh; lkgl vkf.k foy{k.k eqRln~nsfxjhP;k tksjkoj
R;kauh LojkT;LFkkiusdMs okVpky lq: dsyh
3- 1- LojkT;kph LFkkiuk
f’kokth egkjktkauh rRdkyhu eqLyhe lRrka’kh la?k"kZ d:u ejkB;kaps Lora= o lkoZHkkSe jkT;
LFkkiu dsys- ejkBh lRrsP;k LFkkiusl f’kokth egkjktkaP;k drZcxkjhcjkscjp egkjk"Vªkrhy HkkSxksyhd
ifjLFkrh] ,sfrgklhd ijaijk] larkaph dkefxjh] ’kgkth jktspa k izHkko o okjlk gh dkj.ks dkj.khHkwr
BjY;kps fnlwu ;srkr- f’kokth egkjktkapk tUe iq.ks ftYg;krhy tqUuj toGhy f’kousjh fdY;kr
QkYxqu o| r`rh;k] ’kds 1551 Eg.ktsp ’kqdzokj fnukad 19 Qsczoq kjh 1630 jksth >kyk- ts/ks
’kdkoyh o f’koHkkjr ;k xzaFkke/;s ojhy rkjh[k fnyh vkgs- ;k rkj[ksl cgqrsd bfrgkldkjkauh ekU;rk
fnyh vkgs- 91 dyeh c[kj] fpV.khl c[kj o f’kofnXoht; ;k xzFa kke/;s oS’kk[k ’kq/n f}rh;k ’kds
1549 gh rkjh[k fnyh vkgs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkjfdnhZph vpwd ekfgrh ns.kkÚ;k lHkkln
c[kjhe/;s ek= f’kokth egkjktkaP;k tUekph rkjh[k fnyh ukgh-
3- 1- 1-’kgkth jkts
’kgkth jktspa k tUe 1599 e/;s >kyk- ’kgkth jktspa s ofMy ekyksth gs futke’kkghe/;s
eulcnkj gksrs- ekyksthaph drZRokph ijaijk ’kgkth jktsua h iq<s lq: Bsoyh- 1624 e/;s vgenuxj
toGhy HkkroMh ;sFks >kysY;k la?k"kkZr futke’kkgh lSU;kus eq?ky o vkfny’kkgh ;kaP;k la;qDr lSU;kpk
ijkHko dsyk- ;k y<kbZr ’kgkth jktsua h futke’kkghdMwu eksBk ijkØe xktoyk- i.k iq<s efyd
vacj’kh erHksn >kY;kus ’kgkth jktsua h futke’kkgh lksMwu vkfny’kkghe/;s izos’k dsyk- ’kgkth jktspa s
drZRo y{kkr ?ksÅu nqljk bczkfge vkfny’kgkus R;kauk ^ljy"dj* gk fdrkc fnyk- 1627 e/;s nqljk
bczkfge vkfny’kgkP;k e`R;wuarj vkfny’kkgh njckjkrhy okrkoj.kkl daVkGwu ’kgkth jkts futke’kkghr
vkys- ewrZ>k fu>ke’kgkus fo’okl?kkrkus ’kgkth jktspa s lkljs y[kwth tk/ko ;kauk Bkj dsys- R;keqGs
’kgkth jktsua k futke’kkghr jkg.ks /kksD;kps okVY;kus vkWDVkscj 1630 e/;s rs dkgh dkG eq?kykauk
tkÅu feGkys- eq?ky ckn’kgkus R;kauk ikp gtkjkph eulc fnyh- i.k vkiY;k drZcxkjhl eq?ky
40
lRrsr oko feGr ukgh gs ikgwu ’kgkth jkts futke’kkghr nk[ky >kys- ’kgkth jktsua h futke’kkghrhy
,dk vYio;hu okjlnkjkl 1632 e/;s lqyrku ?kks"khr dsys o Lor% futke’kkghpk othj cuys- i.k
1636 e/;s eq?ky o vkfny’kgk ;kaP;k la;Dq r lSU;kiq<s ’kgkth jktsapk fVdko ykxyk ukgh- 1636
e/;s eq?kykauh vgenuxjph futke’kkgh [kkylk dsyh vkf.k ’kgkthjkts vkfny’kkghe/;s nk[ky >kys -
eqgEen vkfny’kgkus ’kgkth jktsua k ckjk gtkjkph eulcnkjh fnyh o ’kgkth jktsadMhy iq.ks] lqis]
pkd.k o bankiwj ;k izns’kkph tgkfxjh dk;e Bsoyh- ;k izns’kkrqup f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT;
LFkkiusps dk;Z lq: dsys- ,dw.kp ’kgkth jktsua h vkiY;k drZRokus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT;
LFkkiusph ik’oZHkweh r;kj dsyh-
3- 1-2-fttkckbZ
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k O;DrheRokyk [kÚ;k vFkkZus vkdkj ns.;kps egRoiw.kZ dke fttkckbZauh
dsys- fttkckbZ ;k ’kwj ejkBk ljnkj y[kqth tk/ko ;kaP;k dU;k gksR;k- 1605 e/;s ’kgkth jkts’a kh
R;kapk fookg >kyk- ’kgkth jktspa s thou /kke/kqehps vlY;keqGs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k laxksiukph iw.kZ
tckcnkjh fttkckbZaoj vkyh- f’kokth egkjkt ckjk o"kkZps gksbZi;Zar fttkckbZ o f’kokth egkjktkaps
okLrO; caxyksjykp gksrs- R;kuarj f’kokth egkjkt o fttkckbZ iq.;kl vkys- f’kokth egkjktkaoj loZ
mRre laLdkj dj.;kps dke fttkckbZauh dsys- R;kaP;k ekxZn’kZuk[kkyhp f’kokth egkjktkauk f’k{k.kkps o
jkT;dkjHkkjkps /kMs feGkys- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vuqifLFkrhe/;s LojkT;kph laiw.kZ tckcnkjh fttkckbZ
igkr vlr-
3- 1- 3- rksj.kk] flagxM] pkd.k o iqjna j fdYys dkcht
f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k tgkxhjhrhy fdYys ftad.;kps /kksj.k vaxhdkjys- dkj.k ;k
fdY;koj FksV vkfny’kgkps opZLo gksrs- tgkfxjnkjkauk ’kg ns.;klkBh vkfny’kgk vkiY;k fo’oklkrhy
O;Drhaph fu;qDrh fdYysnkj Eg.kwu djr vls- tgkfxjhrhy cGdV o nqxZe fdY;kaps egRo f’kokth
egkjktkauh vpwdi.ks vksG[kys gksrs- tgkfxjhP;k laj{k.kkP;k n`"Vhus o LojkT;LFkkiusP;k n`"Vhus fdY;kaps
egRo vuU;lk/kkj.k gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh 1645 e/;s vkfny’kkgh lRrsoj rksj.kk fdYyk ?ksÅu
ifgyk izgkj dsyk- rksj.kk fdY;koj R;kauk xqIr /kukph izkIrh >kyh- ;k /kukpk mi;ksx eqjcnso Mksxa jkoj
jktxM fdYyk cka/k.;klkBh dsyk- iq.;kpk gokynkj ckiqth eqn~xy uÚgsdj vkf.k flagxM fdY;kpk
fdYysnkj fln~nh vacj ;kaP;k’kh Lusg tksMwu R;kauh dks<a k.kk fdYyk rkC;kr ?ksryk- iq.;kiklwu toGp
vlysY;k pkd.k ;sFkhy HkqbZdksV fdY;kpk (laxzkenqxZ) fQjaxksth ujlkG gk fdYysnkj gksrk- f’kokth
egkjktkaauh fQjaxksth ujlkG ;kl vkiysls d:u ?ksrys vkf.k pkd.kP;k fdY;koj opZLo izLFkkihr
dsys- 1648 P;k fnokGhr iqjanjpk fdYyk R;kauh vkiY;k opZLok[kkyh vk.kyk-

41
3- 1- 4- ’kgkth jktsauk dSn
f’kokth egkjktkaauh rksj.kk] dks<a k.kk] iqjanj gs cGdV fdYys ftadwu ?ksÅu vkfny’kkgh lRrsyk
m?kM vkOgku fnys- f’kokth egkjktkaauh fnysys m?kM vkOgku o dukZVdkrhy ’kgkth jktsaP;k
gkypkyheqGs fotkiwj njckj vLoLFk >kyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkjokbZekxs ’kgkth jktsapk gkr vlkok
vlk la’k; vkfny’kgkyk vkyk- f’kokth egkjktkaauh Lohdkjysys vkØed /kksj.k o ’kgkth jktsPa ;k
gkypkyh vki.kkl =klnk;d gksrhy ;kph dYiuk vkfny’kgkyk vkyh- vkfny’kgkus ’kgkth jktsua k
vVd dj.;kpk vkns’k nsrkp tqyS 1648 e/;s eqLrQk[kkukus eq/kksGP;k ckth ?kksjiM;kP;k enrhus
ftathtoG ’kgkth jktsua k vVd dsyh- vkfny’kgkus ’kgkth jktspa h nksUgh eqys f’kokth egkjkt
o laHkkthapk cankscLr dj.;klkBh QRrs[kku o QÚgkn[kku ;kph fu;qDrh dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh
QRrs[kkukpk ijkHko dsyk- rj laHkkthus QÚgkn[kkukpk ijkHko dsyk-
QRrs[kkukpk cankscLr dsY;kuarj f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kgkth jktsPa ;k lqVdslkBh iz;Ru
lq: dsys- eq?ky ckn’kgk ’kgktgku ;kpk eqyxk eqjkn eq?ky lkezkT;kP;k nf{k.k lqH;kpk lqHksnkj gksrk-
eqjkndMs vkiyk tklwn ikBowu eq?ky ckn’kgkus ’kgkth jktsaP;k lqVdslkBh fotkiwjP;k lqyrkukoj
nMi.k vk.kkos vls lqpfoys- i.k es 1649 e/;s vkfny’kgkus ’kgkth jktsaph lqVdk dsY;keqGs
eq?kykaPa ;k e/;LFkhph xjtp iMyh ukgh- ’kgkth jktsalkj[;k cyk<; ljnkjkl tkLr fnol dSnsr
Bso.ks ;ksX; gks.kkj ukgh ;kph tk.kho vkfny’kgkl >kyh- f’kok; ’kgkth jkts gs vkfny’kgk’kh
,dfu"B vlY;kph tk.kho fotkiwj njckjkrhy ’kgkth jktsPa ;k fgrfpardkuh vkfny’kgkl d:u fnyh-
’kgkth jktsaph dSnsrwu eqDrrk d:u vkfny’kgkus R;kauk f[kyr] iwohZph tgkfxjh o egkjkt gk fdrkc
fnyk- ’kgkth jktsPa ;k lqVdsP;k ekscnY;kr dks<a k.kk fdYyk o dukZVdkrhy ’kgkth jktsPa ;k
opZLok[kkyhy caxywj o danihZ gs fdYys vkfny’kgkl ns.;kph vV ?kky.;kr vkyh gksrh- gh vV
ekU; d:u ofjy fdYys vkfny’kgkP;k Lok/khu dsj.;kr vkys-
3- 2- f’kokth egkjkt & vkfny’kkgh lac/ak
f’kokth egkjktkauh fdYys ftadwu LojkT; LFkkiusdMs okVpky lq: dsY;kuarj vkfny’kgk o
R;kaP;krhy la?k"kZ ok<r xsyk- rks iq<hy ?kVukaP;k vk/kkjs vki.kkl vH;klrk ;sbZy-
3- 2- 1- tkoGh izn’s kkoj Lokjh
f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k opZLok[kkyh vlysY;k izns’kkyk ykxwup panzjko eksjspa h tkoGh izns’kkph
(tksj [kksjs) tgkfxjh gksrh- tkoGhpk gk MksaxjkG izns’k vusd nÚ;k[kksÚ;kauh] ?kunkV taxykauh] fgaL=
’okinkauh O;kiysyk gksrk- tkoGh gk nqxZe o vftaD; izns’k gksrk- panzjko eksjs fotkiwjdjkaps fi<htkr
tgkfxjnkj gksrs- toGtoG uÅ fi<;kaiklwu tkoGh izns’kkr R;kauh vkiys oSHko ok<oys gksrs-

42
R;kaP;kdMs toGikl ngk rs ia/kjk gtkj lSU; gksrs- egkM iklwu rs egkcGs’oji;Zarpk Mksaxjh Hkkx o
cgqrka’k lkrkjk ftYgk R;kauh dkcht dsyk gksrk- tkoGhP;k taxye; izns’kkrwu ifjphr o ljkbZr
ek.klkaukgh okV dk<rk ;sr uls- ns’kko:u dksd.kkr tk.kkÚ;k f[kaMh] ?kkV o okVk tkoGhP;k nqxZe
izns’kkrwu tkr gksR;k- vkfny’kgkus gk izns’k 16 O;k ’krdkP;k lq:okrhyk eksjsua k tgkfxjh Eg.kwu fnyk-
R;kpcjkscj eksjsua k ^panzjko* gk fdrkcgh fnyk- eksjs ?kjk.;krhy vf/kdkj:< drkZ iq:"k Lor%yk panzjko
gk fdrkc /kkj.k djr vls- eksjs gs Lor%yk panzxqIr ekS;kZaps oa’kt letr vlr- fotkiwjP;k
vkfny’kgkps ukeek= opZLo ekU; d:u rs lkoZHkkSe lRrk/kh’kkizek.ks okxr vlr- eksjsua h nqxZe o
lqjf{kr letys tk.kkjs tkoGh gs fBdk.k vkiY;k tgkfxjhph jkt/kkuh Eg.kwu fuoMys- fi<;kufi<;k
tkoGh izns’kkoj jkT; d:u R;kauh eksB;k izek.kkr laiRrh teoyh gksrh-
f’koktha egkjktkauh LojkT; LFkkiusP;k dk;kZl lq:okr dsyh rsOa gk nkSyrjko eksjs ;kps tkoGh
izns’kkoj opZLo gksrs- nkSyrjko eksjs 1648 P;k lqekjkl fuiq=hd voLFksr ej.k ikoyk- nkSyrjkokP;k
e`R;wuarj xknhoj dks.k ;kos ;ko:u eksjs ?kjk.;kr ;knohln`’; ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k >kyh- nkSyrjko
eksjaPs ;k iRuhus f’korjdj eksjsid
S h ;’koarjkokl nRrd ?ksÅu tgkfxjhpk rkck ?ksryk- eksjs ?kjk.;krhy
dkgh O;Drhauh gs nRrdfo/kku vekU; d:u ;’koarjkokpk tkoGh izns’kkojhy vf/kdkj vekU; dsyk-
f’kokth egkjktkaauh LojkT;dk;kZr ;’koarjkokph enr gksbZy ;k mn~ns’kkus ;’koarjkokl ikfBack fnyk-
f’kokth egkjktkaauh ;’koarjkokl fnysY;k ikfBaC;keqGs tkoGh izns’kkr R;kaps opZLo fuekZ.k gksbZy ;k
fHkrhus okbZ izns’kkr vlysY;k vQ>y[kkukus ;’koarjkokl fojks/k dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k
ikfBaC;keqGs lRrsoj vkysY;k ;’koarjkokl ik;mrkj d:u tkoGhP;k izns’kkoj vkfny’kkgh njckjkP;k
orhus nqlÚ;k eksjspa h fu;qDrh dj.;kps fu;kstu vQ>y[kku d: ykxyk- vQ>y[kkukP;k ;k
dkjokbZph ekfgrh ;’koarjkokl >kyh- R;keqGs ;’koarjkokus vQ>y[kkuk’kh tqGowu ?ks.;kpk fu.kZ;
?ksryk- vQ>y[kkukl [kq"k dj.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkaps vki.k ’k=w vkgksr gs nk[kowu ns.;kpk
;’koarjkokus iz;Ru lq: dsyk- vkiY;k lgdk;kZus panzjko cuysY;k ;’koarjkokpk d`r?ui.kk f’kokth
egkjktkaauk vkoMyk ukgh- LojkT;kpk foLrkj o laj{k.kkP;k n`"Vhus tkoGh izns’k ftad.ks f’kokth
egkjktkauk xjtsps okVr gksrs- vQ>y[kkuk’kh ;’koarjkokus tqGowu ?ksrY;kus o vQ>y[kkukus
;’koarjkokl fnysY;k ikfBaC;keqGs dkgh dkG ’kkar jkg.;kps f’kokth egkjktkaauh Bjoys- 1655 e/;s
dukZVdkrhy vank/kqna h nwj dj.;klkBh vkfny’kgkus vQ>y[kkukyk dudfxjhyk ikBoys- ;k la/khpk
Qk;nk ?ksÅu ;’koarjkokpk cnyk ?ks.;kps f’kokth egkjktkaauh Bjoys-
tkoGh izns’kkojhy Lokjhph dkj.ks
1656 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkaua h tkoGh izns’kkoj Lokjh d:u rks izns’k ftadwu ?ksryk-
R;klkBh iq<hy dkj.ks dkj.khHkwr Bjyh-
43
 1- f’kokth egkjktkaauk tkoGh izns’k ftadwu vkiY;k LojkT;kpk foLrkj djk;pk gksrk-
Lolaj{k.kkP;k n`"Vhus tkoGh izns’k vfr’k; mi;qDr gksrk-
2- laiUursP;k n`"Vhus tkoGh izns’k mi;qDr gksrk- gh laiRrh feGowu LojkT;kph frtksjh le`/n
dj.;kpk f’kokth egkjktkapk fopkj gksrk-
3- tkoGh izns’kkr jk;jh gk cGdV o nqxZe fdYyk gksrk- LojkT;kP;k laj{k.kkP;k n`"Vhus jk;jhps
egRo f’kokth egkjktkauk okVr gksrs-
4- ;’koarjko eksjspk d`r?ui.kkgh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k tkoGhojhy vkØe.kkl dkj.khHkwr Bjyk-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lgdk;kZeqGps ;’koarjkokl tkoGhph tgkfxjh feGkyh gksrh- ijarq
vQ>y[kkukus fojks/k djrkp f’kokth egkjktkaaps lgdk;Z fol:u ;’koarjko vQ>y[kkukP;k
i{kkr lkehy >kyk gksrk-
5- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT;LFkkiusP;k dk;kZr ;’koarjko fo?us vk.kr gksrk- vkfny’kgkus
f’kokth egkjktkapk cankscLr dj.;klkBh ikBoysY;k ckth ’kkejkt ;kl ;’koarjkokus lgk¸;
dsys- ;kpk jkx f’kokth egkjktkauk vkyk gksrk-
6- eqls [kksÚ;krhy xkodqyd.khZ jaxks f=ey okdMs ;kus ,dk fo/kok L=hoj vR;kpkj dsyk gksrk-
f’kokth egkjktkadMwu gks.kkÚ;k dBksj f’k{ksP;k fHkrhus R;kus tkoGh izns’kkpk vkJ; ?ksryk-
vkiY;k izns’kkrhy xqUgsxkjkyk ;’koarjko vkJ; nsrks ;kpk jkx f’kokth egkjktkauk vkyk-
7- ;’koarjkokus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k izns’kkr ?kql[kksjh dsyh- fp[kyhpk ikVhy jketh okMdj
;kpk ikBykx djr ;’koarjkokus f’koktha egkjktkaP;k izns’kkr ?kqlwu jketh okMdjkl Bkj
ekjys-
8- xqatu ekoGpk gScrjko flyhedj ns’keq[k gk f’kokth egkjktkapk i{kikrh gksrk- gScrjkokl
=kl ns.;klkBh ;’koarjkokus xqatu ekoGP;k ns’keq[khckcr okn md:u dk<yk-
ojhy osxosxG;k dkj.kko:u f’kokth egkjkt o ;’koarjko ;kaP;krhy laca/k fc?kMr xsys-
;’koarjkokpk dk;epk cankscLr dsY;kf’kok; i;kZ; ukgh ;kph tk.kho f’kokth egkjktkaauk >kyh-
tkoGhoj vkØe.k
;’koarjko eksjaps k cankscLr dj.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkaua h y"djh rkdnhpk okij dj.;kps
Bjowu j?kqukFk cYykG] dkUgksth ts/ks] laHkkth dkoth] lw;Zjko dkdMs] lhfyedj ns’keq[k] ckany
ns’keq[k ;kaph fu;qDrh ;k dkeklkBh dsyh- R;kauh ,dkp osGh tkoGh izns’kkoj pkjgh cktwauh gYyk
dsyk- R;keqGs ;’koarjkokph pkaxyhp dksMa h >kyh- ;’koarjko eksjs] izrkijko eksjs] g.kearjko eksjs]
ckcthjkÅ o eqjkjckth ns’kikaMs ;kauh lSU;kyk tksjnkj izfrdkj dsyk- ;ke/;s g.kearjko eksjs ekjyk
xsyk rj izrkijko eksjs fotkiwjkl iGwu xsyk- ;’koarjko eksjs o eqjkjckth ns’kikaMs ;kauh v[ksjpk
44
izfrdkj d:u ikfgyk- i.k R;kpkgh mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lSU;kpk izfrdkj dj.ks
vo?kM vkgs ;kph tk.kho ;’koarjkokl >kyh- Lor%pk o vkiY;k eqykapk tho okpo.;klkBh
;’koarjko ckth o d`".kkth ;k nksu eqyklg jk;jh (jk;xM) fdY;koj iGwu xsyk- tkusokjh 1656
e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh tkoGh izns’kkoj opZLo izLFkkihr dsys- ftadysY;k izns’kkph iz’kkldh;
O;oLFkk ykÅu ;k izns’kkpk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu d`".kkth ckckth ;kph fu;qDrh dsyh- ;’koarjkokps iw.kZ
ikfjiR; dsY;kf’kok; ;k izns’kkr ’kkarrk fuekZ.k gks.kkj ukgh gs tk.kwu jk;jh fdY;koj vkJ;kl xsysY;k
;’koarjkokl idM.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lSU;kus jk;jh fdY;kl os<k fnyk- toGikl fru
efgus gk os<k lq: gksrk- fdYyk y<o.ks fnolsfa nol vo?kM gksr vlY;kps ikgwu ;’koarjkokus
flyhacdj ns’keq[kkekQZr f’kokth egkjktka’kh laidZ lk/kyk o jk;jh fdYyk es 1656 e/;s R;kaP;k
gokyh dsyk- ;’koarjko eksjsyk f’kokth egkjktkaauh utjdSnsr Bsoys- tkoGh izns’k o jk;jhlkj[kk
cGdV fdYyk vkiY;k gkrwu xsY;kps nq%[k ;’koarjko eksjsyk okVr gksrs- R;keqGs eq/kksGdj ?kksjiM;k’kh
la/kku lk/kwu f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fojks/kkr gkypkyh dj.;kl R;kus lq:okr dsyh- ;kph tk.kho
f’kokth egkjktkl gksrkp R;kauh vkWxLV 1656 e/;s ;’koarjkokyk o R;kP;k nksUgh eqykauk Bkj dsys -
tkoGh fot;kps egRo
ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkr tkoGh fot;kl egRoiw.kZ LFkku vkgs- LojkT;LFkkiusdMs okVpky
dj.kkÚ;k f’kokth egkjktkaaph jktdh; o y"djh thoukrhy gh ifgyhp eksBh eksfge gksrh- tkoGh
fot;kps egRo iq<hyizek.ks lkaxrk ;sbZy-
1- tkoGhojhy fot;keqGs tkoGhpk le`/n] laiUu o nqxZe izns’k f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k
opZLok[kkyh vkyk-
2- tkoGhojhy fot;keqGs LojkT;kpk foLrkj gksÅu LojkT;kph lhek dksd.k fdukjiV~Vhi;Zar
iksgpyh- dksd.k fdukjiV~Vhojhy baxzt] iksrZqXkht] Mp ;k ijdh; O;kikÚ;ka’kh f’kokth
egkjktkapk laca/k ;s.;kl lq:okr >kyh-
3- tkoGhojhy fot;keqGs y"djh o O;kikjhn`"V;k egRoiw.kZ vlysY;k ?kkVkoj f’kokth egkjktkaps
opZLo izLFkkihr >kys- dksd.kkrwu ns’kkdMs gks.kkÚ;k O;kikj o brj gkypkyhoj fu;a=.k jk[k.ks
R;kauk ’kD; >kys-
4- laiUu tkoGh izns’kkoj eksjs ?kjk.;krhy uÅ fi<;kauh jkT; dsys gksrs- R;kauh tek dsysyh loZ
laiRrh f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k gkrh vkyh- R;keqGs LojkT;kpk [kftuk le`/n >kyk-

45
 5- tkoGhlkj[kk nqxZe o LojkT;kP;k laj{k.kkP;k n`"Vhus mi;qDr vlysyk izns’k o jk;jh
(jk;xM)panzxM] edjanxM] lksuxM] pkaHkkjxM gs fdYys f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k opZLok[kkyh
vkys-
6- f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k tkoGhojhy fot;keqGs y"djh lkeF;kZr ok<>kyh- ;’koarjko eksjsdMhy
dkgh lSU; R;kauk ;sÅu feGkys- eqjkjckth ns’kikaMs vkiY;k f=acdth] ’kadjth] laHkkth o
egknth ;k pkj ca/kwlg f’kokth egkjktkadMs vkyk-
7- tkoGh izns’kklkj[kk nqxZe] vftaD; o cGdV izns’k panzjko eksjslkj[;k izfrf"Br o ijkØeh
ljnkjkpk ijkHk d:u ftadY;keqGs f’kokth egkjktkaapk ncnck o njkjk ok<yk-
3- 2- 2- vQ>y[kkukph Lokjh
f’kokth egkjktkauh vkfny’kgkP;k opZLok[kkyhy ftadysys fdYys vkf.k tkoGhlkj[kk
ftadysyk laiUu o nqxZe izns’kkeqGs vkfny’kgk o f’kokth egkjkt ;kaP;kr la?k"kZ gks.ks vifjgk;Z Bjys-
1646 iklwu egaen vkfny’kgk vktkjh gksrk- vkfny’kkgh njckjkr fuekZ.k >kysY;k vukxksanhpk
Qk;nk f’kokth egkjktkaauh ?ksÅu LojkT;kpk foLrkj dj.;koj Hkj fnyk gksrk- 1656 e/;s egaen
vkfny’kgkpk e`R;w gksÅu vyh vkfny’kgk uok lqyrku cuyk- R;kyk f’kokth egkjktkaaP;k ok<R;k
dkjok;kauk] ok<R;k lkeF;kZyk vkGk ?kky.ks xjtsps okVw ykxys- f’koktha egkjktkapk cankscLr
dj.;klkBh ,[kknk ijkØeh] cyk<; ljnkj ikBo.ks R;kyk xjtsps okVys- f’kokth egkjktkapk dk;epk
cankscLr dj.;klkBh R;kus vkfny’kkgh njckjkrhy cyk<; ljnkj vQ>y[kku ;kph 1659 e/;s
fu;qDrh dsyh- ;kekxs lqyrkukph vkbZ cMhlkfgck fgph dYiuk gksrh- cMh lkfgck gh egRodka{kh]
drZcxkj] /kksj.kh] jktuhfrTK o dkjLFkkuh L=h gksrh- ’kgkth jktsua k ^vkiY;k eqykl vkojk* vls frus
lkaxhrys gksrs- ’kgkth jktsadMwu vleFkZrk O;Dr >kY;kuarj frus f’kokth egkjktkapk dk;epk cankscLr
dj.;kps Bjoys- f’kokth egkjktkauk lkeksipkjkus] diV d:u idMkos o vkfny’kkgh njckjkr gtj
djkos v’kh ppkZ rsOa gk fotkiwj njckjkr vlY;kps mYys[k baxztkaP;k i=ke/;s lkiMrkr-
vQ>y[kkukph fu;qDrh
vQ>y[kkukph fu;qDrh djrkuk vkfny’kkgh njckjkrhy izlax dlk ?kMyk gs lkaxrkuk lHkkln
Eg.krks] ^cMh lkgsch.k fg.ks dqy othj mejko vny’kkgh cksykowu vk.kwu f’kokthjkft;kofj jokuk
djkos Eg.kksu iqlrk dks.kh dcwy dsys ukgh- vQ>y[kku othj ;k.kh dcwy dsys dh] ^f’kokth dk;?
p<s ?kksfM;kfu’kh ftoar dSn d:u ?ksÅu ;srks* f’kokth egkjkt ’kj.k ;s.;kps ukVd djrhy i.k
R;kaP;koj fo’okl u Bsork dk;epk cankscLr dj.;kph vkKk vyh vkfny’kgkus vQ>y[kkukyk
fnY;kph uksna l¸;n uq:Yykus vkiY;k rkjh[k&b&vyh vkfny’kkghe/;s dsyh vkgs- vQ>y[kkukl
f’kokth egkjktkauk vki.k idMw ’kdrks fdaok Bkj ek: ’kdrks ;kph [kk=h gksrh- rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhr
46
vkfny’kkgh njckjkr ts izcG ljnkj gksrs R;ke/;s vQ>y[kkukpk lekos’k gksrk- vkfny’kkgh
njckjkrhy ’kgkth jktsua k feG.kkjk ekulUeku] njckjkrhy LFkku o ’kgktha jktspa s dr``ZRo R;kyk vkoMr
uOgrs- Eg.kwup vkfny’kgkus dukZVdkr ’kgkth jktsua k dSn dsY;kuarj R;kaP;k ik;kr csM;k ?kkywu
vkfny’kkgh njckjkr vk.k.;kr vQ>y[kkukus iq<kdkj ?ksryk gksrk- dudfxjhP;k y<kbZr laHkkth
ekjys tk.;kl vQ>y[kkukps /kksj.kp dkj.khHkwr Bjys gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh panzjko eksjspk ijkHko
d:u tkoGh izns’kkr fuekZ.k dsysys opZLo vQ>y[kkukl vkoMys uOgrs - f’kokth egkjktkauh
dukZVdkr rsjnGi;Zar Lokjh dsyh gksrh- gk izns’k vQ>y[kkukP;k opZLok[kkyh gksrk-
vQ>y[kkukph fu;qDrh dj.;kekxs f’kokth egkjktkaapk dk;epk cankscLr dj.;kpk gsrw
vkfny’kkgh njckjkpk gksrk- rRdkyhu dkxni=ko:u vki.kkyk ;kph dYiuk ;srs- 16 twu 1659
jksth vkfny’kgkus dkUgksth ts/ks ;kl ikBoysY;k QekZukr vkfny’kgk Eg.krks] ^^f’kokthus futke’kkgh
dksd.kkrhy eqlyekukapk mPNsn o ywV d:u fdYys gLrxr dsys] R;kps ikfjiR;klkBh vQ>y[kkukl
jokuk dsys vkgs] rjh R;kl rqEgh lkehy gksÅu f’kokthpk ijkHko d:u fuewZy QM’kk djkok] R;kP;k
yksdkal vkJ; u nsrka Bkj ek:u ;k nkSyrhpsa dY;k.k bfPN.ks-** vkfny’kgkP;k ;k QekZuko:u
vQ>y[kkukP;k Lokjhekxpk gsrw LoPNi.ks fnlwu ;srks- vkfny’kgkdMwu vkysys QekZu dkUgksth ts/ksauh
f’kokth egkjktkauk nk[koys gksrs- rsOa gk ^rqEgh ikr’kkgh gqdwe eksMwu jkfgys Eg.kts orukl vik;s
gksbZy- ftokojh xks"V ;sÅu ladV iMys ;kdjrk rqEghgh tks.k^ vls f’kokth egkjktkauh dkUgksth ts/ksl
lkaxhrys- v’kk vMp.khP;k ifjfLFkrhrgh dkUgksth ts/ksua h f’kokth egkjktkapk i{k ’ksoVi;Zar lksMyk
ukgh- myV ekoG izns’kkrhy ns’keq[kkauk ,d= dj.;kr dkUgksth ts/ksua h egRokph Hkwfedk fuHkkoyh-
dkUgksth ts/ksia zek.ksp f’kfyedj] iklydj] ckany] <ekys] ekj.ks] ejG] Mksgksj b- ns’keq[kgh f’kokth
egkjktkaadMsp jkfgys-
vQ>y[kkukph r;kjh o ekxZ
vkfny’kgkus vQ>y[kkukl f’kokth egkjktkafo:/nP;k eksfgeslkBh dk; fnys gs lkaxrkuk
lHkkln Eg.krks] ^ikn’kkgktknh [kq’kky gksÅu oL=s] vyadkj] gRrh] ?kksM]s nkSyr] btkQk nsÅu
ukaokftd cjkscj mejkr teko ckjk gtkj Lokj] [ksjht ik;nG jokuk dsys-* vQ>y[kkuktoG
12000 Lokj vkf.k 10000 ik;nG gksrs- 70 rs 75 eksB;k rj 300 rs 400 ygku igkMh rksQk
gksR;k- izpaM nk:xksGk] eksB;k izek.kkr [kftuk] gRrh] maV] ?kksMs lkscr fnys gksrs- ;kdwr[kku]
j.knqYyk[kk.k] fln~nh fgyky] eqls[kku] vacj[kku] vadq’k[kku] ckth ?kksjiMs] dY;k.kth tk/ko]
izrkijko eksjs] eackth tk/ko] ukbZdth ika<js] >a>q kjjko ?kkVxs gs ljnkjgh vQ>y[kkuklkscr gksrs - lnj
eksfgesr vQ>y[kkukl dkghgh deh iM.kkj ukgh ;kph dkGth vkfny’kgkus ?ksryh gksrh-
vQ>y[kku okbZl ;sbZi;Zar R;kP;k lSU;kph la[;k iLrhl gtkjki;Zar iksgpyh gksrh-
47
 laiw.kZ r;kjh >kY;kuarj vQ>y[kku lIVsca j 1659 e/;s okbZl vkyk- vQ>y[kku fganw
/kekZpk dMok fojks/kd vlY;kus izoklknjE;ku ekxkZojhy /keZLFkGkauk minzo ns.;kps /kksj.k R;kus
Lohdkjys gksrs- fotkiwjo:u okbZl ;srkuk tkxkstkxh R;kus vR;kpkj dsys- lHkkln c[kjhe/;s
vQ>y[kkukus rqGtkiwj o ia<jiwj ;sFkhy rhFkZLFkGkauk minzo fnY;kpk mYys[k vkgs- vKkunklkP;k
iksokM;kr vQ>y[kkukus rqGtkiwj] ek.ksds’oj] djdac] Hkksls] ia<jiwj] ’kaHkwegknso ;k /keZLFkGkauk
minzo fnY;kpk mYys[k vkgs- ;kekxs f’kokth egkjktkauk fMop.;kpk o vkiyh ng’kr fuekZ.k
dj.;kpk R;kpk gsrw gksrk- i.k f’kokth egkjktkaauh vQ>y[kkukP;k ;k dkjok;kdMs tk.khoiwoZd nqyZ{k
dsys- QyV.k toG eyoMh ;sFkhy ctkth ukbZd fuackGdjkyk vQ>y[kkukus idMys o gRrhP;k
ik;k[kkyh ns.;kph r;kjh R;kus lq: dsyh- ;kekxs f’kokth egkjktkauk =kl ns.;kpk R;kpk gsrw gksrk-
dkj.k ctkth ukbZd fuackGdj f’kokth egkjktkapk ukryx gksrk- ’ksoVh ukbZdth jkts ika<js ;kus
e/;LFkh dsyh- lkB gtkj gksukaP;k cnY;kr ctkth ukbZd fuackGdjkph lqVdk dsyh- fotkiwjo:u
vQ>y[kku okbZl ;s.;kps dkj.k Eg.kts f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiyk eqDdke izrkixMkoj gyoyk
gksrk- iq.;krhy eSnkuh izns’kkr vQ>y[kkuk’kh lkeuk dj.ks vo?kM vkgs gs vksG[kwu R;kauh
izrkixMkoj okLrO; dsys- okbZiklwu izrkixMki;ZarP;k vo?kM izns’kkr vQ>y[kkukl xkBwu R;kpk
ijkHko dj.;kps f’kokth egkjktkauh Bjoys- vQ>y[kku ’ksoVh vkiyk ikBykx djr ;k izns’kkr
;s.kkj ;kph tk.kho R;kauk gksrh- y"djh gkypkyhP;k n`"Vhus] lqjf{krrsP;k n`"Vhus o vQ>y[kkukpk
gYyk ijrowu yko.;kP;k n`"Vhus gk izns’k ;ksX; gksrk- okbZP;k izns’kkr tk.;kpk fu.kZ; vQ>y[kkukus
fopkjiwoZd ?ksryk gksrk- okbZ izns’kkpk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu dke dsys vlY;kus ;k izns’kkph [kMk.k[kMk
ekfgrh R;kyk gksrh- tkoGh izns’kkph ckjhdlkjhd ekfgrh vlysyk izrkijko eksjsgh vQ>y[kkuklkscr
gksrk- vkfny’kgkP;k QekZuko:u ;k Hkkxkrhy vusd ns’keq[k vQ>y[kkukl feGkys gksrs- f’kokth
egkjktkaacjkscjP;k laHkkO; ;q/nkr ;k lokZapk mi;ksx vQ>y[kkukl gks.kkj gksrk-
vQ>y[kku diVh] la’k;h] eRljh vkgs ;kph iw.kZ tk.kho f’kokth egkjktkauk gksrh-
vQ>y[kkukus ’kgkth jktsauk csM;k ?kkywu vkfny’kkgh njckjkr vk.krkuk fnysyh okx.kwd] ca/kw
laHkkthP;k e`R;wl dkj.khHkwr Bjysys vQ>y[kkukps Mkoisp] Hkkslys ?kjk.;kfo"k;h R;kyk okVr
vlysyk eRlj] 1636 e/;s dukZVdkrhy f’kÚ;kpk jktk dLrqjh jaxk ;kyk HksVhl cksykowu dsysyk
nxkQVdk ;k lokZaph ekfgrh f’kokth egkjktkaauk gksrh- R;keqGs vQ>y[kkukfo:/nph r;kjh R;kauh
vR;ar ckjdkbZus dsyh gksrh- okbZyk vkY;kuarj f’kokth egkjktkauk izrkixMko:u [kkyh ;s.;kl Hkkx
ikM.;klkBh o yksdkae/;s ng’kr fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh LojkT;kr /kqekdwG ?kky.;kl o tkGiksG]
yqVkywV dj.;kl vQ>y[kkukus lq:okr dsyh- iq.ks izns’kkr fln~nh fgyky] lqis izns’kkr tk/ko]
f’kjoG izns’kkr ukbZdth ika<js] rGdksd.kkoj lSQ[kku rj lkloMdMs [kjkMs ;kaph jokuxh dsyh- ;k
48
izns’kkr ng’kr fuekZ.k dsY;kl f’kokth egkjkt vki.kkl vkiksvkip ’kj.k ;srhy v’kh vQ>y[kkukl
[kk=h gksrh- ijarq vQ>y[kkukP;k ;k dkjok;kadMs f’kokth egkjktkaauh tk.khoiwoZd nqyZ{k dsys-
vQ>y[kkukph HksV o o/k
vQ>y[kkukps lSU; okbZiklwu egkcGs’oji;Zar iljys gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k izns’kkr
/kqekdwG ?kkrY;kuarj vkiY;k izfrdkjklkBh f’kokth egkjkt eSnkukr mrjrhy gk vQ>y[kkukpk vankt
iw.kZi.ks pqdyk- leksjkleksjP;k y<kbZr dnkfpr vkiyk fVdko ykx.kkj ukgh vls okVwu f’kokth
egkjktkauh vQ>y[kkukP;k fojks/kkr eqRlÌsxhjhpk okij dj.;kps Bjoys- vQ>y[kkukpk LojkT;kP;k
izns’kkr /kqekdwG lq: vlrkuk f’kokth egkjkt vQ>y[kkukfo:/nP;k Mkoispkaph] eksfgesph vk[k.kh
djhr gksrs- vki.k vQ>y[kkukpk izfrdkj u dsY;kl ’ksoVh rks tkoGh izns’kkr ;s.kkj ;kph tk.kho
f’kokth egkjktkauk gksrh- R;kn`"Vhus ekoG izkra krhy fdY;kaph pks[k O;oLFkk R;kauh dsyh gksrh- vkiys
lSU; R;kauh tkoGh izns’kkr fBdfBdk.kh lTt Bsoys gksrs- f’kokth egkjkt eSnkuh izns’kkr ;sr ukgh gs
ikgwu vQ>y[kkukus R;kaph izR;{k HksV ?ksÅu dkVk dk<.;kps Bjoys- f’kokth egkjktkauk vkiY;k
HksVhlkBh okbZl vk.k.;kpk vQ>y[kkukpk iz;Ru gksrk- R;klkBh vQ>y[kkukus vkiyk odhy
d`".kkth HkkLdj ;kyk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k HksVhlkBh ikBoys- f’kokth egkjktka’kh >kysY;k HksVhr
d`".kkth HkkLdj vQ>y[kkukph Hkwfedk lkaxrkuk Eg.krks] ^^[kkukps lkax.ks vkgs dh rqeps ofMy o
vkEgh ,d ikn’kkghps pkdj- R;kapk o vkepk HkkbZpkjk iqjkru vkgs- rqEgh R;k ikn’kkghrhy mejko
vlksu fdYys] dksV ?ksrys] ’kgjs ekfjrk] ikn’kgkl :tw gksr ukgh----;ktmifj rqEgh ikn’kkgkps vkKsr
ljG pkyys vlrk vkEgh loZ xqUgs ekQ djowu gs eulc lajtke o vk.k[kh fo’ks"k d:u ns.;kpk
ftek vkepk vkgs ;fo’kh ikfgts r’kh [kkrjtek d:u ?;koh vkf.k HksVhl ;kos-** vQ>y[kkukph gh
Hkwfedk ,sdwu f’kokth egkjktkauh d`".kkth HkkLdj ;kP;ktoG ^tls egkjkt rls [kku vki.kkl ofMy
vkgsr- R;kaph HksV vycrk ?ksÅ* vlk fujksi ikBoyk-
f’kokth egkjktkauh vQ>y[kkukP;k HksVhlkBh d`".kkth HkkLdj ;kP;k cjkscjhus vkiyk iarkth
xksihukFk gk gq’kkj o /kksj.kh odhy ikBoyk- vQ>y[kkukl HksVwu R;kpk varLFk gsrw igk.ks]
vQ>y[kkukP;k Nko.khrwu [kjh ekfgrh dk<.ks gh egRokph tckcnkjh iarkth xksihukFk ;kP;koj
lksio.;kr vkyh gksrh- vkiys dkgh xqIrgsjgh vQ>y[kkukP;k Nko.khr ikBowu R;kP;k gsrwfo"k;h
ekfgrh feGoyh- vQ>y[kkuklkscr >kysY;k HksVhr o Nko.khrwu feGkysY;k ekfgrho:u R;kP;k eukr
nxkQVdk dj.;kpk fopkj vkgs vls iarkth xksihukFk ;kus f’kokth egkjktkauk lkaxhrys- R;keqGs
vQ>y[kkukph HksV okbZl tkÅu ?ks.;kps f’kokth egkjktkauh VkGys- ^^,o<;k eksB;k lSU;k’kh
lkeuk dj.;kph rkdn ek÷;kr ukgh] >kysys vijk/k iksVkar ?kkywu [kku thonku nsrhy] rj eh
vkiY;k rkC;krhy loZ eqyw[k lksMwu ns.;kl r;kj vkgs-** vlk fujksi vkiY;k odhykekQZr ikBowu
49
vki.k ?kkcjyks vlY;kps f’kokth egkjktkauh Hkkloys- vQ>y[kkukykp tkoGh izns’kkr ;sÅu
HksV.;kps vkea=.k fnys- ,d osG HksVwu eus tqGY;kuarj vQ>y[kku ftFks HksVk;yk cksykosy rsFks ;sÅu
HksV ?ksÅ vls lkaxhrys- f’kokth egkjkt vki.kkl ?kkcjyk vkgs ;kpk vQ>y[kkukyk [kwip vkuan
>kyk- R;kus jMrksaMhpk ?kkV mr:.k ikjxkouthd Nko.kh fnyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiys lSU;
tkoGhP;k taxye; izns’kkr eksD;kP;k fBdk.kh yiowu Bsoys- iarkth xksihukFk o d`".kkth HkkLdj ;kauh
10 uksOgsca j 1659 okj xq:okj gk HksVhpk fnol Bjoyk- HksV izrkixMkP;k ekphoj nqikjh gksbZy-
nks?kkauh HksVhlkBh l’kL= ;kos- vkiY;klkscr nksuis{kk vf/kd lsod vk.kw u;sr- nks?kkaps izR;sdh ngk
vaxj{kd lSfud ck.kkP;k VII;koj mHks djkosr- nks?kkaps cksy.ks ,dkarkr Ogkos- v’kk i/nrhus nksUgh
cktwaP;k orhus ri’khy Bjo.;kr vkyk- vQ>y[kkukl f’kokth egkjktkauk d/kh HksVus o vkiyk gsrw
d/kh lk/; gksbZy v’kh ?kkbZ >kyh gksrh- R;keqGs vQ>y[kku xq:okjh yodjp izrkixMkP;k ekphoj
mHkkjysY;k ’kkfe;kukr nk[ky >kyk- vQ>y[kkukus vkiY;k cjkscj nksu gqn~nsdjh o l¸;n caMk gk
/kkjdjh vk.kyk gksrk- vQ>y[kku HksVhr vki.kkl nxk dj.kkj ;kph tk.kho f’kokth egkjktkauk gksrh-
vQ>y[kkukus fo’okl?kkr dsykp rj Lolaj{kkph iw.kZ r;kjh R;kauh dsyh gksrh- mtO;k gkrkr ryokj
o ckghr fcpok] MkO;k gkrkr ok?ku[ks] diM;kaP;k vkre/;s fpy[kr] QsV;kP;k vkr f’kjL=k.k o
dacjsyk ryokj ?ksryh- laHkkth dkoth o ftÅ egky gs nksu gqn~nsdjh lkscr ?ksrys gksrs-
vQ>y[kkuk’kh nksu gkr dj.;kph osG vkyhp rj ;k ’kL=kapk mi;ksx Ogkok gk R;kekxpk mn~n’s k
gksrk- laHkkO; HksVhr vki.kkl nxkQVdk >kykp rj fttkckbZ] vk..kkth nRrks o ckGkth vkoth ;kauk
iq<s dk; djkos ;kph O;oLFkkgh f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyh gksrh- ^vkEgh gh gksM (iSt) vkjafHkyh vkgs-
Jh fl/nhl usbZyp- dnkfpr okdMsgh >kY;kl rqEgh ?kkcjs u gksrk ’k=wl cqMokos] jkT; j{kkos-*
f’kokth egkjkt izrkixMkP;k ekphoj nk[ky >kys- vQ>y[kkuklkscr l¸;n caMk gksrk-
f’kokth egkjktkauh gjdr ?ksrkp l¸;n caMkyk nwj mHks dj.;kr vkys- f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kkfe;kukr
izos’k dsY;kuarj nksUgh cktwaP;k odhykauh rRdkyhu njckjh fjrhjhoktkuqlkj ,desdkaP;k vksG[kh d:u
fnY;k- f’kokth egkjktkauk leksj ikgwu vQ>y[kkukl [kwip vkuan >kyk- f’kokth egkjktkauk vfyaxu
ns.;klkBh R;kus iq<s ljlkÅu gkr iq<s dsys- ladV vkiY;k iq<s mHks vkgs ;kph tk.kho f’kokth
egkjktkauk gksrh- vQ>y[kkukus f’kokth egkjktkauk vkiY;k ckgqik’kkr ?ksrys o R;kaph eku MkO;k
cxysr tksjkr vkoGyh vkf.k mtO;k gkrkus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k MkO;k dq’khr dV;kj [kqilys-
f’kokth egkjktkauh vaxkr fpy[kr ?kkrY;keqGs vQ>y[kkukus dsysyk okj fu"QG Bjyk-
vQ>y[kkukus vkiY;koj okj dsY;kps y{kkr ;srkp f’kokth egkjktkauh piGkbZus vkiY;k gkrkrhy
rh{.k ryokj R;kP;k iksVkr [kqilyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh dsysyk okj ;’kLoh B:u R;kph vkrMh
ckgsj vkyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;koj dsysyk okj ;’kLoh >kY;kps ikgwu rks tksjkr vksjMyk
50
^ekfjys! ekfjys! nxk fn/kyk- csxh /kkok* vQ>y[kkukoj okj dsY;kps ikgwu R;kpk ofdy d`".kkth
HkkLdj ;kus f’kokth egkjktkaoj ryokjhpk okj dsyk- ijarq f’kokth egkjktkauh R;kyk Bkj dsys-
vQ>y[kkukP;k fdadkG.;kpk vkokt ,sdw.k R;kps vaxj{kd /kkowu vkys- l¸;n caMk Ros"kkus f’kokth
egkjktkaoj pkywu vkyk- f’kokth egkjktkaoj okj dj.;klkBh mxkjysyk l¸;n caMkpk gkr ftok
egkykus [kka|kiklwu dkiwu dk<yk- vQ>y[kkukP;k Hkks;kauh R;kyk iky[khr ?kkywu ijr tk.;kl
lq:okr dsyh- ijarq laHkkth dkothus Hkks;kauk Bkj d:u vQ>y[kkukps f’kj /kMkosxGs dsys- eksfge
QRrs d:u f’kokth egkjktkala g laHkkth dkoth o ftok egky izrkixMkoj iksgkspys- f’kokth egkjkt
o vQ>y[kku HksVhr ?kkr dks.kh dsyk gk ,d ppsZpk eqn~nk >kyk vkgs- Qkjlh lk/kuke/;s f’kokth
egkjktkauh vQ>y[kkukpk ?kkr dsyk v’kh ekfgrh vkgs- rj ejkBh lk/kuke/;s vQ>y[kkukus ?kkr
dsyk vls mYys[k vkgsr- cqlkrhuqLlykrhu ;k xzFa kkr] xzWMa MQP;k xzaFkkr o Mp i=O;ogkjke/;s
f’kokth egkjktkauh vQ>y[kkukpk [kwu dsyk vls EgVys vkgs- xzWVa MQus vQ>y[kku o/kkps o.kZu
^tk.kwu cqtwu dsysyk [kwu* vls dsys vkgs- rj lHkkln c[kj o baxzth i=ke/kwu vQ>y[kkukus f’kokth
egkjktkaoj izFke okj dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%P;k j{k.kklkBh vQ>y[kkukl Bkj ekjys v’kh
ekfgrh vkgs- vQ>y[kkukpk fo’okl?kkrdh LoHkko] f’kokth egkjktkafo"k;h R;kyk okV.kkjk }s"k ikgrk
vQ>y[kkukusp f’kokth egkjktkaoj izFke okj dsyk vlyk ikfgts-
f’kokth egkjktkauh dsysY;k fu;kstukuqlkj ejkBk QkSt osxosxG;k Hkkxkr fo[kqjyh gksrh-
usrkth ikydj vkiY;k lSU;klg jMrksaMhP;k ?kkVkoj lTt gksrk- tkoGhrwu okbZdMs tk.kkjs
vQ>y[kkukps lSU; o okbZrhy R;kps lSU; ;kapk cankscLr dj.;kph tckcnkjh usrkth ikydjkdMs
ns.;kr vkyh gksrh- eksjkiar fiaxGs] ’kkejktiar jka>sdj o «;acd HkkLdj ;kauk ikj?kkV o dksd.kkdMhy
cktw lakHkkG.;kps dke ns.;kr vkys gksrs- tkoGhrhy vQ>y[kkukps lSU; izrkixMkdMs vpkud
fu?kkys rj R;kauk vMo.;kph tckcnkjh dkUgksth ts/ks o ckany ns’keq[k ;kaP;koj lksio.;kr vkyh
gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k lSU;kP;k dsysY;k fu;kstukpk Qk;nk R;kauk >kyk- izrkixMkoj
iksgkspY;kuarj f’kokth egkjktkauh rksQspk b’kkjrhpk vkokt djrkp laiw.kZ r;kjhfu’kh nMk nsÅu
clysys ejkBk lSU; vQ>y[kkukP;k cslko/k vlysY;k lSU;koj Ros"kkus rqVwu iMys- ejkB;kauh dsysY;k
vpkud gY;keqGs o vQ>y[kkukP;k o/kkP;k ckreheqGs vkfny’kkgh lSU; lSjkoSjk iGr lqVys-
ejkB;kauk izfrdkj dj.;kps lkeF;Zgh R;kaP;kr jkfgys ukgh- usrkth ikydj] dkUgksth ts/ks] ckth
ltsZjkÅ] flyhacdj ns’keq[k] ;slkth dad] eksjksira fiaxGs] ’kkejktiar jka>sdj] rkukth ekyqljs] dksMa kth
oj[ky] «;acd HkkLdj ;kauh vrqy ijkØe xktoyk- ^’kj.k ;srhy R;kl thnku |kos] O;FkZ jDrikr
d:a u;s* v’kh rkdn f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k lSfudkl fnyh gksrh- vQ>y[kkukpk eqyxk
Qkty[kku o eqls[kku] ;kdqr[kku] glu[kku o vadq’k[kku gs izrkijo eksjsPa ;k enrhus dlscls
51
tkoGhckgsj iMys- ;q/nkr dkeh vkysY;k ejkBk lSU;kP;k eqykauk uksdÚ;k fnY;k- [kaMksth [kksiMsl
f’k{kk Eg.kwu R;kpk ,d gkr o ,d ik; rksM.;kr vkyk- ejkB;kapk >kysyk vpkud gYyk o
vQ>y[kkukpk >kysyk o/k ikgwu Lor%dMhy lkfgR; rsFksp Vkdwu vkfny’kkgh lSU; lSjkoSjk iGwu
xsys- ;q/nkr ijkØe xkto.kkÚ;k ejkB;kauk [kkl njckj Hkjowu c{khls ns.;kr vkyh- vQ>y[kkukP;k
o/kkuarj ,dk o"kkZus f’kokth egkjktkauh ,d tkfgjukek dk<wu vQ>y[kkukpk o/k gks.;kvxksnj iq.ks]
lqis] pkd.k] bankiwj o ckjkerh ;k izns’kkr T;k eqLyhekadMs o fganwdMs bukes pkyw gksrh rh r’khp iq<s
lq: Bsoyh-
vQ>y[kku fot;kps egRo o ifj.kke
ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkr vQ>y[kku ispizlaxkl egRoiw.kZ LFkku vkgs- ;k ispizlaxkps egRo fo"kn
djrkuk lsreq k/kojko ixMh Eg.krkr] ^^egkjk"Vªkps jkT; 10 uksOgsca j 1659 jksth [kÚ;k vFkkZus
vfLrRokr vkys-** dkj.k ;k eksfgesr f’kokthapk ’ksoV >kyk vlrk rj LojkT;koj Qkj eksBs ladV
dkslGys vlrs- vQ>y[kku fot;kps egRo iq<hyizek.ks fo"kn djrk ;sbZy-
1- vkfny’kkgh njckjkrhy cyk<; ljnkj vQ>y[kkukpk o/k dsY;keqGs vkliklP;k izns’kkr
f’kokth egkjktkapk ncnck o njkjk eksB;k izek.kkr ok<yk-
2- f’koktha egkjktkauh feGoysyk gk vHkwriwoZ fot; gksrk- ;k fot;keqGs R;kaP;k vaxHkwr
xq.kkaph] eqRln~nsfxjhph] lsukirhph] vlkekU; usr`Rokph] /khjxaHkhj LoHkkokph] /kkMlkph o
ijkØekph vksG[k yksdkauk >kyh-
3- vQ>y[kkukP;k o/kkeqGs vkfny’kkgh njckjkyk izpaM /kDdk clyk- f’kokth egkjktkapk
cankscLr dlk djkok gk eksBk iz’u R;kaP;kleksj fuekZ.k >kyk-
4- vQ>y[kkuklkj[;k cyk<; ljnkjkpk o/k dsY;keqGs ejkB;kapk vkRefo’okl izpaM eksB;k
izek.kkr ok<yk- vQ>y[kkukP;k o/kkuarj dsoG vkBjk fnolkauh Eg.ktsp 28 uksOgsca j 1659
jksth iUgkG;klkj[kk nqxZe fdYyk ejkB;kauh ftadwu ?ksryk-
5- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k drZRokeqGs izHkkohr >kysys fln~nh fgyky] ika<js] [kjkVs b- vusd ljnkj
f’kokth egkjktkal ;sÅu feGkys- R;keqGs ejkB;kaph y"djh rkdn ok<yh-
6- vQ>y[kku o/kkpk eksxykaukgh /kDdk clyk- Hkfo";kr f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkjok;kauk
vki.kklgh rksMa n;kos ykxsy ;kph tk.kho R;kauk >kyh-
7- vQ>y[kkukP;k Nko.khrhy rksQ[kkuk] nk:xksGk] tMtokfgj] y"djh lk/kulkexzh ejkB;kaP;k
gkrh vkyh- R;kP;k Nko.khrwu ejkB;kauk 95 gRrh] 70 rksQk] 4000 ?kksM]s 1200 maV]
2000 dkiMkP;k xkBh o ngk yk[k jks[k jDde feGkyh-
3- 2- 3- fl/nh tkSgjph Lokjh
52
 cyk<; vkfny’kkgh ljnkj vQ>y[kkukpk dsysyk o/k] vQ>y[kkukP;k o/kkuarj
dsoG vBjk fnolkauh ejkB;kauh ftadysyk iUgkG;klkj[kk cGdV fdYyk o f’kokth egkjktkauh
vkfny’kkgh lRrsfo:/n Lohdkjysys vkØed /kksj.k ;keqGs fotkiwj njckj fparkxzLr cuyk- f’kokth
egkjktkapk dlk cankscLr djk;pk gk eksBk iz’u R;kaP;kleksj fuekZ.k >kyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
vkdzed dkjok;kauk vkGk ?kky.;klkBh o R;kapk cankscLr dj.;klkBh vkfny’kgkus rqaxHknzPs ;k dkBh
vlysY;k duwZypk ijkdzeh ijarq caM[kksj o`Rrhpk ljnkj fln~nh tkSgj ;kph fu;qDrh dsyh-
vkfny’kgkus njckj Hkjowu fln~nh tkSgjyk ekukpk maph iks"kk[k o lykcr[kku gk fdrkc nsÅu lUeku
dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fo:/nP;k eksfgeslkBh fln~nh tkSgj cjkscj Qkty[kku] HkkbZ[kku] fln~nh
elÅn] ckth ?kksjiMs] lknr[kku] ihM ukbZd] :Lrqetk] cMs[kku ;k ljnkjkaukgh ikBo.;kr vkys-
fln~nh tkSgjcjkscj ia/kjk rs fol gtkj ?kksMnG] iLrhl rs pkGhl gtkj ik;nG gksrs- rksykeksykps
ljnkj o eksBs lSU; ?ksÅu fln~nh tkSgjus f’kokth egkjktkafo:/nph eksfge gkrh ?ksryh- iUgkGk
fdY;koj okLrO;kl vlysY;k f’kokth egkjktkadMs ;kosGh vkB gtkj ik;nG gksrs- fln~nh tkSgjus 2
ekpZ 1660 jksth iUgkGk fdY;kl os<k fnyk- jktkiwjP;k baxzt o[kkjokY;kauh fln~nh tkSgjP;k
enrhlkBh gsUjh jsOghaXVu] fe?kWe] fxQMZ o osyth ;kauk ikBoys- ^^,d rksQ o iUukl rksQxksGs ?ksÅu
jsOghaXVu fe?kWe] fxQMZ o osyth ;klg xsyk** vlk mYys[k 16 ,fizy 1660 P;k ,dk i=ke/;s vkgs -
baxztkapk ckoVk QMdor baxztkauh iUgkGk fdY;koj rksQ Mkxyh- baxztkaP;k ;k dkjok;k rRdkyhu
ifjfLFkrhr igk.;kf’kok; f’kokth egkjkatkaleksj nqljk i;kZ; uOgrk- ;k izns’kkr ikolkG;kr eksB;k
izek.kkr ikÅl iMr vlY;kus 2 ekpZ jksth fln~nh tkSgjus fnysyk os<k ikolkGk lq: gksrkp f<yk
gksbZy vls f’kokth egkjktkauk okVr gksrs- njE;kuP;k dkGkr LojkT;koj vk.k[kh ,d ladV dkslGys-
eq?ky ljnkj ’kkfgLrs[kku izpaM lSU;klg LojkT;koj pkywu vkyk- lksuoMh] lqis] ckjkerh] f’kokiwj]
lkloM o vkliklph xkos m/oLr djr es 1660 e/;s ’kkfgLrs[kku iq.;kr nk[ky >kyk- f’kokth
egkjktkaps ckyi.k xsysY;k yky egkykr ’kkfgLrs[kkukus okLrO; dsys- fln~nh tkSgjpk os<k lq:
vlrkukp eksxykaP;k LojkT;kojhy vkØe.kkeqGs f’kokth egkjkt vf/kdp fparkxzLr >kys- fln~nh
tkSgjpk iUgkG;kpk os<k f’kFkhy dj.;klkBh usrkth ikydjus FksV fotkiwjojp vkØe.k d:u jkt/kkuh
fotkiwje/;s ng’kr fuekZ.k dsyh- i.k ;kpk Qkjlk mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- fln~nh tkSgjus lq;Zjko lwosZ o
tloarjko nGoh ;kauk fo’kkGxMkl os<k ns.;kl lkafxrys- ;k nks?kkauh fo’kkGxMkl os<k fnyk- fln~nh
tkSgjpk iUgkG;kpk os<k o eksxykaps LojkT;kojhy vkØe.k v’kk nqgjs h ladVkr f’kokth egkjkt
lkiMys gksr-s iUgkG;kP;k os<;krwu fulVwu xsY;kf’kok; rj.kksik; ukgh ;kph [kk=h R;kauk >kyh-
iUgkG;ko:u lqVdk

53
 vkiY;k n`"Vhus cur tk.kkjh izfrdwy ifjfLFkrh ikgwu f’kokth egkjktkauh twu 1660 e/;s
fln~nh tkSgj’kh rgkps cksy.ks lq: dsys- R;klkBh vkiyk odhy xaxk/kjiar ;kl fln~nh tkSgjdMs
ikBoys- ,dk cktwus fln~nh tkSgj’kh rgkph cksy.kh djk;ph o nqlÚ;k cktwl la/kh feGrkp xMko:u
iyk;u dj.;kps fu;kstu R;kauh dsys- f’kokth egkjktkauh rgkps cksy.ks lq: dsY;keqGs os<;kl
f’kFkhyrk vkyh- xLrokys dkghls csfQdhj >kys- f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiyk odhy xaxk/kjiar ;kP;k
ekQZr ^^vki.k dsysys loZ xqUgs tj ekQ gksrhy o fln~nh tkSgj dks.kR;kgh ladVkrwu ofMyi.ks vkiys
laj{k.k djhy rj vki.k tkrhus fln~nh tkSgjyk HksVw o vkiyh loZ ekyeRrk ckn’kgkP;k ukokus R;kpk
Lok/khu d:** vlk fujksi ikBoyk- f’kokth egkjktka’kh rg gksÅu xM vkiY;k Lok/khu gks.kkj ;k
ckrehus vkfny’kkgh lSU; vkuafnr >kys- ifj.kkeh os<;ke/;s f’kFkhyrk vkyh- ;kpk vpwd Qk;nk
f’kokth egkjktkauh ?ksryk-
tqyS efguk mtkMyk- eqlG/kkj ikÅl tksjnkj dkslGw ykxyk- vkiY;k fuoMd yksdkalg
fln~nh tkSgjP;k os<;krwu lghlyker ckgsj iM.;kps fu;kstu f’kokth egkjktkauh dsys- R;kuqlkj 13
tqyS 1660 okj ’kqdzokj (vk"kk< o| izfrink) jk=h f’kokth egkjkt vkiY;k ,d gtkj ik;nG o
nksu iky[;kalg xMkckgsj iMys- va/kkjh jk=] /kks /kks dkslG.kkjk eqlG/kkj ikÅl] fotkapk dMdMkV]
oknGh gok ;k loZ izfrdqy ifjfLFkrhoj ekr djr f’kokth egkjkt fo’kkGxMkdMs fu?kkys- fln~nh
tkSgj lko/k gksrkp vkiY;k ikBykxkoj ;s.kkj ;kph tk.kho R;kauk gksrh- v’kk izfrdqy ifjfLFkrhr
f’kokth egkjktkauk 40 eSy varj dkiwu fo’kkGxMkoj iksgpk;ps gksrs- varj Qkj uOgrs] ijarq nqFkMh
Hk:u okg.kkjs vks<s] xqM?kkHkj fp[ky rqMor ikj djkos ykxr vl.kkjs varj o vo?kM jLrk ;k lokZaoj
ekr djr vkiY;k fuoMd fo’oklw lgdkÚ;kalg f’kokth egkjktkauh fo’kkGxMkdMs ekxZØe.k lq:
dsys- f’kokth egkjktkauh xMko:u iyk;u dsY;kps y{kkr ;srkp fln~nh tkSgjus vkiyk tkobZ fln~nh
elÅnyk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ikBykxkoj ikBoys- izlax eksBk vMp.khpk gksrk- xtkiwjP;k
f[kaMhi;Zar f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaps lgdkjh ;sÅu iksgpys- ;sFkwu fo’kkGxM vkB eSykP;k varjkoj
gksrk- fln~nh elÅnps ?kksMnG osxkus R;kapk ikBykx djr gksrs- v’kk dBh.k izlaxh ckthizHkw ns’kikaMs
;kus xtkiwjP;k f[kaMhr fln~nh elÅnps lSU; vMo.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk- f’kokth egkjktkauh
fo’kkGxMkoj iksgpkos o rksQsps b’kkjrhps vkokt djkosr vls Bjo.;kr vkys- ckthizHkw ns’kikaMsP;k
usr`Rok[kkyhy ejkB;kauh ijkØekph f’kdLr dsyh- eksB;k ’kkS;kZus ckthizHkw ns’kikaMsua h xtkiwjph f[kaM
vMowu /kjyh- ejkBs o fln~nh elÅnph QkSt ;kaP;kr rqca G ;q/n lq: >kys- ^^izgj nhM izgj ikosrks
QkSt f[kaM p<ks fn/kyh ukgh-** vls o.kZu 91 dyeh c[kjhr vkgs- njE;kuP;k dkGkr f’kokth
egkjktkauh lw;Zjko lqosZ o tloarjko nGoh ;k vkfny’kkgh ljnkjkauh fo’kkGxMkl fnysyk os<k eksMwu
dk<r fo’kkGxMkoj iksgpys- xMkoj iksgksprkp rksQsP;k b’kkjrhps vkokt nsrkp ckthizHkw ns’kikaMusa h
54
drZO;iwrhZus izk.k lksMys- xtkiwjph gh f[kaM bfrgklkr ikouf[kaM Eg.kwu izfl/n vkgs- fln~nh elÅnus
fo’kkGxMklgh os<k ?kkryk- i.k ejkB;kauh eksB;k ftn~nhus xM y<oyk- ’ksoVh fujk’k gksÅu
fo’kkGxMkpk os<k mBowu rks ijryk- tqyS v[ksj f’kokth egkjkt fo’kkGxMko:u jk;xMkdMs jokuk
>kys- ,dkp osGh vkfny’kgk o eksxy ;kaP;k’kh la?k"kZ udks Eg.kwu f’kokth egkjktkauh fln~nh tkSgj’kh
rg d:u 22 lIVsacj 1660 jksth iUgkGk fdYyk fotkiwjdjkaP;k Lok/khu dsyk- iUgkG;ko:u f’kokth
egkjktkaauk iyk;u d: ns.;kr fln~nh tkSgjpkp gkr vlkok vlk la’k; vkfny’kgkl vkyk-
3- 3- f’kokth egkjkt & eq?ky laca/k
f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT;LFkkiusdMs okVpky lq: dsY;kuarj lq:okrhl R;kapk
vkfny’kgkcjkscj la?k"kZ >kyk- dkj.k T;k izns’kkr f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT;LFkkiuk lq: dsyh gksrh rks
izns’k vkfny’kgkpk gksrk- iq<hy dkGkr ek= f’kokth egkjktkapk eq?kyka’khgh la?k"kZ lq: >kyk- 1653
e/;s eksxy ckn’kgk ’kgktgku ;kus vkSjaxtsckph fu;qDrh nf{k.kspk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu dsyh- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k gkypkyh vki.kklgh =klnk;d gksrhy ;kpk vankt vkSjaxtsckl vkyk gksrk- ,fizy 1657
e/;s tqUuj ’kgjkoj rj twu 1657 e/;s vgenuxj ’kgjkoj gYyk d:u f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kykauk
pkaxykp /kDdk fnyk- ’kgktgku ckn’kgk vktkjh iMY;kph ckreh vkSjaxtsckl letY;keqGs f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k vkØed dkjok;kl vkGk ?kky.ks vkSjaxtsckl ’kD; >kys ukgh- 5 twu 1659 jksth
vkSjaxtsckus Lor%yk eq?ky lezkV Eg.kwu tkfgj dsys- ;kizlaxh vkiyk odhy ikBowu f’kokth egkjktkauh
vkSjaxtsckps vfHkuan dsys- vkSjaxtsckus eq?ky ckn’kgk >kY;kuarj nf{k.kspk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu ’kkfgLrs[kkukph
fu;qDrh dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh dksd.kkr dY;k.k & fHkoaMh Ik;Zar ety ekjY;keqGs vkSjaxtsckyk
f’kokth egkjktkapk cankscLr dj.ks xtjsps okVw ykxys-

3- 3- 1- ’kkfgLrs[kkukph Lokjh
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkØed /kksj.kkl ik;can ?kky.;klkBh ’kkfgLrs[kkukph fu;qDrh vkSjaxtsckus
dsyh- ’kkfgLrs[kku gk vkSjaxtsckpk ekek gksrk- eq?ky njckjkrhy ,d cyk<;] ijkØeh o Jhear ljnkj
vlwu vkSjaxtsckP;k fo’oklkrhy lnjkaiSdh ,d gksrk- R;kpcjkscj rks ’kwj lsukirh] vuqHkoh o eqRln~nh
ljnkj gksrk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukoj vkSjaxtsckpk fo’okl o [kkl ethZ gksrh- vkSjaxtsckcjkscjhy ekGO;kP;k
eksfgesrgh R;kus ijkØe xktoyk gksrk- n[[kupk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu R;kus dke dsys vlY;keqGs nf{k.ksrhy
ifjLFkhrhph R;kyk pkaxyhp ekfgrh gksrh- R;keqGs ’kkfgLrs[kku f’kokth egkjktkapk lgt cankscLr djsy
vls vkSjaxtsckl okVr gksrs- ’kkfgLrs[kkukph Lokjh gh eq?ky&ejkBs laca/kkrhy ifgyh egRokph ?kVuk
gksrh- ’kkfgLrs[kkukcjkscj izpaM lSU;klg ’kel[kku iBk.k] yksnh[kku] gkSn[kku] dkexkj[kku]
ukenkj[kku] vCnqy csx] lqyrku fe>kZ] fln~nh QRrs] dkjryc[kku] Qrstax] fd’kksjhflag] Hkkoflag]

55
jk;flag f’klksns] ’kkeflag gs ukekafdr ljnkj gksrs- 28 tkusokjh 1660 jksth ’kkfgLrs[kku
vkSjaxkckno:u fu?kkyk- es 1660 e/;s uxjekxsZ ’kkfgLrs[kku iq.;kr nk[ky >kyk- izoklkP;k dkGkr
okVsrhy vusd xkos R;kus csfpjk[k dsyh gksrh-

’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k Lokjhph dkj.ks

1 f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kykafo:/n vkØed /kksj.kkpk vaxhdkj dsyk gksrk- R;kaP;k ;k vkØed
/kksj.kkyk ik;can ?kky.ks vkSjaxtsckl vko’;d okVr gksrs-
2 f’kokth egkjktkauh cyk<; vkfny’kkgh vQ>y[kkukpk ijkHko dsY;keqGs R;kaP;k lkeF;kZph
dYiuk vkSjaxtsckl vkyh- f’kokth egkjktkaps ok<rs lkeF;Z osGhp jks[k.ks R;kyk vko’;d
okVw ykxys-
3 f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT; LFkkiusph ’kiFk ?ksÅu vkiY;k lgdkÚ;kaP;k enrhus LojkT;
LFkkiusdMs tksjnkj okVpky lq: dsyh gksrh- eq?ky ljgn~nhojps ejkB;kaps jkT; vkSjaxtsckl
udksls okVr gksrs-
4 nf{k.k Hkkjrkr eq?ky lRrspk foLrkj dj.;kpk vkSjaxtsckpk gsrw gksrk- R;klkBh vkfny’kkgh o
dqrwc’kkgh ;k nksUgh jktoVh ftadwu ?ks.;kcjkscjp ejkB;kaps uoksnhr jkT;gh ftadwu ?;kos vls
vkSjaxtsckl okVr gksrs-
5 vkfny’kgkpk cyk<; ljnkj vQ>y[kku ;kpk f’kokth egkjktkauh cankscLr dsY;keqGs
vkfny’kgk gkrcy >kyk gksrk- vkfny’kgkdMwu f’kokth egkjktkapk cankscLr gks.kkj ukgh gs
vksG[kwu vkSjaxtsckus ’kkfgLrs[kkukph fu;qDrh dsyh-
’kkfgLrs[kku iq.;kr nk[ky >kY;kuarj vkiyh ng’kr fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh R;kus vkliklph
[ksMh m/oLr dj.;koj Hkj fnyk- jk;xM fdY;ktoGhy dkgh xkos R;kus m/oLr dsyh- ejkB;kaP;k
jkT;kP;k n`"Vhus egRoiw.kZ vlysY;k iq.;ke/;s rks nk[ky >kyk- ;k lqekjkl f’kokth egkjkt
iUgkG;kP;k os<;kr vlY;keqGs ’kkfgLrs[kkukl vf/kdp mRlkg vkyk gksrk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k
LojkT;kojhy vkØe.kkeqGs f’kokth egkjktkauk vf/kdp dkGth okVw ykxyh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
vuqifLFkrhe/;s ejkB;kauh ’kkfgLrs[kkukl pkaxykp izfrdkj dsyk- vkiY;k y"djh rkdnhps izn’kZu
dj.;klkBh R;kus pkd.kP;k HkqbZdksV fdY;kl ohl gtkj lSU;klg 21 twu 1660 jksth os<k fnyk-
Pkkd.kpk fdYyk Eg.kts ,d ygku x<hp gksrh- y"djhn`"V;k pkd.kps Bk.ks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gksrs-
Pkkd.kpk fdYyk ftadY;kuarj eq?kykapk vgenuxj’kh nG.koG.k o laidZ lgt gksbZy vls R;kyk
okVr gksrs- R;kpcjkscj vgenuxjo:u dksd.kkr mrj.;kpk rks ,d toGpk ekxZ gksrk- pkd.k
fdY;kpk fdYysnkj fQjaxksth ujlkG gk gksrk- pkd.kP;k fdY;kr 500 rs 600 f’kcanh gksrh-
fQjaxksth ujlkGP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkBk lSU;kus eq?ky lSU;kpk eksB;k ftn~nhus o Ros"kkus izfrdkj dsyk-

56
ejkB;kaP;k fpoV izfrdkjkeqGs eq?kykauk pkd.kpk fdYyk ftad.ks ftfdjhps o d"Vkps >kys- ’ksoVh
fdY;kP;k rVkyk lq:xa ykÅu 15 vkWxLV 1660 jksth ’kkfgLrs[kkukus pkd.kpk fdYyk (laxzkenqxZ)
ftadwu ?ksryk- gk fdYyk ftad.;klkBh R;kyk 55 fnol ykxys gksrs- ;ko:u R;kyk ejkB;kaP;k
lkeF;kZph dYiuk vkyh gksrh- pkd.kpk fdYyk ftadwu eksB;k FkkVkr rks iq.;kr nk[ky >kyk o
f’kokth egkjktkaps ckyi.k T;k okM;kr xsys gksrs R;k yky egkykr jkgw ykxyk-

‘kkfgLrs[kkukoj gYyk

‘kkfgLrs[kku tkLr dkG iq.;kr jkg.ks LojkT;kP;k n`"Vhus vlqjf{kr vkgs vls f’kokth
egkjktkauk okVw ykxys- R;keqGs ’kkfgLrs[kkukpk osGhp cankscLr dj.;kps R;kauh Bjoys- iq.;kr jkgwu
vkliklpk izns’k yqV.;kps] yksdkae/;s ng’kr fuekZ.k dj.;kps dke ’kkfgLrs[kku djr gksrk- iq.;kP;k
vkliklps fdYys fQrqjhus rkC;kr ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru R;kus lq: dsyk- R;kP;k iq<kdkjkrwup flagxMkoj
QanfQrqjh ?kMyh gksrh- R;keqGs dkgh rjh foy{k.k lkgl d:u ’kkfgLrs[kkukl /kMk f’kdfo.;kpk
fu’p; f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk- ’kkfgLrs[kku jkgr vlysY;k yky egkykr tkÅu ’kkfgLrs[kkukoj
gYyk dj.;kph ;kstuk R;kauh vk[kyh- eksjksira fiaxGs] usrkth ikydj] ckckth ckiwth o fpe.kkth
ckiqth eqnxy ns’kikaMs] ckth ltsZjko ts/ks] pkanth ts/ks] dks;kth ckany] ;slkth dad] rkukth ekyqljs
o fuoMd fru gtkj lSU;klg f’kokth egkjkt flagxMko:u iq.;kdMs fu?kkys- eq?ky Nko.khiklwu dkgh
varjkoj usrkth ikydj o eksjksira fiaxGs ;kaP;kdMs izR;sdh 1000 ph QkSt ns.;kr vkyh- 5 ,fizy
1663 jksth f’kokth egkjktkauh ckckth o fpe.kkth ;k ca/kwcjkscj 400 fuoMd lgdk-;kalg yky
egkykr izos’k dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkaps ckyi.k yky egkykr xsY;kus yky egkykph laiw.kZ ekfgrh
R;kauk gksrh- ;k fno’kh jetku efgU;kpk 6 ok fnol gksrk- fnolHkjkpk miokl lksMwu ’kkfgLrs[kkukps
uksdjpkdj o lSfud >ksih xsys gksrs- f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaP;k lgdkÚ;kauh va/kkjkrp yky egkykr
izos’k dsyk- ck;dkeqykaP;k vksjM.;keqGs ’kkfgLrs[kku tkxk >kyk- ejkB;kauh vpkud dsysY;k
gY;keqGs ’kkfgLrs[kkukl /kDdkp clyk- okM;krhy yksd tho okpo.;klkBh iGr lqVys- leksj
;sbZy R;kyk Bkj ekj.;kps /kksj.k ejkB;kauh vaxhdkjys gksrs- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k dqVwafc;kauh es.kcR;k
fo>owu va/kkj dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- ’kkfgLrs[kku Lor%pk tho okpowu iGwu tk.;kP;k r;kjhr
vlrkukp f’kokth egkjktkauh R;kP;koj okj dsyk o R;kP;k gkrkph cksVs rksMyh- ejkB;kauh dsysY;k
gY;keqGs yky egkykr ,dp xks/a kG mMkyk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukpk ifjokj] nkl&nklh] uksdj&pkdj iGwu
tkÅ ykxys- ’k=w lko/k >kY;keqGs yky egkykr tkLr osG Fkkac.ks /kksD;kps Bjsy gs vksG[kwu ejkBs
ijr fu?kwu xsys- ;k gY;kr ’kkfgLrs[kkukpk eqyxk vcqy Qrg] R;kpk tkokbZ] R;kP;k 12 csxek] 40
eksBs njdnkj Bkj >kys- rj ejkB;kaps 16 yksd ej.k ikoys vkf.k 40 t[keh >kys- ’kkfgLrs[kkukoj
57
gYyk d:u f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaps lgdkjh ;’kLohi.ks ckgsj dls iMys gs lkaxrkuk lHkkln Eg.krks]
^^xuhe vkyk vls dGwu pkSrQkZuh y"dj r;kj >kys- ex jkts ckgsj fu?kkys- pkSdhps yksd o
y"djkps yksd ^xuhe dksBs ?* Eg.kwu /kkÅ ykxys- R;katcjkscj gsgh ^xuhe dksBs ?* Eg.kksu /kkor
/kkor ckgsj fu?kkys!** Ekq?ky lSU;kpk eksjksira fiaxGs o usrkth ikydj ;kauh pkaxykp lekpkj ?ksryk-
gY;kuarj f’kokth egkjkt flagxMkoj iksgkspys-
f’kokth egkjktkauh yky egkykoj dsysY;k gY;keqGs ’kkfgLrs[kkukph >ksip mMkyh- ejkB;kauh
dsysyk gYyk Qkjp ifj.kkedkjd Bjyk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukl iq.;krhy eqDdke vlqjf{kr okVw ykxyk-
ejkBs iqUgk vkiY;koj gYyk djrhy ;k fHkrhus ’kkfgLrs[kku lSjHkSj >kyk- gY;kuarj vo?;k frlÚ;k
fno’kh iq.ks lksMwu rks vkSjaxkckndMs jokuk >kyk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k >kysY;k Qftrhph ckreh
vkSjaxtsckl letrkp R;kyk ’kkfgLrs[kkukpk izpaM jkx vkyk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k cslko/kxhjheqGps gk
gYyk >kyk vls vkSjxa tsckl okVys- ;k gY;kfo"k;hph f’kokth egkjktkaph izfrfdz;k lkaxrkuk lHkkln
Eg.krks ^^QRrs gksÅu vkyks- ’kkLr[kkukl ’kkLr dsyh- ikr’kgkus uko Bsfoys ijarq uko ;FkkFkZ Bsfoys
ukgh- rs uko vki.k ’kkLr d:u uko :tw dsys-**

’kkfgLrs[kku gY;kps egRo

f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k dsysY;k QftrheqGs R;kapk loZ= ncnck o njkjk fuekZ.k
>kyk- lkekU; yksdkae/khy f’kokth egkjktkacn~nypk vknj vk.k[khup ok<yk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukus
ejkB;kaP;k gY;kpk /kldk ?ksÅu gY;kuarj vo?;k frlÚ;k fno’kh iq.ks lksMys- vkiY;k ijkØeh
ljnkjkP;k >kysY;k QftrheqGs vkSjaxtscklgh /kDdk clyk- vkSjaxtsckl ’kkfgLrs[kkukph fpM vkyh
o R;kph fu;qDrh caxkypk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu dsyh rj nf{k.k Hkkjrkpk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu vkSjaxtsckus ’kkgtknk
eqvTte ;kph fu;qDrh dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkapk dk;epk cankscLr dj.;klkBh vf/kd ijkØeh o
eqRln~nh ljnkjkph fu;qDrh dj.ks R;kyk xjtsps okVw ykxys- f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k
dsysY;k QftrheqGs vkfny’kkgh lqHksnkjkaphgh >ksi mMkyh- f’kokth egkjkt vkiY;koj dsOa gkgh gYyk
djrhy v’kh fHkrh R;kauk okVw ykxyh-

3- 3- 2- lqjrsph ifgyh yqV

f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kkfgLrs[kkukph Qftrh d:u eq?kykauk /kDdk fnY;kuarj eq?kykafo:/n

vf/kd vkØed /kksj.kkpk Lohdkj d:u R;kauh lqjrsph yqV dsyh o eq?kykauk vk.k[kh ,d /kDdk
fnyk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k tkxh vkSjaxtsckus ’kkgtknk eqvTteph nf{k.kspk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu use.kwd dsyh
gksrh- ’kkgtknk eqvTteus f’kokth egkjktkackcr ’kkarrsP;k /kksj.kkpk iqjLdkj dsyk- uksOgsca j 1663

58
rs es 1664 ;k dkGkr tloarflaxkpk flagxMkl os<k pkyw vlrkuk tkusokjh 1664 e/;s eq?kykaps
le`/n o l/ku lqjr ’kgj ejkB;kauh yqVys- R;keqGs eq?kykaph vf/kdp ukpDdh >kyh-

lqjr yqVhph dkj.ks

1 ’kkfgLrs[kkukus 1660 rs 1663 ;k dkGkr iq.ks o vkliklP;k izns’kkr /kqekdwG ?kkryk gksrk-
;kpk cnyk ?ks.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsph yqV dsyh-
2 Lkqjr ’kgj gs laiUu O;kikjh ’kgj gksrs- lqjrsph yqV d:u LojkT;kph vkfFkZd fLFkrh lq/kkjkoh
vls f’kokth egkjktkauk okVr gksrs-
3 Ekq?ky lkezkT;krhy okgrqdhps eksBs canj Eg.kwu lqjr izfl/n gksrs- Hkkjrkrhy is<hlaca/khps
O;ogkj ;kp ’kgjkrwu pkyr gksrs- lqjr ’kgj eq?ky lkezkT;kps vkfFkZd dsanz gksrs-
4 Lkqjr gs eq?ky jkT;krhy izeq[k O;kikjh canj vlY;kus vusd Jhear O;kikjh lqjrse/;s jkgr o
O;kikj djr gksrs- R;kauk yqVwu vki.kkl Hkjiwj vkfFkZd Qk;nk gksbZy vls f’kokth egkjktkauk
okVr gksrs-
5 Hkkjrh; O;kikÚ;kacjkscjp baxzt] Ýsap o Mp ;k ijdh; O;kikÚ;kaP;k o[kkjh lqjr ’kgjkr
gksR;k- lqjr yqVwu R;kaukgh /kDdk n;kok o R;kaP;kr ng’kr fuekZ.k djkoh vls f’kokth
egkjktkauk okVr gksrs- dkj.k eq?ky ckn’kgkP;k vkJ;kus gs O;kikjh mn~nke o csNwV orZu
djr gksrs- jktkiwjojhy gY;kP;k osGh baxztkauh nk[koysyh exzjq h f’kokth egkjktkaP;k y{kkr
gksrh-
7- Lke`/n lqjrsph yqV d:u iSlk feGo.;kcjkscjp eq?ky ckn’kgk vkSjaxtsckoj lqM
mxo.;kpkghf’kokth egkjktkapk mn~ns’k gksrk- 19 ekpZ 1664 P;k lqjrsP;k ,dk baxzth
i=kr ^^dsoG iSlk mdG.;k[ksjht ckn’kgkoj lwM mxfo.;kpkgh f’kokthapk mn~n’s k gksrk** vls
EgVys vkgs-
7- Ekq?ky lkezkT;kph izfr"Bk /kqGhl feGo.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh Lkqjrsph yqV dj.;kps
Bjoyss- dkj.k lqjr ’kgj gs eksxylkezkT;kps oSHkokps ’kgj gksrs-
8- Lkqjr ’kgj le`/n o laiUu gksrs- i.k laiUu ’kgjkP;k lqjf{krrslkBh vko’;d vl.kkjh
HkDde laj{k.k O;oLFkk lqjrsl uOgrh- R;keqGs lqjr ’kgj yqVrkuk vki.kkl Qkjlk izfrdkj
gks.kkj ukgh;kph [kk=h f’kokth egkjktkauk gksrh-

lksGkO;k o lrjkO;k ’krdkrhy izeq[k O;kikjh ’kgj Eg.kwu lqjr ’kgj izfl/n gksrs- dksV;ko/kh
:Ik;kapk O;kikj ;k ’kgjke/kwu pkyr gksrk- eq?kykaps laj{k.k vlY;kus baxzt] Ýsp o Mp O;kikÚ;kauh
vkiY;k o[kkjhgh lqjr ’kgjke/;s LFkkiu dsY;k gksR;k- eDdsyk tk.kkjs bLyke/kehZ; ;k=sd:u lqjr
59
’kgjkrwu tkr vlY;keqGs lqjr ’kgj eDdsps izos’k}kj Eg.kwugh izfl/n gksrs- HkkjrkP;k if’pe
fd.kkÚ;kojhy lokZr egRokps O;kikjh dsanz Eg.kwu lqjr izfl/n gksrs- 17 O;k ’krdkr vR;ar
HkjHkjkVhl vkysys lqjr ’kgj if’pe fdukÚ;kojhy O;kikjkps ukd gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaph lkgth o
fu;kstuc/n Lokjh Eg.kwugh lqjrsP;k yqVhdMs ikfgys tkrs- dkj.k 300 eSy ’k=wP;k izns’kkr tkÅu
lqjr yqV.;kph ;kstuk R;kauh ;’kLoh d:u nk[koyh- lqjr ’kgjkdMs tk.kkjs ekxZ] ’kgjkph ifjfLFkrh]
O;kikj] ’kgjkrhy Jhear O;kikjh ;klaca/khph loZ ekfgrh R;kauh vkiY;k xqIrgsjkekQZr feGoyh gksrh-
Pkkj gtkj fuoMd Lokjkalg 6 fMlsca j 1663 jksth jktxMko:u f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsdMs iz;k.k
dsys- jktxMko:u rs «;acds’ojyk vkys- vki.k eq?kykaP;k vkSjaxkckn ’kgjkoj gYyk dj.;klkBh tkr
vkgksr v’kh ckreh R;kauh iljowu fnyh- Lkqjrsi;Zarpk cgqrka’k izokl jk=hpk dsY;keqGs ’k=wyk xkQhy
Bso.;kr ejkBs ;’kLoh Bjys- 5 tkusokjh 1664 jksth f’kokth egkjkt o ejkBk lSU; lqjr ’kgjkiklwu
28 eSy varjkoj vlysY;k ?k.knsoh ;sFks nk[ky >kys- ejkB;kaps lSU; lqjr ’kgj yqV.;klkBh
vkY;kps ikgwu ’kgjkr ,dp xks/a kG mMkyk- yksd vkiyk tho okpo.;klkBh lSjkoSjk iGr lqVys-
buk;r[kku gk lqjrspk eq?ky lqHksnkj gksrk- lqjr ’kgjkps laj{k.k dj.;k,o<s iqjsls lSU;gh R;kP;kdMs
uOgrs- ejkB;kapk izfrdkj dj.;kps lksMwu ,d gtkj lSU;klg buk;r[kku fdY;kr vkJ;kl jkfgyk-
f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k ek.klkarQsZ buk;r[kkukl gkth lSn csx] gkth dkle o ohjth Ogksjk ;k
fru Jhear O;kikÚ;kauk vki.kkdMs ikBokos vlk fujksi fnyk gksrk- ijarq buk;r[kkukus dks.krhgh
izfrfdz;k fnyh ukgh- R;keqGs ejkB;kauh lqjr ’kgj yqV.;kps Bjoys- 6 tkusokjh jksth ejkB;kauh lqjr
’kgj yqV.;kl lq:okr dsyh- ’kgjkrhy O;kikjh isBk] Jhear O;kikÚ;kaph ?kjs ejkB;kauh eulksDr
yqVyh- ohjth Ogksjk] gkth lSn csx o gkth dkle ;kaps okMs [k.kwu dk<ys o eksB;k izek.kkr laiRrh
feGoyh- ?kjkauk vkxh yko.;kr vkY;k- vkxheqGs jk= fnolkalkj[kh o fnol /kqjkeqGs jk=hlkj[kk Hkklw
ykxyk- cq/kokj fn- 6 tkusokjh rs jfookj fn- 10 tkusokjh ;k dkGkr ejkB;kauh lqjrsph eulksDr yqV
z ] Qsazp o Mp ;k ijdh; O;kikÚ;kaukgh clyk- eq?ky
dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k yqVhpk QVdk baxt
lSU; lqjrsP;k laj{k.kklkBh ;sr vlY;kph ckreh letrkp 10 tkusokjh jksth ejkB;kauh lqjr ’kgj
lksMys- lqjr yqVhe/;s f’kokth egkjktkal 28 ’ksj otuh eksrh] tMtokghj] fgjs] ekf.kd] ikpw o brj
lksuuk.ks feGwu ,d dksVhph laiRrh izkIr >kyh vls EgVys tkrs- 5 Qsczoq kjh 1664 jksth f’kokth
egkjkt jktxMkoj iksgkspys- f’kokth egkjktkaph lqjr yqVhph izfrdzh;k OgkWYdkMZ bOglZu ;k Mp
O;kikÚ;kus uksna oyh gksrh- rh Eg.kts] ^^vkSjaxtsckP;k lqjrsph lqjr ?ks.;kpk ek>k iq"dG fnolkapk
bjknk gksrk- rks vkrk lQy >kyk-**
lqjr yqVhps ifj.kke

60
 dkf’ejo:u ykgksjyk vkysY;k vkSjaxtsckl f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjr yqVY;kph ckreh dGrkp
izpaM /kDdk clyk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k ijkHkokeqGs eq?kykaph tso<h ukpDdh >kyh gksrh R;kis{kk fdrhrjh
vf/kd ukpDdh lqjr yqVY;keqGs >kyh- ’kkfgLrs[kkukus iq.ks o vkliklP;k izns’kkr ?kkrysY;k
/kqekdqGhps mV~Vs f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kykaps lqjr ’kgj yqVwu dk<ys o vkSjaxtsckoj lqM mxoyk-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ok<R;k lkeF;kZph o R;kauh LohdkjysY;k vkØed /kksj.kkph tk.kho R;kyk >kyh-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ok<R;k lkeF;kZyk ik;can ?kky.;klkBh o R;kapk dk;epk cankscLr dj.;klkBh
,[kk|k cyk<; ljnkjkph fu;qDrh dj.;kph xjt R;kyk okVw ykxyh- R;krqup iq<s f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k fojks/kkr fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkph fu;qDrh vkSjaxtsckus dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsph yqV
dsY;keqGs O;kikÚ;kaps >kysys uqdlku Hk:u dk<.;klkBh vkSjaxtsckus ,d [kkl QekZu dk<wu baxzt o
brj O;kikÚ;kauk ,d o"kkZph tdkr ekQ dsyh- iq<hy o"kkZiklwu ’ksdMk vMhp ,soth nksu izek.ks
tdkr ?ks.;kpk vkns’k R;kus dk<yk- lqjrsP;k yqVheqGs lqjr ’kgjkP;k laj{k.kklkBh vkSjaxtsckus ’kgjkl
rVcanh cka/k.;kps dke gkrh ?ksrys- lqjrsP;k yqVheqGs f’kokth egkjktkapk loZ= ncnck o njkjk fuekZ.k
>kyk- baxztkauh f’kokth egkjktkapk tcjnLr /kldk ?ksryk- O;kikjkP;k lqjf{krrslkBh R;kauh vkiys
O;kikjh dsanz lqjrsgwu eqca bZl gkyoys- ifj.kkeh iq<hy dkGkr eqca bZ O;kikjh dsanz Eg.kwu fodlhr >kys-
lqjrsP;k yqVhe/kwu f’okth egkjktkauk toGikl ,d dksVh :Ik;s feGkys- ;k laiRrheqGs LokjkT;kph
vkfFkZd fLFkrh lq/kkjyh- lqjrsph yqV d:u ejkB;kauh lqjrsph cslqjr dsyh- 300 eSy ’k=wP;k
izns’kkr tkÅu lqjrsph ;’kLoh yqV dsY;keqGs ejkB;kapk izpaM eksB;k izek.kkr vkRefo’okl ok<yk-
3- 3- 3- fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkph Lokjh

f’kokth egkjktkaps lkeF;Z fnolsfa nol vf/kdk/khd ok<r gksrs rj nf{k.ksrhy ifjfLFkrh
eq?kykaP;k n`"Vhus izfrdwy gksr gksrh- 1663 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh vkSjaxtsckpk ekek ’kkfgLrs[kkukph
cksVs dkiwu Qftrh dsyh gksrh- tkusokjh 1664 e/;s eqxykaps vkfFkZd jkt/kkuh vlysys l/ku lqjr
’kgj ;’kLohi.ks yqVys- tloarflaxkus lgk efgus flagxMkl os<k ?kkywugh fdYyk ftadrk u vkY;kus
fjdkE;k gkrkusp rks vkSjaxkcknkl ijryk- ’kkfgLrs[kkukP;k tkxh nf{k.kspk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu fu;qDr >kysyk
’kgktknk eqvTteus ejkB;kafo:/n vkØed /kksj.k u Lohdkjrk vkSjaxkcknyk LoLFk clwu gksrk- 1664
P;k ikolkG;kr f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kykaps vgenuxj ’kgj yqVys- ejkB;kaP;k vkjekjkus dkgh
eq?kykaph tgkts yqVyh gksrh- ,dw.kp f’kokth egkjktkauh LohdkjysY;k vkØed /kksj.kkeqGs vkSjaxtsc
vf/kdp vMp.khr vkyk gksrk- fnolsfa nol vkØed gksr tk.kkÚ;k f’kokth egkjktkapk dk;epk
cankscLr dj.ks R;kyk xjtsps okVw ykxys- ;k xjtsrwup R;kus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fojks/kkr 30 lIVsca j
1664 jksth fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkph fu;qDrh dsyh-

61
 t;iwjpk fe>kZ jktk t;flax gk o;kP;k vkBO;k o"kkZiklwu eq?kykapk eulcnkj cuyk gksrk-
tgkaxhjiklwu rs vkSjaxtscki;ZarP;k dkGkr eq?ky ?kjk.;kph R;kus lsok dsyh gksrh- t;flaxkus vusd
dfB.k ;q/nke/;s eq?kykauk ,dgkrh fot; feGowu fnyk gksrk- ;q/nkrhy ijkt; R;kyk ekfgr uOgrk-
t;flaxkus toGikl ’kaHkj y<k;ke/;s lfØ; lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk- eq?ky ckn’kgkdMwu R;kyk ^fe>kZ*
gk fdrkc feGkyk gksrk- vR;ar ijkØeh] izpaM vuqHkoh] xaHkhj izd`rh] dq’kkxzcq/nh] v[kaM fot;h]
;q/nfuiq.k lsukirh o vkSjaxtsckpk fo’oklw vkf.k ,dfu"B ljnkj gksrk- vyhukek pk ys[kd eqgEen
uqL=rh fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkfo"k;h Eg.krks] ^^t;flax gk loZ jktkar Jhear] eksBk] loZ fganwr ckn’kgkl
tkLr enr dj.kkjk] lokZr Js"B] cMk ekrCcj o rksynkj vlwu ckn’kkgh ?kjkpk vk/kkjLraHk gksrk-**
;q/nkrhy fot;kcjkscjp jktdh; dV dkjLFkkukr rks fu".kkr gksrk- fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkcjkscj
vkSjaxtsckus nkÅn[kku dqjs’kh] bgr’kke[kku] eqYyk ;kfg¸;k] jktk t;flag] lqtkuflag] iqj.key cqna syk]
dqrcqn~nhu] jkeflax b- ljnkjkaph jokuxh dsyh gksrh- eq?ky lkezkT;k’kh ,dfu"B vlysY;k
t;flaxkcjkscj vkiY;k fo’oklkrhy iBk.k ljnkj fnysj[kkukl tk.;kl vkSjaxtsckus lkafxrys gksrs-
fudksyk; euqph gk bVkfy; x`gLFk eq?ky rksQ[kkU;kpk vf/kdkjh gksrk- R;kphgh fu;qDrh vkSjaxtsckus ;k
eksfgeslkBh dsyh- rksykeksykps ljnkj] izHkkoh rksQ[kkuk] izpaM lSU; ?ksÅu 9 tkusokjh 1665 e/;s
t;flaxkus ueZnk unh vksykaMyh- 10 Qsczoq kjhl rks vkSjaxkcknyk iksgpyk- vkSjaxkckn ;sFks nf{k.kspk
lqHksnkj ’kgtknk eqvTte’kh ckrphr d:u 14 Qsczqokjhl rks iq.;kdMs fu/kkyk- 3 ekpZ 1665 jksth
rks iq.;kr nk[ky >kyk-

t;flaxkps Mkoisp

iq.;kr nk[ky >kY;kuarj f’kokth egkjktkafo:/n R;kus izR;sd Mkoisp fopkjiwoZd vk[kys-
dkj.k vkRrki;Zar f’kokth egkjktkauh cgqrka’k vkfny’kgh o eq?ky ljnkjkapk ijkHko dsyk gksrk-
LojkT;kph HkkSxksyhd ekfgrh tek d:u R;kuqlkj vkiys Mkoisp vk[k.;kl R;kus lq:okr dsyh-
nf{k.ksrhy jktdkj.kkpk R;kus ckjdkbZu vH;kl dsyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ’k=wauk vkiY;k cktwl
?ks.;kps /kksj.k R;kus vaxhdkjys- R;kuqlkj tkoGhps eksjspa s oa’kt ckth panzjko o vackth xksfoanjko eksjs]
tOgkjps jkts] dY;k.kP;k mRrjsdMhy dksGh jkts] vQ>y[kkukpk eqyxk Qkty[kku ;k
LFkkfudkacjkscjp baxzt] fln~nh o iksrZqxht ;k ijdh; vkjekjh lRrkauk f’kokth egkjktkafo:/n eksfge
dk<.;kl izo`Rr dsys- laHkkO; la?k"kkZr f’kokth egkjkt o vkfny’kgk ;kaps lax.ker gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu
vkfny’kgkP;k gkypkyhoj y{k Bso.;klkBh vkiY;k [kkl fo’oklkrhy ek.klkaph fu;qDrh dsyh-
dukZVdkrhy csnuwjpk uk;d o clokiV~V.kpk uk;d ;kauk eulchps izyksHku nk[kowu vkiY;k cktwl
vks<wu ?ksrys-

62
 f’kokth egkjktkafo:/nph vkiyh eksfge ;’kLoh Ogkoh Eg.kwu t;flaxkus lSU;kojhy laiw.kZ
lRrk] vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k cnY;k] c<R;k vkf.k use.kqdh dj.;kps vf/kdkj o eqydh] y"djh vf/kdkj
vkSjaxtsckdMwu ekxwu ?ksrys- t;flaxkP;k ;k ekx.;k vkSjaxtsckus ekU; dsY;k- iq.;kr nk[ky >kY;kuarj
iq<hy rhu efgus R;kus ;q/nkph r;kjh o Mkoispkr ?kkyoys- f’kokth egkjktkacjkscjhy laHkkO;
la?k"kkZph R;kus ckjdkbZus r;kjh dsyh- vkiY;k r;kjhr dlykgh dlwj jkg.kkj ukgh ;kph dkGth
?ksryh- ;k lqekjkl iq.ks] dksYgkiwj] lkrkjk vkf.k dqykck ;k ftYg;krhy dkgh ijx.;kapk lekos’k
LojkT;kr gksrk- LojkT;kph i/nr’khj ukdscanh dj.;koj t;flaxkus Hkj fnyk- R;klkBh vkiys osxosxGs
ljnkj LojkT;kP;k osxosxG;k Hkkxkr ikBowu izns’k csfpjk[k dsyk- fBdfBdk.kh eq?ky ljnkj ikBowu
vkiyh etcwr Bk.kh fuekZ.k dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkafo:/nP;k eksfgesph lq:okr dksd.k Hkkxkrwu djkoh
vls vkSjaxtsckus t;flaxkl lwpoys gksrs- i.k t;flaxkus iq.;ktoG Nko.kh dj.ks dls ;ksX; vkgs gs
vkSjaxtsckl dGoys- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k cgqrka’k y"djh gkypkyh flagxM & iqjanj o jktxM ;k
fdY;ka’kh laca/khr vlY;kus ;k izns’kkrp vkiyh eq[; y"djh Nko.kh vl.ks o laHkkO; la?k"kkZph
lq:okr ;kp izns’kkrwu dj.ks ;ksX; gksbZy vls t;flaxkl okVr gksrs- R;k n`"Vhdks.kkrwu lkloM ;k
fBdk.kh R;kus vkiyh Nko.kh dsyh- ;klanHkkZr t;flax vkSjaxtsckl dGorks] ^^lkloM gs f’kokthps
iqjanj vkf.k brj byk[ks ;kauk ykxwu vkgs- fotkiwj izns’kkykgh rs toG iMrs-** eksfgesph laiw.kZ vk[k.kh
o r;kjh >kY;kuarj t;flaxkus izR;{k la?k"kZ dj.;kps Bjowu iajqnj fdY;kl os<k ns.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk-

iqjna jpk os<k

iqjanjpk fdYyk iq.;kP;k vkXus;l 24 eSykoj vlwu leqnzlikVhiklwu 4564 QwV map gksrk-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT;krhy iqjanj gk ,d egRokpk fdYyk gksrk- iqjna j fdY;kps ckysfdYyk o
ekph vls nksu Hkkx gksrs- iqjanjyk ykxwu otzxM (:nzekG) gk nqljk fdYyk gksrk- nksUgh xMke/;s
HkSjof[kaM gksrh- eq?ky lSU;kus iqjanj o otzxM ;k nksUgh fdY;kl os<k fnyk- ;k os<;kps usr`Ro
fnysj[kkukdMs gksrs- otzxM fdYyk ftadY;kuarj iqjanj fdYyk ftad.ks lksis gksrs- fnysj[kkukus
otzxMkps egRo vksG[kwu izFke otzxM ftadwu ?ks.;koj Hkj fnyk- t;flax o fnysj[kku vkiY;k
lSU;kpk mRlkg ok<or gksrs- 13 ,fizy 1665 jksth eq?kykauh otzxM fdYyk ftadwu ?ksryk- ;k
fdY;ko:u iqjna j fdY;koj rksQkapk ekjk dj.ks eq?kykauk ’kD; >kys- iqjanjpk os<k pkyw vlrkukp
t;flaxkus vkiys lSU; LojkT;kP;k osxosxG;k Hkkxkr ikBowu /kqekdwG ?kkywu fnyk- f’kokth egkjkt
cluqjph Lokjho:u uqdrsp ijrys gksrs- R;keqGs t;flaxkfo:/n la?k"kkZph iw.kZ r;kjh dj.ksgh R;kauk
osGv
s Hkkoh ’kD; >kys ukgh- eq?ky lSU;kl izfrdkj dj.;kpk R;kauh iz;Ru dsyk- ijarq t;flaxkus
LojkT;kph pkaxyhp dksMa h dsY;keqGs fBdfBdk.kps lSU; ,d= dj.ksgh vo?kM >kys gksrs- rjhgh

63
ejkB;kauh iqjanjyk os<k fnysY;k lSU;koj jk=hP;k osGh gYys dsys- usrkth ikydjP;k usr`Rok[kkyh
ejkBk lSU;kus eq?kykaP;k ifjaM;koj vkØe.k dsys- LojkT;krhy fBdfBdk.kP;k eq?ky lSU;kojgh
ejkB;kauh gYys dsys- ijarq R;kpk Qkjlk ifj.kke eq?kykauh fnysY;k iqjanjP;k os<;koj >kyk ukgh-
eqjkjckth izHkw gk iqjna j fdY;kpk fu"Bkoar gokynkj gksrk- R;kP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkB;kauh eq?kykauk
fpoV izfrdkj dsyk- eq?kykaP;k rksQkaP;k ekÚ;kyk R;kus Qkjlh nkn fnyh ukgh- fnysj[kkukus rksQkaP;k
lgk¸;kus iqjanjph ekph ftadwu ?ksryh- R;kuarj ejkBs o eq?ky ;kaP;kr gkr?kkbZph y<kbZ >kyh-
ejkB;kauh ijkØekph ’kFkZ dsyh- eqjkjckthus 700 fuoMd ekoG;kalg eq?ky lSU;koj gYyk p<oyk-
R;kpk ijkdze ikgwu fnysj[kkugh vk’p;Zpfdr >kyk- fnysj[kkukus eqjkjckthl eq?ky pkdjhps vkfe"k
nk[koys- ijarq eqjkjckthus rs /kqMdkowu eq?kyka’kh la?k"kZ lq:p Bsoyk- eq?kykacjkscj >kysY;k gkr?kkbZP;k
y<kbZr v[ksj eqjkjckth /kkjkrhFkhZ iMyk- fdY;kojhy vusd ’kwj ekoGsgh Bkj >kys- eqjkjckthpk
ijkØe ikgwu vk’p;Zpfdr >kysY;k fnysj[kkukfo"k;h lHkkln fyfgrks] ^^ex [kkukus rksaMkr vaxksGh
?kkryh dh] ^vlk f’kikbZ [kqnkus iSnk dsyk-* ,sls vk’p;Z dsys-** eqjkjckth dkeh vkY;kuarjgh ejkBs
y<rp jkfgys- ’ksoVh iqjna j fdYyk eksxykauh ftadwu ?ksryk-

iqjna jpk rg

eq?kykauh iqjanjpk fdYyk ftadwu ?ksrY;kuarj f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kyka’kh rg dj.;kpk fopkj
lq: dsyk- dkj.k izfrdqy ifjfLFkrhr eq?kykaP;k vQkV lkeF;kZleksj vkiyk fVdko ykx.kkj ukgh
;kph tkf.ko R;kauk >kyh gksrh- f’kok; LojkT;kP;k n`"Vhus loZ= izfrdwy ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k >kyh
gksrh- v’kkgh fLFkrhr eq?kyka’kh la?k"kZ dsyk rj vkiyhp vf/kd gkuh gksbZy vls R;kauk okVr gksrs-
11 twu 1665 jksth f’kokth egkjkt o t;flax ;kaph HksV >kyh vkf.k 13 twu 1665 jksth iajq anjpk
rg ?kMwu vkyk- ;k rgkrhy rjrqnh iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-

1- f’kokth egkjktkauh 23 fdYys vkf.k pkj yk[k gksu mRiUukpk izns’k eq?kykauk |kok-
2- f’kokth egkjktkadMs 12 fdYys vkf.k ,d yk[k gksu mRiUukpk izns’k Bso.;kr vkyk-
3- n[[kuP;k lqH;kP;k vaeykr eq?kykadMwu vkns’k ;sbZy rsOa gk f’kokth egkjktkauh gktj jgkos-
4- eq?kykaph ikp gtkjkaph eulc laHkkth jktsauk ns.;kr ;koh- laHkkth jktsca jkscj ^nqljk f’kokth*
Eg.kwu izfl/n vlysY;k usrkth ikydjkauh n[[kuP;k lqHksnkjkcjkscj jgkos-
5- rGdksd.kkrhy 4 yk[k gksu mRiUukpk izns’k o fotkiwjh ckyk?kkVkrhy 5 yk[k gksu mRiUukpk
izns’k tj f’kokth egkjktkauk vkSjaxtsckus fnyk vkf.k fotkiwjdjkaP;k ;k izns’kkpk dk;epk
rkck ckn’kkgh QekZukus f’kokth egkjktkauk d:u ns.;kr vkyk rj f’kokth egkjktkauh njo"khZ
rhu yk[kkaP;k gIR;kus ckn’kgkyk ,dw.k 40 yk[k gksu [kaM.kh |koh-
64
iqjna j rgkps eqY;ekiu

f’kokth egkjktkauh vR;ar ukfoyktkus iqjanjP;k rgkl ekU;rk fnyh- vkRrki;Zar vusd ijkØe
xktowu ftadysys fdYys o izns’k ;k rgkeqGs eqxykaP;k Lok/khu djkos ykxys- iqjanjP;k rgkuqlkj
LojkT;kpk rhu prqFkkZa’k is{kk vf/kd izns’k eq?kykaP;k opZLok[kkyh tk.kkj gksrk- ijarq l|fLFkrhr gk rg
Lohdkj.;kf’kok; nqljk dks.krkgh Ik;kZ; uOgrk- vkSjaxtsckus rGdksd.kkrhy 4 y{k gksukapk o fotkiqjh
ckyk?kkVkiSdh 5 y{k gksukapk izns’k vki.kkl fnY;kl R;kcnY;kr vki.k 13 okf"kZd gIR;kae/;s 40
y{k gksu ns.;kl r;kj vkgksr vls f’kokth egkjktkauh dGoys gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaph gh ekx.kh
vkSjaxtsckl dGorkuk eq?kykaps gks.kkjs fru Qk;ns t;flaxkus vkSjaxtsckP;k utjsl vk.kwu fnys-
R;krhy ifgyk Eg.kts eq?kykauk 40 y{k gksu Eg.kts 2 dksVh :Ik;s feGrhy- nqljk Eg.kts f’kokth
egkjkt o fotkiwjdj ;kaP;kr forq"V fuekZ.k gksbZy- frljk Eg.kts fotkiwjdjkaP;k opZLok[kkyh vlysyk
MksaxjkG o vj.;e; izns’k ftadwu ?ks.;kph tckcnkjh f’kokth egkjktkaph jkfgy- vkSjaxtsckus
rGdksd.kkrhy izns’k ftadwu ?ks.;kl ijokuxh fnyh- gk izns’k tjh f’kokth egkjktkauh ftadwu ?ksryk
rjhgh ;k izns’kkoj vizR;{k opZLo eq?kykapsp jkg.kkj gksrs- dkj.k f’kokth egkjkt 40 y{k gksu [kaM.kh
13 o"kkZaP;k gIR;kae/;s eq?kykauk ns.;kl cka/khy gksrs-

f’kokth egkjktkaps loZp fdYys ?;kosr vls vkSjaxtsckl okVr gksrs- dkj.k f’kokth
egkjktkadMs vlysY;k fdY;kaP;k lgk¸;kus rs iqUgk vkØed /kksj.k Lohdk:u vki.kkl =klnk;d
gksrhy v’kh fHkrh vkSjaxtsckl okVr gksrh- iq<s R;kph gh fHkrh [kjh BjY;kps fnlwu ;srs- f’kokth
egkjktkauh eksB;k eqRln~nsfxjhus Lor%dMs 12 fdYys o ,d y{k gks.kkpk izns’k Bsowu ?ksryk- Lor%
eq?kykaph eulc Lohdkj.;kiklwu o eq?ky njckjkr gtj jkg.;kiklwugh lqVdk d:u ?ksryh-
R;kpcjkscj eksB;k d"Vkus mHks dsysys lSU; laHkkth jktsauk feGkysY;k eq?kykaP;k eulcheqGs eq?kykaP;k
iS’kkoj iksl.kkj gksrs- l|fLFkrhr LojkT;kps mRiUu fuE;kgwu deh >kY;keqGs ;k lSU;kpk ijLij [kpZ
eq?kykadMwu gks.kkj gksrk- iqjanjP;k rgkuqlkj eqxykaP;k izpaM vkØe.kkiklwu rkRiqjrh dk vlsuk
LojkT;kph lqVdk f’kokth egkjktkauh d:u ?ksryh- laHkkth jktsauh eq?kykaph ikp gtkjkph eulc
fnY;keqGs eq?kykafo:/nP;k gkypkyhauk ek= e;kZnk iM.kkÚ;k gksR;k- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k enrhus
vkfny’kkgh izns’k ftadwu ?ks.;kps /kksj.k ;k rgkuqlkj t;flaxkus vaxhdkjys gksr s- vkSjaxtsckykgh
t;flaxkps gs /kksj.k ilar iMys gksrs- ,dw.kp f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vMp.khpk tkLrhr tkLr Qk;nk
?ks.;kpk iz;Ru eq?kykauh dsysyk fnlwu ;srks-

3- 3- 4- f’kokth egkjktkaph vkxzk HksV

65
fe>kZ jktk t;flax ;kyk f’kokth egkjktkauh vkSjaxtsckP;k HksVhlkBh mRrjsr tkos vls iqjanjP;k
rgkiklwu okVr gksrs- ejkB;kacjkscj >kysY;k iqjanjP;k rgkuarj t;flaxkus fotkiwjdjkafo:/n eksfge
gkrh ?ksryh gksrh- fotkiwjdjkauh fpoV izfrdkj d:u t;flaxkps Mkoisp m/kGwu ykoys gksrs-
fotkiwjdjkafo:/nP;k eksfgesr Eg.kkos vls ;’k feGr ulY;kus t;flax grk’k >kyk gksrk-
xksoGdksMa ;kP;k dqrwc’kgkus vkfny’kgkyk eq?kykafo:/n enr dsyh- eq?kykaP;k fojks/kkr vkfny’kgk o
dqrwc’kgk ,d= vkys gksrs- v’kk ifjfLFkrhr f’kokth egkjkt vkfny’kgkyk feGkys rj vkti;Zar
lk/kysys jktdkj.k o nf{k.ksrhy eq?ky lRrk /kksD;kr ;sbZy v’kh fHkrh t;flaxkyk okVr gksrh-
f’kok; f’kokth egkjktkauk vkfny’kgkP;k opZLok[kkyh vlysyk iUgkG;kpk fdYyk ftad.;kr vkysys
vi;’k o f’kokth egkjktkapk mtok gkr vlysyk usrkth ikydj vkfny’kkghdMs tk.ks ;k loZ ?kVuk
R;kyk la’k;kLin okVr gksR;k- vkfny’kkfgfo:/n gkrh ?ksrysyh vkiyh eksfge ;’kLoh gksbZy dh
ukgh ;kfo"k;h R;kP;k eukr ’kadk ;sr gksrh- f’kokth egkjkt vki.kkl eukiklwu lgdk;Z djr ukghr
vls R;kyk okVr gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauk vkSjaxtsckP;k HksVhlkBh mRrjsr ikBowu nf{k.ksrhy jktdkj.k
lk/kkos vls R;kyk okVr gksrs- Qsczqokjh 1666 e/;s vkSjaxtsckl fyfgysY;k i=kr rks Eg.krks] ^^vkrk
vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk vkeP;kfo:/n ,d >kys vkgsr- rsOa gk dlsgh d:u f’kokthps eu vkiY;kdMs
oGowu ?ksrys ikfgts- ckn’kgkph HksV ?ks.;kdfjrk Eg.kwu R;kyk mRrjsr ikBowu ns.ks t:j vkgs-**
t;flaxkps er vkSjaxtsckl ;ksX; okVY;keqGs ;k ;kstusl R;kus laerh fnyh- vkSjaxtsckph laerh
feGkY;kuarj mRrjsr tk.;klkBh t;flaxkus f’kokth egkjktkapsgh eu oGoys- mRrjsr vkSjaxtsckP;k
HksVhr gks.kkjs Qk;ns R;kus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fun’kZukl vk.kwu fnys- mRrj Hkkjrkrhy eqxykaps lkeF;Z
o izR;{k ifjfLFkrh igk.ks] nf{k.ksph lqHksnkjh feGo.ks] taftjk fdY;kph izkIrh d:u ?ks.ks gh f’kokth
egkjktkaph vkxzk HksVhph dkj.ks gksrh- nf{k.ksrhy jktdkj.kkr vki.kkl vkOgku ns.kkÚ;k] vkiY;k
ljnkjkapk ijkHko dj.kkÚ;k f’kokth egkjktkaph HksV Ogkoh vlsgh vkSjaxtsckl okVys vlkos-

f’kokth egkjktkapk vkxzk izokl

5 ekpZ 1666 jksth f’kokth egkjkt laHkkth] fujkth jkoth] «;acdiar lksunso] fgjksth QtZna ]
nRrkth f=acd] enkjh esgrj] cfgthZ ukbZd] nkoyth xkMxs] ek.kdks gjh lcuhl] doh ijekuan gs
eqRln~nh o ,d gtkj fuoMd ekoGs] rhu gtkj y"dj ?ksÅu vkX;zkl fu?kkys- vkX;zkl fu?k.;kiwohZ
R;kauh LojkT;kph pks[k O;oLFkk ykÅu LojkT;kph iw.kZ tckcnkjh fttkckbZ] eksjksira fiaxGs vkf.k
fuGksira eqtwenkj ;kaP;kdMs lksioyh gksrh- fttkckbZaP;k vkKsuqlkj lokZauh dkjHkkj igkok vls
Bjo.;kr vkys- izoklkP;k dkGkrhy f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ftohrkph geh t;flaxkus rj vkxzk ;sFkhy
okLrO;kP;k dkGkrhy ftohrkph geh t;flaxkpk eqyxk jkeflax ;kus ?ksryh- f’kokth egkjkt

66
mRrjsdMs ;sr vlrkuk izoklkP;k dkGkr ’kgktk|kaph cMnkLr Bso.;kr ;srs r’kh f’kokth egkjktkaph
Bso.;kr ;koh vls vkns’k vkSjxa tsckus vkiY;k vf/kdkÚ;kauk fnys- izoklkP;k dkGkr f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k O;oLFkslkBh xkthcsx ukokpk vkiyk vf/kdkjh vkSjaxtsckus Bsoyk gksrk- izoklkr
vlrkukp vkSjaxtsckps ,d i= f’kokth egkjktkauk feGkys- ;k i=kr rks Eg.krks] ^^fe>kZ jkts t;flax
;k.kh BjfoY;kizek.ks bdMhy izkarh jokuk tkys rs ikowu cgqr larks"k tkyk- ,sf’k;kl bdMhy yksHk
rqEgkoj iw.kZ vkgs Eg.kksu vndkj u dfjrk [kkrjtesus ety njety fu?kksu ;kos Eg.kts HksVhvarh cgwr
lRdkj ikowu ek?kkjs tk.;kfo"k;h fujksi fnYgk tkbZy- lkaizr rqEgkdfjrk iks’kk[k ikBfoyk vkgs rks
?;kok-** ;k i=ke/;s vkSjxa tsckus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lqjf{krrsph Xokgh o HksVhuarj nf{k.k Hkkjrkr ijr
ikBo.;kph geh ?ksrysyh fnlwu ;srs-
f’kokth egkjkt o vkSjaxtsc HksV

12 es 1666 jksth vkSjaxtsckpk 50 ok ok<fnol gksrk- ;k ok<fnolkfuehRr vkX;zkr

vkfy’kku o ’kkgh njckjkps vk;kstu dj.;kr vkys gksrs- ok<fnolkP;k fuehRrkus eq?ky lRrsP;k
oSHkokps vkf.k lkeF;kZps izn’kZu gks.kkj gksrs- ;k ’kkgh dk;ZØeke/;s f’kokth egkjkt o vkSjxa tsc ;kaph
HksV 12 es jksth vk;ksftr dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaps fuoMd ekoGs 11 es 1666
jksth vkX;zkiklwu dkgh varjkoj vlysY;k eqydpanljkbZ ;sFks iksgpys- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
LokxrklkBh vkSjaxtsckus ,[kknk rksykeksykpk O;Drh ikBo.ks vko’;d gksrs i.k vkSjaxtsckus vkiY;k
Js"BRokph tk.kho d:u ns.;klkBh dks.kkykgh ikBoys ukgh- t;flaxkpk eqyxk jkeflax f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k LokxrklkBh ;sÅ u ’kdY;kus R;kus vkiyk eqU’kh fxjh/kjyky ;kl ikBoys- 12 es jksth
f’kokth egkjkt o jkeflax ;kaph ldkGh HksV Bjyh gksrh- ijarq gh HksV gksÅ ’kdyh ukgh- ’ksoVh
nks?kkaph HksV vkxzk ’kgjkrp >kyh- vkSjxa tsckus f’kokth egkjktkaps Lokxr d:u R;kauk njckjkr
vk.k.;kph tckcnkjh jkeflax o eq[kfyl[kku ;kaP;koj lksioyh gksrh- R;kuqlkj jkeflax f’kokth
egkjkt o laHkkth jkts ;kauk vkSjxa tsckP;k HksVhlkBh ^fnok.k&b&vke* e/;s ?ksÅu xsyk- rksi;Zar
fnok.k&b&vke* e/khy dk;Øe laiowu vkSjaxtsc ^fnok.k&b&[kkl* ;sFks nk[ky >kyk- R;keqGs
jkeflaxkus f’kokth egkjkt o laHkkth jkts ;kauk ^fnok.k&b&[kkl* ;sFks usgys- nks?kkauhgh njckjh
fjoktkizek.ks vkSjaxtsckl utj & fulkj lknj dsyh- ,o<s >kY;kuarj vkSjxa tsckus f’kokth egkjktkaph
n[ky ?ksÅu lUekukph okx.kwd ns.ks vko’;d gksrs- i.k vkiY;k Js"BRokph tk.kho d:u ns.;klkBh
vkSjaxtsckus f’kokth egkjktkadMs tk.khoiwoZd nqyZ{k dsys- f’kokth egkjktkauk njckjke/;s iapgtkjh
ljnkjkaP;k jkaxse/;s mHks dj.;kr vkys- LojkT;krhy dks<a k.kk fdYyk ftad.;kr vi;’kh Bjysyk
tloarflax f’kokth egkjktkaP;k iq<s mHkk gksrk- vki.kkl iapgtkjh ljnkjkaP;k jkaxsr mHks dj.;kr

67
vkY;kps letrkp f’kokth egkjktkauk izpaM jkx vkyk- v’kkrp vkSjaxtsckus fru ljnkjkauk f[kyr
nsÅu f’kokth egkjktkadMs tk.khiwoZd nqyZ{k dsys- njckjke/;s vki.kkl feGr vlysyh okx.kwd ikgwu
f’kokth egkjktkapk Øks/k vukoj >kyk- gh ckc vkSjxa tsckP;k y{kkr ;srkp R;kus jkeflaxkl f’kokth
egkjktkaph letwr dk<.;kl lkafxrys- ijarq R;kpk dkghp mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- ’ksoVh vkSjaxtsckus
jkeflaxkl f’kokth egkjkt o laHkkth jktsauk njckjkrwu ?ksÅu tk.;kl lkafxrys-

f’kokth egkjkt dSnsr

Ekq?ky njckjkr vki.kkl fnysyh okx.kwd LokfHkekuh LoHkkokP;k f’kokth egkjktkauk lgu >kyh
ukgh- R;kauh vkSjxa tsckP;k njckjkr iqUgk tk;ps ukgh vls Bjoys- laHkkth jkts ek= 14 es jksth
vkSjaxtsckP;k njckjkr xsys gksrs- vkSjxa tsckus laHkkth jktsua k jRu[kfpr dV;kj] eksR;kpk daBk o
ekukpk iks"kk[k nsÅu lUeku dsyk-vkSjaxtsckyk f’kokth महाराजांिवषयी la’k; okVw ykxyk- eq?ky
njckjkrhy f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fojks/kdkauh R;kaP;k fojks/kkr vkSjxa tsckps dku Hkjys- R;ke/;s
’kkfgLrs[kkukph iRuh tgkukjkcsxe] tkQj[kku] eqrZ>k[kku ;kapk lekos’k gksrk- f’kokth egkjktkauk Bkj
ekj.;kpk fopkj vkSjxa tsckP;k eukr vkyk gksrk- R;kus vkxzk ’kgjkpk iksfyl izeq[k Qqykn[kku ;kl
f’kokth egkjktkauk jnvankt[kkukP;k okM;kr us.;kl lkafxrys- i.k jkeflaxkus dsysY;k fojks/kkeqGs rs
’kD; >kys ukgh- f’kokth egkjktkauk dkcwyP;k eksfgesoj ikBowu okVsrp R;kapk dkVk dk<.;kpk
fopkj dsyk- ijarq f’kokth egkjktkauh eksfgesoj tk.;kl udkj fnyk- 24 es iklwu f’kokth
egkjktaP;k fuoklLFkkukHkksorh Qqykn[kkukpk igkjk clfo.;kr vkyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ftohrkyk
dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk /kksdk gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu jkeflaxkus vkiys [kkl fo’oklw jtiwr y<o¸;s f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k ’k;ux`gkHkksorh fu;qDr dsys- f’kokth egkjktkauk eulc ns.;kpk vkSjaxtsckpk fopkj gksrk-
ijarq f’kokth egkjktkauh eulc Lohdkj.;kl udkj fnyk- vkxzk ;sFks >kysY;k ispizlaxkeqGs nf{k.ksr
vlysyk fe>kZ jktk t;flax foy{k.k vLoLFk >kyk gksrk- f’kokth egkjktkauk vkxzk ;sFks dSnsr Bsowu
vki.k nf{k.ksr tkos vkf.k f’kokth egkjktkaps jkfgysys brj fdYys ftadkos vls vkSjaxtsckl okVys
gksrs- i.k t;flaxkus ^^f’kokth vlqjf{kr jkfgyk rj nf{k.ksrhy R;kps yksd fcFkjrhy o ex vkiyk
dks.krkp gsrw lQy gks.kkj ukgh** vls lkafxrys-

vkX;zkgwu lqVdk

24 es iklwu f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fuoklLFkkukHkksorh Qqykn[kkuk os<k lq: >kY;kuarj vki.k

vkrk vkSjaxtsckP;k dSnsr vkMdyks vkgksr ;kph tk.kho R;kaua k >kyh- fnolsfa nol gk igkjk vf/kd
dMd gksr xsyk- ;k vMp.khP;k ifjfLFkrhrwu lqV.;klkBh dkgh rjh foy{k.k lkgl dsys ikfgts

68
vU;Fkk vkiyk ’ksoV ;sFksp gksbZy vls f’kokth egkjktkauk okVr gksrs- vkiY;keqGs jkeflax vMp.khr
;sÅ u;s Eg.kwu jkeflaxkus tkfeudh dk<wu ?;koh vlk iz;Ru f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk- i.k /kqrZ
vkSjaxtsckus f’kokth egkjktkaPa ;k fuoklLFkkukHkksorh jkeflaxkpkgh igkjk lq: dsyk- R;keqGs ,dkp osGh
jkeflax o Qqykn[kku ;k nks?kkaps igkjs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fuoklLFkkukHkksorh lq: >kys- vkSjxa tsckP;k
utjdSnsrwu vkiyh lqVdk dj.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh ,d foy{k.k ;kstuk r;kj dsyh- ;k
;kstusuqlkj R;kauh vkiY;kcjkscj vkysY;k vkiY;k yksdkauk ijr nf{k.ksr tkÅ n;kos v’kh fouarh
vkSjaxtsckyk dsyh- vkSjxa tsckus gh fouarh eksB;k rRijrsus o vkuankus ekU; dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
;kstusuqlkj R;kaps lgdkjh R;kauk usew.k fnysY;k fBdk.kh tkÅu Fkkacys vkf.k iq<hy r;kjhl lq:okrgh
dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh vki.k vktkjh vlY;kps ukVd dsys- vkiY;k izd`rhl vkjke iMkok o
vktkjkrwu yodj cjs Ogkos ;klkBh lk/kqlarkauk] xksjxjhc tursl o eq?ky vf/kdkÚ;kauk esok feBkbZps
isVkjs ikBo.;kl lq:okr dsyh- lq:okrhP;k dkGkr isVkÚ;kaph dlwu rikl.kh igkjsdÚ;kaua h dsyh- ijarq
isVkÚ;kr esok feBkbZf’kok; nqljs dkghp vk<Gr uOgrs- R;keqGs gGwgGw rs isVkjs rikl.;kdMs nqyZ{k
d: ykxys- ;k la/khpk Qk;nk ?ksÅu 17 vkWxLV 1666 jksth f’kokth egkjkt laHkkth jktsalg
isVkÚ;krwu vkSjaxtsckP;k dSnsrwu ckgsj iMys-

vkxzk ’kgjkP;k ckgsj lgk eSykP;k varjkoj fujkth jkoth ?kksMs ?ksÅu f’kokth egkjktkaph okV
igkr gksrk- ?kksM;koj clwu f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaP;k lgdkÚ;kauh eksB;k osxkus eFkqjsdMs okVpky lq:
dsyh- v|kii;Zar f’kokth egkjkt dSnsrwu ukghls >kY;kph ekfgrh Qqykn[kkukl >kyh uOgrh- dkj.k
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fuoklLFkkuke/;s f’kokth egkjktkapk isgjko ?kkywu R;kaP;k tkxh fgjksth QtZna
>ksiwu xsyk rj enkjh esgrj R;kps ik; jxMhr gksrk- R;keqGs f’kokth egkjktkauh dSnsrwu iyk;u
dsY;kph tk.kho eq?kykauk >kyh ukgh- dkgh dkyko/khuarj fgjksth QtZna o enkjh esgrjgh ckgsj iMys-
cÚ;kp osGkuarj f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fuoklLFkkukrhy ’kkarrk ikgwu igkjsdÚ;kauk ’kadk ;sÅ ykxyh-
R;kauh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fuoklLFkkukr ;sÅu ikfgY;kuarj fuoklLFkkukr dks.khp ukgh gs R;kauk fnlwu
vkys- Qqykn[kkukdMwu f’kokth egkjkt dSnsrwu ukghls >kY;kph ckreh vkSjaxtsckl dGkyh o R;kyk
izpaM /kDdk clyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k iyk;ukph ckreh Qqykn[kkukus d’kh lkafxryh ;kfo"k;h
lHkkln Eg.krks] ^^iksykn[kkukus ikn’kgktoG orZeku lkafxrys dh jktk dksBMhr gksrk- ojpsoj tkÅu
ikgkr vlrk ,dk,dh xbZc tkgkyk- iGkyk fdaok tfeuhe/;s ?kqlyk] dh vLekuke/;s xsyk gs u dGs-
** vkSjaxtsckus f’kokth egkjktkauk idM.;klkBh vkiys ?kksMnG jokuk dsys- nf{k.ksdMs tk.kkjs jLrs
jks[kwu /kj.;kr vkys- ’kgjke/;s pkSD;k clo.;kr vkY;k- osxosxG;k izkarkrhy vf/kdkÚ;kauk
dGfo.;kr vkys- ijarq R;kpk dkghp mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lqVdsfo"k;h vkSjaxtsckus

69
jkeflaxkl /kkjsoj /k:u R;kph eulc deh dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkacjkscj vkX;zkl vkysY;k o mRrjsr
vlysY;k j?kqukFkiar dksjMs] nRrkth f=acd] fgjksth QtZna ] enkjh esgrj] doh ijekuan ;kauk idM.;kr
vkys- i.k R;kpk dkghp mi;ksx >kyk ukgh-

f’kokth egkjkt vkSjaxtsckP;k dSnsrwu dls ckgsj iMys ;kfo"k;h fofo/k ers O;Dr dsyh
tkrkr- lHkkln c[kj] ts/ks ’kdkoyh] Hkhelsu lDlsuk o jktLFkkuh dkxni=kae/;s f’kokth egkjkt
feBkbZP;k isVkÚ;kr clwu ckgsj iMY;kph ekfgrh fnyh vkgs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k iyk;ukfo"k;h
lHkkln Eg.krks] ^^ex ,ds fno’kh jkts o jktiq= ,dkp isVkÚ;kr clys- iq<s ekxs isVkjs d:u e/;s
isVkfj;kr clwu pkfyys-** iq<hy dkGkrhy /kkoiGhpk izokl o lqjf{krrk ;k dkj.kklkBh f’kokth
egkjktkauh laHkkth jktsua k eFkqjsl d`".kkthiar o dk’khiar ;kaP;kdMs Bsoys- eq?ky lSU;kpk ikBykx
pqdor f’kokth egkjkt o R;kapa s vuq;k;h eFkqjk & o`ankou & okjk.k’kh &iz;kx & xksaMo.k &
xksoGdksMa k vlk izokl djr 12 lIVsca j 1666 jksth jk;xMkl iksgpys- iq<s uksOgsca j 1666 e/;s
laHkkth jkts jk;xMkl ijrys- f’kokth egkjkt vkX;zko:u lqVwu vkY;kph ckreh letrkp nf{k.ksr
vlysY;k t;flaxkl izpaM /kDdk clyk o iq<s R;krp R;kpk ’ksoV >kyk- vkfny’kkgh njckjklgh
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lqVdseqGs /kDdk clyk- lqjrdj baxztkaukgh dkGth okVw ykxyh- iksrZqxhtkauh ek=
f’kokth egkjktkaps vfHkuanu dsys- vkSjaxtsckP;k dSnsrwu f’kokth egkjktkauh ;’kLoh iyk;u dsY;keqGs
R;kaph fdrhZ loZ= iljyh-

3- 3- 5- lqjrsph nqljh yqV

vkX;zkP;k dSnsrwu lqVwu vkY;kuarj f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kyka’kh lyks[;kps laca/k Bso.;koj Hkj
fnyk gksrk- R;kauh vkiys loZ y{k LojkT;kph ?kMh clo.;koj fnys gksrs- iqjanjP;k rgkuqlkj f’kYyd
jkfgysys LojkT; vkfFkZd o y"djhn"V;k l{ke dj.;klkBh eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk’kh dkgh
dkGklkBh ’kkarrsps laca/k Bso.ks R;kauk xjtsps okVr gksrs- 1667 rs 1669 Ik;Zar f’kokth egkjktkauh
eq?kyka’kh lyks[;kps laca/k Bsoys gksrs- 1670 iklwu ek= eq?kykafo"k;hP;k ;k /kksj.kkr R;kauh cny dsyk-
1670 iklwu eq?kykafo:/n vkØed /kksj.kkpk Lohdkj d:u iqjanjP;k rgkuqlkj eq?kykauk fnysys fdYys
ftadwu ?ks.;kps /kksj.k f’kokth egkjktkauh Lohdkjys- R;kuqlkj Qsczqokjh 1670 e/;s flagxM] ekpZ 1670
e/;s iqjanj] ekpZ 1670 e/;s dY;k.k&fHkoaMh gk izns’k] es 1670 e/;s yksgxM] twu 1670 e/;s
ekgqyh o jksfgMk gs fdYys ftadwu ?ksrys- rj 3 o 4 vkWDVkscj 1670 e/;s lqjrsph R;kauh iqUgk yqV
dsyh-
f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsph iqUgk dsysyh yqV gk R;kauh eq?kykafo:/n Lohdkjysy;k vkØed
/kksj.kkpkp ,d Hkkx gksrk- eq?kykauk /kMk f’kdo.;kcjkscjp LojkT;kpk vkfFkZd Qk;nk ;k yqVhe/kwu

70
dj.;koj R;kauh Hkj fnyk- vkWDVkscj 1670e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh vpkudi.ks dksd.kkrwu
fd.kkÚ;kP;k ekxkZus lqjrsoj ia/kjk gtkj lSU;klg Nkik ?kkryk- lqjrsP;k laj{k.kklkBh ,d gtkjgh lSU;
uOgrs- 3 o 4 vkWDVkscj 1670 jksth lqjr ’kgjkph eulksDr yqV dsyh- ejkB;kauh eksBeksBs okMs
yqVys- ;kizlaxh f’kokth egkjktkauh baxztkauk vHk; fnys- f’kokth egkjktkauh vki.kkl =kl fnyk ukgh
v’kh uksan MpkaP;k i=kae/;s vkgs- ;k yqVhe/;s f’kokth egkjktkauk 66 yk[kkaph yqV feGkyh- lqjrsP;k
laj{k.kklkBh eq?ky lSU; ;sr vlY;kph ckreh letrkp 5 vkWDVkscj 1670 jksth ejkBs ijr fu?kkys-
ckxyk.k ekxkZauh ijr ;srkuk [kkuns’kpk eq?ky lqHksnkj nkÅn[kku dqj’s kh o ejkB;kaP;kr o.kh fnaMksjh ;sFks
;q/n >kys- ;k ;q/nkr ejkB;kauh nkÅn[kku dqjs’kh ;kpk ijkHko dsyk- ;k la?k"kkZr eksxykaps rhu gtkj
lSU; Bkj >kys- lqjr yqVhph lqjrsP;k yksdkauh pkaxyhp ng’kr ?ksryh- f’kokth egkjkt ijr lqjr
yqV.;klkBh vkY;kP;k vQok vusd fnol mBr xsY;k- lqjr yqVheqGs lqjrspk O;kikj eankor xsyk-
baxztkauh O;kikjklkBh lqjr ,soth eqca bZ eq[; dsanz cuoys-
3- 4- f’kokth egkjktkapk jkT;kfHk"ksd
e/;;qxhu egkjk"VªkP;kp uOgs rj HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Eg.kwu f’kokth
egkjktkauh dsysY;k fof/k;qDr jkT;kfHk"ksdkdMs ikfgys tkrs- jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs f’kokth egkjktkauh LFkkiu
dsysY;k jkT;kl dk;ns’khj Lo:Ik izkIr >kys- HkkjrkP;k cgqrka’k Hkkxkr eqLyhe lRrkaps opZLo
vlrkuk R;kaP;k’kh lkrR;kus la?k"kZ d:u f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kqU;krwup ufou Lora= jkT; LFkkiu dsys-
R;kaps gs dk;Z vlkekU; Lo:ikps gksrs- jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs ejkBh ek.klkaph vfLerk ftoar >kyh-
f’kokth egkjktkauh o;kP;k 15 O;k o"kkZiklwu LojkT; LFkkiusps ts vlkekU; dk;Z dsys gksrs R;kph
ifj.krh jkT;kfHk"ksd lksgG;ke/;s gks.ks vVG gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkfo"k;h lHkkln
Eg.krks] ^^;k ;qxh loZ i`Fohoj EysaPN ckn’kgk- gk eÚgkVk ikr’kgk ;so<k N=irh tkyk] gh xks"V
dkgh lkekU; tkyh ukgh-** eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk ;k jktoVhr pkdjh d:u vusd ejkBk
ljnkj Lor%yk jkts Eg.kowu ?ksr vlr- i.k R;kauk Lor%yk fo/kh;qDr jkT;kfHk"ksd ek= djrk ;sr uls-
jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k ek/;ekrwu f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk ;kauk vki.k Lora= o
lkoZHkkSe lRrk/kh’k >kY;kps nk[kowu fnys- fganw turslkBh ,d Lora= jkT; o jktk vkgs ;kph tk.kho
d:u fnyh-
jkT;kfHk"ksd dj.;kpk fopkj usedk dks.kkpk gksrk o gk fopkj f’kokth egkjktkaP;k eukr dsaOgk
vkyk ;kfo"k;h fofo/k ers O;Dr dsyh tkrkr- lHkklnkus xkxkHkV~VkP;k vkxzgkeqGs] ejkBk lkezkT;kP;k
NksV;k c[kjhe/;s lokZapk euksn; >kyk rj fpV.khl c[kjhe/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u
?ks.;kpk fu’p; dsyk vls EgVys vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr lHkkln Eg.krks] ^^osnewfrZ jktsJh xkxkHkV Eg.kwu
okjk.k’khgwu jkft;kph fdrhZ ,sdwu n’kZukl vkys--- R;kaps ers] eqlyeku ckn’kgk rDrh clwu] N=
71
/k:u] ikr’kkgh dfjrkr] vkf.k f’kokthjkts ;kauhgh pkj ikr’kkgh ncfoY;k] vkf.k ikÅ.k yk[k ?kksMk
y"dj xMdksV vls (esGfoys) vlrk R;kl rDr ukgh- ;kdfjrk eÚgkBk jktk N=irh Ogkok vls
fpRrkr vkf.kys- vkf.k (rs) jkft;klfg ekuys-** jkT;kfHk"ksd dj.;kpk fopkj Lor% f’kokth
egkjktkapkp vlyk ikfgts- R;kaP;k ;k dYiusl R;kaP;k lgdkÚ;kapkgh ikfBack vlyk ikfgts-
R;kpcjkscj egRodka{kh eukso`RrhP;k fttkckbZaphgh izjs .kk jkT;kfHk"ksdkckcr vlyh ikfgts- R;kauh
jkT;kfHk"ksd dsyk ulrk rj vusd ladVkoj ekr d:u eksB;k d"Vkus o ftn~nhus fuekZ.k dsysY;k
LojkT;kl vFkZp jkfgyk ulrk- fof/k;qDr jkT;kfHk"ksd dsY;keqGs LojkT;kyk [kÚ;k vFkkZus dk;ns’khj o
lkoZHkkSe Lo:i izkIr >kys- f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd dj.;kl izkeq[;kus iq<hy dkj.ks dkj.khHkwr
Bjyh-
jkT;kfHk"ksdkph dkj.ks
1- e/;;qxhu dky[kaMkr fof/k;qDr jkT;kfHk"ksd dsysY;k jktkps jkT; gsp [kjs dk;ns’khj jkT; vls
ekuys tkr gksrs- eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk gs [kjs jkT;drsZ vkgsr- f’kokth egkjktkauh
jkT;kfHk"ksd u dsY;keqGs eq?ky] vkfny’kgk] dqrwc’kgk ;k LFkkfud lRrk/kh’kkacjkscjp baxzt]
Ýspa ] iksrZqxht] Mp gs ijdh; O;kikjh R;kauk [kjk jktk ekuk.;kl r;kj uOgrs-
2- f’kokth egkjktkauh iq.ks] lqi]s pkd.k vkf.k bankiwj ;k izns’kkrwu LojkT; LFkkiusdMs okVpky
lq: dsyh gksrh- gk izns’k vkfny’kgkus ’kgkth jktsauk tgkfxjh Eg.kwu fnyk gksrk- ’kgkth
jkts Lor% dukZVdkr okLrO;kl vlY;kus R;kauh gk izns’k f’kokth egkjktkadMs lksioyk gksrk-
vkfny’kgk f’kokth egkjktkaps jkT; Eg.kts vkiY;kp jkT;kpk ,d Hkkx vkgs vls ekur gksrk-
vkfny’kgk f’kokth egkjktkauk Lora= jktk u ekurk vkiY;k ljnkjkpk ,d ’kDrh’kkyh
caM[kksj eqyxk letr vls- vki.k caM[kksj ljnkj ulwu Lora= jkT;drsZ vkgksr gs nk[kowu
ns.;klkBh R;kauk jkT;kfHk"ksd dj.ks xjtsps gksrs-
3- e/;;qxhu dky[kaMkr oru fdaok bukes ns.;kpk dk;ns’khj vf/kdkj jktkauk gksrk-
flagklukf/k"Bhr jktkps jkT;p dk;ns’khj jkT; o ;k jktkps QekZu gs ljdkjh QekZu ekuys
tkr gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%yk jkT;kfHk"ksd u dsY;keqGs R;kaps QekZu gs ljdkjh QekZu
letys tkr uOgrs-
4- ejkBs ljnkjkaph ekufldrkgh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkl dkj.khHkwr Bjyh- rRdkyhu
ifjfLFkrhr ejkBs ljnkj eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk ;k lRrk/kh’kkadMs pkdjh djr vlr
o Lor%yk jkts gk fdrkc ykor vlr- gs ljnkj f’kokth egkjktkauk Lora= jktk u ekurk
vkiY;krhy ,d ejkBk ljnkj ekur vlr- ;k ljnkjkaizek.ks vki.k ’kkgh jktoVhaps ljnkj

72
 ulwu Lora= jkts vkgksr gs fl/n dj.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauk jkT;kfHk"ksd dj.ks vko’;d
gksrs-
5- czkEg.k xqUgsxkjkauk f’k{kk dj.;kpk vf/kdkj QDr jktkykp gksrk- f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%yk
fo/kh;qDr jkT;kfHk"ksd u dsY;kus vkiY;k opZLok[kkyhy izns’kkrhy czkEg.k xqUgsxkjkauk f’k{kk
dj.;kpk vf/kdkj R;kauk izkIr >kyk uOgrk- czkEg.k xqUgsxkjkl f’k{kk ns.;klkBh R;kauk czEgo`an
teowu fdaok dk’khLr czkEg.kkadMwu rs lksMokos ykxr vlr-
6- f’kokth egkjktkauh fo/kh;qDr jkT;kfHk"ksd u dsY;keqGs eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk gs
jkT;drsZ f’kokth egkjktkauk [kjs jkT;drsZ ekur ulr- ojhy lRrk/kh’k f’kokth egkjktka’kh
cjkscjhP;k ukR;kus rg fdaok eS=h djr ulr- R;kaph ekulhdrk f’kokth egkjkt gs caM[kksj
ljnkj vkgsr v’khp gksrh- vkxzk HksfVP;k osGh eq?ky njckjkr vkSjaxtsckus fnysyh nq¸;e
okx.kwd gh ;kp ekulhdrspk Hkkx gksrh- 1672 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh xksoGdksMa ;kpk uok
lqyrku vcqy glu’kh rg dsyk- i.k vcqy gluP;k n`"Vhdksukrwu f’kokth egkjkt Lora=
jkT;drsZ uOgrs-
7- LojkT;krhy lkekU; yksdkauk f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd djkok vlsp okVr gksrs-
f’kokth egkjktkauh eksB;k d"Vkus mH;k dsysY;k LojkT;kyk dk;ns’khj vf/kdkj feGkok vls
lkekU; tursykgh okVr gksrs- eqLyhe lRrk/kh’kkauk izfrdkj d:u fganwps Lora= jkT; vfLrRokr
;kos v’kh R;kaph eukseu bPNk gksrh-
8- fot;uxj lkezkT;kP;k vLrkuarj cgqrka’k Hkkjr eqLyhe lRrk/kh’kkaP;k opZLok[kkyh gksrk- ;k
lRrk/kh’kkadMwu jktlRrspk mi;ksx d:u Hkkjrkr eqLyhe /kekZpk izpkj o izlkj dsyk tkr
gksrk- ;k lRrk/kh’kkaP;k ;k /kksj.kkl fganwps Lora= jkT; LFkkiu d:u t’kkl rls mRrj ns.ks
xjtsps gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k iz;Rukrwu fganwps ,d Lora= jkT; vfLrRokr ;s.kkj gksrs- ;k
jkT;kP;k ek/;ekrwu fganw /kekZp]s fganw tursps laj{k.k o fgr lk/kys tk.kkj gksrs-
9- Ikj’kqjkeus i`Fohrykojhy {k=h;kapk ,dohl osGk uk’k dsY;keqGs i`Fohrykoj {k=h; ukghr vlk
let rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhe/;s lektkr :<>kyk gksrk- {kf=;kaukp jkT;kfHk"ksd djrk ;srks vls
EgVys tkr gksrs- lektkr iljysyk gk xSjlet jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u f’kokth egkjktkauk nwj
djk;pk gksrk- vki.k f’klksfn;k oa’kkrhy jtiwr vkgksr gs fl/n dj.;klkBh f’kokth
egkjktkauh ckGkth vkoth] ds’koHkV iqjksfgr] HkkypanzHkV ;kauk mRrjsr ikBoys- mRrjsr tkÅu
R;kauh t;iwjP;k jkt?kjk.;krwu feGoysY;k f’klksfn;k dqGkP;k oa’kkoGhuqlkj f’kokth egkjkt
f’klksfn;k oa’kkrhy vkgsr gs R;kauh Li"V dsys-

73
 f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%yk jkT;kfHk"ksd dk d:u ?ksryk gs Li"V djrkuk xks- l- ljnslkbZ
Eg.krkr] ^^f’kokthus LojkT;kpk miØe lu 1644 r lq: dsyk- rhl o"kkZaP;k m|ksxkus ejkB;kaps Lora=
jkT; fuekZ.k gksÅu R;kpk opd [kqn~n egkjk"Vªkoj o ckgsjP;k lRrk/kh’kkaoj clyk- rsOgk ;k m|ksxkl
uhrhps o dk;|kps dk;e Lo:Ik nsÅu loZ tursP;k fBdk.kh ;k uwru jkT;kph tk.kho mRiUu
dj.;klkBh f’kokthus vki.kkl ;Fkkfo/kh jkT;kfHk"ksd djowu ?ks.;kpk ladYi Bjfoyk-**
jkT;kfHk"ksdkiwohZP;k gkypkyh
jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u ?ks.;kps fuf’pr >kY;kuarjgh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jktdh; gkypkyh pkywp
gksR;k- R;kauh vkiY;k jktdh; gkypkyhe/;s dlykgh [kaM iMw fnyk uOgrk- jkT;kfHk"ksdkph eksBh
r;kjh jk;xMkoj lq: vlrk nksu nqnSZoh ?kVuk ?kMY;k- ifgyh nqnSZoh ?kVuk Eg.kts f’kokth egkjktkaps
ljukscr izrkijko xqtj 24 Qsczoq kjh 1674 jksth usljhP;k y<kbZr ekjyk xsyk- nqljh nqnSZoh ?kVuk
Eg.kts f’kokth egkjktkaph iRuh dk’khckbZ ;k 16 ekpZ 1674 jksth jk;xMkoj ej.k ikoY;k- ;k
nq%[kn ?kVukeqGs f’kokth egkjktkauk nq%[k gks.ks LokHkkfod gksrs- i.k jkT;kfHk"ksd fo/kh pkrqekZlkiwohZ
T;s"B ’kq/n 13 ’kds 1596 ;k eqgwrkZoj dj.;kps Bjo.;kr vkys gksrs- ,fizy 1674 e/;s f’kokth
egkjktkauh vkiY;k fpiGwu ;sFkhy y"djh rGkph igk.kh dsyh- gachjjko eksfgrs ;kaph ejkB;kaP;k
ljukscr inkoj fu;qDrh dsyh- 24 ,fizy 1674 jksth f’kokth egkjktkauh dsGatkdksV ftadwu eksBk
fot; feGoyk- es 1674 e/;s R;kauh fpiGwuP;k y"djh rGkl iqUgk HksV fnyh o rsFkwu jk;xMkl
vkys- vkiY;k dqynsorsps n’kZu ?ks.;klkBh f’kokth egkjkt 19 es 1674 jksth jk;xMko:u
izrkixMkl vkys- nsohps n’kZu ?ksÅu nsohyk lOok e.k otukps lksU;kps Nr fo/khiwoZd viZ.k dsys-
29 es 1674 jksth f’kokth egkjktkaps ekSthca/ku (miu;ufo/kh) >kys- ;kp fno’kh izk;f’pRr fo/kh
Eg.kwu rqyknkufo/kh dj.;kr vkyk-
jkT;kfHk"ksd lksgGk
f’kokth egkjktkapk jkT;kfHk"ksd iqjksxkeh fopkjlj.khpk fo}ku iafMr xkxkHkV~V ;kP;kdMwu
dj.;kps fuf’pr >kys gksrs-
30 es 1674 % (’kfuokj) f’kokth egkjktkaps ekSthca/ku >kY;keqGs ’kkL=kuqlkj jk.;ka’kh iqUgk fookg
gks.ks vko’;d gksrs- R;keqGs f’kokth egkjktkauh lea=d fookg dsys- ;k fookgkeqGs jktk Eg.kwu
f’kokth egkjkt vkf.k iV~Vjk.kh Eg.kwu lks;jkckbZ ;kauk jkT;kfHk"ksdklkBh ykx.kkjs gDd ’kkL=kuqlkj izkIr
>kys- ok- lh- csUnzs Eg.krkr] ^^yXufo/kh lea=d >kY;kus oSfnd i/nrhizek.ks jkT;kfHk"ksdfo/kh liRuhd
dj.;kl ’kkL=kuqlkj eksdGhd >kyh-**

74
31 es 1674 % (jfookj) jfookjh ,sUnzh’kkarhP;k dk;kZl izkjaHk >kyk- vXuhizfr"Bk dj.;kr vkyh-
banzk.khph iwtk] prq"daHkLFkkiu] ,s’kku;kx b- fo/kh ikj ikM.;kr vkys- vkpk;Z vkf.k _fRot ;kauk
lqo.kZnf{k.kk ns.;kr vkyh-
1 twu 1674 % (lkseokj) xzg;K o R;kuarj u{k=gkse gs fo/kh dj.;kr vkys-
2 twu 1674 % (eaxGokj) eaxGokj o uoeh jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k dk;kZl fuf"k/n vlY;keqGs ;k fno’kh
dks.krkgh fo/kh dj.;kr vkyk ukgh-
3 twu 1674 % (cq/kokj) Uk{k=;K dj.;kr vkyk-
4 twu 1674 % (xq:okj) ;k fno’kh jk=h fu_Zfr;kx gk ;K ikj iMyk- ekal] eRL; o efnjk ;kaph
;kizlaxh vkgqrh ns.;kr vkyh- ;kxkuarj Luku d:u iq.;kgokpu dj.;kr vkys-
5 twu 1674 % (’kqdzokj) gk fnol jkT;kfHk"ksd lekjaHkkpk lkrok vkf.k eq[; fnol gksrk-
czkEg.kHkkstu vkf.k ,sUnzh’kkarhP;k eq[; dk;kZph lekIrh dj.;kr vkyh- jkT;kfHk"ksdkpk eqgwrZ =;ksn’khpk
vlY;keqGs lk;adkGiklwu igkVsi;Zar gk eaxyfo/kh lq: gksrk- jkT;kfHk"ksd lekjaHk ’kqdzokj fn- 5 twu
jksth lk;adkGiklwu lq:okr gksÅu rks ’kfuokj fn- 6 twu jksth ldkGh iw.kZ >kyk-
f’kokth egkjkt flagklukoj clys vkf.k LojkT;kps LoIu [kÚ;k vFkkZus lkdkj >kys- jk;xM
fdY;kao:u rksQkaph lykeh ns.;kr vkyh- eaxyok|kaP;k tYyks"kkeqGs LojkT;krhy okrkoj.k eaxye;
>kys- jkT;kfHk"ksd laiUu >kY;kuarj jk;xM fdY;kcjkscjp laiw.kZ LojkT;kr vkuankps] mRlkgkps o
pSrU;kps okrkoj.k fuekZ.k >kys- jkT;kfHk"ksdkps o.kZu djrkuk lHkkln Eg.krks] ^^lokZl ueu d:u
(egkjkt) vfHk"ksdkl lqo.kZpkSdhoj clys- v"Viz/kku o Fkksj Fkksj czkEg.kkauh LFkGksLFkGhph mnds d:u
lqo.kZdy’kik=h vfHk"ksd dsyk- fnO; oL=s] fnO; vyadkj ?ksÅu] loZ iwT; eaMGhl ueLdkj d:u
flagklukoj clys-fdR;sd uojRukfnd lqo.kZdeGs o ukuk lqo.kZQy
q s] oL=s m/kaM fn/kyh- nkui/nrhizek.ks
"kksM’k egknkus bR;kfnd nkus dsyh- flagklukl v"V [kkac tfMr dsys- R;k LFkkuh v"V & iz/kkukauh mHks
jkgkos- iwohZ d`rk;qxh] =srk;qxh] }kikjh dy;qxkps Bk;h iq.;’yksd jkts flagkluh cSlys-** f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkps o.kZu lHkkln c[kjhizek.ksp fpV.khl c[kj o gsUjh vkWfD>aMus P;k
jkstfu’khe/;sgh dsys vkgs-

jkT;kfHk"ksdkps egRo
e/;;qxhu egkjk"VªkP;kp uOgs rj e/;;qxhu HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Eg.kwu
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkdMs ikfgys tkrs- jkT;kfHk"ksdkps egRo fo’kn djrkuk lHkkln Eg.krks]

75
^^;k ;qxh loZ i`Fohoj EysaPN ckn’kgk- eÚgkVk ikr’kgk ;so<k N=irh tkyk- gh xks"V dkgh lkekU;
tkyh ukgh----** 6 twu 1674 jksth f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u ,dk Lora= o lkoZHkkSe fganw
jkT;kph LFkkiuk dsyh- f’kojkT;kfHk"ksdkps egRo Li"V djrkuk ok- lh- csUnsz Eg.krkr] ^f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k T;k la?kVukRed dk;kZeqGs egkjk"Vªkr jktdh;] lkekftd o ikjekfFkZd laLd`frph ewY;s
[kksyoj :tyh xsyh] ;kp egkjk"VªkP;k gRiVykoj jkT;laLFksP;k mRdzkUr] laLd`frps izfrfcac fpjatho
dj.;kps dk;Z ;k f’kojkT;kfHk"ksdfo/khr vkgs- dkj.k R;k ?kVusus jkT;O;ogkjkr vf[ky lektkyk
lekursP;k ikrGhoj vk.kys o /kkfeZd O;kogkfjd ikjra«;kyk vkGk ?kky.;kps ,d ra= fuekZ.k >kys---*
jkT;kfHk"ksdkps egRo lkaxrkuk lsreq k/kjko ixMh Eg.krkr] ^^ijdh vkf.k vlfg".kw lRrsfo:/n Hkkjrh;
turspk {kksHk mlGwu vkyk- R;kps izfrd Eg.kts ,rn~ns’kh; v’kk Lora= jkT;kph LFkkiuk gs gks;- ;k
?kVusus Hkkjrh; vfLerk tkx`r >kyh vkf.k vBjkO;k ’krdkr eksxy lkezkT; dkslGwu iMys-**
1- f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u ejkB;kaps Lora= o lkoZHkkSe jkT; LFkkiu dsY;keqGs
pkj’ks o"kkZis{kk vf/kd dkG xqykefxjhr [khrir iMysY;k Hkkjrh; eukso`Rrhyk foy{k.k
psruk feGkyh-
2- e/;;qxhu HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy lqo.kkZ{kjkus ueqn dj.;kph gh ?kVuk gksrh-
f’kojkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs ,dk uO;k ;qxkph lq:okr >kyh- eqLyhe jktoVhP;k opZLok[kkyh
loZLo gjowu clysY;k lektke/;s Lokra«;kph] LokfHkekukph o ijkØekph Hkkouk fuekZ.k
dj.;kps dk;Z jkT;kfHk"ksdkus dsys-
3- f’kojkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jktinkyk dk;|kph ekU;rk feGkyh- 1645
iklwu lq: dsysys LojkT; LFkkiusps dk;Z [kÚ;k vFkkZus lkFkZdh ykxys-
4- jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs fganwuk Lora= jktk feGkyk- R;kaP;ke/khy U;wuxaMkph Hkkouk ukfg’kh >kyh-
eqLyhe jktoVha’kh la?k"kZ d:u ejkBs Lora= jkT; LFkkiu d: ’kdrkr gs f’kokth egkjktkauh
vkiY;k drZRokrwu nk[kowu fnys-
5- i`Fohoj dks.khgh {kf=; ukgh R;keqGs dks.kh jktk cuw ’kdr ukgh ;k fopkjkyk [kÚ;k vFkkZus
eqBekrh feGkyh-
6- jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs fot;uxj lkezkT;kP;k vLrkuarj f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ek/;ekrwu fganwauk
Lora= jktk feGkyk- ejkB;kaP;k ijkHkwr eukso`Rrhyk jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs uolathouh izkIr >kyh-
o"kkZuqo"ksZ vfLrRokr vlysY;k xqykefxjhP;k ’k`a[kyk jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs xGwu iMY;k-
7- jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs U;k;nkukP;k lanHkkZrhy f’kokth egkjktkaph vMp.k nwj >kyh-
jkT;kfHk"ksdkeqGs czkEg.k xqUgsxkjkauk f’k{kk dj.;kpk vf/kdkj f’kokth egkjktkauk feGkyk-

76
 8- laLd`r Hkk"kspk loZ= okij dj.;koj Hkj nsÅu Qkj’kh Hkk"ksps egRo deh >kys-
jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k ek/;ekrwu f’kokth egkjktkauh lg;knzhP;k dq’khr ykoysys LojkT;kps jksiVs
igkrk igkrk HkkjrkP;k cgqrka’k Hkkxkr iljr xsys-
f’kokth egkjktkapk nqljk jkT;kfHk"ksd
24 lIVsca j 1674 jksth f’kokth egkjktkauh nqljk jkT;kfHk"ksd dsyk- ifgyk jkT;kfHk"ksd
xkxkHkV~V ;kus oSfnd i/nrhus dsyk gksrk rj nqljk jkT;kfHk"ksd fu’pyiqjh ;kus rkaf=d i/nrhus dsyk-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k nqlÚ;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkph ekfgrh ^Jhf’kojkT;kfHk"ksddYir:* ;k xzFa kkrwu feGrs-
LojkT;krhy dkght.kkauh mifLFkr dsysY;k ’kadkaps fujl.k dj.;klkBh R;kauh nqljk jkT;kfHk "ksd dsyk
vlkok- xkxkHkV~Vkus oSfnd i/nrhus dssysY;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkr dkgh =qVh jkfgY;k vkgsr vls fu’pyiqjhus
lkaxhrys gksrs- nqljk jkT;kfHk"ksdkl izkeq[;kus iq<hyizek.ks dkj.ks dkj.khHkwr Bjyh-
1- f’kokth egkjktkapk jkT;kfHk"ksd lksgGk ikgwu lokZr vf/kd lek/kku fttkckbZauk >kys gksrs-
i.k jkT;kfHk"ksd lksgG;kuarj vo?;k 12 O;k fno’kh 17 twu 1674 jksth fttkckbZaps fu/ku
>kys- laHkkth jktsaP;k xG;krhy eksrhgkjkrhy nksu eksrh xgkG >kys- izrkixMkojhy ?kksM;kph
ikxk tGkyh- ;k loZ v’kqHk ?kVukapk laca/k fu’pyiqjhus xkxkHkV~Vkus dsysY;k ifgY;k
jkT;kfHk"ksdkrhy =qVha’kh tksMyk-
2- f’kokth egkjktkapk ifgyk jkT;kfHk"ksd xkxkHkV~Vkus oSfnd i/nrhus dsyk gksrk- oSfnd i/nrhl
fu’pyiqjhpk fojks/k gksrk- fu’pyiqjhpk rkaf=d i/nrhoj fo’okl gksrk- xkxkHkV~Vkus dsysY;k
oSfnd i/nrhP;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkosGh x`gnsork] xzkensork] eaMinsork] LFkkunsork] LraHknsork ;k
nsorkaps iwtu >kys ukgh vls fu’pyiqjhus lkafxrys-
3- IkfgY;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k osGls xkxkHkV~V o R;kaP;k vuq;k;kauk f’kokth egkjktkauh eksB;k
izek.kkr nf{k.kk fnY;k gksR;k- R;kpcjkscj rkaf=d i/nrhdMs ifgY;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkr nqyZ{k >kys
gksrs- R;keqGs fu’pyiqjh o R;kps vuq;k;h vLoLFk >kys gksrs-
4- IkfgY;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k uarj ts vi’kdwu >kys gksrs R;kpk laca/k fu’pyiqjhus ifgY;k
jkT;kfHk"ksdkrhy =qVha’kh tksMyk gksrk- R;keqGs lkekU; turkgh ’kadkdwy >kyh gksrh-
Okjhy dkj.kkaeqGs f’kokth egkjktkauh nqljk jkT;kfHk"ksd dsyk- nqljk jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k lanHkkZr ok-
lh- csUnzs Eg.krkr] ^^;k fo/khl egkjktkauh dsoG iwjd fo/kh Eg.kwu ekU;rk fnyh vlkoh-** nqljk
jkT;kfHk"ksd ,dk fnolkr iw.kZ dj.;kr vkyk-
3- 5- f’kokth egkjktkaph dukZVd eksfge
ekpZ 1677 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh Hkkxkuxjyk dqrwc’kgkph HksV ?ksÅu dukZVd eksfge gkrh
?ksryh- jkT;kfHk"ksdkP;k uarjph lokZr eksBh eksfge Eg.kwu dukZVd eksfgesdMs ikfgys tkrs- ;k eksfgesP;k
77
ek/;ekrwu R;kaps mRd`"V fu;kstu] /kkMl] ’kkS;Z] eqRln~nsfxjh] ;q/ndkS’kY;] usr`Roxq.k] egRodka{kk]
jktdkj.kpkrq;Z o nwjn`"Vh fnlwu ;srs- nwjojP;k izns’kkr ;kstukc/n eksfge d’kh dk<koh ;kpk vkn’kZ
oLrqikB R;kauh ;k eksfgesP;k ek/;ekrwu ?kkywu fnyk- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lkglh egRodka{ksps mnkgj.k
Eg.kwu dukZVd eksfge izfl/n vkgs- vkfny’kgkP;k opZLok[kkyhy izns’k ftad.;kph eksfge gkrh ?ksrkuk
xksoGdksMa ;kP;k dqrwc’kgkcjkscj eS=h dj.;kph nwjn`"Vh R;kauh ;k eksfgesr nk[kowu fnyh- dukZVd
eksfgesoj fu?k.;kiwohZ LojkT;kph pks[k O;oLFkk R;kauh ykoyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dukZVd
eksfgesps vusd mn~ns’k@dkj.ks lkaxhrys tkrkr rs iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-
dukZVd eksfgesph dkj.ks
1- LojkT;kpk foLrkj
LojkT;kpk foLrkj dj.ks gk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dukZVd eksfgespk eq[; mn~n’s k gksrk- lHkkln
Eg.krks] ^^rqxa Hknz ns’kkiklwu dkosjhi;Zar dukZVd lk/kkos gk gsrw eukr /kfjyk-** lHkklnkps gs er ;ksX;
okVrs- dkj.k ;k eksfgesP;k ek/;erwu R;kauh dukZVdkr LojkT;kpk foLrkj dsyk- dukZVd izns’kkr
vkfny’kgkph laj{k.k O;oLFkk dedwor vlY;kus o ;k izns’kkrhy fganw uk;d Lora=i.ks okxr
vlY;kus ;k izns’kkrwu vki.kkl iz[kj fojks/k gks.kkj ukgh gs f’kokth egkjktkauh vksG[kwu ;k izns’kkr
LojkT;kpk foLrkj dsyk-
2- laiRrh feGo.ks
dukZVdkr LojkT;kpk foLrkj dj.;kcjkscjp laiRrh feGo.ks gk mn~ns’k f’kokth egkjktkapk
vlkok- ;k lanHkkZr ;nqukFk ljdkj Eg.krkr] ^^b- l- 1674 P;k twue/;s Vksystax jkT;kfHk"ksd gksÅu
y{kkof/k :Ik;kapk nku/keZ >kY;keqGs f’kokthpk [kftuk fjdkek >kysyk gksrk-** gk [kftuk Hk:u
dk<.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh gh eksfge gkrh ?ksryh- dukZVd izns’kkl R;k dky[kaMkr lqo.kZHkweh
vls EgVys tkr gksrs- v|kii;Zar gk izns’k ejkB;kaP;k LokÚ;kaiklwu nwj gksrk-
3- fot;uxjP;k oSHko’kkyh lkezkT;kps iqu:Tthou
fot;uxjP;k oSHko’kkyh lkezkT;kps iqu:Tthou dj.;kP;k gsrwus f’kokth egkjktkauh dukZVd
eksfge gkrh ?ksryh vls er «;acd ’kadj ’kstoydjkauh O;Dr dsys vkgs- rs Eg.krkr] ^^f’kokthpk
gsrw Lor%l jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u ?ksrY;kiklwu vlk gksrk dh] iwohZP;k u"V >kysY;k fot;uxj lkezkT;kps
iqu:Tthou vki.k dsys vkgs] vlk Hkkl nf{k.ksrhy loZ fganwr fuekZ.k djkok] Eg.kts R;kpk mi;ksx
vki.kkl mRrjsdMwu ;s.kkÚ;k eksxyka’kh y<rkuk vo’; gksbZy-**
4- ofMyksikftZr fgLlk ?ks.ks
’kgkth jktsua h vkiY;k g;krhr dukZVdkr vkiY;k tgkfxjhpk foLrkj dsyk gksrk- dukZVdkrhy
caxyksj] dksykj] gksldksV] fpDdckGkiwj] nksM~MckGkiwj] f’kjk] fpDduk;dgGh] vkj.kh] dudfxjh ;k
78
izns’kkapk lekos’k ’kgkth jktsPa ;k tgkfxjhr gksrk- 1664 e/;s ’kgkth jktsapk e`R;w >kyk- fganw
/keZ’kkL=kuqlkj ;k tgkfxjhpk v/kkZ fgLlk vki.kkl feGkok vls f’kokth egkjktkauk okVr gksrs- i.k
gk fgLlk ns.;kl O;adksth VkGkVkG djr gksrk- dukZVd eksfge gkrh ?ksÅu O;adksthph HksV ?;koh o
vkiY;k v/;kZ fgLlkph ekx.kh djkoh vls R;kauk okVr gksrs-
5- vkfny’kgkl ukeksgj.k dj.ks
vkfny’kgkP;k opZLok[kkyh dukZVd izns’k ftadwu vkfny’kgkyk ukeksgj.k dj.ks gk mn~n’s kgh
dukZVd eksfges ekxs f’kokth egkjktkapk gksrk- vkfny’kkgh njckjke/;s iBk.k ljnkjkaps fuekZ.k >kysys
opZLo R;kauk vkoMys uOgrs- nf{k.ksps jktdkj.k nf{k.kh yksdkaP;k gkrh vlkos vls R;kauk okVr gksrs-
ekyksthjkts ?kksjiMs ;kauk fyfgysY;k i=kr f’kokth egkjkt Eg.krkr] ^^vkiyh ikr’kkgh ftrdh ok<ow
frrdh ok<fo.ks iBkukaph usLrukcwn dj.ks- nf{k.ksph ikr’kkgh vkEgk n{kf.k;kaP;k gkrh jkgs gs djkos
Eg.kwu-**
6- nksu eqykalkBh nksu jkT;
f’kokth egkjktkauk laHkkth o jktkjke v’kh nksu eqys gksrh- ;k nksu eqykalkBh nksu Lora= jkT;
vkl.ks xjtsps gksrs- vkiY;k Ik’pkr jktinklkBh nksu eqykae/;s la?k"kZ gksÅ u;s vls R;kauk okVr gksrs-
nksu jkT;kaP;k lanHkkZr f’kokth egkjkt laHkkthauk dk; EgVys gs lkaxrkuk lHkkln Eg.krks] ^^vkiys iq=
nks?kst.k ,d rw laHa kkth o nqljk jktkjke- ,sfr;kl gs loZ jkT; vkgs] ;kl nksu foHkkx djrks- ,d
pafnps jkT;] ;kph gn~n rqxa Hknzk rgn dkosjh gs ,d jkT; vkgs- nqljs rqaxHknzk vyhdMs xksnkojh unhi;Zar
,d jkT; vkgs- ,slh nksu jkT; vkgsr- R;kl rw ofMy iq=] rqtyk dukZVdhps jkT; fn/kys- bdMhy
jkT; jktkjkekl nsrks-**
7- Ikzkphu ijaijk
Tkwu 1674 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u LojkT;kl dk;ns’khj Lo:Ik izkIr d:u
fnys- jkT;kfHk"ksd izlaxh eksB;k izek.kkr nku/keZgh dsyk- jkT;kfHk"ksdkuarj eksBh eksfge gkrh ?ks.;kph
izkphu ijaijk vfLrRokr gksrh- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy jkT;dR;kZauh gh ijaijk lq: dsyh gksrh- f’kokth
egkjktkauh dukZVd eksfge gkrh ?ksÅu gh izkphu ijaijk iq<s lq: Bsoyh-
8- Hkfo";krhy LojkT;kph dksMa h VkG.;klkBh
Ekq?kykaP;k Hkfo";krhy laHa kkO; vkdze.kkiklwu LojkT;kph gks.kkjh dksMa h VkG.;klkBh f’kokth
egkjktkauh dukZVd eksfge gkrh ?ksryh vlkoh- 1665 e/;s fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkus LojkT;koj Lokjh
d:u LojkT;kph pkaxyhp dksMa h dsyh gksrh- vkiY;k Ik’pkr vkSjaxtsc LojkT;koj vkØe.k djsy vls
R;kauk okVr gksrs- v’kk ifjfLFkrhr vkSjaxtsck’kh la?k"kZ dj.;klkBh Ik;kZ;h jkT; vlkos vls R;kauk
okVys vlkos-
79
 9- nf{k.ksrhy vuqdwy ifjfLFkrh
LojkT;kpk foLrkj dj.;klkBh nf{k.ksr vuqdwy ifjfLFkrh gksrh- vkfny’kkghe/;s iBk.kkaps opZLo
ok<ys gksrs- rlsp vkfny’kkgh f[kG[khGh >kyh gksrh- v’kk ifjfLFkrhr dukZVd izns’kkoj Lokjh dsyh
rj vki.kkl Qkjlk izfrdkj gks.kkj ukgh vls R;kauk okVr gksrs- mRrjsdMs LojkT;kpk foLrkj dj.ks
cyk<; eq?ky lRrseqGs ’kD; gks.kkj uOgrs- R;keqGs nf{k.ksr lkezkT;foLrkj dj.;klkBh R;kauh dukZVd
eksfge gkrh ?ksryh-

dukZVd eksfge
LojkT;kpk pks[k cankscLr d:u ekpZ 1677 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dukZVd eksfge gkrh
?ksryh- Hkkxkuxj ;sFks f’kokth egkjkt o dqrwc’kgk ;kaph HksV >kyh- ;k HksVhr f’kokth egkjkt o
dqrwc’kgk ;kaP;kr rg >kyk- ;k rgkuqlkj eksfgesP;k [kpkZlkBh dqrwc’kgkus f’kokth egkjktkauk jkst fru
gtkj :Ik;s n;kosr- f’kokth egkjkt fotkiwjdjkapk tks izns’k ftadrhy R;kiSdh ’kgkth jktsaP;k
tgkfxjhpk izns’k lksMwu brj izns’k dqrwc’kgkyk n;kok vls Bjfo.;kr vkys gksrs- ekpZ 1677 P;k
v[ksjhl Hkkxkuxjo:u f’kokth egkjkt dukZVd eksfgesoj fu?kkys- R;kaP;klkscr 15 gtkj ?kksMnG o
30 gtkj ik;nG gksrs- xksoGdksMa ;kpk lsukirh fe>kZ egaen vehu f’kokth egkjktkalkscr eksfgesoj
fu?kkyk- f’kokth egkjkt duZwy] fuo`Rrhlaxe ekxsZ Jh’kSyyk iksgpys- ;sFkhy efYydktqZu ;k izfl/n
T;ksfrfyZaxkps R;kauh n’kZu ?ksrys- Jh’kSyo:u vuariwj] uanh;kG] dMIik] fr:irhekxZs es 1677 P;k
ifgY;k vkBoM;kr f’kokth egkjkt isn~nkiksye ;sFks iksgpys- 13 es 1677 jksth ftath fdY;kpk
fdYysnkj ulhj egaen[kku ;kus v/kkZ yk[k tgkfxjhP;k ekscnY;kr ftath fdYyk ejkB;kaP;k Lok/khu
dsyk- ;k eksfgesr egRokpk fdYyk ejkB;kauk izkIr >kyk- fdYyk vf/kd cGdV dj.;klkBh f’kokth
egkjktkauh vko’;d R;k fBdk.kh fdY;kph MkxMqth dj.;kps vkns’k fnys- ftathpk fdYyk
ftadY;kuarj ejkB;kauh osyksjP;k fdy;kl os<k fnyk- osyksjpk fdYysnkj vCnwYyk[kku ;kus ejkB;kauk
izfrdkj dsyk- fdYyk ftadwu ?ks.;kph tckcnkjh j?kqukFkiar o vkuanjko ;kaP;koj lksiowu f’kokth
egkjkt ;k izns’kkpk lqHksnku ’ksj[kku yksnh ;kP;k ijkHkoklkBh fu?kkys- ejkB;kauh 22 tqyS 1678 jksth
osyksjpk fdYyk ftadwu ?ksryk- ’ksj[kkukpk ijkHko d:u ejkB;kauh ’ksj[kkukps 270 ?kksM]s 20 maV] 2
gRrh yqVys- ejkB;kauk 20 gtkj gksu [kaMuh ns.;kps R;kus ekU; dsys-
dukZVd eksfgesr tqyS 1677 e/;s dkosjhP;k mRrj frjkoj vlysY;k fr:okMhP;k f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k Nko.khr R;kaph o O;adksthph HksV >kyh- ;k HksVhr f’kokth egkjktkauh ’kgkth jktsPa ;k
tgkfxjhiSdh v/;kZ tgkfxjhph ekx.kh O;adksthdMs dsyh- ijarq dks.krhgh okVk?kkVh u djrk O;adksth
Nko.khrwu ratkojyk iGwu xsys- f’kokth egkjktkafo:/n y<.;kph r;kjh R;kauh dsyh- ejkBk lSU;kus
80
O;adksthapk ijkHko dsyk- dksykj] gksldksV] caxywj] vj.kh b- dkosjhP;k mRrjsyk vlysyh O;adksthph
Bk.kh f’kokth egkjktkauh ftadwu ?ksryh- f’kokth egkjkt o O;adksth ;kaP;kr rg ?kMwu vkyk- R;krhy
rjrqnh iq<hyizek.ks gksR;k-
1- O;adksthus fotkiwj njckjkps pkdj Eg.kwu jkgw u;s- osGizlaxh fotkiwjdjkauk enr djko;kph
vlY;kl fe= Eg.kwu djkoh-
2- Ckaxywj] gksldksV vkf.k fljydksV gs izns’k O;adksthph iRuh nhikckbZ fgph tgkxhj Eg.kwu jkfgy-
3- Rkatkoj o R;kP;k vkliklpk 7 y{k gksu mRiUukpk izns’k O;adksthP;k rkC;kr jkfgy-
tqyS 1677 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dukZVd eksfgesph lkaxrk dj.;kps Bjoys- ofyxaMiwje]
rqna qejxqVh] o`/nkpye ;k ekxsZ f’kokth egkjkt ofudeokMh ;sFks vkys- tkusokjh 1678 e/;s EgSlwjekxsZ
ijr ;srkuk dksIiG] xnx] cadkiwj b- izns’k ftadwu ?ksrys- csyokMh ;sFkhy nslkbZ.k lkfo=hckbZ fgpk
ijkHko f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk- ,fizy 1678 e/;s f’kokth egkjkt iUgkGk fdY;koj vkys vkf.k
dukZVd eksfgesph lkaxrk >kyh-
dukZVd eksfgesps egRo
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vk;q";krhy lokZr egRokph] nh?kZdkG pkyysyh o v[ksjph eksfge Eg.kwu
dukZVd eksfgesdMs ikfgys tkrs- ,d o"kkZgwu vf/kd dkG gh eksfge lq: gksrh- dukZVd eksfgesP;k
ek/;ekrwu f’kokth egkjktkauh dukZVdkr ufou jkT;kph fuehZrh dsyh- ;k eksfgesr R;kauh 20 yk[k gksu
mRiUukpk izns’k o ;k izns’kkrhy ygku eksBs 100 fdYys ftadwu ?ksrys- dukZVdkrhy izns’kkoj ejkBh
lRrsph idM ?kV~V dj.;kr f’kokth egkjktkauh ;’k feGoys- dukZVdkr ufou jkT;kph fufeZrh dsY;kus
nksu eqykalkBh nksu Lora= jkT;s fuekZ.k >kyh- LojkT;kpk foLrkj gks.;kcjkscjp eksB;k izek.kkr
laiRrhgh feGkyh- ;k laiRrhpk mi;ksx R;kauh LojkT;kpk [kftuk Hk:u dk<.;klkBh dsyk-
dukZVdkrhy ftadysY;k izns’kkph mRd`"V iz’kkldh; ?kMh clo.;kr vkyh- ftadysY;k izns’kkpk eq[;
lqHksnkj Eg.kwu R;kauh larkth Hkkslys ;kph fu;qDrh dsyh- rj j?kqukFkiar g.kears ;kl R;kpk lYykxkj
Eg.kwu fu;qDr dsys- ;k eksfgesP;k ek/;ekrwu dukZVdkr fganw lRrsps iqu:Tthou dsys- eksfge ;’kLoh
>kY;kus R;kaph fdrhZ loZ= iljyh- R;kaps drZRo ikgwu lqjrdj baxzt fyfgrkr] ^^vxnh vYidkGkr
fcufojks/k f’kokth lqjrsiklwu dU;kdqekfji;ZarP;k eqy[kkpk Lokeh gks.;kl osG ykx.kkj ukgh-** rj
eqca bZd baxzt fyfgrkr] ^^Lisue/;s lh>j T;kizek.ks vkyk] R;kus ikfgys vkf.k ftadys] r}r rsFks
(dukZVdkr) f’kokthpk ijkdze gksÅu R;kyk ve;kZn laiRrh feGkyh-** nf{k.ksr ejkBh laLd`rhpk izlkj
>kyk- LojkT;kP;k dukZVdkrhy foLrkjkeqGs LojkT; laj{k.kkph nqljh QGh R;kauh fuekZ.k dsyh-
dukZVdkrhy LojkT;kP;k ;k nqlÚ;k QGhpk mi;ksx vkSjaxtsckfo:/nP;k la?k"kkZr jktkjke egkjktkauh

81
vpqdi.ks d:u ?ksryk- ;k eksfgesP;k ek/;ekrwu f’kokth egkjktkaps usr`Roxq.k] jktfuiw.krk o
eqRln~nsfxjh fnlwu vkyh-
ljkoklkBh iz’u
[kkyhy iz’ukaph mRrjs 400 ‘kCnkr fygk-
1- f’kokth egkjktkaauh tkoGh izns’kkoj Lokjh dj.;kph dkj.ks lkaxk-
2- tkoGh ispizlaxkph lfoLrj ekfgrh fo’kn djk-
3- vkfny’kgkus f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fojks/kkr vQ>y[kkukph fu;qDrh dk dsyh rs lkaxk-
4- vQ>y[kku ispizlaxkph lfoLrj ekfgrh Li‛V djk-
5- ’kkfgLrs[kku ispizlaxkph ekfgrh lkaxk-
6- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lqjr yqVhph dkj.ks lkaxk-
7- fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkP;k Lokjhph lfoLrj ekfgrh fo’kn djk-
8- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkxzk HksVhph lfoLrj ekfgrh n;k-
9- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ifgY;k jkT;kfHk"ksdkph dkj.ks Li‛V djk-
10- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dukZVd eksfgesph dkj.ks lkaxk-
fVik fygk-
1- fttkckbZ ;kaps f’kojk;kaP;k tM.k?kM.khrhy ;ksxnku Li‛V djk-
2- ‘kgkth jkts ;kapsf’kojk;kaP;k tM.k?kM.khrhy ;ksxnku Li‛V djk-
3- tkoGh fot;kps egRo fo"kn djk-
4- vQ>y[kku ispizlaxkps egRo-
5- ‘kkfgLrs[kku izlaxkps egRo fo’kn djk-
6- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k jkT;kfHk‛ksdkps egRo
vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds
1- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] MkW- ns’kikaMs iz- u-] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl Hkkx ifgyk]
2- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] [kjs x- g- (laik-)] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM 1]
3- dqyd.khZ v- jk- (laik-)] ts/ks ’kdkoyh & dfjuk]
4- iBk.k ;w- e- (laik-)] lHkkln c[kj]
5- csna zs ok- lh-] N=irh f’kokth egkjkt iwokZ/kZ]
6- esgna Gs xtkuu HkkLdj] Jh jktk f’koN=irh Hkkx 1]
7- ljnslkbZ xksfoan l[kkjke] ejkBh fj;klr [kaM 1]

82
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k 4
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaph iz’kklu O;oLFkk
4-1dsanzh; iz’kklu
4-1-1 N=irh
4-1-2v‛Viz/kku
4-1-3dkj[kkus o egky
4-1-4dsanzh; iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s
4-2-izkafr; iz’kklu
4-2-1izkfa r; iz’kklukps ?kVd
4-2-2 izkfa r; iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V~;s
4-3-y‛djh iz’kklu
4-3-1-y‛djh iz’kklukps ?kVd
4-3-2-y‛djh iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V~;s
4-4-U;k;ooLFkk
4-4-1U;k; O;oLFksph ikoZHkweh
4-4-2 dsna zh; U;k; O;oLFkk
4-4-3izkafr; U;k; O;oLFkk
4-4-4f’k{kkaps izdkj

izLrkouk %&
f’kokth egkjkt ijkØeh gksrs ;k ijkdzekyk Lo/keZrstkph] vkReHkkukph o lfg‛.kqrsph tksM
gksrh- jkT; feGo.;klkBh t’kh ijkØekph xjt vlrs r’khp jkT; fVdo.;klkBh mRre iz’kklukph
vko’;drk vlrs] f’kokth egkjktkauh tks iz’kkluO;oLFkk fuekZ.k dsyh rh dkGkpk fopkj djrk
vkn’kZ Bjyh vkf.k iq<s ejkB;kaP;k iz’kkluO;oLFkspk ik;k Bjyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh Lora= o
lkoZHkkSe jkT;kph fufeZrh dsyh- gs jkT; ^LojkT;* Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- /keZfujis{k vkf.k
yksddY;k.kkyk izk/kkU; ns.kkjs vls gs jkT; gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh izLFkkfir jkT;O;oLFksr laiw.kZr%
cny dsyk ukgh ijarq fgp iz’kkluO;oLFkk gh O;oLFkk tkLrhr tkLr yksdkfHkeq[k] Hkz‛Vkpkj jfgr vkf.k
/keZfujis{k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- vkiY;k jkT;kr mRre iz’kklukpk vkn’kZ ?kkywu fnyk- jkT;kph]

83
jkT;kP;k ea«;kph] vf/kdkÚ;kaph] drZO;s fuf’pRk d#u fnyh- iz’kklukpk izeq[k Eg.kwu R;kauh jktkph
drZO;s LIk‛V dsyh vkgsr-
LojkT;kpk izns’k
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT;kr l/;kP;k egkjk‛Vª] dukZVd] vka/kzizns’k o rkfeGukMw ;k
jkT;kapk dkgh izns’k gksrk- gk foLrkj 1½ egkjk‛VªkP;k mRrjsyk jkeuxj ;k jkT;kiklwu rs nf{k.ksr
csnuwji;Zarpk loZ if’pe fdukjiV~Vhpk Hkkx gksrk ;ke/;s QDr eqca bZ o xksok uOgrk- 2½ ckxyk.k]
ukf’kdpk dkgh Hkkx] Bk.ks] dY;k.k] dqykck] iq.ks] lkrkjk] xnx] fprGnqxZ] ckGkiwj] gksLisV] dksykj
;kapk lekos’k gksrk- 3½ EgSlwjP;k iBkjkoj xne] caxyksj o JhjaxiV~V.k 4½ iwoZ fdukjiV~Vhoj osyksj]
ftath] vj.kh] iksVksZuksOgks] ikWaMpsjh] usxkiV~V.k o ratkojpk dkgh Hkkx gksrk-
;k LojkT;kP;k izR;{k lhek vlY;k rjh dkgh [kaM.kh ns.kkjs rlsp pkSFkkbZ olqyh ekU; vl.kkjs
izns’kgh gksrs- f’kokth egkjkt gs iz’kklukps izeq[k gksrs- jkT;kP;k ;ksX; iz’kkluklkBh v‛Viz/kku
eaMGkph fufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;kf’kok; dpsÚ;k] dkj[kkus] egky ;k ekQZr iz’kklu pkyr
gksrs-
4- 1- dsanzh; iz’kklu
f’kodkGkrhy dsna zh; iz’kklu O;oLFkk iq<hy izek.ks gksrhy-
4-1-1- N=irh
LojkT;kph fufeZrh gh f’kokthjktkauh vkiY;k ijkØekus] ekoG;kaP;k enrhus dsysyh gksrh-
vusd ejkBk ljnkjkauk LojkT;dk;kZr lkekowu ?ksrys gksrs- rRdkyhu izFksizek.ks jktk gk loZJs‛B gksrk-
loZ jkT;;a=.kspk izeq[k gksrk] vfu;af=r jkT;lRrsph dYiuk e/;;qxkr loZ=p ykxw gksrh- iztps s
ikyuiks‛k.k dj.ks] jkT;kps laj{k.k dj.ks] lektO;oLFkk pks[k Bso.ks] dk;ns dj.ks o rs eksM.kkÚ;kauk
f’k{kk dj.ks gh jktkph drZO;s gksrh- izR;sd {ks=kr jktkph vfu;af=r lRrk gksrh-
jktkph drZO;s
1½ iztsps ikyuiks‛k.k
jktkps ifgys drZO; Eg.kts jktkus tkrikr] /keZ] xjhc&Jhear vlk HksnHkko u djrk iztps s
ikyuiks‛k.k djkos-
2½ laj{k.k
jktkps nqljs drZO; Eg.kts R;kus iztps s laj{k.k djkos- f’kokth egkjktkauh tgkxhjnkj vFkok
orunkj ;kaP;koj voyacwu u jkgrk jkT;kps Lora= lSU; mHkk#u fu‛Bkoku lSU;kP;k vk/kkjs jkT;kP;k
laj{k.kps drZO; ctkoys-

84
3½ nqxqZ.kkauk ik;can
jktkps frljs drZO; Eg.kts LFkkfud pkyhfjrh #<hijaijk ;kaps ikyu d:u lektO;oLFksrhy
nqxZq.kkauk ik;can ?kky.ks- f’kokth egkjktkauh ;kckcr dkykuq#i ;ksX; R;k lq/kkj.kk d#u vko’;d R;k
fBdk.kh v;ksX; O;Drhauk ‘kklu dsys- pkaxY;k xks‛Vhauk izksRlkgu fnys-
4½ mRre iz’kklu
jktkps pkSFks drZO; Eg.kts mRre iz’kklu dj.ks] y‛djh Mkoisp vk[k.ks o eqRln~nhi.kkus /kksj.k
Bjo.ks- f’kokth egkjktkauh ;kp /kksj.kkus jkT; dsys-
5½ fu‛Bk jk[k.ks
jktkps ikpos drZO; Eg.kts iztPs ;k fu‛Bk jkT;kik’khp vlrhy gs ikg.ks- f’kokth egkjktkauh
ns’knzkgs ;kauk dMd f’k{kk nsÅu jktfu‛Bsyk izk/kkU; fnys jkT;k’kh izkekf.kd jkg.kkÚ;k drZO; dj.kkÚ;k o
‘kkS;Z ctko.kkÚ;k vf/kdkÚ;kauk o lSfudkauk buke fnys-
6½ Lor%ps pkfj«; o drZO;s
jktkps Lor%ps pkfj«; o drZ`Ro gs brj tukauk vkn’kZ vlys ikfgts- f’kokth egkjktkaps
Lor%ps pkfj«; vkn’kZor gksrs vkf.k jktkyk vko’;d vl.kkjs dYidrk] ladVkP;k osGh vko’;d
vl.kkjs /kS;Z o /kkMl gs xq.k gksrs-
f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor% gh drZO;s fu‛Bsus ikGys o ,d vkn’kkZps mnkgj.k ?kkywu fnys
Eg.kwup f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkr jktk vFkok N=irh gs lokZsPp o egRokps in gksrs- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k tUekps osGh egkjk‛Vªkr loZ= vank/kanq hph ifjfLFkrh gksrh- gh vank/kqna h laiq‛Vkr vk.kwu
yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT;kph LFkkiuk f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyh- jkT; lqjGhr pkykos ;klkBh mRre izdkjps
iz’kklu vl.kkjh ‘kklu;a=.kk R;kauh mHkh dsyh-
dsanzh; iz’kklukps izeq[k ?kVd iq<hyizek.ks gksrs-
4-1-2- v‛Viz/kku eaMG &
v‛Viz/kku eaMG gs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dsafnz; iz’kklukrhy egRokps vax gksrs- f’kokth egkjkt
iq.;kr vkY;kuarj osGksosGh o xjtsuqlkj ea«;kaP;k use.kqdk R;kauh dsY;k- jkT;kfHk‛ksdkps osGh jktkaps
ifjiw.kZ vls v‛Viz/kku eaMG vfLrRokr vkys- jkT;kfHk‛ksdkP;k osGh R;kaP;k dk;Zd{kkgh fuf’pr
dj.;kr vkY;k v‛Viz/kku eaMG gs izkphu fganq xzaFk Eg.kts ‘kqYduhrhlkj] Le`fr&ijaijk rlsp izpfyr
cgkeuh jktoVhrhy O;oLFkapk vk/kkj ?ksÅu r;kj dsys gksrs- v‛Viz/kkukaP;k use.kwdk djrkuk th izpfyr
Qkjlh ukos gksrh rh ek= cnywu laLd`r ukos inkalkBh fuf’pr dsyh N=irhauk iz’kklukr enr
dj.kkÚ;k ;k v‛Viz/kkukaph ukos jkT;kfHk‛ksdkP;k osGh iq<hyizek.ks gksrh-
1½ eq[; iz/kku ¼ is’kok ½ & eksjksiar fiaxGs
85
2½ vekR; ¼ eqtqenkj ½ & ukjks fuGdaB] jkepanz fuGdaB
3½ lsukirh ¼ lqjy‛dj ½ & gachjjko eksfgrs
4½ lfpo ¼ lqjful ½ & v..kkth nRrks
5½ ea=h ¼ okduhl ½ & nRrkth f=acd
6½ iafMrjko ¼ nkuk/;{k ½ & j?kqukFkiaFk
7½ lqear ¼ Mchj ½ & jkepanz f=acd
8½ U;k;k/kh’k ¼ U;k;kf/k’k ½ & fujkth jkoth

v‛Viz/kku eaMGkrhy eaa«;kaP;k tckcnk&;k iq<hyizek.ks %

1½ eq[; iz/kku ¼is’kok½
loZ jkti=kaoj f’kDdk dj.ks- ‘k=qlkscr lsuk ?ksÅu ;q/n dj.ks- ‘k=wpk ijkHko d:u uohu
izns’k feGfo.ks- laiknu dsysY;k izns’kkpk cankscLr Bso.ks- jktkph o jkT;kph fuLokFkZi.ks lsok dj.ks-
eq[; iz/kku ;k ukR;kus brj iz/kkukauk lkaHkkGwu ?ks.ks gh is’kO;kaph dkes gksrh- eq[; iz/kkukyk o‛kkZyk
15]000 gksu fnys tkr gksrs-
2½ q qenkj½ %
vekR; ¼eqt
jkT;kP;k loZ vkfFkZd ckfcadMs y{k iqjfo.ks- jkT;kpk tek [kpZ Bso.ks] nInkj o QM.khl
;kaP;kdMwu vkfFkZd fg’ksckps dkedkt djow.k ?ks.ks- brj egRRokph fg’ksc i=ds] jktkaph vkKki=s ;koj
laer v’kh eqnzk dj.ks- izlaxkuq:Ik ;q/nkoj tk.ks- v’kk tckcnkÚ;k vekR;kaoj gksR;k- vekR;kaps dke gs
vR;ar tks[kehps o izkekf.kd i.kkps gksrs- vekR;kyk o‛kkZyk 12]000 gksu brdk ixkj gksrk-
3½ lsukirh ¼ljy‛dj½
lsukirhus y‛dj Eg.kwu y‛djkph loZ ns[kjs[k dj.ks] y‛djkoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks] LojkT;kps laj{k.k
dj.ks] y‛djkP;k ixkjkph O;oLFkk ikg.ks] lSU;krhy drZcxkj o ijkdzeh lSfudkapk ;Fkksfpr xkSjo
dj.ks- uohu izns’k ftadwu ?ks.ks] ;q/nkrhy yqVhpk fg’kksc ns.ks- v’kh y‛djkP;k lanHkkZrhy loZ dkes
lsukirhdMs gksrh- lsukirhyk 10]000 gksu brdk o‛kkZyk ixkj gksrk-
4½ lfpo ¼lqjful½
N=irhapk o ,dw.kp jkT;kpk i=O;ogkj lfpo ikgr vls- jkti=s Lor% dkGthiwoZd okp.ks
o R;krhy etdqj riklwu ikg.ks gs eq[; dke lfpokps gksrs- osGizlaxkoj ;q/nkoj tk.ks] uohu izn’kkapk
dkjHkkj ikg.ks- gh brj dkeslq/nk lfpokdMs gksrh- lfpo jkti=kaoj laer vls fpUg djhr vls-
ljdkjh nIrjkaph uhV&f’kLrhus O;oLFkk Bso.;kps dke lfpokps gksrs- lfpokP;k enrhyk vusd dkjdwu

86
gksrs- R;kP;k f’kDD;kf’kok; dks.krkgh i=O;ogkj gksr uOgrk- lfpokyk o‛kkZyk 10]000 gksu brdk
ixkj gksrk-
5½ ea=h ¼okduhl½
Eka=h Eg.kts t.kw dkgh jktkapk [kktxh fpV.khl gksrk- jkT;kP;k vusd tckcnkÚ;k ea«;kyk
lkaHkkGkO;k ykxr gksR;k- ;kr jktuSfrd] nSuafnu ?kMkeksMh] ikgq.;kaps Lokxr gsj O;oLFksoj ns[kjs[k
dj.ks] N=irhaph nSuafnu O;oLFkk ikg.ks ;ke/;s N=irhaP;k Hkkstukphgh O;oLFkk ikg.ks b- lekos’k gksrk-
okduhlkP;k enrhyk gsj[kkR;krhy xqIrgsj gksrs- jktkapk i=O;ogkj] R;kauk HksVk;yk ;s.kkÚ;k yksdkaoj rs
utj Bsor vlr- ea«;kykgh o‛kkZyk 10]000 gksu brdk ixkj gksrk-
6½ iafMrjko ¼nkuk/;{k½
iafMrjkokadMs /kekZf/kdkj gksrk- /kkfeZd ckcrhr fu.kZ; ns.;kps dke iafMrjkokadMs gksrs-
jkT;krhy loZ /kkfeZd d`R;s dj.ks] fo}kukaph laHkkouk dj.ks] nkui=] vuq‛Bku dj.ks] :<h ijaijk]
vkpkj O;ogkj ;kckcrP;k jkti=kaoj laer fpUg dj.;kps dke iafMrjkokdMs gksrs- N=irhauh Lor%
djko;kps nku/keZ] ‘kkarh] vuq‛Bku] ;kaps vk;kstu dj.ks v’kh tckcnkjh iafMrjkokadMs gksrh-
7½ lqear ¼Mchj½ %
lqear Eg.kts ijjk‛Vª ea=h gksrk- R;kP;kdMs ijjk‛VªO;ogkjkph dkes ikg.ks] ijjkT;k’kh i=O;ogkj
Bso.ks] ijjkT;krwu vkysY;k O;Drhaps Lokxr dj.ks o R;kaph O;oLFkk ikg.ks] ijjkT;kaph loZ ekfgrh
feGowu rh N=irhauk lknj dj.ks] ijjkT;ka’kh laca/k izLFkkfir dj.ks o ijjkT;kr vkiY;k jkT;kpk ntkZ
o izfr‛Bk ok<fo.ks v’kk tckcnk&;k lqearkaoj gksR;k- osGizlaxh lSU;kps usr`Ro d:u R;kyk ;q/nkojgh
tkos ykxr gksrs- o‛kkZyk 10000 gksu ixkj gksrk-
8½ U;k;k/kh’k
jkT;krhy U;k;fuokM;kps dke ikg.;kph egRRokph tckcnkjh U;k;kf/k’kkoj gksrh- fnok.kh
vkf.k QkStnkjh v’kk nksUgh izdkjP;k [kVY;krhy U;k;nkukps dkedkt O;ofLFkr pkyys vkgs dk ukgh
gs ikg.;kps dke U;k;kf/k’k djhr vlr- xksrlHksus fdaok ljdkjh vf/kdkÚ;kauh fnysyk U;k;fuokMk
ekU; ulY;kl j;rsyk jktnjckjh vtZ djrk ;sr vls v’kk osGh v’kk [kVY;kapk fuokMk dj.;kph
tckcnkjh U;k;k/kh’kkph gksrh- tfeuhaps gDd xzkek/;{kkaps gDd bR;knh U;k;fuokMs U;k;k/kh’kkP;k lghus
gksr gksrs- jkT;krhy U;k; U;k;fuokM;kaP;k U;k; vU;k;kaP;k ckch riklwu ikg.ks] R;kps fuosnu
N=irhauk dj.ks] gh dkes U;k;kf/k’kkgh gksrh- o‛kkZyk 10000 gksu ixkj gksrk-
izR;sd iz/kkukyk R;kps dkedkt ;ksX; fjrhus ikj ikM.;klkBh vkB dkjdwu fnys gksrs- rs
iq<hyizek.ks gksrs- 1½ fnok.k] 2½ eqtwenkj &fg’ksc rikl.khl 3½ QM.khl & eglwykpk fg’ksc

87
Bso.kkjk] 4½ lc.khl&nIrjnkj] 5½ dkj[kkuhl & iqjoBk vf/kdkjh] 6½ fpV.khl] 7½ tkenkj &
[kftunkj] 8½ iksruhl & uk.ksrK-
4-1-3dkj[kkus o egky
LojkT;kps iz’kklu lqjGhr pkykos Eg.kwu loZ dkekps foHkktu vBjk dkekr dsys gksrs - izR;sd
foHkkxkP;k dk;kZyk R;kP;k foHkkxkpk ea=h tckcnkj vls- ;k vBjk Hkkxkauk vBjk dkj[kkus EgVys vkgs-
rlsp iz’kklukps foHkkx ikMwu R;kauk ckjk egky vls uko ns.;kr vkys gksr s- gs vBjk dkj[kkus o ckjk
egky v‛Viz/kku eaf=eaMGkP;k ns[kjs[kh[kkyh gksrs-
4- 1-4 dsfa nz; iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s %
1½ oa’kijaijk ins can dsyh
f’kokth egkjktkauh iz’kklukrhy ea«;kaph dks.krhgh ins oa’kijaijk fnyh ukghr- izR;sd inkoj
O;Drhaph fu;qDrh djrkuk R;kph drZcxkjh ikgwup fu;qDR;k dsY;k- R;keqGs drZRooku O;DrhaP;k
drZRokyk oko feGr xsyk-
2½ vf/kdkÚ;kaph fuoM
LojkT;krhy iz’kklukojhy fu;a=.kklkBh f’kokth egkjkt Lor% vf/kdkÚ;kaph fuoM djhr
vlr- vf/kdkÚ;kauk fo’oklkr ?ksÅu R;kaP;kr jkT;kcn~ny izse o fu‛Bk fuekZ.k djhr vlr- drZO;n{k
vf/kdkÚ;kaoj tckcnkÚ;k lksioY;k gksR;k-
3½ vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k cnY;k dj.ks
ljdkjrQZs useY;k tk.kkÚ;k eqydh o y‛djh vf/kdkÚ;kaph 3 rs 5 o‛kkZauh cnyh dj.;kps
/kksj.k voyacfo.;kr vkys gksrs- rlsp ;k vf/kdkÚ;kauk R;kaP;k xkoktoGhy dpsjhr fdaok fdYY;kae/;s
use.kwd fnyh tkr uOgrh-
4½ jkT;kr lrr nkSjs dk<.ks
iz’kklukoj fu;a=.k jkgkos Eg.kwu f’kokth egkjkt Lor% jkT;kr nkSjs dk<r- dkgh osGy
s k
fo’oklkrhy vf/kdkÚ;kauk jkT;kP;k nkSÚ;koj ikBoys tkr vls-
5½ dk;nslafgrk
rkfj[k&,&f’kokth e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dsysY;k fyf[kr fu;ekapk mYys[k dsysyk vkgs-
iz’kklukP;k n`‛Vhus vko’;d v’kk fu;ekaph fyf[kr lafgrkp R;kauh r;kj dsyh gksrh-
6½ erHksn nwj dj.ks
vf/kdkÚ;kae/khy erHksn gs iz’kkluklkBh gkfudkjd vlrkr- Eg.kwu gs erHksn lkeksipkjkus
vFkok osGizlaxh fookglaca/kkapk voyac d:.k nwj dj.;kps /kksj.k f’kokth egkjktkauh voyafcys gksrs -
7½ loZ tkrh/kekZrhy yksdkauk lkekowu ?ksrys
88
 izR;sd tkrhrhy yksdkaph xq.koSf’k‛V;s y{kkr ?ksÅu R;kauk iz’kklukr ;ksX; R;k tckcnkÚ;k
fnY;k gksR;k- lokZauk jkT;dk;kZr lkekowu ?ksrY;keqGs gs jkT; vkiys vkgs v’kh Hkkouk loZ j;rsP;k
eukr fuekZ.k >kyh-
8½ f’kokth egkjktkaps O;fDreRo
f’kokth egkjktkaps Lor%ps O;fDreRo izHkkoh gksrs- R;kaP;k Lor%P;k O;fDreRokP;k vk/kkjs
R;kauh laiw.kZ iz’kklukoj Lor%ph idM fuekZ.k dsyh gksrh- rs Lor% ijkdzeh] /kkMlh] fo’oklw dks.kR;kgh
,s‛kvkjkekyk nwj Bso.kkjs] LoPN pkfj«;kps gksrs- lkgftdp R;kaP;k O;fDreRokpk /kkd vf/kdkÚ;kaoj
gksrk-
v’kk rÚgsus f’kokth egkjktkauh dsafnz; iz’kklukph fufeZrh dsyh- gsp iz’kklu iq<s ‘kkgw
egkjktkai;Zar pkyys- i.k ‘kkgw egkjktkaP;k dkGkr N=irhaps egRo deh >kys- f’kok; LojkT;kps
:ikarj fo’kky lkezkT;kr >kys vkf.k dkGkP;k xjtsuqlkj dsafnz; iz’kklukps Lo:i cnywu xsys
4-2-izkarh; iz’kklu
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh iz’kklukP;k o lja{k.kkP;k lks;hP;k n`f‛Vus LojkT;kps nksu Hkkx
dj.;kr vkys gksrs- ifgyk Hkkx gk LojkT; o LojkT;kyxrpk lyx ,df=r izns’kkpk rj nqljk Hkkx
nf{k.ksdMhy izns’kkpk- iz’kklukP;k lks;hP;k n`f‛Vus ifgY;k foHkkxkps iqUgk rhu Hkkx dj.;kr vkys
gksrs- ;k izR;sd foHkkxkph tckcnkjh v‛Viz/kkukrhy ea«;kdMs fnysyh gksrh- ifgY;k foHkkxkr lkYgsj
iklwu iq.;ktoGhy cksj?kkVki;ZaPkk izns’k o mRrj dksd.kkph tckcnkjh eq[; iz/kkukkdMs rj nqlÚ;k
Hkkxkr nf{k.k dksd.k lkoarokMh dkjokj ftYgk ;kaph tckcnkjh lfpokdMs rj frljk Hkkx
iq.;ktoGhy cksj ?kkVkP;k nf{k.ksdMhy okbZ lkrkjk iklwu csGxko dksiy Ik;Zarpk izns’kkpk dkjHkkj
okduhl ;kaP;kdMs lksifoyk gksrk-
LojkT;kP;k nqlÚ;k foHkkxkrhy nf{k.ksrhy izns’kklkBh Loar= ljlqHkk d:u ftathP;k izns’kkoj
ljlsukirh gachjko ekfgrs o j?kqukFk ukjk;.k guqears ;kaph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh- ;k foHkkxkrhy
iz’kkldh; dkjHkkj lkaHkkG.;klkBh ^ljlqHksnkj* ;k vf/kdkÚ;kph use.kwd dsyh gksrh- ljlqHksnkj gs
iz/kkukP;k gkrk[kkyh dke djhr- ljlqHksnkjkP;k foHkkxh; dpsjhl ^izkra jkteaMG* Eg.kr-
v‛Viz/kku gs dsafnz; iz’kklukr vlys rjh R;kaP;koj izkarkP;k iz’kklukP;k ns[kjs[khph tckcnkjh
gh lksifoyh tkr vls- xMdksV] fdY;kaph O;oLFkk] izkarkpk fg’kksc Bso.ks o njo‛khZ jktkyk rks lknj
dj.ks gh dkes iz/kkukaph vlr-

4-2-1 izkarh; iz’kklukps ?kVd

LojkT;krhy izns’kkps ljlqHkk] izkar] egky fdaok rkywdk o ekStk fdaok [ksMxko vls
iz’kkldh; foHkkx ikM.;kr vkys gksrs-

89
LojkT;krhy izkarkps foHkkx o R;koj useysys vf/kdkjh

ljlqHkkljlqHksnkj

izkarlqHksnkj

egkygokynkj

4 rs 5 xkokapk xV dekfolnkj

[ksMs ikVhy
LojkT;krhy izR;sd foHkkx fdaok ljlqH;koj ljlqHksnkj useysyk vls- izR;sd izkarkr ,d
lqHksnkj o ,d dkjdqu vls- egkykojhy vf/kdkÚ;kauk gokynkj rj egkygh dkgh xkokaP;k xVkr
foHkkxyk tkbZ- izR;sd xVkP;k izeq[kkl dekfolnkj vls Eg.kr-
1½ ljlqHksnkj %& iz/kkukauk foHkkxh; dkjHkkjkr ljlqHksnkj enr djhr- rRdkyhu i=O;ogkjkr
^eq[;ns’kkf/kdkjh* o ns’kys[kd egky fugk;* vlk R;kapk mYys[k ;srks- nksu&rhu lqH;kapk feGwu ,d
ljlqHkk cur vls- lqH;kaP;k lqHksnkjkaP;k dkekoj ns[kjs[k Bsowu lqH;kpk dkjHkkj pks[k Ogkok ;kdfjrk
lj lqHksnkjkaph use.kwd >kyh vlkoh- ljlqHksnkjkph use.kwd Lor% N=irh f’kokth egkjkt djhr
vlr- dsafnz; iz’kklukrgh gs vf/kdkjh dke djhr-
izkarh; iz’kklukrhy vf/kdkjh %&
2½lqHksnkj %&lqHksnkj gk izkrkapk izeq[k vf/kdkjh gksrk- gk vf/kdkjh mRre pkfj«;kpk fu‛Bkoku d‛VkGw
o ftKklw izo`Rrhpk vlkok v’kh vis{kk f’kokth egkjktkaph vls-

 lqHksnkjkph dkes %&

1½ lqH;kP;k jkT;dkjHkkjkoj ns[kjs[k Bso.ks-
2½ lqH;kr ‘kkarrk o lqO;oLFkk Bso.ks-
3½ lqH;kpk eq[; eglwy vf/kdkjh Eg.kwu dke ikg.ks-
4½ lqHkk etfylh e/;s U;k;nkukps dke djkos ykxs-
5½ fnysY;k fudkykPkh veayctko.kh gh lqHksnkjkyk djkoh ykxs-
lqHksnkjkyk okf‛kZd 400 gksu osru fnys tkr vls- f’kok; ljdkj dMwu RkSukrh iky[kh fnyh tkbZ-
lqHksnkjkyk fdY;kps gokynkj enr djhr vlr-

90
 izR;sd lqHksnkjkP;k enrhyk vkB enruhl useys tkr- ;ke/;s fnok.k] eqtqenkj] QM.khl] lcuhl]
dkj[kuhl] fpV.khl] tkenkj] iksruhl gs gksrs- ;k vf/kdkÚ;kauk nj[knkj vlsgh Eg.kr- ;k nj[knkjkaP;k
use.kwdk Lor% N=irh f’kokth egkjkt djhr vlr- ;k ljdkjh o ixkjh vf/kdkÚ;kaf’kok; izkarkP;k
jkT;dkjHkkjkr Hkkx ?ks.kkjs ns’keq[k] ns’kikaMs o xkopk dkjHkkj lkaHkG.kkjs ikVhy] dqyd.khZ] pkSxqyk gs
oruh vf/kdkjh gh useysys vlr- ;k loZ vf/kdkÚ;kaekQZr izkarhd iz’kklu pkyr vls-

3½ gokynkj %&izkra kis{kk ygku iz’kkldh; foHkkx Eg.kts egky- egkykojhy vf/kdkÚ;kyk gokynkj
Eg.kr vlr- gokynkjkyk okf‛kZd nksu’ks gksu ixkj gksrk-

 gokynkjkph dkes %&

1½ egkykrhy eglwy olwyh dj.;kps dke gokynkjkdMs-
2½ egkykP;k lja{k.k o cankscLrkph tckcnkjh gokynkjkdMs-
3½ rkyqdk ikrGhojhy U;k;nkukph tckcnkjh R;kaP;kdMs gksrh-
4½ xko ljgn~nhlaca/khps raVs lksMfo.ks-
5½ tfeuhcn~nyps dkgh okn vlrhy rj rs nqj dj.ks-
6½ egkykP;k lja{k.kklkBh Lor%ps lSU; ckGx.ks-
7½ ,[kkn;k ?kVuspk iapukek gokynkjkP;k mifLFkrhr dj.ks-
8½ Lkkodkjh O;ogkjkaoj ns[kjs[k Bso.ks-
9½ Rkkyqdk ikrGhojhy rq:ax O;OkLFksoj] xqUgsxkjkaoj ns[kjs[k Bso.ks-
4½ dekfolnkj%& f’kodkGkr egkykaps foHkktu dkgh xkokaP;k xVkr dsysys gksrs- R;k xVkP;k
izeq[kkyk ^dekfolnkj* vls EgVys tkbZ- rRdkyhu dkxni=kae/;s dekfolnkjkps dk;Z o vf/kdkj
;kfo‛k;hph ekfgrh miyC/k gksr ukgh- ijarw dekfolnkjkaps dkekps Lo:Ik egkykrhy gokynkjkizek.ksp
vls] vlk lanHkZ feGrks-
5½ ikVhy %&ikVhy gk xkokpk eq[; ljdkjh vf/kdkjh o orunkj gksrk- R;kyk ^xzkexksikG*]
^xkoikVhy*] ^eqdkne* ^xzke.kh* b- ukokauh lacks/kys tkbZ- ikVhy gk xksrlHkspk izeq[k vls- xkokph t=k]
l.k] mRlo b- izlaxh R;kyk eku@lUeku feGr vls- xkokiklwu ljdkjyk ts mRiUu feGr vls
R;krhy dkgh fgLlk ikVykyk feGr vls- izR;sd ‘ksrdÚ;kdMwu ikVykyk /kkU; o brj oLrw feGr
vlr- cyqrsnkjkadMwu ikVykyk foukeqY; lsok feGr vls- ,d jkcrk egkj ikVykP;k rSukrhyk vls-

 ikVykph dkes %&

1½ [ksMsxkokr ‘kkarrk o lqO;oLFkk jk[k.ks-
2½ Ykko.kh&lap.kh & mxo.kh gh ikVykph dkes gksr-

91
 3½ xksrlHksps lapyu d:u U;k;fuokMk ns.;kps dke djkos ykxs-
4½ xkopk lkjk fuf’pr d:u olwy dj.;kpsgh dke djkos ykxs-
5½ xkokph ihd ikg.kh d:u eglwy Bjfo.ks-
6½ xkops lja{k.k dj.ks-

 izkaRkhd iz’kklukrhy oruh vf/kdkjh

1½ ns’keq[k %&ijx.;krhy loZ ikVykapk izeq[k Eg.kts R;k ijx.;kpk ns’keq[k] izkafrd iz’kklukr
ns’keq[kkyk egRo gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh ;k ns’keq[kkaps egRo deh d:u R;kauk R;kaP;k drZO;kph
tk.kho d:u fnyh- ns’keq[kkauk R;kaps gDd cka/kwu fnys- R;kaP;k gDdkauk ^gdyftek* vls EgVys
tkbZ-
ns’keq[kkph dkes %&
1½ ijx.;krhy loZ ikVykaoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks-
2½ ijx.;kph tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.ks-
3½ vksl iMysY;k [ksM;kaps iquoZlu dj.ks fdaok yksdoLrh fVdfo.ks-
4½ j;rsPkh xkÚgk.kh ,sdwu rh nwj dj.;kpk iz;Ru dj.ks-
5½ iMhd tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.ks-
6½ nq‛dkG@ladVle;h lkjk ekQhlkBh ljdkj njckjh iz;Ru dj.ks-
7½ ijx.;krhy j;rsps laj{k.k dj.ks-
8½ xkokP;k oru nkjkaP;k enrhus yko.kh & lap.kh dj.ks-
9½ ljdkjus Bjowu fnysyk lkjk ikVhy] pkSxwyk ;kaP;k enrhus xksGk dj.ks-
2½ ns’kikaMs&f’kodkGkrhy ijx.;kP;k iz’kklukrhy ,d egRokpk ?kVd Eg.kwu ns’kikaMs vksG[kyk
tkbZ- ns’kikaMs gk ^ns’k ys[kd* fdaok ^ns’k dqyd.khZ* Eg.kwugh vksG[kyk tkbZ- ns’keq[kkP;k [kkyks[kky
ns’kikaM;kl ekukps LFkku vls- ns’keq[kkizek.ks R;kyk ljdkjdMwu tehu buke feGr gksrh-

 ns’kikaM;kph dkes %&

1½ ijx.;krhy loZ dqyd.khZP;k dkekoj ns[kjs[k Bso.ks-
2½ ijx.;kps fdaok lqH;kps fg’kksc Bso.ks o rikl.kh dj.ks-
3½ ijx.;krhy ,[kkn;k xkokps dke ¼dqyd.;kaps½ ns’kikaM;kuk djkos ykxr vls-
4½ ijx.;krhy xksrlHksr o xksrlHksrhy U;k;nkukl ns’kikaM;kuk egRokph Hkwfedk vls-
ns’keq[kkizek.ksp ns’kikaMs ;kyk jksdM o oLrq:ikus ^gdyftes* feGr- ijarw gh feGdr ns’keq[kkis{kk
fuE;kus deh vls-
92
3½ ikVhy %&ikVhy gk xkokpk eq[; ljdkjh vf/kdkjh o orunkj gksrk- R;kyk ^xzkexksikG*]
^xkoikVhy*] ^eqdkne* ^xzke.kh* b- ukokauh lacks/kys tkbZ- ikVhy gk xksrlHkspk izeq[k vls- xkokph t=k]
l.k] mRlo b- izlaxh R;kyk eku@lUeku feGr vls- xkokiklwu ljdkjyk ts mRiUu feGr vls
R;krhy dkgh fgLlk ikVykyk feGr vls- izR;sd ‘ksrdÚ;kdMwu ikVykyk /kkU; o brj oLrw feGr
vlr- cyqrsnkjkadMwu ikVykyk foukeqY; lsok feGr vls- ,d jkcrk egkj ikVykP;k rSukrhyk vls-

 ikVykph dkes %&

7½ [ksMsxkokr ‘kkarrk o lqO;oLFkk jk[k.ks-
8½ Ykko.kh&lap.kh & mxo.kh gh ikVykph dkes gksr-
9½ xksrlHksps lapyu d:u U;k;fuokMk ns.;kps dke djkos ykxs-
10½ xkopk lkjk fuf’pr d:u olwy dj.;kpsgh dke djkos ykxs-
11½ xkokph ihd ikg.kh d:u eglwy Bjfo.ks-
12½ xkops lja{k.k dj.ks-
4½ dqyd.khZ %&dqyd.khZ gk [ksMxs kokrhy nqljk egRokpk eqydh vf/kdkjh gksrk- rks ikVykpk
enruhl Eg.kwu dke djs- dqyd.;kZps gDd ikVyklkj[ksp vlys rjh ikVykis{kk feGdr deh gksrh-
xkoP;k lkÚ;kpk dkgh fgLlk R;kyk feGs- nIrj [kpkZlkBh ^lkfnyokj* Eg.kwu dkgh jDde R;kyk
ljdkjdMwu vFkok xkokdMwu feGr vls-

 dqyd.khZ ;kaph dkes %&

1½ xkokrhy loZ izdkjP;k tfeuhph uksna Bso.ks-
2½ izR;sd O;DrhP;k ukokoj vlysY;k tfeuhpk o eglwykpk tek[kpZ Bso.ks gs R;kaps eq[; dke
vls-
3½ xkokrhy yko.kh & lap.khdMs y{k Bso.ks-
4½ xkopk eglwy xksGk dj.;kP;k dkeh ikVykyk enr dj.ks-
5½ xksrlHksr o U;k;nkukr lØh; Hkkx ?ks.ks-
6½ xksrlHksus dsysY;k fuokMk Eg.ktsp egtj fyg.ks gs dke djkos ykxs-
7½ xkodÚ;kauk eqgwrZ lkax.ks T;ksfr‛k lkax.ks] iapkx ikg.ks v’kh dkes dqyd.khZ ;kyk djkoh ykxr-
5½ pkSxqyk %&xko dkjHkkjkrhy ikVhy dqyd.khZ ;kaP;k uarjpk egRokpk vf/kdkjh Eg.kts pkSxqyk
;kykgh oa’kijaijsus gs oru feGr vls- pkSxqY;kph ^ukaxj* gh fu’kk.kh gksrh- vkf.k rks ekst.khl enr
djr vls- ;keqGs rks ^dkBh* gh fu’kk.kh gh okijr vls-

93
  pkSxqY;kph dkes %&
1½ xkoP;k ikVykauk enr dj.ks-
2½ jktnjckjkps i=O;ogkj o fg’kksckph dkxni=s ;ksX; fBdk.kh iksgpfo.ks-
3½ xko lksMwu xsysY;k dqGkauk ijr xkoke/;s vk.k.ks-
4½ tehu ekst.khP;k dkekr vf/kdkÚ;kauk enr dj.ks-
5½ xkokrhy ‘ksrlkjk olwy dj.;klkBh ikVykyk enr dj.ks-

4-2-2izkarh; iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s %&

1½ f’kodkGkrhy eqydh iz’kklu O;oLFkk vR;ar dk;Z{ke gksrh-
2½ iz’kklukrhy loZ vf/kdkÚ;kaps osru jks[k Lo:ikr fuf’pr dj.ks-
3½ N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh iz’kklukps fodsanzhdj.k d:u iz’kklu yksdkfHkeq[k cufo.;kpk
iz;Ru dsyk-
4½ orunkjkaps vf/kdkj deh dsys-
5½ eqtksj orunkjkauk fu%’kL= d:u R;kauk xkodhP;k o ijx.;kP;k dkekal tqia ys-
6½ dkgh orunkjkaph orus tIr dsyh rj dkghauk R;kaps gDd cka/kwu fnys-
7½ tgkfxjnkjh i/nr can dsyh- R;keqGs j;rsph tgkfxjnkjkdMwu gks.kkjh fiGo.kwd Fkkacyh-
8½ lkjk fuf’prh] U;k;nku] xkokps laj{k.k ;klkBh ixkjh vf/kdkjh useys-
9½ xko ikrGhojhy orunkjkaoj o ijx.;kP;k orunkjkaoj y{k Bso.;klkBh vf/kdkÚ;kaph use.kwd
dsyh-
10½ orunkjkauh vU;k;] Hkz‛Vkpkj fdaok pwd dsY;kl R;kauk dBksj f’k{kk fnY;k tkr-
11½ v‛Viz/kkukrhy iz/kkukadMs izkarkph tckcnkjh nsowu jktk o iztk ;kaP;krhy varj deh dj.;kpk
iz;Ru dsyk-

4- 3- y‛djh iz’kklu
dks.krsgh jkT; gs R;kaP;k mRre iz’kklukeqGs fVdrs- LojkT;kP;k iz’kklukpk fopkj
djko;kpk >kY;kl ukxjh iz’kklukps mRre mnkgj.k f’kokth egkjktkauh ?kkywu fnys gksrs- dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; mHkkj.kkÚ;k f’kokth egkjkTkkauh mRre v’kk y‛djh iz’kklukphgh mHkkj.kh dsysyh fnlrs- ;k y‛dj
O;oLFksr ik;nG] ?kksMnG] fdYys] vkjekj] vkf.k gsj[kkrs gs izeq[k ?kVd gksrs-

94
4- 3- 1- y‛djh iz’kklukps ?kVd
ijaijkxr ljatke’kkghyk Fkkjk u nsrk Js.khc/n vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k rkC;kr y‛dj gksrs- R;kosGhp
,dw.k jktdh; ifjfLFkrh] egkjk‛Vªkph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh] vkfFkZd e;kZnk] ijaijkxr lSU;O;oLFksrhy
nks‛k ;k loZ xks‛Vh y{kkr ?ksÅu f’kokth egkjktkauh lSU;kph mHkkj.kh dsyh- egkjk‛Vªkr o fo’ks‛kr% T;k
izns’kkr LojkT;kph fufeZrh >kyh rsFks gRrhnG] maVnG] ?kksMnG ;kaP;kis{kk ik;nGkpk vf/kd mi;ksx
d:u ?ks.;kdMs R;kapk dy gksrk- R;keqGs ik;nG gs y‛djkps vR;ar egRRoiw.kZ vax gksrs- vkfFkZd
‘kDrh o lSU;’kDrh ;kapk fopkj djrk ‘k=qiq<s leksjk&leksj ;q/n dj.ks vkRe?kkrdhi.kkps Bjys vlrs -
R;keqGs xfueh dkok (Gaurilla war ) ;k ;q/nra=kpk vR;ar izHkkohi.ks okij f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk-
HkkjrkP;k if’pe fdukÚ;kojhy vkjekjkpk tud Eg.kwu f’kokth egkjktkaps uko vknjkus ?ksrys tkrs-
vkjekjkps egRRo tk.k.kkjs o ;kfufeRRkkus LFkkfud yksdkaP;k enrhus vkjekj mHkkj.kkjs f’kokth egkjkt
fuf’prp nz‛Vs letys ikfgtsr- vR;ar dk;Z{ke gsj[kkrs gs f’kokth egkjktkaP;k y‛djO;oLFksps oSf’k‛V;
gksrs- gh loZ y‛dj O;oLFkk vki.k lfoLrji.ks iq<s ikgw ;k-
1½ laja {kd ny
N=irh gs loZ jkT;kps izeq[k gksrs- R;kaP;k laj{k.kklkBh [kkl lSfud gksrs- R;kaps laj{k.k gh
lokZar egRRokph]vR;ar tks[kehph v’kh tckcnkjh ;k lSU;koj gksrh- gs lSU; vR;ar izkekf.kd o
dk;Z{ke vls gksrs- laj{kd nykr canwd/kkjh] Hkkysdjh] gydh gR;kjs pkyo.kkjs] rksQ[kkuk ckGx.kkjs b-
izdkjps gR;kj can yksd gksrs- jkT;kP;k j{k.kkcjkscjp vk.khck.khP;k izlaxh jk[kho lSU; Eg.kwu R;kapk
mi;ksx gksr vls- ijkØeh] fo’oklw v’kk fuoMd lSfudkaukp ;ke/;s lkekfo‛V dsys tkr vls- R;kauk
fo’ks‛k vlk iks‛kk[k o gR;kjs fnyh tkr- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lrr vorhHkksorh vl.kkÚ;k ;k ‘kjhj
j{kdkauk ixkjgh loZlkekU; lSfudkais{kk vf/kd gksrk-
2½ ik;nG
LojkT;LFkkiusP;k vxnh lq:okrhiklwu dk;Zjr vl.kkjs lSU; Eg.kts ik;nG- egkjk‛Vªkrhy
ekoGs gs ik;nGkps izeq[k ?kVd gksrs- dkVd] piG] ‘kwj v’kk ekoG;kaps gs lSU; MksaxjnÚ;krhy
fdYY;kaP;k j{k.kklkBh fo’ks‛k mi;qDr gksrs- tls ekoGs rlsp dksd.kkrhy gsVd
s jhlq/nk ik;nGkr gksrs-
f’kikbZ gk ik;nGkrhy lokZar ygku vFkok rGkrhy ?kVd gksrk- 10 ik;nG f’kik;kaoj ,d ukbZd
gksrk- 50 f’kik;kaP;k Eg.kts 5 ukbZdkaph ,d rqd
q Mh vls- ;k rqdMhoj gokynkjhph use.kwd dsysyh
gksrh- 2 gokynkjkpkEg.kts100f’kik;kaPkk vf/kdkjh Eg.kts ,d tqeysnkj v’kk ngk tqeysnkjkaojhy
vf/kdkjh Eg.kts ,d gtkjh vf/kdkjh - iapgtkjh vf/kdkÚ;kyk ljukscr EgVys tkr vls-
;k loZ lSU; vf/kdkÚ;kauk okf‛kZd ixkj fnyk tkr gksrk- ljukscr ;k vf/kdkÚ;kyk 2]500
gksu o‛kkZyk feGr vlr- ,d gtkjh vf/kdkÚ;kyk 500 gksu ixkj gksrk- tqeysnkjkyk o‛kkZyk 100
95
gksu brdk ixkj gksrk- gokynkjkyk nj efguk 3 gksu brdk ixkj gksrk- ukbZdkyk nj efgU;kyk 1 rs 3
gksu brdk ixkj feGr vls- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k y‛dj O;oLFksrhy egRRokpk ?kVd Eg.kts ik;nG
gksrs-
3½ ?kksMnG
rRdkyhu y‛djO;oLFksr ?kksMnGkyk vuU;lk/kkj.k egRRo gksrs- piGrsus lSU;kP;k gkypkyh
dj.;klkBh] nwjojP;k izns’kki;Zar /kMd ekj.;klkBh] vkØe.kklkBh dk;Z{ke o piG v’kk ?kksMnGkph
egrh Qkj gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkauh ts ?kksMnG mHkkjys R;kps nksu Hkkx gksrs- 1½ ikxk &ckjxhj 2½
f’kysnkj - ckjxhj Eg.kts ljdkjh uksdj vlysyk ?kksMLs okj ;k lSU;kps ?kksMs] gR;kjs ljdkjus R;kauk
iqjoysyh vlr- f’kysnkj gs Lora= gksrs- R;kpk ?kksMk o gR;kjs R;kaP;k Lor%P;k ekydhph gksrh- dkgh
dkGkiqjrs rs jktkP;k lSU;kr ;q/nklkBh ;sr- rso<k ixkj R;kauk feGr vls- lglk ‘ksrh o ‘ksrhph dkes
d:u mjysY;k osGrs ljdkjh pkdjh dj.kkjs gs ejkBs gksrs-
?kksMnGkrgh Js.khc/n jpuk gksrh- 25 ?kksMLs okjkaoj ,d gokynkj] ikp gokynkjkaojpk vf/kdkjh
Eg.kts ,d tqeysnkj- 10 tqeysnkjkaoj ,d lqHksnkj- 10 lqHksnkjkaoj ,d vaeynkj v’kh p<rhJs.kh
gksrh- ;k vf/kdkÚ;kaps ixkj fuf’pr dsysys gksrs- tqeysnkjkyk o‛kkZyk 500 gksu brdk ixkj gksrk-
lqHksnkjkyk o‛kkZyk 1000 gksu brdk ixkj gksrk- loZ ?kksMnGkpk izeq[k Eg.kts ljukscr gkp ejkBh
lSU;kpk lsukirh gksrk- v‛Viz/kku eaMGkr lkekfo‛V vl.kkÚ;k ;k vf/kdkÚ;kyk 10]000 gksu o‛kkZyk
feGr vlr- f’kysnkjkykgh ixkj feGr vls- R;kpk ixkj ckjxhjkis{kk tkLr gksrk- ?kksMnGkP;k
Nko.;kaphgh O;ofLFkri.ks rjrwn dsyh tkr gksrh- fuokÚ;kph tkxk] iqjsls /kkU;] vkS‛k/kik.kh] ?kksM;kalkBh
xor v’kk loZ vko’;d v’kk ckchaph iwrZrk dsyh tkr vls-
4½ fdYys
^jkT;kps lkj rs nwxZ* v’kk ‘kCnkar fdY;kaps o.kZu vkKki=kr dsys vkgs- LojkT;fufeZrh gh
fdY;kaiklwup >kysyh vkgs- izkphu o e/;;qxhu dkGkr fdY;kauk Qkj egRRo gksrs- ijdh;
vkØe.kkaiklwu laj{k.k dj.;klkBh fdY;kapk mi;ksx gksr vls- R;keqGps fdYys ftad.ks] ufou
fdYY;kaph cka/k.kh dj.ks] lhek izns’kkaojhy fdYY;kaph nq:Lrh] rsFkhy jlnhph O;oLFkk ;k loZ ckchadMs
dkGthiwoZd y{k fnys tkr gksrs- R;k dkGkrhy ;q/nkae/;s fdY;kauk Qkj egRRokps LFkku gksrs- f’kokth
egkjkt fdY;kaps egRo tk.kwu gksrs- Eg.kwu R;kauh fdY;kackcrgh fo’ks‛k furh voyafcyh-
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkr LojkT;kr fdrh fdYys gksrs- ;kckcr erfHkUurk vkgs- fpV.khl
c[kjhr gh la[;k 317 vkgs- rj lHkklnkus gh la[;k 240 fnyh vkgs- fp=xqIr fdYY;kaph la[;k
361 brdh nsrks- ok- d`- Hkkos ;kauh f’kodkyhu egkjk‛Vª ;k xzFa kkr f’kodkyhu fdYY;kaph la[;k 240
vl.;kpk fuokZGk fnyk vkgs- R;kps oxhZdj.kgh rs iq<s djrkr- fdYY;kaps rhu izdkj letys tkrkr-
96
1½ LFkynqxZ ¼ tfeuhojhy fdYys ½ 2½ tynqxZ ¼ lkxjh fdYys ½ 3½ fxjhnqxZ ¼Mksaxjkojhy fdYys ½
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkr lq:okrhyk rjh fxjhnqxkZps Qkj egRRo gksrs- LojkT; fufeZrh o LojkT;
foLrkjkr ;k fdYY;kapk eksBk lgHkkx gksrk- f’kokth egkjktkauh vusd tqU;k fdYY;kaph nq:Lrh dsyh-
rs fdYys vk.k[kh nwxZe o cGdV cuoys- fdYyk y<ork ;kok Eg.kwu f’kcanh ok<oyh- mnk- jk;jhpk
fdYyk ftadY;kuarj vusd dMs rklwu nqxZe cuoys- dkgh fBdk.kh lqjxa ykowu ik;Ú;k cuoY;k- gRrh]
?kksM]s maV] x<koj p<oys] ryko cka/kwu ik.;kph lks; dsyh- bekjrh cka/kY;k] cktkjisB cka/kyh- gk
fdYYkk brdk pkaxyk cka/kyk dh rks LojkT;kph jkt/kkuhp >kyk- fla/kqnqxZ o fot;nqxZ gs uohu nksu
tynqxZ f’kokth egkjktkauh cka/kys- fdYyk cka/k.;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh ijaijkxr dykdkj o
osGizlaxh ik’pkR; okLrw’kkL=kKkaphgh enr ?ksryh-
fdY;kaP;k O;oLFkkiukrgh f’kokth egkjktkauh n{krk ?ksryh gksrh- izR;sd fdYY;koj leku
ntkZps rhu vf/kdkjh vlr- gokynkj gk fdYY;kojhy f’kcanhpk izeq[k vls- lglk gokynkj gk ejkBk
tkrhpk vls- lcuhl gk nqljk vf/kdkjh gksrk- rks fdYY;kpk vFkZO;ogkj ikgr vls- rj dkj[kkuhl gk
frljk vf/kdkjh /kkU;iqjoBk dj.kkjk vf/kdkjh gksrk- gokynkjkoj fdYY;kP;k izR;{k j{k.kkph tckcnkjh
vls- fdY;kaP;k O;oLFkkiukckcr f’kokth egkjkt vR;ar n{k gksrs- rs Lor% vkdfLeri.ks fdYY;kauk
HksVh nsr- fdY;kaP;k rikl.khP;k dkekoj R;kauh v..kkth nRrks ;k ea«;kph [kkl use.kwd dsyh gksrh-
5½ vkjekj &
MkW lsu Eg.krkr dh “Shivaji may be described as the father of the Indian
navy.” f’kokth egkjktkauh Lokra= vkjekjkph fufeZrh dsyh- ‘k=wiklwup cpko dj.;klkBh] if’pe
fduk&;kojhy O;kikj rkC;kr ?ks.;klkBh] LojkT;kpk okij ok<owu lkaifRrd fLFkrh cGdV
dj.;klkBh] Lor%ps vkjekj vlY;kl iksrqZxht vFkok vU; ijdh; lRrkaiq<s >qdkos ykxw u;s Eg.kwu
f’kokth egkjktkauh vkjekjkph fufeZrh dsyh- LFkkfud dksGh o HkaMkjh yksdkaP;k enrhus vkjekjph
mHkkj.kh dsyh- 1659 iklwu vkjekj fufeZrhyk lq:okr >kyh- f’kokth egkjktkauh vkjekjh rG o canjs
;kaph cka/k.kh dsyh- ;q/nukSdk cka/k.ks] R;k nq:Lr dj.ks] oknGh gokekukP;k osGh ;ksX; laj{k.k
feGfo.;klkBh canjkph fufeZrh dj.ks ;klkBh R;kauh gkypkyh dsY;k- LojkT;kP;k laj{k.kklkBh if’pe
fdukjiVVhoj HkDde fdYys mHkkj.ks o mRre vkjekjh rG mHkkj.ks ;kyk R;kauh izk/kkU; fnys - ;kp
njE;ku R;kauh fot;nqxZ gk vR;ar lkeF;Z’kkyh tynqxZ cka/kyk- vkjekjkps laj{k.k fdukÚ;kojhy fdYys
o [kkM;k ;kaP;k vkJ;kus gksr vlrs- ‘kkarrsP;k dkGkr oknGkiklwu cpkoklkBh [kkM;k mi;ksxh
vlrkr- ;q/ndkGkr fdYys o [kkM;k ;kauk eksD;kph fBdk.ks Eg.kwu egRRo vlrs gs vksG[kwu dksd.k
fdukÚ;koj f’kokth egkjktkauh tqus fdYys nq:Lr dsys o uos cka/kys- ekyo.kpk fla/kqnwxZ gk lq/nk R;kauh
cka/kwu ?ksrysyk fdYyk vkgs- baxztkauk ‘kg ns.;klkBh] ;q/nukSdk] o O;kikjh ukSdk ;kauk laj{k.k ns.;kP;k
97
n`‛Vhus [kkansjhpk fdYyk cka/kyk- gk fdYyk Eg.kts ,d pkaxyk vkjekjh rG >kyk- jRukfxjh] vatuosy]
jktkiwj ;kfBdk.khgh NksVs&NksVs vkjekjh rG cka/kys- xqjkck] xycr] f’kckMs] rjkaMh] rkjos o ixkj
v’kk lgk izdkjP;k ukSdk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkjekjkr gksR;k- xqykck ;k eq[; ;q/n ukSdk gksR;k-
vkjekjkrgh Js.kh i/nr gksrh- ikp xqykck o ia/kjk xycRks feGwu ,d lqHkk gksr gksrk- loZ lqH;kaoj
,d ljlqHkk gksrk- vkjekjkpk lokZar eksBk vf/kdkjh Eg.kts n;kZlkjax- ek;ukd gk lq/nk vkjekjkpk
vf/kdkjh gksrk- f’kokth egkjktkaps ok<rs vkjekjh lkeF;Z ikgwu iksrZqxhtkauk dkGth okVr gksrh- ;kp
vkjekjkP;k tksjkoj f’kokth jktkauh fln~nh] iksrZqfxt] baxt
z ;kaP;k vkØe.kkyk e;kZnk ?kkrY;k- bjk.k o
vjcka’kh O;kikj dj.;klkBh ;k vkjekjkpk mi;ksx >kyk- ;k lkeF;kZeqGs ;qjksfi;u O;kikÚ;kaoj tjc
clyh gksrh-
6- gsj[kkrs
jkT;krhy gsj Eg.kts t.kw dkgh jktkps MksGs o dkuvkgsr vls EgVys vkgs- vkiY;k jkT;kr
vkf.k ‘k=w jkT;kr ?kM.kkÚ;k izR;sd ?kMkeksMhph ekfgrh jktkauk gsjkekQZr dGr gksrh- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k y‛dj O;oLFksrhy gk egRRokpk ?kVd gksrk- vR;ar fo’oklw o dk;Z{ke vls yksd
gsj[kkR;kr gksrs- gsj[kkR;krhy gsjkaph fuf’pr la[;k fo’oluh;fjR;k miyC/k ukgh- ;k [kkR;kpk izeq[k
cfgthZ ukbZd ¼ tk/ko ½ gk gksrk- dks.kkykgh v’kD;izk; okVkO;k v’kk eksfgek f’kokth egkjktkauh
;’kLoh dsY;k- ‘k=wP;k izns’kkr tkÅu rs lfglyker ijr vkys- ‘k=wph l/ku ‘kgjs yqVyh v’kk loZ
izlaxkr rs ;’kLoh >kys- R;kps ,d dkj.k Eg.kts R;kaps izkekf.kd o dk;Z{ke gsj[kkrs gksrs- fo’ks‛kr%
cfgthZ ukbZd ;kus vusd osGy
s k os‛kkarj d:u ‘k=wizns’kkph ckjhd lkjhd ekfgrh f’kokth egkjktkai;Zar
iksgkspoyh gksrh- ifgY;k lqjr yqVhP;k osGh lqjrsP;k uxj laj{k.kkph ekfgrh] lqjrsrhy O;kikÚ;kaph o
R;kaP;k laiRrhph bFkacwr ekfgrh jktkauk iqjfoyh gksrh-
f’kodkGkr lSU;O;oLFkk o lSU;iz’kklu gs dBksj f’kLrhps gksrs gs y{kkr ;srs- ejkBs ;kiwohZgh
;q/n djhrp gksrs i.k rs brj ‘kkg;kalkBh djhr gksrs- ;q/nlkfgR;] ;q/nra= y‛dj iz’kklu vfLrRokr
gksrs- f’kokth jktkauh ;krhy nks‛k nwj d:u vkiY;k ifjfLFkrh’kh vuqdwy vls :i R;kyk fnys -
lSU;kyk f’kLrc/nrk] dk;Z{kerk] jkT;fu‛Bsph tksM fnyh- ejkB;kaps lSU; la[;sus deh vlys rjh rs
;’kLoh gks.;kph dkj.ks gh ;k y‛djh iz’kklu O;oLFksr fnlwu ;srkr- ;k ;’kkus R;kauk vkRefo’okl
fnyk-
4- 3- 2- y‛djh iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s
1½ ljatke’kkgh y‛djO;oLFkk u‛V dsyh-
e/;;qxkr vfLrRokr vl.kkjh ljatke’kkgh y‛djO;oLFkk f’kokth egkjktkauh lai‛q Vkr vk.kyh-
ljatkenkjkadMs vl.kkjs lSU; gs vusdosGy
s k la[;si{s kk deh o izf’kf{kr ulysys] jktfu‛Bk ul.kkjs
98
vlk;ps] ljatkenkjkadMs vl.kkÚ;k tfeuhaeqGs o R;krwu ;s.kkÚ;k mRiUukeqGs rs f’kjtksj >kysys gksrs-
;kpk ifj.kke lSU;koj gksr vls- izR;{k ;q/nkP;k osGh ljatkenkj jktkP;k cktwus y<rhy ;kph [kk=h
uls- gs y{kkr ?ksÅu y‛djh iz’kklukr f’kokth egkjktkauh ljatke’kkgh i/nrhph y‛djO;oLFkk u‛V
dsyh-
2½ y‛djkyk jks[k ixkj
orus tgkfxjh fnY;k dh ljnkj] ljatkenkj ;kaP;k jktfu‛Bk deh gksrkr Eg.kwu ;k i/nrh u‛V
dsY;k- i.k R;kpcjkscj R;kauk iqjslk ixkj vkf.k rksgh fu;feri.ks feGkok ;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh
Lor% y{k fnys- R;kaP;k xjtk Hkkxo.;k brdk ixkj feGkyk ukgh rj rs tursph yqVkyqV djrkr]
;q/nkps osGh yqVysyk iSlk o oLrw [kftU;kr tek djr ukghr] y‛djkr okbZV izo`Rrh ok<hyk ykxrkr
gs y{kkr ?ksÅu y‛djkyk jks[k ixkj ns.;kl R;kauh lq:okr dsyh- R;keqGs y‛djkus d/khgh mBko dsyk
ukgh rlsp y‛djkP;k fu‛Bk jktkizrhp dk;e jkfgY;k-
3½ fo’ks‛k dkefxjh dj.kkÚ;k lSfudkauk c<R;k o cf{kls
lSfudkauk jks[k o fu;fer ixkj ns.;kcjkscjp R;kaP;k dkefxjhph n[ky ?ks.;kps /kksj.k f’kokth
egkjktkauh jkcfoys- vkiY;k drZ`Rokyk nkn feGrs vkgs ;k fopkjkus lSU;kyk LQqj.k p<r gksrs- f’kokth
egkjkt Lor% ;q/neksfgekaoj tkr gksr-s R;keqGs lSfudkaph dkefxjh mapkor vls- mRd`‛V dkefxjh
ctko.kkÚ;k lSfudkauk rs Lor% gsjr gksrs- v’kk lSfudkauk cf{kls ns.ks vFkok R;kaP;k ixkjkph o Js.khph
ok< d:u lSfudkaP;k dkefxjhps dkSrd
q djr gksrs- ejkB;kaps lSU; ;q/nizlaxh izk.kkaph ckth ykÅu
y<r vls- lSU; la[;sus deh vlys rjh ijkdze fl/n dj.;klkBh usgehp rRij gksrs-
4½ xSjorZ.kwd dj.kkÚ;kauk f’k{kk
f’kokth egkjktkauh y‛djkl f’kLrhps dkgh fu;e] dk;ns ?kkywu fnys gksrs- fu;e
eksM.kk&;kauk dBksj f’k{kk fnY;k tkr gksR;k- j;rsyk =kl ns.kkÚ;k] yqV.kkÚ;k lSfudkauk f’k{kk gksr
gksrh- ck;dk] nklh] dykoarhuh] os’;k] urZdh ;kauk y‛djh eksfgesoj vk.kw u;s vlk naMdp gksrk-
eqfLye o brj /keZLFkkukapk vkf.k xzaFkkapk vknj djkok] xk; o czkEg.k ;kauk =kl nsÅ u;s] eksfge
laiY;koj yqVhpk fg’ksc ljdkjyk lknj djkok vls fu;e ?kkywu fnys gksrs- ;k fu;ekaps mYya?ku
dj.kkÚ;kyk dBksj f’k{kk fnY;k tkr-
5½ y‛djkrhy f’kLr o lk/ksi.kk
f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lSU;krhy f’kLr o lk/ksi.kk ;kps o.kZu ik’pkR; yksdkauhgh dsys vkgs-
ejkB;kaP;k y‛djkaP;k xjtk vR;ar e;kZfnr gksR;k- y‛djkr dsoG vko’;d rso<sp vkf.k y<.kkjsp
lSfud vlr- e|iku] ukpxk.kh] foyklh.ki.kk] fL=;k ;kauk y‛djke/;s Fkkjk uOgrk- R;keqGps R;kaP;k
gkypkyh vR;ar piG o osxoku gksR;k- R;kaP;ktoG Hkkyk] /kuq‛;ck.k] ykac vkf.k :an ikR;kaP;k
99
ryokjh FkksMh’kh Hkkdjh vkf.k ?kksM;kP;k ikBhoj VkdysY;k rkscÚ;kr ?kksM;kyk ykx.kkjs gjHkjs ;kf’kok;
nqljs dkgh ,d lkeku uls- d‛Ve; thou] osxkus tkLrhr tkLr varj dki.;kph lo; vkf.k lk/ksi.kk
;keqGs ;k lSU;kus vusdnk pSuh] foyklh eq?ky lSU;kyk /kqG pkjyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%p
vkiY;k lk/;k o d‛Ve; thoukpk vkn’kZ lSfudkaiq<s Bsoyk gksrk-
6½ ‘kL=kL=s
ejkB;kadMs vl.kkjh ‘kL=kL=s gh ijaijkxrp gksrh i.k dkgh lSfudkadMs dkgh Bjkohd ‘kL=kL=s
gksrhp- Hkkyk] /kuq‛;ck.k] ykac vkf.k :an ikR;kP;k ryokjh] <ky gh ‘kL=kL=s gksrh- ‘kL=kL=kaP;k
fufeZrhlkBh LojkT;kr dkj[kkusgh gksrs- i.k ;kO;frfjDr nk:xksGk] canqdk] rksQk o vU; ‘kL=kL=s
cuo.;kpsgh dkj[kkus gksrs- y‛djkyk lkrR;kus ‘kL=kL=kapk iqjoBk Ogkok rh pkaxY;k izdkjph vlkohr
;kdMs f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor% y{k iqjfoys- ;klkBh rK yksdkauk cksykowu R;kapk ;Fkksfpr lUeku
d:u R;kauk ‘kL=kL= fufeZrh djk;yk ykoyh- ;kf’kok; ik’pkR; yksdkaph ‘kL=kaL=kaph izxrh o R;kph
Hkfo‛;krhy vko’;drk rs tk.kwu gksrs- Eg.kwu ik’pkR; ra=Kkukpk Lohdkj dj.;kph R;kaph r;kjh
gksrh- bZLV bafM;k daiuhus v’kh dkgh ‘kL=kL=s R;kauk lq:okrhyk iqjoyh i.k uarj gkr vk[kMrk
?ksryk- vk/kqfud ‘kL=kL=s lSU;kyk iqjfo.;kpk iz;Ru f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk gksrk-
7½ ;q/nra=
LojkT; fufeZrhP;k osGh ejkB;kauk Qkj eksB;k ladVkauk rkssM |kos ykxr gksrs- lSU;] izns’k]
iSlk ;k loZp ckcrhr eqLyhe jktoVh izcy gksR;k- vkiY;k ekstD;k lSU;klg o miyC/k lkexzhfu’kh
;k ‘kkg;ka’kh y<rk ;kos ;klkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh xfueh dkok ;k ;q/nra=kpk okij dsyk- y‛djh
lk/kukaP;k e;kZfnr Lo:ikeqGs vkf.k dksd.k o ekoG ;k Mksxa jkG izns’kkr mi;qDr Bj.kkjh gh xfueh
dkO;kph i/nrh gksrh- xfueh dkok Eg.kts ‘k=wlSU;k’kh leksjkleksj u y<rk R;kP;k Hkksorh f?kjV;k
?kkywu R;kph jln rksM.ks] lHkksorkypk izns’k csfpjk[k d:u vUuik.kh feGw u ns.ks] ‘k=w ;q/nkr
xqra ysyk vlrkuk R;kP;k jkT;kr ?kqlwu yqVekj dj.ks] ;k mik;kus R;kyk vkiY;k jkT;kps j{k.k
dj.;kdfjrk ijr tk.;kl Hkkx ikM.ks- R;kP;k Nko.khoj lrr Nkis ?kkywu R;kyk cstkj dj.ks v’kh
i/nr Eg.ktsp xfueh dkok ;q/nra=- ;k izdkjP;k ;q/nra=kpk voyac dsY;kus ejkB;kaps lSU;cG deh
vlys rjh piG o osxoku gkypkyh dj.kkÚ;k ejkB;kauh eksBeksBs lSU; ckGx.kkÚ;k eq?kykaP;k lSU;kl
lGks dh iGks dsys-
8½ ‘kjhjj{kd nykph fufeZrh
jkT;klkBh jktkpk tho gk vR;ar ekSY;oku vlrks- fo’ks‛kr% e/;;qxhu dkGkr jkT;dR;kZpk
?kkrikr gh lkekU; ckc >kyh gksrh- v’kk osGh jktkP;k j{k.kklkBh ‘kjhj j{kd ny vl.ks gh vR;ar
egRRokph xks‛V gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkauhgh ‘kjhj j{kd nykph fufeZrh dsyh gksrh- jkt/kkuhr]
100
eksfgekaP;k osGh gs ‘kjhjj{kd ny lkrR;kus f’kokth jktkacjkscj vls- ;k nykus lqjr ;sFks f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k thokps j{k.k dsY;kpk mYys[k vkgs- gh lko/kkurk R;kauk vusdosGk mi;ksxh iMysyh fnlwu
;srs-
9½ tkrhfujis{k lSU;
ejkB;kaps lSU; gs loZ tkfr/kekZP;k yksdkaps lSU; vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ejkBs] dq.kch] gsjdjh]
dksGh] HkaMkjh] eqlyeku v’kk vusd tkfr/kekZps lSfud lSU;kr gksrs- ;q/n eqfLye lRrkacjkscj vlys
rjh eqfLye lSfudkapk }s‛k dsyk xsyk ukgh- y‛djh vf/kdkÚ;kae/;sgh nkSyr[kku] dk>h] >Sj]
fl|hfgyky vls vf/kdkjh gksrs- lSU; mHkkj.kh djrkuk f’kokth egkjktkauh tkr] /keZ] ;kapk fopkj dsyk
uOgrk-
10½ xqIrgsj ;a=.kk
ejkBsdkyhu xqIrgsj ;a=.kk vR;ar dk;Z{ke gksrh- R;keqGps f’kokth egkjktkauh vusd fot;
feGoysys fnlwu ;srkr- izR;sd eksfgesP;k iwohZ vkiY;k gsj[kkR;kaekQZr ‘k=wph bR;aHkwr ekfgrh
feGkY;kus ‘k=wP;k nqcZG tkxk gs:u fot; feGork vkys- rlsp ‘k=wjkT;krhy ekfgrh iw.kZr% vlY;kus
rsFks /kMd ek:u R;kaP;k izns’kkph yqV dj.ks ‘kD; >kys-
11½ lSU;kapk nSuafnu o`Rrkar
lsukirhcjkscj lSU;kpk o`Rrkar fyfg.kkjs dkgh vf/kdkjh vlr- R;keqGs lSU;kpk nSuafnu o`Rrkar
jktkyk feGr vls- okduhl ukokpk vf/kdkjh lsukirhP;k gkrk[kkyh vls- rks lSU;kpk ,dw.k o`Rrkar
fyfgr vls- dk;Zokg ukokP;k vf/kdkjh lSU;kph vf/kd`r nSuafnuh fyfgr vls-
;k oSf’k‛V;kao:u y{kkr ;srs dh] ijaijkxr y‛djO;oLFksrhy nks‛k u‛V d:u lSU; mHkkj.;kr
vkys- lSU;kP;k izf’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dsY;keqGs lSU;kph gkuh deh >kyh- ‘kL=kL= fufeZrh dsyh- jks[k
ixkj] ;ksX; dkefxjhlkBh ;ksX; cf{kl ;keqGs lSU;kyk izksRlkgu feGkys- xfueh dkO;kP;k ;q/nra=kpk
;ksX; fjrhus okij d:u ?ksrY;kus gs y‛djh iz’kklu izHkkoh Bjys-

4- 4- U;k;O;oLFkk
f’kokth egkjktkauh iz’kklukr U;k;O;oLFksyk vfr’k; egRokps LFkku fnys gksrs- rlsp U;k;nku
gs jkT;dR;kZaps egRokps drZO; ekuys tkr gksrs-
4-4-1- U;k; O;oLFksph ik’oZHkweh %
f’kodkGkr U;k;nku gs jktkP;k izeq[k drZO;kaid
S h ,d vls drZO; letys tkr gksrs- R;keqGs
R;k dkGkr loZp jkT;dR;kaZuh U;k;nkukdMs izk/kkU;kus y{k iqjoys gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k
dky[kaMkr eqfLye jkT;dR;kZapk izHkko loZnwj iljysyk gksrk- mRrjsdMs] egkjk‛Vªkr o nf{k.ksdMhy
101
cÚ;kp izns’kkr eqlyekuh dk;nsdkuwu o U;k;nkukP;k eqlyeku i/nrh vfLrRokr gksR;k- R;keqGs
f’koiwoZ dkGkr bZLykeh i/nrhoj vk/kkfjr U;k;nku gksr gksrs- LojkT; fufeZrhP;k njE;ku vkf.k
LojkT; fufeZrhuarj f’kokth egkjktkauh brj iz’kklukizek.ksp U;k;O;oLFkk fuf’pr dsyh- R;kaosGh R;kauh
ijaijkxr /kkfeZd xzFa kkapk vk/kkj ?ksrY;kps fnlrs- rlsp fot;uxjP;k jkT;krhy ijaijkapkgh Lohdkj
dsY;kps fnlrs- ejkB;kaP;k dkGkr U;k;nku i/nrh lk/kh vkf.k R;k dkGkyk vuqdwy v’kh gksrh- gh
i/nrh ferkvj vkf.k euqLe`rh v’kk izkphu laLd`r xzaFkkaoj vk/kkfjr gksrh- ijarw R;kpcjkscj R;kauh
iwokZikj pkyr vkysY;k :<hapk vk/kkj ?ksryk gksrk- jktk Eg.kts N=irh gs U;k;O;oLFksrhy lokZsPp
vf/kdkjh in gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh U;k;nkuklkBh Lora= U;k;kf/k’kkph use.kwd vkiY;k v‛Viz/kku
eaMGkr dsyh gksrh- izR;sd [ksM;kr] rkyqd;kr] egkykr o izkarkr ljdkjh vf/kdkÚ;kauk U;k;nkukps
vf/kdkj fnys gksrs-
f’kodkyhu U;k;nku O;oLFkk [kkyhy lk/kukaoj vk/kkfjr gksrh-
1½ /kkfeZd xzFa k %
dks.kR;kgh jkT;kaP;k dk;|kpk L=ksr gk R;k jkT;kP;k jktkP;k /kkfeZd xaFk gkp vlrks-
ejkBsdkyhu dk;ns gh fganw /keZxFa kkae/kwup ?ks.;kr vkys gksrs- ferkvj vkf.k euqLe`rh ;k izkphu laLd`r
xazFkke/kwu dk;|kps Lo:Ik ?ks.;kr vkys gksrs- /keZxazFkkr lkafxrysY;k ekU;rk fopkjkr ?ksÅu U;k;nku
dsys tkr gksrs- euq] gseknzh] ek/ko ;kaP;k lanHkkZuqlkj [kVyk pkyoyk tkr vls- fganw /keZ’kkL=]
euqLe`rh] ferkvj] O;ogkje;wj] nkudeykdj] ijk’kj ek/kfo;e] prqoZxZfparke.kh v’kk xazFkke/kwu
U;k;nkukP;k fu;ekaph mxeLFkkus vk<Grkr-
2½ :<h o ijaijk %
izkphu /keZxazFkkPkk dk;|kP;k fufeZrhlkBh vk/kkj ?ksryk vlyk rjh lektkrhy :<h o ijaijk gs
lq/nk U;k;nkukps L=ksr gksrs- izR;{k /keZxazFkke/khy dk;|kps Kku loZlkekU;kauk vlsyp vls ukgh- i.k
ijaijsuqlkj lektkr dkgh :<h izLFkkfir >kY;k gksR;k- ;k lektekU; :<hapk vk/kkj U;k;nkukP;k osGh
?ksryk tkr gksrk-
3½ O;ogkj %
T;k [kVY;kae/;s /kkfeZd xazFkkaps lanHkZ feGr ulrhy vFkok :<hijaijk gh fu.kZ; ?ks.;klkBh
iqjs’kk Bjr ulrhy v’kk fBdk.kh O;ogkjkpk fopkj d:u U;k;nku gksr gksrs-
4½ jktkps vkns’k %
U;k;O;oLFksP;k lokZsPpinh jktk Eg.ktsp N=irh gksrs- dkgh dkj.kkus jktkus fo’ks‛k vkns’k
fnyk rj rksgh dk;|kpk L=ksr letyk tkr gksrk- jktkauh ,[kk|k [kVY;kackcr fnysY;k fu.kZ; iq<hy

102
dkGklanHkkZr lanHkZ Eg.kwu okijyk tkr vls- Eg.ktsp jktkpk vkns’k vFkok fu.kZ; gk iq<hy dkGkr
dk;|kpk L=ksr gksr vls-
v’kk i/nrhus dk;|kps L=ksr gksrs- czEglHkk gh ;k L=ksrkae/kwu dk;|kpk vFkZ ykfor vls-
4-4-2- dsafnz; U;k;O;oLFkk
U;k;nkukps lokZsPp vf/kdkj N=ihaMs gksrs- vFkkZr 1750 uarj gs vf/kdkj is’kO;kadMs vkys-
izR;{kkr U;k;nkuklkBh iz’kklukr Lora= vf/kdkjh gksrk- U;k;kf/k’k gk U;k;nkukckcrps lokZf/kdkj
vl.kkjk U;k;naMkf/kdkjh gksrk- ijaijk] /keZ’kkL=] furh’kkL= ;kpk fopkj d:u fnok.kh o QkStnkjh
[kVY;kapk U;k;fuokMk dj.;kps dke U;k;kf/k’kkps gksrs- eq[; U;k;kf/k’kkaO;frfjDr dkgh ljnkjkauk o
izfrf‛Brkauk U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj ns.;kr vkys gksrs- U;k;nkuklkBh Lora= U;k;kf/k’kkaph use.kwd
v‛Viz/kku eaMGkr dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- izR;sd [ksM;kr] rkyqD;kr] egkykr o izkarkr ljdkjh
vf/kdkÚ;kauk U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj fnys gksrs- R;kaP;k cjkscjhus iwokZikj pkyr vkysY;k xksrlHkk]
tkrhlHkk] czEglHkk ;kapsgh U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj vckf/kr Bso.;kr vkysys gksrs- U;k;O;oLFkk
iqf<yizek.ks gksrh-
1½ jktk@N=irh
N=irh gs loZ U;k;O;oLFksps izeq[k gksrs- R;kauk U;k;nkukP;k dkekr v‛Viz/kku eaMa G rlsp
[kktxh lfpo enr djr vls- [kVY;kP;k Lo:ikuqlkj dkgh fonoku eaMGhph enrgh N=irh ?ksr
vlr- v’kk fonokukauk lHkkln Eg.kr vlr- N=irh Lor% ea«;kaP;k enrhus fudky nsr vlr- R;kyk
'jkteqnzk' vls Eg.kr- tsOgk njckjkr m?kM [kVY;kaps dkedkt pkyr vls rsOa gk R;kyk '/keZlHkk'
Eg.kr vlr- f’kokth egkjktkauh dk;e ea«;kP;k /keZlHksP;k lYY;kusp U;k;nku dsY;kps vk<Grs-
jkT;kfHk‛ksdkuarj oa’kijaijk bukekaP;k tfeuhapk iz’u R;kauh Lor% lksMfoyk- fQ;kZnhus vkiyh cktw
ekaMyh dh ex ea«;kP;k o /keZlHksP;k lYY;kuqlkj rs U;k;nku djhr-
2½ U;k;kf/k’k o iafMrjko %
U;k;nku gs vR;ar ifo= o egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ekuwu f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k v‛Viz/kkukar
U;k;kf/k’k o iafMrjko ;k nksu ea«;kaph use.kwd dsyh gksrh- izkphu /keZxazFk izpfyr dk;nk o fganw
dk;|kP;k :<haps Kku vl.ks gs R;kaps use.kwdhps xq.k letys tkr- fo’sk‛kr% /kkfeZd ckchaps [kVys gs
iafMrjkokadMs vlr-
3½ jkteaMG %
f’kodkyhu jkteaMGkr jktk] R;kaps ea=h vkf.k mPp vf/kdkÚ;kapk lekos’k gksrk- ;ke/;s
lqHksnkj] gokynkj] eqtqenkj] ljukscr gs ljdkjh vf/kdkjh o vU; oruh vf/kdkjhlq/nk gksrs - gs loZ

103
lHkkln jktkyk [kVY;kph ekfgrh nsÅu lYykgh nsr- fudkykP;k jkteqnzos j ;k lnL;kaP;k
lg;k&fu’kkuh vls-
4½ czEglHkk
czEglHkk Eg.kts fonoku czkEg.kkaph lHkk- czEglHkk g;k loZlk/kkj.ki.ks rhFkZ{ks=kP;k
fBdk.kh Hkjr vlr- lkekftd o /kkfeZd Lo:ikps [kVys czEglHksiq<s ;sr- osG iMY;kl dk’khP;k
fonoku czkEg.kkapk lYYkkgh ?ksryk tkr vls- /keZfo‛k;d U;k;nku dj.kkjh czEglHkk gh lokZsPp lHkk
gksrh-
5½ xksr etyhl %
fnok.kh Lo:ikph [kVys pkyo.kkjh U;k;laLFkk Eg.kts xksretyhl- ;ke/;s lglk
xzkeO;oLFksrhy orunkj vkf.k cyqrsnkj lHkkln vlr- oruklaca/khps U;k;fuokMs gs xksretyhle/;s
gksr-
N=irh o R;kaP;k izR;{k fu;a=.kk[kkyh gh v’kh U;k;O;oLFkk gksrh- lqH;kae/;s o LFkkfud
ikrGhojgh lqlaca/k v’kh U;k;O;oLFkk gksrh- iz’kklukizek.ksp U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj R;k&R;k ikrGhoj
nsÅu U;k;nkukph O;oLFkk dsyh gksrh- iz’kkldh; izeq[k vkf.k yksdla[;k ;kaP;k enrhus gs U;k;nku
gksr vls-
4-4-3- izkarhd U;k;O;oLFkk
izkarhd U;k;O;oLFksr ea«;kauk ts foHkkx lqiwrZ dsys gksrs- rsFkhy U;k;O;oLFkk lqH;kae/khy
U;k;O;oLFksyk 'lqHkk ethyl' EgVys tkrs- rlsp ijxtk etyhl o xzke etyhl v’kh U;k;nkukph
mrjaM gksrh- R;kaps vf/kdkj o dk;Z{ks= fuf’pr gksrh-
1½ ea«;kaps foHkkx %
U;k;nku gs egRRoiw.kZ dk;Z ekuwu f’kokth egkjktkauh N=irhadMs U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj vckf/kr
Bsoys gksrs- i.k R;kpcjkscj tls LojkT;kps foHkkx ikMwu rs osxosxG;k ea«;kadMs lqiwnZ dsys gksrs- rlsp
R;k foHkkxkps U;kf;d iz’kklugh R;k&R;k ea«;kdMs gksrs- vkikiY;k foHkkxkrhy U;k;nkukph tckcnkjh
R;k R;k ea«;kdMs gksrh-
2½ lqHkk etyhl %
LojkT;kps lqH;kae/;s foHkktu d:u izR;sd lqH;kpk iz’kkldh; vf/kdkjh gk lqHksnkj gksrk-
lqHksnkjkdMs lqH;kP;k iz’kklukps o lqH;ke/khy U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj gksrs- fnok.kh o QkStnkjh ;k nksUgh
[kVY;kaps dkedkt rks ikgr vls- lqHksnkj gkp lqHkketyhlpk izeq[k gksrk vkf.k jktkpk izfrfu/kh ;k
ukR;kus R;kyk gk U;k;fuokMk djkok ykxr vls- fo’ks‛kr% orukps [kVys vlr- ;ke/;s R;kyk
orunkjhphgh enr gksr vls-
104
3½ ijx.kk %
ijx.kk xksretyhle/;s ns’keq[k] ns’kikaMs] ikVhy] dqyd.khZ] ‘ksVs] egktu] pkSxqy]s vls
orunkj vlr- U;k;nkukps dke gs orunkjp djr vlr- xksretyhlpk izeq[k ns’keq[k gksrk- R;kyk
fnok.kh o QkStnkjh [kVys pkyo.;kpk vf/kdkj gksrk- ijx.;ke/khy loZ izdkjP;k [kVY;kaps fujkdj.k
dj.;kps dke R;kP;kdMs gksrs- xksretyhlP;k lgk¸;kus gs U;k;nku gksr vls-
4½ rQZ%
rQZe/khy U;k;nku Bk.kketyhlekQZr gksr gksrs- Bk.kketyhlpk eq[; vf/kdkjh gksrk gokynkj
xkokP;k ljg|hc|yps [kVys bukeh orukaP;k rdzkjhps [kVys rks ikgr gksrk- rQZe/khy ‘kkarrk o
lqO;oLFkspk Hkax dj.kkÚ;kauk f’k{kk dj.;kpk vf/kdkj R;kyk gksrk-
5½ xzkeetyhl %
U;k;jpusrhy lokZar izkFkfed U;k;ky; Eg.kts xzkeetyhl- xkoP;k ikVykdMs xzkeetyhlps
U;k;nkukps vf/kdkj gksrs- pkSxqyk ;k orunkjkP;k enrhus rks gs U;k;nkukps dke igkr vls- czEglHkk
Eg.kts fonoku czkEg.kkaph lHkk- czEg’kkL=kps Kku vl.kkÚ;k czkEg.kkaph rhFkZ{ks+=h lHkk gksr vls- fganwps
ifo= xaFz k Jqrh] Le`rh] osn] mifu‛kns ;akps Kku vlwu U;k;nkukr R;kaps lanHkZ ?ksrys tkr- ijaijk]
vkpkjfopkj] lekt:<h ;kapkgh fopkj czEglHksr ?ksryk tkr vls- tkr] /keZ ;klaca/khP;k xqarkxqarhP;k
[kVY;kps fuokMs czEglHksr gksr- czEglHkk gh ,d izdkjs lokZsPp U;k;nku laLFkk gksrh- dkj.k R;krhy
fu.kZ;kar cny dj.;kpk vf/kdkj lglk dks.kkykgh uls-
6½ tkrhlHkk
izR;sd tkrhP;k varxZr U;k;nkuklkBh tkrhlHkk gksrh- ,dk fof’k‛V tkrhrhy iap R;k fBdk.kh
R;k&R;k tkrhcn~ny vl.kkjs fu;e y{kkr ?ksÅu U;k;nku djhr- tkr iapk;rhyk Qkj egRRo gksrs-
dkj.k lglk ;k f’k{kk dBksj vlr- okGhr Vkd.ks ;k f’k{ksykrj Qkjp okbZV letys tkbZ- tj
tkrhlHksdMs fu.kZ; gksÅ ‘kdyk ukgh rj rks [kVyk czEglHksdMs tkr vls-
7½ iapa k;r %
is’kosdkyhu U;k;O;oLFksrhy egRokph vkf.k oSf’k‛V;iw.kZ U;k;lajpuk gksrh- xkokrhy loZ
fnok.kh [kVys vkf.k dkgh izek.kkr QkStnkjh [kVys pkyfo.;kpk vf/kdkj xzkeiapk;rhyk gksrk- lglk
xzkeiapk;rhrp [kVY;kaps fujkdj.k gksr vls- iapkauk is’kO;kadMwu osru uOgrs ek= [kVY;krhy oknh &
izfroknhdMwu feG.kkjh gjdh ¼ jDde ½ iapkauk feGr vls-
8-fnO;s
,[kk|k [kVY;kckcr dkgh iqjkok feGr ulsy fdaok rks viw.kZ vlsy rj nSoh ‘kDrhyk
vkokgu d:u lR; ‘kks/k.;klkBh fnO;kpk okij dsyk tkr vls- ;k fnO;kaps nksu izdkj gksrs- tyfnO;
105
vkf.k vfXufnO;- ;kiSdh vfXufnO;ke/;s [kknhO;] yksgfnO; vkf.k ,sj.khfnO; gs rhu izdkj gksrs-
dks.kR;kgh izdkjP;k iqjkO;kP;k vk/kkjs nks‛kh vk<GysY;k O;Drhyk dBksj f’k{kk fnyh tkr vls-
4-4-4- f’k{kkaps izdkj
f’kodkGkr f’k{ksps rhu izdkj gksrs- fnok.knaM ¼ jktnaM ½] nsonaM ¼ czEgnaM ½] vkf.k
tkfrnaM ¼ xksrnaM ½] ljdkjh f’k{ksyk fnok.k naM Eg.kr- /kkfeZd o vkfFkZd nks‛k fuokj.;klkBhP;k
f’k{ksyk nsonaM Eg.kr vlr- tkfrnaM gh ,d lkekftd f’k{kk gksrh- tkfrO;ogkjkyk ik= gks.;klkBh
R;kyk tkrhyk tso.k |kos ykxr vls-
gkr&ik; rksM.ks] MksGs dk<.ks] xkokckgsj Vkd.ks] cfg‛d`r dj.ks] f’kjPNsn dj.ks] lqGkoj
p<o.ks] xk<oko:u f/kaM dk<.ks] rksaMkyk dkGs Qkl.ks] dMsyksV dj.ks] naM dj.ks] v’kk f’k{kk fnY;k
tkr gksR;k-
ljkoklkBh iz’u
1- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dsafnz; iz’kklukph ekfgrh fygk-
2- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dsafnz; iz’kklukps ?kVd Li‛V djk-
3- f’kodkyhu dsfa nz; iz’kklukrhy v‛Viz/kku eaMGkps o.kZu djk-
4- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dsafnz; iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s fygk-
5- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k izkafrd iz’kklukph jpuk fo’kn djk-
6- f’kodkyhu izkafrd iz’kklukr ikfVy o dqyd.khZ ;kaph dkes dks.krh gksrh-
7- f’kodkGkrhy izkafrd iz’kklukr ns’kikaMs o pkSxqyk ;kaph dkes dks.krh gksrh ?
8- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k izkafrd iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s fygk-
9- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k y‛dj iz’kklukrhy ?kVd dks.kdks.krs gksrs ?
10- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k y‛djh iz’kklukph oSf’k‛V;s Li‛V djk-
11- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkjekjkph ekfgrh fygk-
12- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dsafnz; U;k;O;oLFksph ekfgrh fygk-
13- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkrhy izkafrd U;k;O;oLFkk Li‛V djk-
14- f’kodkGkrhy U;k;nku i/nrhps o.kZu djk o rRdkyhu fnO;s vkf.k f’k{kkaph ekfgrh lkaxk-

vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds

1- v=s f=a- uk-] xkoxkMk]
2- fpV.khl d`- uk- e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; ladYiuk o laLFkk-
3- Sen S. N., Administrative System of the Marathas,
4- Sen S. N., Military System of the Marathas,

106
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k 5 os
N=irh f’kokth egkjkt vkf.k ijdh; lRrk
vuqØef.kdk
5- 1- iksrZqxht
5- 2- Mp
5- 3- Ýspa
5- 4- baxzt

izLrkouk
LojkT;kph LFkkiuk o foLrkj djrkuk f’kokth egkjktkauk vkfny’kkgh] o eq?kyh lRrka’kh
la?k"kZ djkok ykxyk gksrk- ;k LFkkfud lRrk/kh’kkacjkscjp f’kokth egkjktkauk baxzt] iksrZqxht] fln~nh o
Mp ;k ijdh; O;kikÚ;kacjkscjgh la?k"kZ djkok ykxyk- ofjy ijdh; O;kikjh Hkkjrkr O;kikj dj.;kP;k
mn~n’s kku vkys gksrs- R;kauh HkkjrkP;k osxosxG;k‘kgjke/;s vkiY;k o[kkjh LFkkiu dsY;k- O;kikj djr
vlrkuk R;kapk ejkBs] eq?ky] vkfny’kgk o dqrwc’kgk ;k LFkkfud lRrka’kh laca/k o la?k"kZ >kyk-
tkusokjh 1656 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh tkoGh izns’k ftadwu ?ksryk- tkoGhojhy fot;keqGs
LojkT;kP;k lhekapk foLrkj dksd.kki;Zar >kyk- ns’kko:u dksd.kkr tk.kkÚ;k okVkoj o ?kkVkaoj f’kokth
egkjktkaps opZLo fuekZ.k >kY;keqGs if’pe leqnzfdukjiV~Vho:u ns’kkdMs gks.kkÚ;k O;kikjkoj fu;a=.k
Bso.ks R;kauk lgt ’kD; >kys- tkoGh fot;keqGs LojkT;kpk foLrkj dksd.kki;Zar >kY;keqGs f’kokth
egkjktkapk laca/k baxzt] iksrZqxht] fln~nh] Mp o Ýspa ;k ijdh; lRrka’kh ;s.;kl lq:okr >kyh-
vkWDVkscj 1657 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dY;k.k & fHkoaMh izns’k ftadwu ?ksryk- ;k izns’kkr R;kauh
vkjekjkP;k mHkkj.khl lq:okr dsyh- dkj.k ^^T;kps vkjekj R;kpk leqnz** ;k /kksj.kkph tk.kho R;kauk
gksrh- Hkfo";kr leqnzkojhy O;kikjko:u o dksd.kkrhy lRrkfoLrkjko:u vkiyk ;k ijdh;
lRrk/kh’kkalh la?k"kZ gksbZy ;kph tk.kho R;kauk gksrh- R;keqGs ejkBk jkT;klkBh lkeF;Z’kkyh vkjekj
mHkkj.;koj R;kauh Hkj fnyk- 1657 rs 1659 Ik;Zar f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkjekjkrhy ifgyh ohl
y<kÅ xycrs r;kj >kyh gksrh-
5-- 1-- f’kokth egkjkt iksrqZxht lac/a k
Hkkjrkr lokZr izFke iksrZqxhtkaps vkxe.k >kys- b- l- 1510 e/;s R;kauh xksok ;sFks vkiyh
olkgr LFkkiu dsyh- dksd.kkrhy olbZ ;k fBdk.kkojgh R;kauh vkiys opZLo izLFkkihr dsys gksrs-
1657 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh vkjekjkph eqgwrZe<s jksoyh- R;klkBh R;kauh izFke iksrZqxhtkaph enr
?ksryh- vkjekj mHkkj.khlkBh iksrZqxhtkaph enr ?ksrkuk vki.k ;k vkjekjkpk mi;ksx fln~nhaP;k fojks/kkr

107
dj.kkj vkgksr vls tkfgj dsys- iksrZqxht ra=KkaP;k lgk¸;kus 1657 rs 1659 ;k dkyko/khr f’kokth
egkjktkauh vkiY;k vkjekjkrhy ifgys fol y<kÅ tgkts r;kj dsyh- i.k ;kp vkjekjkpk mi;ksx
Hkfo";kr vkiY;kfojks/kkrgh gksbZy ;k fHkrhus xksO;kP;k OgkbZljkW;us f’kokth egkjktkadMhy iksrqZxht
ra=Kkoj nMi.k vk.kwu R;kauk ijr cksykoys- olbZP;k vklikl ejkB;kaP;k vkjekjkpk okoj gksrk dkek
u;s ;kph dkGth iksrqZxht ?ksr vlr- ejkB;kaP;k fojks/kkr fln~nhauk xqIri.ks enr dj.;kps /kksj.k
iksrZqxhtkauh vaxhdkjys gksrs- ejkB;kapk fojks/k vlrkukgh iksrZqxht fln~nhauk ’kL=kL=s o vUu/kkU; iqjor
vlr- ejkB;kaP;k fojks/kkr iksrZqxht tls fln~nhauk enr djr r’khp enr ejkB;kaP;k fojks/kkr
vkfny’kgkykgh djr vlr- iksrZqxhtkaP;k ;k /kksj.kkckcr MkW- filqyZsdj Eg.krkr] ^^fln~nh o f’kokth
;kaP;ke/khy la?k"kkZr iksrZqxhtkapk vks<k tlk fln~nhadMs gksrk R;kpizek.ks vkfny’kgk o f’kokth ;kaP;k
y<;kr iksrZqxht vkfny’kgkyk xqIri.ks enr djhr fdaok f’kokthP;k fHkrheqGs funku rVLFk rjh jkgkr]
i.k f’kokthph cktw ?ksr ulr- lRrspk rksy jk[k.;klkBh iksrZqxhtkal vls dj.ks Hkkx iMs!**
Tkkusokjh 1664 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kykaps le`/n o laiUu lqjr ’kgj yqVys- laiRrh
?ksÅu lqjrso:u ijr ;sr vlrkuk ejkBs iksrqZxhtkaP;k izns’kktoGwu ijr vkys- osGizlaxh iksrqZxht
izns’kkpk mi;ksx djrk ;sbZy vls R;kauk okVr gksrs- lqjrsph ;’kLoh yqV d:u vkY;kuarj iksrZqxhtkauh
f’kokth egkjktkaps vfHkuanugh dsys gksrs- Qsczoq kjh 1665 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dkjokj
fdukÚ;kojhy csnuwj jkT;kP;k cluwj canjkoj vkjekjh Lokjh dsyh- ;k Lokjhoj tkrkuk R;kauk
iksrZqxhtkauh fojks/k dsyk ukgh- Lokjho:u ijr ;srkuk ek= f’kokth egkjktkauk iksrZqxht vkjekjk’kh la?k"kZ
djkok ykxyk- ;k la?k"kkZr iksrZqxhtkauh ejkB;kaph 13 rkjos idMyh gksrh- dkgh dkyko/khuarj R;kauh
gh rkjos ejkB;kaP;k Lok/khu dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vkØed gkypkyhauk ik;can ?kkywu R;kapk
dk;epk cankscLr dj.;klkBh vkSjaxtsckus fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkph fu;qDrh 1665 e/;s dsyh-
t;flaxkfo:/nP;k la?k"kkZr iksrZqxhtkauh f’kokth egkjktkauk xqIri.ks enr dsyh gksrh- i.k lnj la?k"kkZr
t;flaxkpk fot; >kY;kuarj R;kP;k’kh uksOgsca j 1666 e/;s lyks[;kpk rg iksrZqxhtkauh dsyk-
t;flaxkiklwu vki.kkl =kl gksÅ u;s gk R;kekxpk R;kapk gsrw gksrk- ejkB;kauh 1666 e/;s
vkfny’kgkP;k opZLok[kkyhy QksMa k fdYyk ftad.;klkBh eksfge gkrh ?ksryh- gk egRokpk fdYyk
ejkB;kaP;k opZLok[kkyh xsY;kuarj vki.kkl ejkB;kadMwu =kl gksbZy ;k fHkrhus iksrZqxhtkauh QksaM;kP;k
fdYysnkjkl xqIri.ks nk:xksGk iqjowu enr dsyh- QksaM;kpk fdYyk iksrZqxht lhestoG vlY;kus
ejkB;kaP;k opZLok[kkyh tk.ks iksrqZxht lRrsP;k n`"Vhus /kksD;kps gksrs- iksrqZxhtkauh QksaM;kP;k
fdYysnkjkl xqIri.ks enr dsY;keqGs gk fdYyk ejkB;kauk ftadrk vkyk ukgh- fe>kZ jktk t;flaxkP;k
vkxzgko:u f’kokth egkjkt vkxzk ;sFks eq?ky ckn’kgk vkSjaxtsckP;k HksVhlkBh xsys gks rs- vkxzk ;sFkhy
dSnsrwu lqVdk d:u LojkT;kr ijr vkY;kuarj iksrZqxhtkauh f’kokth egkjktkaps vfHkuan dsys - f’kokth
108
egkjktka’kh ojdj.kh eS=hps ukVd dj.kkjs iksrZqxht varLFki.ks f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ’k=wauk enr djr
vlY;kus ejkBs & iksrqZxht laca/k lyks[;kps jkgw ’kdys ukghr- y[ke lkoar] ukjck lkoar] ds’ko
ukbZd] ds’ko izHkw]’ks.koh gs xksO;kP;k vkJ;kus ejkB;kaP;k izns’kkoj gYys djr vlr- ejkB;kaP;k ;k
fojks/kdkauk iksrZqxhtkadMwu vkJ; feGr gksrk- iksrqZxhtkaps /kkfeZd /kksj.kgh ejkBs & iksrqZxht laca/k
fc?kM.;kl dkj.khHkwr Bjys- iksrZqxht vkiY;k opZLok[kkyhy izns’kkrhy fganw yksdkaoj f[kzLrh /keZ
Lohdkj.;kph lDrh djr vlr- iksrZqxhtkaP;k ;k /kksj.kkcn~ny MkW- filqyZsdj Eg.krk]^^jktkpk /keZ rksp
iztps k /keZ gs rRo xksO;krhy jktdkj.kke/;s f’kjys gksrs vkf.k R;kuqlkj dk;ns dj.;kr vkys gksrs-**
Ckkjns’koj Lokjh
f’kokth egkjktkauh uksOgsca j 1667 e/;s iksrZqxhtkauk /kMk f’kdo.;klkBh ckjns’koj Lokjh dsyh-
iksrZqxhtkaP;k izns’kkr jkgwu vki.kkl =kl ns.kk-;k caM[kksj nslk;kauk idM.ks o ckjns’k yqV.ks gh f’kokth
egkjktkaps ckjns’koj Lokjh dj.;kps dkj.ks gksrh- 20 rs 22 ukOgsacj ;k dkyko/khr ejkB;kauh
ckjns’ke/khy vusd xkos yqVwu csfpjk[k dsyh- tcjnLrhus /kekZarj dj.kkÚ;k rhu f[kzLrh /keksZins’kdkauk
idMwu ;enkukl ikBoys- vusd yksdkauk idMys gksrs- ejkB;kaP;k iz[kj vkØe.kkiq<s iksrZqxhtkapk
fVdko ykxyk ukgh- ejkB;kauk jks[kwu izfrdkj dj.ksgh R;kauk ’kD; >kys ukgh- ejkB;kacjkscjpk la?k"kZ
vki.kkl vf/kdp egkxkr iMsy gs vksG[kwu iksrZqxhtkauh ejkB;ka’kh rg dj.;kps Bjoys- fMlsca j
1667 e/;s iksrZqxhtkauh vkiyk odhy iknzh xksalkyw ;kyk jk;xMkoj ikBoys- f’kokth egkjktkacjkscj
>kysY;k rgkuqlkj iksrZqxhtkauh y[ke lkoar o ds’ko ukbZd ;k ejkB;kaps ’k=w vlysY;k caM[kksj
nslk;kauk vkJ; u ns.;kps ekU; dsys- R;kuqlkj twu 1668 e/;s y[ke lkoar o ds’ko ukbZd ;kauk
iksrZqxhtkauk xksO;kckgsj ?kkyowu fnys- f’kokth egkjktkauh ckjns’kojhy Lokjhr idMysY;k dS|kauk eqDr
dsys-
xksO;krhy mBkokph ;kstuk
LojkT;kpk foLrkj dj.;klkBh o xksO;kojhy iksrZqxhtkaps opZLo dk;eps laiq"Vkr vk.k.;klkBh
f’kokth egkjktkauh xksO;koj Lokjh dj.;kph /kkMlh] egRodka{kh ;kstuk uksOgsca j 1668 e/;s vk[kyh-
;k ;kstusuqlkj f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k ek.klkadMwu xksO;ke/;s iksrZqxhtkafo:/n vpkud mBko
?kMowu vk.kk;pk o R;kp osGls xksO;koj vkØe.k d:u xksok ftadk;pk vls Bjo.;kr vkys gksrs -
;k ;kstusuqlkj f’kokth egkjktkauh xVkxVkus o VI;kVI;kus iksrZqxhtkaP;k y{kkr ;s.kkj ukgh v’kk i/nrhus
vkiyh 400 rs 500 ek.kls xksO;kr ikBoyh- ijarq gh ;kstuk ;’kLoh gksÅ ’kdyh ukgh- dkj.k ;k
;kstusph ekfgrh iksrZqxhtkauk gksÅu rs lko/k >kys gksrs- iksrZqxhtkauh xksO;krhy vkysys ejkBk yksd
vpwdi.ks ’kks/kwu dk<ys o R;kauk xksO;kckgsj gn~nikj dsys- ;kuarj izR;{k xksO;koj Lokjh dj.;kpk

109
fopkjgh f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk- i.k rls dj.ks ’kD; >kys ukgh- ’ksoVh f’kokth egkjkt o
iksrZqxht ;kaP;kr 10 Qsczqokjh 1670 e/;s rg ?kMwu vkyk- ;k rgkrhy rjrqnh iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-
1 iksrZqxht o ejkBs ;kaP;kr ;kiwohZ >kysY;k la?k"kkZr ijLijkaph th tgkts yqV.;kr vkyh gksrh
R;kcn~ny ijLijkauk ;ksX; rh uqdlku HkjikbZ |koh-
2 iksrZqxhtkauh eq?kykaP;k tgktkaiez k.ksp ejkB;kaP;k tgktkaukgh loyrh n;kO;kr-
3 f’kokth egkjktkauh iksrqZxht izns’k o LojkT; ;kaP;ke/khy ljgn~nhoj fdYys cka/kw u;sr-
4 iksrZqxht o fln~nh ,desdkaps fe= vlys rjh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k fo:/n iksrZqxhtkauh fln~nhauk
nk:xksGk o vU; jln iqjow u;s- iksrZqxhtkauh f’kokth egkjkt o fln~nh ;kaP;ke/;s lyks[kk
fuekZ.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru djkok-
iqu’p r.kko
f’kokth egkjkt o iksrqZxht ;kaP;ke/;s Qsczoq kjh 1670 e/;s rg gksÅu fuekZ .k >kysyh ’kkarrk
iq<s Qkj fnol fVdw ’kdyh ukgh- es 1672 e/;s eksjksira fiaxGs ;kP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkBk lSU;kus
pkSy] dkjats o eqca bZiklwu rs ne.k & cylkMi;Zarpk iksrZqxhtkaP;k opZLok[kkyhy izns’k yqVyk- iq<s
jkeuxjps dksGh jkT;gh ejkB;kauh ftadys- jkeuxjpk jktk ne.kP;k izns’kkrwu pkSFkkbZ olwy djr gksrk-
jkeuxjps jkT; vkrk vki.k ftadY;keqGs ne.k izns’kkrwu vki.kkl pkSFkkbZ feGkoh v’kh ekx.kh f’kokth
egkjktkauh iksrZqxhtkadMs dsyh- ijarq iksrZqxhtkauh pkSFkkbZ ns.;kl VkGkVkG dsyh- iksrZqxhtkaP;k
ejkB;kafo"k;hP;k nqVIih /kksj.kkpk jkx ;sÅu R;kapk cankscLr dj.;klkBh xksO;koj Lokjh dj.;kpk fu.kZ;
f’kokth egkjktkauh ?ksryk- QksMa ;ktoG eknkth vuar ;kP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkB;kaps lSU; tek >kys-
f’kokth egkjkt xksO;koj Lokjh dj.kkj gh ckreh ,sdw.k iksrZqxhtkauk izpaM /kDdk clyk- i.k f’kokth
egkjktkapk e`R;w >kY;keqGs xksO;koj Lokjh dj.;kph ejkB;kaph ;kstuk jn~n >kyh- R;keqGs iksrZqxhtkauk
gk;ls okVys- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;wfo"k;h xksO;kpk rRdkyhu xOguZj Eg.krks] ^^f’kokthP;k e`R;weqGs
gs jkT; vkrk dkGthrwu eqDr >kys! ;q/nkis{kk ’kkarrsP;k izlaxh rks vf/kd Hkhfrnk;d gksrk-** R;kP;k
;k mn~xkjko:u iksrZqxhtkaP;k f’kokth egkjktkaP;k /kksj.kkfo"k;hph dYiuk ;srs-
5- 2- f’kokth egkjkt Mp laca/k
Hkkjrkr iksrZqxhtkaP;k uarj Mpkaps vkxeu >kys- iksrZqxht o Mp ,desdkauk Lor%ps izfrLi/khZ
letr vlr- 1649 P;k lqekjkl Mpkauh osaxy
q sZ ;sFks vkiyh o[kkj lq: dsyh o fdYykgh cka/kyk-
1663 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh MpkaP;k opZLok[kkyhy dqMkGoj Lokjh dsyh- ;k Lokjhpk MpkaP;k
O;kikjkoj izfrdwy ifj.kke >kyk- f’kokth egkjktkauh tkusokjh 1664 e/;s eq?kykaP;k opZLok[kkyhy
lqjr ’kgjkph yqV dsyh- ;k yqVhP;k osGh ejkB;kauh MpkadMs utjk.kk ekxhryk- i.k vki.k vkiyk
loZ iSlk O;kikjkr xqra oY;keqGs vki.kkdMs jks[k iSls ukghr vls lkaxwu osG fuHkkÅ.k usgyh- 1665
110
e/;s lqjrsP;k eq?ky lqHksnkjkus f’kokth egkjktkaps vkjekj u"V dj.;klkBh Mpkaph enr ekxhryh i.k
Mpkauh R;kyk enr dsyh ukgh- 1667 e/;s Mpkauh f’kokth egkjktkauk ckjns’koj Lokjh dj.;kl
m|qDr dsys vls iksrZqxhtkauk okVr gksrs- 1670 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsph nqlÚ;k osGsl yqV
dsyh- ;k yqVhr ejkB;kauh Mpkauk =kl fnyk ukgh- 1672 e/;s Mpkauh f’kokth egkjktkauk utjk.kk
o i= ikBowu fnys gksrs- ekpZ 1677 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dukZVd eksfge gkrh ?ksryh- iksVksZuksOgks
o rsxukiVe~ ;sFks MpkaP;k o[kkjh gksR;k- Mp vf/kdkÚ;kauh f’kokth egkjktkaph HksV ?ksÅu utjk.kk
fnyk- f’kokth egkjktkauhgh iksVksZuksOgks o rsxukiVe~ ;sFkhy MpkaP;k o[kkjhl ijokus fnys-
5- 3- f’kokth egkjkt o Ýspa laca/k
b- l- 1668 e/;s Ýsapkps Hkkjrkr vkxe.k >kys- fMlsacj 1668 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkaph
ijokuxh ?ksÅu jktkiwj ;k fBdk.kh R;kauh vkiyh o[kkj lq: dsyh- jktkiwjf’kok; R;kaP;k lqjr]
rsypjh] ePNyhiV~V.ke ;sFksgh o[kkjh gksR;k- f’kokth egkjkt o Ýspa ;kaP;krhy laca/k lyks[;kps
gksrs- dkj.k f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ekx.khuqlkj Ýspa kuh ejkB;kauk nk:xksGk iqjoyk gksrk- R;keqGs
ejkB;kadMwu Ýspa kuk minzo ns.;kr vkyk ukgh- 1670 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh nqlÚ;kank lqjrsph yqV
dsyh- ;k yqVhph vkxkÅ ekfgrh f’kokth egkjktkauh Ýspa kauk fnyh gksrh- lnj yqVhe/;s ejkB;kadMwu
dlykgh =kl Ýspa o[kkjhl gks.kkj ukgh vls vk’oklugh f’kokth egkjktkauh fnys gksrs- Ýspa o[kkjhP;k
’kstkjhp vlysY;k dk’kuxjP;k jkTkkP;k okM;kr eksB;k izek.kkr laiRrh vlY;kps f’kokth egkjktkauk
letys gksrs- ;k okM;kr izos’k dj.;kl Ýspa kuh okV n;koh v’kh ekx.kh f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyh-
R;kaP;k ;k ekx.khuqlkj ejkB;kauk Ýspa kauh okV d:u nsÅu ejkB;kauk enrp dsyh-
f’kokth egkjktkauk Ýspa yksd o Ýspa daiuh ;kaP;kfo"k;h fo’ks"k vknj vkgs v’kh ekfgrh
lqjrP;k Ýsap o[kkjhps vf/kdkjh ckjkWa o Cyks ;kauh Ýspa iz/kku dksycsj ;kyk fyfgysY;k i=kr fnyh vkgs-
pkSy canj Ýspa kuk fodr ns.;klaca/kh ckjkWa ;kus 1672 e/;s f’kokth egkjktka’kh xqIri.ks ppkZ dsyh
gksrh- i.k iqjs’kk iS’kkP;k vHkkoh Ýspa kuk gs canj fodr ?ksrk vkys ukgh- 1675 e/;s jktkiwj ;sFks
ckjkWa dkgh fnol eqDdkekl gksrk- ;k dkyko/khr R;kph f’kokth egkjktkapk dksd.kkrhy lqHksnkj
v..kkth nRrks ;kP;k’kh cÚ;kp okVk?kkVh >kY;k- ;k dkyko/khrp f’kokth egkjkt dukZVd eksfge
gkrh ?ks.kkj vkgsr v’kh ekfgrh R;kyk feGkyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjkt o vkfny’kgkpk lsukirh
cgyksy[kku ;kaP;kr eS=hpk rg ?kMowu vk.k.;kpk iz;Ru ckjkWa ;kus dsyk gksrk- i.k R;kpk gk iz;Ru
;’kLoh >kyk ukgh- 1677 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dukZVd eksfge gkrh ?ksryh gksrh- ;k eksfgesr
Ýspa kapk ikWaMspjh ;sFkhy o[kkjhpk izeq[k ÝksaLok ekjrkWa ;kus ikWaMspjh ;sFkhy Ýspa kaP;k o[kkjhl f’kokth
egkjktkadMwu ijokuxh o laj{k.kkph geh feGoyh- ;k eksfgesr f’kokth egkjktkauh ikWaMspjhojgh opZLo
izLFkkihr dsys- R;kauh ejkB;kaP;k orhus Ýspa kP;k ikWaMspjh ;sFkhy nSuafnu O;ogkjkoj ns[kjs[k
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Bso.;klkBh nksu vf/kdkÚ;kaph fu;qDrh dsyh- iq<s ejkBs o Ýspa ;kaps laca/k Qkjls pkaxys jkfgys ukghr-
ekjrWa ;kyk f’kokth egkjktkadMwu o[kkjhlkBh ijokuxh feGo.ks dehi.kkps okVys- f’kokth egkjkt gs
,d caM[kksj o yqVk: vkgsr vls R;kps er r;kj >kys gksrs- rj Ýspa dukZVd eksfgesr ejkB;kadMwu
ijkHkwr >kysyk vkfny’kkgh lqHksnkj ’ksj[kku yksnh ;kP;k’kh xqIr laxuer lk/krkr vls Ýspa kfo"k;h
ejkB;kaps er cuys gksrs-
5- 4- f’kokth egkjkt baxzt lac/a k
1- baxztka’kh ifgyk la?k"kZ
uksOgsca j 1659 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh vkfny’kgkpk cyk<; ljnkj vQ>y[kku ;kpk o/k dsyk-
R;kuarj tkusokjh 1660 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkapk jktkiwjdj baxztka’kh izFke laca/k vkyk- baxztkauh
1649 e/;s jktkiwj ;sFks vkiyh o[kkj m?kMyh gksrh- jktkiwj ;sFks vQ>y[kkkukP;k ekydhph rhu
tgkts vkyh gksrh- baxztkauh ;k tgktkauk vkJ; fnyk- vQ>y[kkukP;k o/kkuarj f’kokth egkjktkauh
;k fru tgktkaph ekx.kh jktkiwjdj baxztkadMs dsyh- tkusokjh 1660 e/;s ejkB;kaP;k lSU;kus jktkiwj
& dqMkG izns’kkoj vkØe.k dsys- nkSjksth ;k f’kokth egkjktkaP;k vf/kdkÚ;kus baxztkadMs
vQ>y[kkukP;k fru tgktkaph ekx.kh dsyh- gsUjh jsOghaXVu gk jktkiwjP;k baxzt o[kkjhpk izeq[k
vf/kdkjh vlwu rks /kqrZ o nzO;yksHkh gksrk- vQ>y[kkukps tgkts ejkB;kaP;k Lok/khu dj.;kl R;kus
VkGkVkG lq: dsyh- vQ>y[kkukP;k rhu tgktkaiSdh ,d tgkt baxztkauh cGdkoys rj brj nksu
tgktkaojhy yksdkauk ejkB;kafo:/n fQroys- R;keqGs nkSjksth ;k ejkBk vf/kdkÚ;kus fxQMZ ;k baxzt
izfrfu/khl o baxztkpk nyky ckckth ;kyk vVd d:u [kkjsikV.kP;k fdY;kr Mkacys- gsUjh jsOghaXVu
;kus f’kokth egkjktkauk i= ikBowu vVd dsysY;k O;Drhaph lqVdk dj.;kr ;koh v’kh ekx.kh dsyh-
R;k ekscnY;kr fln~nhaP;k naMkjktiwjhojhy eksfgesr ejkB;kauk enr dj.;kps vk’oklu fnys-
Hkfo";krhy jktdkj.kkr jktkiwjdj baxztkapk mi;ksx gksbZy vlk fopkj d:u f’kokth egkjktkauh
baxztkaps loZ dSnh lksMwu ns.;kpk vkns’k vkiY;k vf/kdkÚ;kauk fnyk-
2- baxa ztka’kh nqljk la?k"kZ
vQ>y[kkukP;k o/kkuarj f’kokth egkjktkapk cankscLr dj.;klkBh vkfny’kgkus fln~nh tkSgj ;kph
fu;qDrh dsyh- 2 ekpZ 1660 e/;s fln~nh tkSgjus iUgkG;kP;k fdY;kl os<k fnyk- ;k lqekjkl
f’kokth egkjktkaps okLrO; iUgkGk fdY;kojp gksrs- ;k la?k"kkZr jktkiwjdj baxztkauh fln~nh tkSgjyk
enr dsyh- gsUjh jsOghaXVu gk jktkiwj o[kkjhpk vf/kdkjh o R;kP;klkscr fe?kWe] fxQMZ o osyth gs
baxzt iUgkG;kl ,d rksQ o 50 rksQxksGs ?ksÅu vkys gksrs- ;k rksQspk o rksQxksG;kapk okij R;kauh
ejkB;kafo:/n dsyk- rksQ d’kh pkyokoh ;kps izkR;{khd R;kauh fln~nh tkSgjyk d:u nk[koys-

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rksQsoj baxzth fu’kk.k QMdowu gsUjh jsOghaXVuus iUgkG;koj rksQ Mkxyh- R;keqGs fln~nh tkSgj pkaxykp
[kw"k >kyk-
baxztkaP;k ;k d`rhpk f’kokth egkjktkauk eukseu jkx vkyk gksrk- i.k iUgkG;kP;k os<;kr
vMdY;keqGs baxt
z kaP;k ;k dkjok;k ikg.;kf’kok; ejkB;kauk dkghp djrk vkys ukgh- i.k jktkiwjP;k
;k baxzt vf/kdkÚ;kauk ’kklu dj.;kpk fu’p; f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk- iUgkG;kP;k os<;krwu lqVdk
>kY;kuarj ekpZ 1661 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh jktkiwjoj gYyk dsyk- jktkiwj gs l/ku canj gksrs-
f’kokth egkjktkauh gsUjh jsOghaXVu] fe?kWe] fxQMZ o brj dkgh baxt
z vf/kdkÚ;kauk idMys o R;kaph
jokuxh lksuxMP;k fdY;kr dj.;kr vkyh- ejkB;kauh jktkiwjph baxztkaph o[kkj iw.kZi.ks m/oLr dsyh-
;k o[kkjhr 25000 ph yqV feGkyh- v’kk i/nrhus fln~nh tkSgjyk enr dsY;kph pkaxyhp f’k{kk
gsUjh jsOghaXVu o R;kP;k lgdkÚ;kauk feGkyh- ejkB;kaP;k dSnsr vlysY;k nks?kkapk e`R;w dSnsrp >kyk-
nksu o"kkZaph dSnsph f’k{kk nsÅu R;kaph lqVdk dj.;kr vkyh- baxzt daiuhpk izsflMsaV vW.Mª;wt ;kus
gsUjh jsOghXVuyk fyfgysY;k i=kr Eg.krks] ^^daiuhP;k ekykps j{k.k dsys Eg.kwu gh dSn izkIr >kyh
ulwu iUgkG;kP;k os<;kr baxztkapk ckoVk QMdkowu xksGs mMfoY;kcn~nyps gs izk;’phRr vkgs -** v’kk
i/nrhus fln~nh tkSgjyk vkiY;kfo:/n enr dj.kk-;k jktkiwjP;k baxztkauk f’kokth egkjktkauh pkaxyhp
f’k{kk fnyh-
3- Lkqjrsph ifgyh yqV
6 rs 10 tkusokjh 1664 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh eq?kykaP;k l/ku o le`/n v’kk lqjr ’kgjkph
eulksDr yqV dsyh- laiRrh feGo.;kcjkscjp eq?kykaP;k vkJ;kus O;kikj dj.kk-;k baxzt] Qzasp o Mp
O;kik-;kae/;s vkiyh ng’kr fuekZ.k dj.;kP;k mn~ns’kkus f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsph yqV dsyh-
lqjrspk eq?ky lqHksnkj buk;r[kku ;kus lqjr ’kgjkps laj{k.k dj.;k,soth fdY;kr tkÅu clyk-
baxztkauh ek= vkiY;k o[kkjhps laj{k.k dj.;kph r;kjh dsyh- baxzt o[kkjhpk izeq[k tkWtZ vkWD>haMu
;kus 6 tkusokjh jksth vkiY;k nksu’ks lSfudkaps lqjrsP;k jLR;ko:u lapyu dsys- buk;r[kkukP;k
rqyusr baxztkauh /kS;Z nk[koY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ejkB;kauh dsysY;k lqjrsP;k yqVhr baxztkaps 1000 ikSaMps
uqdlku >kys- ejkB;kauh baxztkapk izfrfu/kh vWaVuh fLeFk ;kyk idMys o 300 :Ik;s naM ?ksÅu R;kph
lqVdk dsyh- ejkB;kauh lqjrspk Jhear O;kikjh gkth lSn csx ;kpk okMk QksMwu laiRrh feGoyh o
okM;kyk vkx yko.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- i.k R;kyk baxztkauh fojks/k dsyk- dkj.k ;k okM;ktoGp
baxztkaph o[kkj gksrh- okM;kyk ykxysyh vkx HkMdyh rj vkiY;k o[kkjhpsgh uqdlku gksbZy vls
baxztkauk okVr gksrs- ejkBs o baxzt ;kaP;kr ;kosGh >kysY;k pdedhr nksUghdMhy dkgh lSfud ej.k
ikoys- f’kokth egkjktauh baxzt o[kkjhdMs nqyZ{k dsys- dkj.k baxzt o[kkj yqVr clwu osG
?kkyo.;kis{kk lqjr yqV.ks R;kauk tkLr egRokps okVr gksrs-
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 4- Lkqjrsph nqljh yqV
3 o 4 vkWDVkscj 1670 jksth f’kokth egkjktkauh lqjrsph iqUgk yqV dsyh- ;k yqVhP;k osGh
baxztkauh ejkBs vkiyh o[kkj yqV.kkj ukghr ;kph dkGth ?ksryh- R;klkBh o[kkjhP;k laj{k.kkph
pkaxyh O;oLFkk R;kauh dsyh- f’kokth egkjktkapk vkiY;k o[kkjhl =kl gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu baxztkauh
vkiys izfrfu/kh R;kaP;kdMs ikBowu utjk.kkgh fnyk- ;k yqVhr f’kokth egkjktkauh vki.kkl =kl fnyk
ukgh vls baxztkauh fygwu Bsoys vkgs-
5- mfLVd f’kLVkbZ
f’kokth egkjktkauh 1664 o 1670 e/;s lqjrsph yqV dsY;kpk baxt
z kauh pkaxykp /kldk ?ksryk
gksrk- ;k nksu yqVheqGs lqjr ’kgjkrhy O;kikj pkaxykp eankoyk gksrk- vkiY;k O;kikjkP;k
lqjf{krrslkBh vkf.k f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lqjr yqVhpk QVdk clw u;s Eg.kwu baxztkauh lqjr ,soth
eqca bZl vkiyh eq[; o[kkj LFkykarjhr d:u f’kokth egkjktkaph ethZ laiknu dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk-
eqca bZrhy eq[; o[kkj vkf.k eqca bZ csVkP;k laj{k.kklkBh f’kokth egkjktka’kh lyks[;kps laca/k vl.ks
R;kauk xjtsps okVw ykxys- 1670 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh dY;k.k & fHkoaMhpk izns’k opZLok[kkyh
vk.kyk- ;k izns’kkrwu baxzt ykdqM QkVk vk.kr vlr- R;koj ejkB;kauh canh ?kkryh- R;keqGs
f’kokth egkjktka’kh izR;{k okVk?kkVh d:u loyrh feGokO;kr o jktkiwjyk o[kkj lq: dj.;kl
ijokuxh ?;koh vlk fopkj baxztkauh dsyk vkiyk izfrfu/kh LVhQu mLVhd ;kyk cksy.kh dj.;klkBh
ekpZ 1672 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkadMs ikBoys- f’kokth egkjkt o LVhQu mfLVd ;kaph HksV ,fizy &
es 1672 e/;s >kyh- LVhQu mfLVdus f’kokth egkjktkalkBh [kkl yaMu cksVhus vkysyk ekSY;oku
utjk.kk HksV fnyk- f’kokth egkjkt o LVhQu mfLVd ;kaP;k HksVhr okVk?kkVh gksÅu baxztkauk jktkiwjyk
iqUgk o[kkj m?kM.;kl vki.k lgkuqHkwrh nk[kow vls v’oklu f’kokth egkjktkauh fnys- ijarq ;k HksVhr
baxztkapk Qkjlk Qk;nk >kyk ukgh-
6- FkkWel fudYl
ejkB;kauh ,fizy 1673 e/;s gqcGh ;sFkhy baxztkaph o[kkj yqVyh vkf.k vkB gtkj gksukapk eky
feGoyk- jktkiwj o gqcGh ;sFkhy baxztkaP;k o[kkjh yqVwu ejkB;kauh bazxztkaph dsysyh uqdlkuHkjikbZ
feGo.;klkBh eqca bZdj baxztkauh FkkWel fudYl ;kyk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k HksVhlkBh jk;xM fdY;koj
ikBoys- 3 twu 1673 jksth f’kokth egkjkt o FkkWel fudYl ;kaph HksV >kyh- HksVhe/;s FkkWel
fudYlus gqcGh ;sFkhy baxzt o[kkjhaP;k yqVhpk fo"k; dk<yk rsOa gk gqcGhph yqV usedh dks.kh o dsaOgk
dsyh gs ekfgrh ulY;kus uqdlkuHkjikbZ ns.;kpk iz’up mnHkor ukgh vls f’kokth egkjktkauh lkafxrys -
vkiY;k izns’kkrwu ehB o ykdqMQkVk iqjoB;kckcr loyrh ns.;kps vk’oklu ek= R;kauh baxztkauk
fnys-
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 7- gsUjh vkWfD>aMsu
twu 1674 e/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh jkT;kfHk"ksd d:u ?ks.;kps fu’phr dsys gksrs- ;k lekjaHkkps
vkSfpR; lk/kwu vkiY;k O;kikjklkBh dkgh [kkl loyrh feGo.;klkBh baxztkauh vkiyk izfrfu/kh gsUjh
vkWfD>aMus ;kl f’kokth egkjktkaP;k HksVhlkBh ikBo.;kps Bjoys- jkT;kfHk"kd izlaxh rks jk;xMkoj
mifLFkr gksrk- jkT;kfHk"ksdkps o.kZu R;kus vkiY;k jkstfu’khe/;s d:u Bsoys vkgs- jkT;kfHk"ksdkuarj
12 twu 1674 jksth f’kokth egkjkt o gsUjh vkWfD>aMus ;kaph HksV >kyh- ;k HksVhr gsUjh vkWfD>aMus
;kus f’kokth egkjktkauk [kkl utjk.kk fnyk- HksVhe/;s f’kokth egkjktkauh baxztkauk LojkT;kr O;kikj
dj.;kph vkf.k jktkiwj] nkHkksG] pkSy] dY;k.k ;sFks o[kkjh m?kM.;kph ijokuxh fnyh-
8- lWE;qvy vkWfLVu
baxztkauh 1675 e/;s jktkiwj ;sFks iqUgk o[kkj lq: dsyh- ekpZ 1675 e/;s nf{k.k dksd.kP;k
eksfgesoj vlrkuk f’kokth egkjktkauh jktkiwjyk HksV fnyh- baxztkauh R;kauk 200 gksukapk utjk.kk
fnyk- ijarq f’kokth egkjkt baxzt laca/k Qkj fnol pkaxys jkgw ’kdys ukghr- dkj.k 1674 P;k
’ksoVh ejkB;kauh [kkuns’kkrhy /kj.kxko ;sFkhy baxztkaph o[kkj yqVyh- ejkB;kauh dsysY;k yqVheqGs
>kysyh uqdlkuHkjikbZ ekx.;klkBh o[kkjhpk izeq[k lWE;qvy vkWLVhu f’kokth egkjktkaP;k HksVhlkBh 6
lIVsca j 1675 jksth jk;xMkoj vkyk- 15 lIVsca j 1675 jksth f’kokth egkjkt o lWE;qvy vkWLVhu
;kaP;kr HksV >kyh- ;k HksVhr >kysY;k uqdlkuHkjikbZph ekx.kh lWE;qvy vkWLVhuus dsyh- ijarq lnj
yqVhcn~ny vki.kkl dks.krhgh ekfgrh feGkyh ukgh vls lkaxwu f’kokth egkjktkauh uqdlkuHkjikbZ
ns.;kl udkj fnyk-
9- [kkansjhpk y<k
baxztkaP;k ejkB;kafo"k;hP;k nqVIih HkwfedseqGs ejkBs o baxzt ;kaP;krhy laca/k fo’oluh; ikrGhoj
iksgpw ’kdys ukghr- f’kokth egkjktkauk baxt
z kafo"k;h d/khgh fo’okl okVr uOgrk- ejkB;kaP;k fojks/kkr
baxzt fln~nhauk lkrR;kus enr djr vlr- rlsp f’kokth egkjktkauh baxztkadMs rksQkph ekx.kh d:ugh
baxztkauh gh ekx.kh tk.khoiwoZd VkGyh gksrh- R;keqGs baxztkapk cankscLr dj.;kpk fu.kZ; f’kokth
egkjktkauh ?ksryk- baxzt o fln~nhauk ’kg ns.;klkBh vkWxLV 1679 e/;s [kkansjh csVkoj rVcanh
cka/k.;kl lq:okr dsyh- ejkB;kaP;k ;k /kksj.kkeqGs baxzt pkaxysp vLoLFk >kys- ejkB;kauk fojks/k
dj.;kps Bjowu R;kapk izfrdkj dj.;klkBh lIVsacj 1679 e/;s baxztkauh g;qtsl ;kph fu;qDrh dsyh-
ek;ukd HkaMkjh ;kP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkB;kauh [kkansjh csVkojhy rVcanhps dke lq: dsys gksrs-
ejkB;kauk feG.kkjh enr rksM.;kpk baxztkaph iz;Ru dsyk- i.k R;kpk dkghp mi;ksx >kyk ukgh-
baxztkacjkscj gks.kk-;k laHkkO; la?k"kkZpk fopkj d:u f’kokth egkjktkauh nkSyr[kku ;k ejkB;kaP;k vkjekj
izeq[kkl [kkansjh csVkdMs ikBoys- 19 lIVsca j jksth baxztkauh [kkansjh csVkoj rksQkapk ekjk dsyk- ijarq
115
>kysY;k la?k"kkZr baxztkapkp ijkHko >kyk- ek;ukd HkaMkjhus baxt
z kaps tgkt idMys- tkWtZ dksy o
dkgh baxztkauk ejkB;kauh dSn dsys-
vkWDVkscj 1679 e/;s dWIVu fjpMZ dafs XouP;k usr`Rok[kkyh fjOgsat fÝxzVs gs eksBs tgkt] 7
xycrs o 200 f’kikbZ [kkansjhyk os<k ?kky.;klkBh eqca bZo:u fu?kkys- ;kph ekfgrh ejkB;kauk feGrkp
ek;ukd HkaMkjh ;kP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkB;kauh baxztkaP;k vkjekjkoj vpkud gYyk p<oyk- vpkud
>kysY;k gY;keqGs baxzt pkaxysp xksa/kGwu xsys- baxztkaps vkjekj ,d= u jgkrk fo[kqjys xsys- ejkBs
baxzt la?k"kkZr fln~nhauh baxztkauk enr dsyh i.k R;kpk Qkjlk mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- fMlsacj 1679 e/;s
rj ejkB;kauh baxztkaph pkaxyhp dksMa h dsyh- baxztkapk dk;epk cankscLr dj.;kP;k gsrwu f’kokth
egkjktkauh dY;k.k toG 4 gtkj lSU; tek dsys- ;k lSU;klg eqca bZoj f’kokth egkjkt vkØe.k
dj.kkj v’kh ckreh baxztkauk dGyh- ejkB;kaiq<s vkiyk fVdko ykx.kkj ukgh gs vksG[kwu baxt
z kauh
tkusokjh 1680 e/;s ek?kkj ?ksryh- tkusokjh 1680 e/;s baxztkauh ejkB;ka’kh rg d:u ejkB;kaP;k
’k=wyk enr u dj.;kps baxztkauh ekU; dsys-
f’kokth egkjktkauh ojhy ijdh; lRrka’kh osGizlaxkuqlkj d/kh eS=hps rj d/kh ’k=qRokps laca/k
BsÅu LojkT;kP;k n`"Vhus R;kapk Qk;nk d:u ?ksrY;kps fnlwu ;srs-
ljkoklkBh iz’u
1- f’kokth egkjkt o iksrZqxht laca/k Li"V djk-
2- f’kokth egkjkt o Ýspa laca/kkph lfoLrj ekfgrh fygk-
3- f’kokth egkjkt o Mp laca/kkph ekfgrh fygk-
4- f’kokth egkjkt o baxzt laca/k Li"V djk-
vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds
1- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] [kjs x- g- (laik-)] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM 1]
2- csna zs ok- lh-] N=irh f’kokth egkjkt iwokZ/kZ]
3- iBk.k ;w- e- (laik-)] lHkkln c[kj]
4- esgna Gs xtkuu HkkLdj] Jh jktk f’koN=irh Hkkx 1]
5- ljnslkbZ xksfoan l[kkjke] ejkBh fj;klr [kaM 1]
6- filqyZsdj ikaMjq ax] iksrZqxht & ejkBk laca/k

116
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k lgkos
N=irh laHkkth egkjktkaph dkefxjh
vuqØef.kdk
6-1 N=irh laHkkthjktkaps lRrkxzg.k
6-1-1 N=irh laHkkthjktkaps vYi pfj=
6-1-2 laHkkthjktkaps lRrkxzg.k
6-2 laHa kkthjkts vkf.k eq?ky laca/k
6-2-1 laHkkthjktkapk eq?kyk’kh lajatkenkj Eg.kwu vkysyk laca/k
6-2-2 vdcjkP;k ek/;ekrwu fnYyhps jktdkj.k dj.;kph eqRln~nsfxjh
6-2-3 vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkph Lokjh % LojkT;kojhy ladV
6-2-4 eq?ky vkØe.kkps Lo:i
6-2-5 eksxyh vkØe.kkpk ejkB;kadMwu izfrdkj
6-2-6 laHkkthjktkapk fu?k`Z.k e`R;w
6- 3- N=irh laHkkth vkf.k ijdh; lRrk laca/k
6-3-1 N=irh laHkkth vkf.k iksrZqxht laca/k
6-3-2 N=irh laHkkth vkf.k baxzt laca/k
6-3-3 N=ifr laHkkth vkf.k fl|h laca/k
6-4 laHkkthjktkaPa ;k dkefxjhps ewY;ekiu
6-4- 1 vkØed o xrheku eksfgek
6-4- 2 izHkkoh dk;Z{ke o f’kLrc) jkT;dkjHkkj
6-4- 3 iztkfgrn{k jktk
6-4- 4 egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ ;kaP;k gkrh eqydh dkjHkkj
6-4- 5 /keZ‘kq)hps dk;Z
6-4- 6 laHkkthjktkauh LojkT; o Lo/keZ jk[khys
6-4-7 laHa kkth vkf.k ‘kkDr iaaFk
6-4-8 laHkkth vkf.k dfo dy’k laca/k

117
 izdj.k lgkos
N=irh laHkkth egkjktkaph dkefxjh
izLrkouk %&e/;;qxhu egkjk‛VªkP;k bfrgklkr N=irh f’kokthus fganoh LojkT; LFkkiu d:u jktdh;
{ks=kr Økarh dsyh-f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wcjkscjp ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy ,d egku ioZ laiys- R;kaP;k
e`R;wuarj gs jkT; fVdfo.;kph o ok<fo.;kph tckcnkjh laHkkthjktkaoj vkyh- f’kokthjktkaps
vykSfdd o ;qxizorZd dk;Z] R;kauk loZp Lrjkrwu feGkysys mnaM lgdk;Z] jktekrk fttkckbZadMwu
feGkysys ekxZn’kZu] ftokyktho ns.kkjs lgdkjh] VksG/kkMhlkj[ks vkØed ekoGs f’kikbZ] fon~oku]
izkekf.kd o fu‛Bkoku czkã.k vf/kdkjh oxZ bR;knhaeqGs f’kokthjktkaP;k dk;kZyk lkrR;kus ;’k feGkys -
R;kaP;k dr`ZRokyk o ijkØekyk nSoh peRdkj ekuys tkÅ ykxys- f’kokthjktk Eg.kts f’kokpk vorkj]
fo‛.kwpk vorkj] fHkekpk vorkj v’kh yksdkaph f’kokth egkjktkafo‛k;h J)k gksrh- R;k J)sP;k tksjkoj
egkjktkauh peRdkjhd o vukdyuh; d`R;s d:u txkps y{k vkiY;kdMs os/kwu ?ksrys gksrs - fganoh
LojkT;kpk laLFkkid Eg.kwu vf[ky egkjk‛Vª egkjktkadMs ikgkr gksrk- ;k ik’oZHkwfeoj f’kokthjktkauarj
lRrsoj vkysY;k laHkkthjktkaleksj vusd iz’u mHks gksrs- egkjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj lRrkla?k‛kZ lq: >kyk-
lRrslkBh dVdkjLFkkukauk mr vkyk gksrk- T;kauh jkT; mHkkj.khP;k dkeh f’kokthegkjktkaph fu‛Bsus lsok
dsyh gksrh] rsp iz/kku ejkBh lRrsr nqgh fuekZ.k d:u jkT;uk’kklkBh iz;Ru djhr gksrs- LokFkkZlkBh
jkT;kP;k [kÚ;k okjlnkjkyk cnuke dj.;kps iz;Ru djhr gksrs- f’kokthjktkus eq?ky ckn’kkghyk ts
gknjs fnys gksrs R;kpk lwM ?ks.;klkBh] ejkB;kaP;k jkT;kpk uk’k dj.;klkBh o ckn’kgkpk caM[kksj
iq= vdcj ;kyk nf{k.ksr vkJ; ns.kkÚ;k laHkkthl f’k{kk dj.;klkBh Lor% vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgk nf{k.ksr
;sÅu clyk gksrk- HkksorkyP;k lRRkk laf/k lk/kwu ejkBk jkT;kyk =kl ns.;kps iz;Ru djhr gksR;k-
v’kk izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhr laHkkthjktkauh jkT;kph lq=s gkrh ?ksryh- b- l- 1681 rs b-l- 1689 ;k
vo?;k vkB&uÅ o‛kkZP;k vYi dkGkr laHkkthjktkauh vkiY;k dr`ZRokP;k tksjkoj ejkBk jkT;
ok<fo.;klkBh o fVdfo.;klkBh vgksjk= iz;Ru dsys- orukpk yksHk vl.kkÚ;k o tqyeh vf/kdkÚ;kauk
tjc clowu iztPs ;k dY;k.kkdMs y{k fnys- eksghekaph tckcnkjh Lor%dMs ?ksÅu egkjk.kh ;slwckbZP;k
gkrh eqydh dkjHkkj lksiÅu R;kaP;k dr`ZRokyk la/kh izkIr d:u fnyh- vkiY;k >atkokrh eksfgekaeqGs
vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgklghr rRdkyhu loZp lRrkauk tjc clfoyh- O;kid ] /kwrZ o eqLrÌh jktdkj.kkP;k
cGkoj rRdkyhu jktdkj.kkoj vkiyk Blk meVfoyk- yksd dY;k.kdkjh jktk ] /keZijk;.k] /keZj{kd
o /keZohjjktk Eg.kwu bfrgklkr vkiys LFkku fuf’pr dsys- v’kk N=irh laHkkthjktkaP;k dkefxjhpk
,sfrgkfld ekxksok ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru ;k izdj.krwu dsysyk vkgs-
6-1 N=irh laHkkthps lRrkxzg.k
6-1-1 N=irh laHkkthjktkaps vYi pfj= %&
f’kokthjktkaph izFke iRuh lbZckbZ ;kauk ,dw.k pkj viR;s >kyh- R;kiSdh ifgY;k rhu eqyh ¼
ldokjckbZ] jk.kwckbZ] o vk.kfedk fdaok vafcdkckbZ ½ o pkSFks viR; Eg.kts ;qojkt laHkkth-
‘kdkoyhrhy mYys[kkuqlkj] ^ ‘kds 1579 gseyach laoRljs ts‛B’kq) xq:okjh ?kfVdk ngk ¼ 14 es
1657½ laHkkthjkts iq= >kys- iqjanjh mitys-* iq= tUekuarj lbZckbZ FkksM;kp fnolkr vktkjh iMyh-
R;kauk nw/k ulY;kus fttkÅlkgsckauh ckGkP;k nq/kkph O;oLFkk dsyh- ;kfo‛k;h xkMs dfjU;ke/;s vlk
mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ /kkjkbZ ¼xkMs½ vkok- fryk--- fttkokvkÅlkgsc ;kapk gqdwe tkyk vkf.k nkbZ d:u
118
izrkixMkoj xsyh- egkjkt f’kokth ;kaps L=hl nwn uOgrs Eg.kks.k nkbZ dsyh vkf.k laHkkth jkts ¼;kal½
nwn ykfoys- ikthr vlrk jkts Fkksj tkys- --- vklkeh fn/kyh- /kkjkbZ vkok rSukr ojlkph gksu 26
ikor gksrh-* 5 lIVsca j 1659 jksth lbZckbZpk e`R;w >kyk- laHkkthjktkl vkiY;k ekrspk Qkjlk
lgokl ykHkyk ukgh- ijarq R;kaph vkth fttkÅauh R;kpk vf/kd ftOgkG;kus lkaHkkG dsyk- b-l-
1670 & 71 e/;s lks;jkckbZP;k iksVh jktkjkekpk tUe >kY;kuarj laHkkthl vkbZph mf.ko tkLr
izd‛kkZus tk.kow ykxyh vlkoh- 17 twu 1674 jksth fttkÅlkgsckapk e`R;w >kyk- R;kuarj ek=
laHkkthjktkal ek;spk vk/kkj jkfgyk ukgh- f’kokthjktkauh o fttkckbZuh laHkkthP;k f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk
rRdkyhu i)rhuqlkj mRRe izdkjs dsyh gksrh- laHkkthjktkauk ,dw.k cRrhl o‛kkZaps ¼ 14 es 1657 rs
11 ekpZ 1689½ vk;q‛; ykHkys gksrs-
6-1-2 laHkkthjktkaps lRrkxzg.k%&
laHkkthjktkaP;k thoukps izeq[k nksu VIis djrk ;srkr- ifgyk VIik 1657 rs 1680 vkf.k nqljk 1681
rs 1689- ifgY;k VII;kr R;kauk vusd ftokoj csr.kkÚ;k dkekph tckcnkjh Lohdkjkoh ykxyh-
varxZr dygkl o cnukehl lkeksjs tkos ykxys- nqlÚ;k VII;kr lRrslkBh la?k‛kZ o lRrkxzg.k vkf.k
eq?ky lRrs’kh la?k‛kZ djkok ykxyk- ;k la?k‛kkZr Lo/keZ o Lons’k ;kaP;k j{kklkBh R;kus vkiys cfynku
fnys- f’kokthjktkaP;k jktkfHk‛ksd izlaxh laHkkthjktkal ;qojkt Eg.kwu iVca/ku gksÅu laHkkthjkts ejkBk
jkT;kps fof/kor okjl >kys gksrs- f’kokthjkts dukZVdkP;k ekfgesoj xsys vlrkuk R;kauh laHkkthjktkauk
‘k`axkjiqjh tkÅu jkg.;kpk vkns’k fnyk o izHkkuoYyhlqH;kpk dkjHkkj Lora=i.ks dj.;kl lkafxrys gksrs -
jk;xMkojhy varxZr jktdkj.kkP;k ?kkyesyhr f’kokthjktkauh laHkkthjktkauk ijGhl
jkenklLokehakP;kHksVhl ikBfoys gksrs-f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj laHkkthjkts vkf.k v‛Viz/kku eaMGkrhy
izeq[k iz/kkukae/;s cscuko fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk- R;krwu laHkkthjktkaP;k fojks/kkr vusd izdkjph dVdkjLFkkus
dsyh- R;kr laHkkthjktkauk fo‛k ?kkywu ekj.;kP;k dVkpkgh lekos’k gksrk- laHkkthjktkaoj >kysY;k
fo‛kiz;ksx dVkfo‛k;hps mYys[k fudksyk; euqfp o eqca bZdj baxzt] ;kaP;k vgokykrwu ;srkr--¼ eqca bZdj
baxzt 30 vkWxLV 1681 yk v‘kh ekfgrh nsrkr dh]^ laHkkthjktk eksB;kizek.kkojhy ladVkr liMyk
gksrk- R;kP;k tso.kkrhy eLR;kUukps iksVh ?kkrysY;k fo‛kkus rks ejk;pk ijarq R;kP;k vYio;hu uksdjkus
R;kyk rs lsou dj.;kiklwu Fkkacfoys ---*½ laHkkthjktkauk dj.;kr vkysY;k fo‛kiz;ksx dVkr dks.kdks.k
lkfey gksrs] R;kauk laHkkthjktkus d’kh f’k{kk dsyh ;kckcrps gh mYys[k eacq bZdj bxztkaP;k mijksDr
vgokykrwu ;srkr- laHkkthjktkaoj fo‛kiz;ksxkpk dV dj.;kP;k izdj.kkr lkfey vlysY;kauk
laHkkthjktkauh dBksj f’k{kk dsyh- ;kckcr ph ekfgrh eqca bZdjkaP;k fn- 12 vkWDVkscj1681 P;k i=kr
;srs- laHkkth jktkauk fo‛kiz;ksx dj.;kP;k dVkfo‛k;h ejkBhlkezkT;kph NksVh c[kj o fpV.khl c[kj
;karwugh ekfgrh feGrs- R;kr dkgh uohu ukokapk o ekfgrhpk lekos’k vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-¼ fpV.khl
c[kjhr] ^ --- jk;xMkoj tk.;kiwohZ lksekth ukbZd cadh o lw;kZth dad & fude] ;kl ekfjys ---
ekylkoar oxSjs fQrO;kr gksrs rs ngkia/kjk vklkeh rsp le;h ekfjys- --- lksekth ukbZd cadh ;kpk
ysd gksrk R;kl Vdedho:u yksVwu fnyko ekfjyk- ckiwth HkkÅjko o lw;kZth dkGs ;kaph Mksldh
ekfjyh- --- lks;jkckbZlkgsc --- frljsfnolh izk.k xsyk- gs dGY;koj ngu dsys- ,slsijh mxzi.ks
ekrCcj ljnkj nksu’ks i;Zar ek.kwl ‘kklu mxz naM dsyk- ---½ f’kokthjktkaP;k njckjh vlysY;k o
fu‛Bkoku Eg.kwu R;kdkGh ykSfdd vlysY;k izzeq[k yksdkauh laHkkthjktkafo:) dV dkjLFkkus dsyh-
;kckcr bfrgkldkj ok-lh- csna zs ^N=irh laHkkthegkjkt* ;kxzaFkkr fyfgrkrr dh] ^--- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k loZ czkã.k ea«;ke/;s eksjksira gk ,dVkp dk; rks mPp /ks;~;fu‛Bsus dk;Z dj.kkjk iz/kkuea=h
119
gksrk- eksjksira kacjkscj ea=hinkoj vk:<>kysY;k brj czkã.k ea«;kae/;s fuGksira eqtqenkj o v..kkth
nRrks lfpo gs nks?ksp egRokP;k tkxh gksrs- ijarq ;k nks?kkaph o`Rrhp izFkeiklwu dksrh gksrh- R;kauk t’kh
eksjksira kacn~ny vlq;k okVr gksrh] rlsp rs ijLijkapkgh }s‛k djhr gksrs- --- * f’kokthjktkaps iz/kku vkf.k
laHkkthjkts ;kaP;ke/;s f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;wura j tks dyg fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk- jktkfHk‛ksd izlaxh
laHkkthjktkyk ;qojkt Eg.kwu >kysY;k iVca/kukph ckc laHkkthP;k lRrsr Hkj Vkd.kjh o o`) ea«;kauk
tkp.kkjh ,d egRokph ?kVuk gksrh- --- *f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;wle;h eksjksira o v..kkth nRrks gs
nksup iz/kku g;kr gksrs- --- R;krhy v..kkth vkf.k laHkkthjktkaps forq‛V vkys gksrs- --- dsoG jktk
tcjnLr Eg.kwu rks uksdjh djhr gksrk---- * f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj njckjkrhy vf/kdkÚ;kauh
dVdkjLFkkus d:u jktkjkekpk eapdkjksgu lekjaHk dsyk o laHkkth jktkauk dSn dj.;kph dkjLFkkus
pkyfoyh gksrh- 21 ,fizy 1680 jksth v{kr`fr;sP;k eqgrq kZoj jktkjkekl vukthiar lqjuhl ;kauh
eapdh cSlfoys-¼LojkT;kps N=irh Eg.kwu ?kksf‛kr dsys-½ laHkkthjkts ;kl dSn d: ,slk rg d:u
eksjksira o vki.k iukfy;kojh pkyksu xsys- --- ljdkjdqukauk eku[kaM.kk dj.kkjs laHkkthjkts udks gksr-s
R;kauk LokFkkZdfjrk fganoh LojkT;kP;k flagklukps nksu rqdMs >kys rjh ikfgts gksrs- --- lqHksnkj ]
dkjdwu] o vf/kdkjh ;kaP;k LoSjkpkjkyk o lkeF;kZyk /kDdk clyk gksrk] gs R;kekxps dkj.k gksrs-
laHkkthjktkapk jktxknhpk gDd Mkoy.;kps iz;Ru dsys tkr vlrkuk rs gDd izkIr dj.;klkBh laHkkth
jktkauh iz;Ru dsys o jktxknh gLrxr dsyh- 20 twu 1681 jksth laHkkthjkts ohl gtkj lSU;klg
iUgkG;kgwu jk;xMkoj vkys vkf.k xM rkC;kr ?ksryk- R;kuarj laHkkthjktkauh eq?kykaP;k izns’kkr
vkØed LokÚ;k dsY;k- 20 tqyS 1681 jksth egkjktkaps eapdkjksgu >kys rj 16 tkusokjh 1681 jksth
R;kauh jktkfHk‛ksd d:u ?ksryk vkf.k vkiys iz/kkueaMG fuf’pr dsys- R;kr] eksjksira is’kok dSnsr
vlrkukp e`R;w ikoY;kus laHkkthjktkauh eksjksira kapk iq= fuGks eksjs’oj ;kl vkiY;k iz/kku eaMGkr
is’kosin fnys- v..kkth nRrks ;kl vekR;] izYgkn fujkthdMs U;k;k/kh’k] jkepanz fuGdaB ;kl lfpo]
gachjjko eksfgrs ;kauk lsukirhin fnys- v’kkfjrhus vkiY;kfo:) dV dj.kkÚ;kauk {kek d:u R;kauk
LojkT;kP;k dkeh ykoys-
6-2 laHa kkthjkts vkf.k eq?ky laca/k%&
N=irh laHkkth vkf.k eq?ky ;kaP;k laca/kkpk vH;kl djrkuk izkeq[;kkus rhu eqÌs egRokpss Bjrkr-
R;kr 1 & laHkkthjktkapk eq?kyka’kh lajatkenkj Eg.kwu vkysyk laca/k 2 & ejkBk jkT;krwu
fnysj[kkukP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyhy ekfgesr laHkkthjktkapk lgHkkx- 3 & N=irh laHkkth & vdcj laca/k-
4 & vkSjaxtsckP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh ejkBk jkT;kpk fouk’k dj.;klkBh eq?kykauh gkrh ?ksrysyh eksghe
vkf.k R;kl ejkB;kauh dsysyk izfrdkj- 5& laHkkthjktkaph dSn vkf.k Lo/kekZlkBh dsysys cfynku-
;kapk lekos’k djrk ;srks-
6-2-1 laHkkthjktkapk eq?kyka’kh ljatkenkj Eg.kwu vkysyk laca/k%&
laHkkthjktkauk vYi o;kr vusd tks[kehph o thokoj csr.kkjh dkes dsyh- o;kP;k vkBO;k o‛khZ
iqjanjP;k rgkpk ,d egRokpk Hkkx Eg.kwu eq?kykaph iapgtkjh eulc Lohdkjkoh ykxyh- R;kosGh
t;flaxkus gkrh ?ksrysY;k fotkiwjdjkaojhy eksfgesr laHkkthjktkauk R;kP;kcjkscj eksfgesr jkgkos ykxys-
iqjanj rgkpk o fe>kZjkts t;flax vkf.k f’kokth egkjkt ;kaP;k jktdkj.kkpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu
ckn’kgkP;k vkns’kko:u f’kokth egkjkt o eq?ky ckn’kgkpk iap gtkjh eulcnkj Eg.kwu laHkkthl
vkXÚ;kl tkos ykxys vkf.k f’kokthjkT;kaP;k dSnsuarj fu;feri.ks ckn’kgkP;k njckjkr tkos ykxys-
120
vkXÚ;krwu lqVdk >kY;kuarj lqj{ksP;k dkj.kkeqGs eFkqjsr jgkos ykxys o czkã.kkpk eqyxk cuwu ftokoj
csr.kkjk [kMrj izokl d:u jk;xMkoj ;srkp- b-l- 1667 e/;s f’kokth vkf.k eq?kykaP;k
jktdj.kkpk Hkkx Eg.kwu nf{k.ksP;k lqHksnkjkph lIrgtkjh eulc fLodk:u R;kaP;k njckjh jgkos ykxys -
‘kkgtknk eqvTte ;kus laHkkthjktkauk lIrgtkjh eulc nsÅu oÚgkM o [kkuns’kkpk ia/kjk yk[kkpk
eqy[q k eksdklk Eg.kwu fnyk- rhu o‛ksZ laHkkth vkTte ‘kgkcjkscj gksrk-½ rsFs kwu laHkkthjkts eq?kykauk
tkÅu feGkys- ¼’kdkoyhrhy uksna huqlkj laHkkthjkts 13 fMlsacj 1678 yk ijGh xMko:u eksxykbZr
fnysj[kkukik’kh xsys-½ fnysj[kkukcjkscj vusd eksfgek dsY;k- R;kr] HkwikGxM ftadyk] vFk.kh ph ywV
dsyh o 23 uksOgsca j 1679 jksth laHkkth iUgkGxMkoj f’kokth egkjktkaP;kdMs vkys- 16 tqyS 1680
jksthP;k MpkaP;k vgokykr] ^ f’kokthpk eqyxk laHkkth vkiY;k ckikyk lksMwu dkgh dkGki;Zar
eksxyh lSU;kr xsyk gksrk- rks vkt vkiY;k ckikP;k v’oklukoj fo’oklwu f’kokthdMs ijr vkyk
vkgs-*
6-2-2 vdcjkP;k ek/;ekrwu fnYyhps jktdkj.k dj.;kph eqRlÌsfxjh %&
ejkB;kaP;k jktdkj.kkr o izkeq[;kus laHkkthjktkaP;k dkjfdnhZr vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkpk iq= ‘kkgtknk
vdcj ¼ikr’kkgtknk egaen vdcj ;kpk tUe 11 lIVsca j 1657 jksth >kyk- R;kP;k vkbZps uko
fnyjlckuw &¼rh jtiwr dU;k gksrh-½ gksrs- es 1667 e/;s R;kyk izFke vkB gtkjh eulc fnyh- ---
10 fMlsacj 1672 jksth rks ohl gtkjh eulcnkj >kyk- 24 fMlsacj 1676 jksth R;kyk ekGO;kph
lqHksnkjh feGkyh- 5 tqyS 1678 jksth R;kl eqyrkuph lqHksnkjh feGkyh---rj 13 ,fizy 1679 jksth
R;kyk ykgksjP;k lqHksnkjhoj ikBfoys-½ gk vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkpk lokZr ygku iq= gksrk- R;kus caM d:u
nf{k.ksr laHkkthjktkpk vkJ; ?ksryk- ;k ?kVusyk rRdkyhu fganqLFkkuP;k jktdj.kkr rlsp N=irh
laHkkthjktkaP;k eq?kyfo‛k;d jktdh; /;s;~; /kksj.kkr vuU;lk/kkj.k egRo izkIr >kys gksrs- b-l- 1681
lkyh vdcjkus vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkfo:) caM iqdk:u Lor%yk ckn’kgk Eg.kwu ?kksf‛kr dsys gksrs nf{k.ksr
;sÅu R;kus laHkkthjktkapk vkJ; ?ksryk o laHkkthjkauhgh R;kyk loZizdkjph enr dsyh- 13 uksOgscj
1682 jksth laHkkthjkts vkf.k ‘kkgtknk vdcj ;kaph jk;xMktoGhy /kksMa ls xkoh HksV >kyh o rsFksp
R;kP;k jkg.;kph O;oLFkk dsyh- njegk [kpkZl yk[k :i;s usewu nsÅu pkyfoys- /kksMa ls xkoh ikr’kgk
jkghys Eg.kwu R;kps uko ikr’kgkiwj vls Bsfoys- Lor% vksjaxtsc ckn’kgkP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh ejkBk
jkT;koj vkysY;k ijpØkyk‘kg ns.;klkBh laHkkthjktkauh ‘kgtknk vdcjkpk iqjsijq mi;ksx d:u
?ksryk- gs djhr vlrkuk fganoh LojkT;kpk Lora= jktk Eg.kwu vkiyk ekuejkrc jk[kwu vkiY;k
dr`ZRokph o ‘kDrhph pkaxyhp tk.kho eksxyh lRrsyk d:u fnyh-
6-2-3 vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkph Lokjh % LojkT;kojhy ladV %&
N- f’kokthjktkapk e`R;w >kY;kuarj nf{k.k ftadwu ?ks.;klkBh o f’kokth egkjktkaps jkT; ftadwu ?ksÅu
laiw.kZ nf{k.k vkiY;k rkC;kr ?ks.;klkBh Lor% eq?ky ckn’kgk vkSjaxtsc QkStQkVk] ekrCcj ljnkj]
vkiY;k ukR;krhy loZ ekrCcj yksd cjkscj ?ksÅu vkyk gksrk- R;kP;k ;k eksfgesps yoktE;kps o
R;kr lgHkkxh >kysY;k ljnkj ekrCcjkaps mYys[k lsrwek/kojko ixMh ;kauh ejkBk & eksxy la?k‛kZ ;k
xazFkkr dsys vkgs- rs ftKklwauh t:j igkos- vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkP;k ;k eksfgesps mÌs’k dk; gksrs ;kckcr
ok-lh- csna sz fyfgrkr dh] ^ vdcjkpk rkcMrksc cankscLr dj.ks vkSjaxtsckl vxnh fudMhps gksrs- ---
dkj.k vdcjkps ckgqys iq<s d:u brj=gh ukeksgje dsys xsysys jkts o eku[kaMuk >kysys eqlyeku
mejko gh vkiY;k’kh oSj djrhy] v’kh R;kyk fHkrh okVr gksrh-- vkSjaxtsckus fujfujkG;k dkj.kkauh

121
vdcjkpk dlwu ikBykx dj.;kpk fuxzg dsyk- jtiwr jkTkka’kh ?kkbZus rg d:u rks vtfejkgwu 1681
P;k lIVsacjkr fu?kkyk- ;k dqpkr ,deso fopkj Eg.kts dkghgh gksoks T;kauh vdcjkl Bko fnyk R;k
laHkkthpk uk’k djko;kpk-* ;kckcr rRdkyhu lk/kukarwu mYys[k ;srkr- lqjrdj baxt z 3 ,fizy 1681
jksthP;k i=kr fyfgrkr] ^ ckn’kgk --- cÚgk.kiqjkr vkgs- ----- R;kP;k eqykrhy T;k ,dk eqykus R;kps
fo:) caM dsys vkgs o laHkthP;k jkT;kr tkÅu jkfgyk vkgs- R;kP;k ikBykxkFkZ rks nf{k.ksr xsyk
vkgs- ikr’kgkcjkscj Qkj eksBh lsuk vkgs- --- vkSjaxtsckus vdcjkl i=s fygwu R;kyk caM[kksjhiklwu
ijko`Rr dj.;kpk iq‛dG iz;Ru dsyk- vdcjkyk /kj.;kph fdaok ekj.;kph brj dkjLFkkus pkyfoyhp
gksrh- ;kckcr] fudksyk; euqfp vls fyfgrks dh] ^ vkSjaxtsckus xksO;kpk OgkbZljkW; n roksjk dksna &n&
vyoksj ;kyk fyfgys dh] rqEgh laHkkoj Lokjh djk] y<kbZr R;kP;kdMwu tks eqy[q k ?;ky rks loZ
rqEgkl cf{kl Eg.kwu fnyk tkbZy- laHkkthcjkscj vkSjaxtsckpk caM[kksj eqyxk vdcj vkgs- R;kyk okV
nsÅ udk o dks.kR;kgh izdkjph enr d: udk- myV R;kyk idMysr fdaok ek:u Vkdys rj
ikr’kgkoj eksBsp midkj dsY;klkj[ks gksrhy--- *
6-2-4 eq?ky vkØe.kkps Lo:i %&vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkus ejkBk jkT; ftadwu ?ks.;klkBh o laHkkthpk uk’k
dj.;klkBh gkrh ?ksrysY;k eksfgesus ejkBh eqy[kkl loZ cktwauh gSjk.k dsys gksrs- R;kus vkiY;k lsusrhy
‘kgk vkTte] cgknwj[kku] phudhyht[kku] glu vyh[kku bR;kfnauk ejkBh eqy[kkr gYys dj.;klkBh
ikBfoys- baxzt] iksrqZfxt ] fl|h ;kapsdMs lgk¸;kph ekx.kh dsyh- uksOgsacj 1681 rs 20 Qscqoz kjh
1707 i;Zar rks nf{.ksr jkfgyk- ukf’kd toGpk jkelst fdYyk ?ks.;klkBh R;kus izFke ‘kgkcqn~nhu ;k
ljnkjkl ,fizy 1682 e/;s ikBfoys- ijarq R;kyk ;’k u vkY;kus rks fdYyk ?ks.;klkBh cgknqj[kkukl
ikBfoys- b-l- 1682 &83 e/;s dY;k.k &fHkoaMh ftadwu ?ks.;klkBh j.keLr[kkukl ikBfoys- R;kyk
;’k u vkY;kus :gqYyk[kkukl R;kP;k enrhl ikBfoys- b-l- 1683 e/;s ckn’kgkus ejkB;kaps jkT;
ftadwu ?ks.;kBh ;kstuk vk[kyh- ckn’kgkus vkiyk rG vgenuxj ;sFks gkyowu ejkB;kaP;k jkT;kr loZ
cktwus lSU; ?kqlfoys- ;k ;kstusuqlkj ‘kkgtknk vTTe’kgk o ‘kkgtknk csnkjc{k ;kauk ukf’kd foHkkxkr
ikBfoys- :gqYyk [kkukl fujk unhP;k izns’kkr ikBfoys- cank egaen[kkukl v‛VhP;k izns’kkr] o
‘kkgtknk ‘kkgvkye ;kyk nf{k.k dksd.kkr ikBfoys- R;kP;kcjkscj vfr’k[kku] ljQjkt[kku]
b[kykl[kku] tkufulkj[kku vkf.k R;kaP;kcjkscj 45 gtkj lSU; fnys- b-l- 1684 P;k izkjaHkh
ekewj[kkukus f’kokthP;k ewG tgkfxjhrhy izns’kkr tkÅu gs ijx.ks vkiY;k lSU;kus O;kiwu Vkdys-
‘kgkcqn~nhu [kkukus jk;xMkl os<k ?kkryk- b-l- 1685 i;Zar f’kokthP;k tgkfxjhrhy izns’k ?ks.;kr
ckn’kkgh QkStsyk ;’k vkys ukgh- R;keqGs ckn’kgkus b-l- 1686 e/;s vkfny’kkgh o b-l- 1687
e/;s dqrqc’kkgh ftadwu ?ksryh vkf.k iqUgk ejkB;kaps jkT; ftadwu ?ks.;kBh iz;Ru lq: dsys - ejkB;ka’kh
y<k nsrkruk vkSjaxtsckus yqVkyqV] tkGiksG] fganwaoj vR;kpkj] QanfQrqjh ] dVdkjLrkus bR;knh
fujfujkG;k ekxkZapk voyac dsyk-
6-2-5 eq?ky vkØe.kkpk ejkB;kadMwu izfrdkj %&LojkT;koj vkysY;k eksxyh vkØe.kkP;k ladVkps
fujkdj.k dj.;klkBh laHkkthjktkauh fujfujkG;k ekxkZapk voysc dsyk- laHkkthjktkapk eq?ky lSU;k’kh ]
R;kaP;k eksfgeka’kh ] ‘kkgtkns o ljnkjka’kh vkf.k ,dw.kp eq?kyh lsusP;k ekufldrs’kh toGwu ifjp;
>kysyk vlY;kus rlsp izR;{k R;kaP;k eksfgekrwu Hkkx ?ksryk vlY;kus laHkkthjktkauh xfuehdkO;kpk ]
fQrqjhP;k ra=kpk voyac d:u vkf.k eksxyh QkStkaoj gYys d:u R;kaph jln yqVwu eq?kykaP;k lSU;kyk
gSjk.k d:u lksMys- ;k ek/;ekrwu LojkT;kps laj{k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- ;k eksfgekackCkr eYgkj
jkejko fpV.khl c[kjhr] rlsp ejkBh lkezkT;kP;k NksV;k c[kjhr o brj lk/kukae/kwu ekfgrh feGrs -
122
ejkB;kauh eq?kykaP;k QkSt
s syk dls gSjk.k dsys] ,d & ,d fdYyk dlk ;qfDrus y<foyk] ;kckcrps
o.kZu rRdkyhu lk/kukarwu ;srs- ;kckcr ‘kdkoyh o [kkQh[kku ekfgrh nsrkr] ‘kdkoyhr v’kh
uksna ;srs dh] ^ gk os<k ikplgk efgus pkyw gksrk vls fnlrs-* [kkQh[kku fyfgrks dh] ^jkelst
fdYY;koj [kjk ejkBk tkrhpk o ;q)kr fu‛.kkr] [kachj o prqj vlk fdYysnkj gksrk- --- ;k xMkoj
,dgh yks[kaMh rksQ uOgrh- ijarq iq‛dG dkrMs gksrs- R;k fdYY;krhy yksd ;k dkrM;kP;k rksQk
cuor- dkrM;kP;k rqdM;kr nk: lkBowu R;k ikr’kkgh lSU;koj >kMhr- rh dkrM;kph rksQ yks[kaMh
ngk rksQkacjkscj ‘kfDr’kkyh vls- --- * ‘kgkcqn~nhu[kku vi;’kh >kysyk ikgwu ikr’kgkus R;kyk
cksykowu ?ksrys vkf.k [kkutgku cgknwj dksdyrk’k ;kyk tko;kl lkaxfrys - R;kP;k eksfgesph
[kkQh[kku v’kh nsrks dh] ^--- fdYysnkjkauh [kkutgkupk Mko cjkscj vksG[kyk vkf.k xMkP;k >aqtkph
;ksX; rh [kcjnkjh ?ksryh- --- rsFkhy yksdkauh rVko:u [kkyh vlysY;k yksdkaoj nxM Qsd.ks] o
rsykus Hkjysys fpa/;kaps iyhrs pkaxys isVys dh rhjkP;k lkg;kus nwjoj Qsdhr Bsoys- vkf.k ftdMs
[kkutgku cgknqjkus rV p<wu gYyk dj.;kl yksd ikBfoys gksrs- R;k cktwl y<kÅ yksd ikBfoys- ---
R;kauh vkokt u djrk eks?kykaP;k lSU;koj gYyk dsyk- --- uarj fdYY;kojhy yksdkauh cgknwj[kkukP;k
rGkyk vkx ykoyh- R;keqGs cgknqj[kkukyk rG lksMwu tkos ykxys- --- laHkkthjktkus jkelstP;k
fdYY;kojhy fdYysnkjkP;k ;’kkcn~ny] R;kyk iq‛dG iSlk] oL=s jRutMhr lksU;kps dMs cf{kl fnys
o R;kpk gqÌk loZ fdYysnkjkr eksBk dsyk- --- * ;k eksfgesckcr ‘kdkoyhr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^
--- ‘kgkcqn~nhu [kkukpk os<k ek:u dk<.;kr ekuflax eksjs o :ikth ;kauh gYyk dsyk vkgs - *
f’kokthjktkaP;k ^n[[ku n[[k.;kaph * gs jktdkj.kkps lw= laHkkthjktkauh iq<s pkyfoys nf{k.ksrhy
vkfny’kkgh ] dqrqc’kkgh o ejkB;kaph lRrk ; izeq[k lRrk gksR;k ;k frUgh lRRkk u‛V d:u loZ
nf{k.ksoj vkiyk vaey fuekZ.k dj.;kps /;s; vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkleksj gksrs- R;kn`f‛Vus b-l- 1681 lkyh
rks nf{k.ksr mrjyk gksrk- R;keqGs ijLijkal lgdk;Z d:u ckn’kgk’kh y<.;kl ;k frfUg lRRkk fl)
>kY;k gksR;k- ckn’kgkus izFke ejkBk jkT;koj gYyk dsyk ] rsOa gk vkfny’kgk o dqrqc’kgk ;kapk ikBhack
laHkkthjktkauk feGkyk- ijarq rks m?kM uOgrk- b-l- 1685 lkyh tsaOgk fotkiwj ?ks.;kP;k bjkn;kus
ckn’kgkus vkiyh eksfge dk<yh o fotkiwjyk os<k fnyk rsOa gk laHkkthjktkauh vkfny’kgkl m?kM m?kM
enr dsyh- ijarq ckn’kgkus fotkiwj ftadwu ?ksrys- R;kuarj ckn’kgkus vkiys y{k dqrqc’kkghdMs
oGfoys- R;kosGhgh laHkkthjktkus dqrqc’kgkl lkgk¸; dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- rFkfi xksoGdksMa ;kP;k
vusd ljnkjkauh jktnzkgs dsY;keqGs b-l-1687 e/;s dqrqc’kkghpk ikMko >kyk- nf{k.ksP;k ;k frUgh
lRRkakuh ,d= ;sÅu mRrjsrwu nf{k.ksr ;s.kkÚ;k eks?ky lRrspk la;qDri.ks eqdkcyk djkok ] gs f’kokth
egkjktkaps /kksj.k gksrs- rsp /kksj.k laHkkth egkjktkauh pkyfoys- nf{k.ksrhy ;k nksu lRRkk eqLyhe lRrk
vlY;k rjh R;k nf{k.ksdMP;k gksR;k] R;kaps j{k.k dj.ks gh nf{k.;kaphp tckcnkjh vkgs- ;k Hkwfedsrwu
laHkkthjktkauh vkfny’kkgh o dqrqc’kkgh ;kauk enr dj.;kps /kksj.k voyafcys gksrs-
6-2- 6 laHkkthjktkapk fu?k`Z.k e`R;w %&b-l- 1689 P;k Qsczoq kjh efgU;kr laHkkth jktkauk dfo
dy’kkP;k okM;kr dSn dsys R;kosGh eq?kykauh ejkB;kaph ns’kkojhy loZ Bk.kh dkcht dsyh gksrh-
ckxyk.kkrhy dkgh fdYys R;kauh rkC;kr ?ksrys gksrs- ijarq ckdhps ejkBkjkT; egkjktkaP;kp rkC;kr
gksrs- izkeq[;kus ejkBk jkT;kph lkeF;ZLFkys vlysys iUgkGk] fo’kkGxM] jkax.kk] olarxM] lkrkjk]
ijGh] jk;xM] jktxM] flagxM] jksfgMk] iqjanj bR;knh fdYys laHkkthP;k rkC;kr gksrs- R;kaP;k QkStk
LojkT;kr ?kql.kkÚ;k eksxyka’kh izk.ki.kkus izfrdkj djhr gksR;k rFkfi laHkkthjktkauk dSn gksÅu R;kauk
ckn’kgkus Bkj dsys- ;kckcrps o.kZu fpV.khl c[kjhr ;srs- R;kr] ^^laHkkthjkts /k:u vk.kys- rs le;h
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ikr’kgk cgqr [kq’kh gksÅu d`rd`R; >kys- ------ rs le;h HkhekiSyrhjh ikr’kgk gksrs- ---- R;kl laHkkth
gLrxr >kys- ikr’kgkuh ikgwu fopkj dsyk dh] ;kl ckVokok] eqlyeku d:u uarj eulcnkjh |koh
Eg.kts eqlyekuh >kyh- --- Eg.kwu fopkjko;kl ikBfoys dh] rqEgh ckVkos Eg.kts tho okpowu rqeph
nkSyr rqeps Lok/khu dfjrks- ;ko:u jkts ;kauh mRrj dsys dh] ckVk Eg.krk rjh gs xks‛V ?kMko;kph
ukgh T;k vFkhZ dSnsr vkyks rsOa gk okp.ks rs dk;\ rqeps fopkjkl ;sbZy rs djkos ] rFkkfi rqeph csVh
|koh Eg.kts ckVrks] ,sls mRrj lkaxwu ikBfoys- R;kto:u ikr’kgkl dksi vkyk] --lokZauh lYYkk fnyk
;kpk f’kjPNsn djkok --- ikr’kgkl cq)h gksÅu f’kjPNsn djko;kl lkafxrys- rsOa gk rRdkG vk.kwu
rqGkiqjkojh foHkouke laRlj ;kar ekfjys- --- ** laHkkthjktkaP;k ;k izlaxkckcr fudksyk; euqfp v’kh
ekfgrh nsrks dh] ^^ --- rsaOgk laHkkthyk vkiY;k nqnSZoh ‘ksoVkf’kok; vf/kd vk’kk dks.krh okV.kkj !
R;kyk dGwu pqdys dh] vkrk vki.k dsysY;k loZ dk;kZcn~ny e`R;w gk Bsoysykp vkgs- ijarq gk e`R;w
vR;ar migklkus dsyk tkbZy v’kh R;kph dYiuk uOgrh- vkSjaxtsckus R;kyk maVkoj ?kV~V cka/k.;kl
lkafxrys R;kP;k Mksdhoj ?kqxa qj vxj ?kaVk ykoysyh map Vksih ?kryh --- R;kuarj R;kyk Nko.khr
fgaMfo.;kl lkafxrys- maVkll iGko;kl ykohr] Eg.kts ?kqaxjq ukn ,sdwu yksd ckgsj ikg.;kl ;sr- R;k
maVkl brdk iGfor dh R;keqGs cl.kkjk ek.kwl iMykp vlrk- ijarq R;kyk ?kV~V cka/kyk vlY;keqGs
rks iMyk ukgh- ijarq nksj ?kV~V vkoGY;kus R;kl osnuk gksr] R;keqGs rks +=klyk ek= gksrk- loZ=
fgaMfoY;kuarj R;k tqyeh jktkyk ikr’kgkleksj iqUgk vk.kys- --- ;kuarj ek= ejkB;kapk /khj [kpyk-
loZ= fujk’kk iljyh vkf.k ejkB;kauh vkiyh Bk.kh o fdYys HkjkHkj eksxykauk nsÅu Vkdys -
laHkkthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj vo?;k lgk & lkr efgU;kr LojkT;krhy ‘ksdMks Bk.kh o fdYys
ejkB;kadMwu eks?kykauh ftadwu ?ksrys--------
laHkkthjktkauh jkT;dkjHkkjkph lw=s gkrh ?ks.;kiwohZ o rnuarjgh ejkBk jkT;kP;k n`‛Vhus egRoiw.kZ
dkefxjh dsyh gksrh- R;kaP;k dkefxjhpk vH;kl djrkuk iq<hy eqn~ns egRokps Bjrkr- laHkkthjktkauh
vkØed] xrheku o /kkM’kh eksfgek gkrh ?ksrY;k] izHkkoh ] dk;Z{ke o f’kLrc) jkT;dkjHkkj dsyk-
iztkfgrn{k jktk] egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ ;kaP;k gkrh eqydh dkjHkkj] /keZ ‘kq)hps dk;Z d:u laHkkthjktkauh
LojkT; o Lo/keZ jk[khys- ;kckcrps mYys[k fujfujkG;k lk/kukaukrwu vk<Gwu ;srkr-
6-3 laHkkthjkts vkf.k ijdh; lRrk la?k‛kZ % &baxzt ] iksrZqfxt o fl|h HkkjrkP;k if’pe lkxjh
fdukÚ;kojhy lkxjh lRrkapk ejkB;kaP;k jkT;k’kh laca/k ;sr gksrk- f’kokthjktkauh tkoGhP;k eksÚ;kapk
ijkHko dsY;kuarj R;kaP;k jkT;kph lhek ok<wu rh lkxjkyk fHkMyh R;keqGs ejkB;kapk lkxjh lRRka’kh
laca/k vkyk- f’kokthjktkauh vkjekjkph LFkkiuk d:u R;kph ok< dsY;keqGs leqnz fdukjh vlysY;k
fl|h ] iksrZqfxt o baxzt ;k lRrka’kh f’kokthjktkapk laca/k vkyk- ;kiSdh iksrqZfxt o baxzt ;k ijdh;
lRRkk gksR;k rj jktkiwj o taftÚ;koj lRRkk xktfo.kkjk fl|h gk d/kh futkekP;k d/kh vkfny’kkgkP;k
rj d/kh eq?kykaP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh gksrk- izns’k ;k ns’kh lRrkapk vlyk rjh R;koj opZLo ek= gc’kkaps
Eg.ktsp nf{k.k vkfÝdsrwu vkysY;k gc’kkaps gksrs- ;k lkxjh lRrk ejkB;kaP;k opZLokyk ‘kg nsr gksR;k
rlsp ejkB;kaP;k izns’kkrhy iztps k fujfujkG;k dkj.kkalkBh NG djhr gksR;k R;keqGs N=irh
f’kokthjkts o N- laHkkthjkts ;kaps ;k lRRkka’kh laca/k ;s.ks vifjgk;Z gksrs- ;k lRRkkackcr N=irh
laHkkthjkts ;kauh dks.krh Hkwfedk ?ksryh ;kckcrph ekfgrh ikg.ks vko’;d Bjrs-
6-3-1 N=irh laHkkth vkf.k iksrqZxht laca/k %&f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj fganoh LojkT;kps laj{k.k dj.ks
egRokps gksrs- R;klkBh laHkkthjktkauh ckº; ‘k=wa’kh eS=hps /kksj.k vk[kys- R;klkBh vkiyk odhy

124
iksrZqfxtka’kh eS=hpk djkj dj.;klkBh ikBfoyk- vatfno csVkoj fdYyk cka/k.;kP;k izdj.kko:u
laHkkthjkts vkf.k iksrZqfxt ;kaP;kr la?k‛kZ lq: >kyk- ;k la/khpk Qk;nk ?ksÅu eq?kykauh iksrZqfxtka’kh
la/kku cka/kys vkf.k laHkkthfo:) vkØed /kksj.k fLodkjys- laHkkthjktkaP;k vkns’kkuqlkj fuGks eksjs’oj
;kauh iksrZqfxtkaP;k izns’kkoj gYys d:u psca wj] rGkstk] dksGos] ekfge] lksikjk gh fBdk.ks o dkgh
fdYys ftadys- iksrZqfxtkaP;k fofo/k ‘kgjkapk rkck feGfo.;kr] tkGiksG o yqVkyqV dj.;kr ejkBh
ljnkj ;’kLoh >kys- ijarq pkSypk fdYYkk ek= R;kauk ftadrk vkyk ukgh- iksrZqfxt ejkBk laca/kkrhy
,d egRokph ?kVuk Eg.kts QksMa ;kpk la?k‛kZ gks;- iksrqZfxtkaP;k rkC;krhy pkSy canjktoGhy pkSy
fdYY;kl ejkB;kuh os<k ?kkryk- ejkB;kauh ;k fdYY;kl lgk efgus os<k ?kkrY;kus gk os<k f<yk
dj.;klkBh iksrZqfxtkauh ejkB;kaP;k rkC;krhy QksMa k fdYY;koj gYyk dsyk- 1 uksOgsca j 1683 jksth
iksrZqfxtkauh QksaM;kP;k fdYY;koj rksQkapk ekjk dsyk- rsOa gk laHkkthjktkauh jktkiwjgwu QksMa ;koj gYyk
dsyk o fdYyk rkC;kr ?ksryk- laHkkthjktkaP;k lSU;kP;k nqlÚ;k rqdMhus tqos csVkoj Lokjh dsyh o
tqos csV rkC;kr ?ksrys- b-l- 1683 e/;s ejkB;kauh iksrZqfxtkaP;k cknsZ’k o lk‛Vh ;k Bk.;kaoj
gYys dsys- R;kuarj laHkkthjktkauh iksrZqfxtkaph jkt/kkuh xksO;koj Lokjh dsyh ijarq ;kp osGh eq?ky
QkStkauh LojkT;kr /kqekdwG ?kkrY;kus laHkkthjktkauh iksrZqfxtka’kh rg d:u ek?kkj ?ksryh- Qscqzokjh 1684
e/;s ejkBs & iksrZqfxt rg >kyk- R;krhy vVh iq<hy izek.ks gksR;k - 1 & laHkkthjktkauh iksrZqfxtkaps
ftadysys izns’k o fdYys iksrZqfxtkauk ijr |kosr- 2 & laHkkth jktkauk ne.kP;k pkSFkkbZpk gDd
feGkok- 3 & ijLijkauh ijLijkaP;k izns’kkr dkgh fu;ekuqlkj O;kikj djkok 4 & ,desdkauh
,desdkaph idMysyh tgkts o ;q) dSnh ijLijkauk ijr djkosr- ;k djkjkpk elqnk ?ksÅu iksrZqfxt
ofdy jk;xMkoj vkyk gksrks- ijarq ;k vVhaf’kok; laHkkthjktkauh dkgh uohu vVh iq<s dsY;kus gk rg
izR;{kkr ;sÅ ‘kdyk ukgh- R;keqGs laHkkth vkf.k iksrZqfxt laca/k iqUgk fc?kMys-
6-3-2 N=irh laHkkthjkts vkf.k baxzt laca/k%&
f’kokth jktkauh baxztkackcr Lohdkjysys eS=hps /kksj.k laHkkthjktkauh iq<s pkyw Bsoys- f’kokthjktkauh
vkiY;k dkjfdnhZr baxztkaps O;kikjh o vkfFkZd {ks=krhy egRo y{kkr ?ksÅu vkiY;k jktdh;
/ks¸;/kksj.kkr baxztka’kh eS=hps /kksj.k Lohdkjys gksrs- rsp /kksj.k laHkkthjktkauh baxztkackcr Lohdkjys vlkos]
vls rRdkyhu lk/kukarhy mYys[kko:u vk<Grs- ;kckcr ok- lh- csaznzs fyfgrkr dh] ^ laHkkthjktkl
baxztka’kh l[; ikfgts gksrs ijarq rks R;kaP;k nqVIih dkjHkkjkl R;kapk fojks/k gksrk- baxt z &
iksrZqfxtkalkj[ks /kkfeZd ckcrhr dV~Vj o`Rrhps uOgrs rlsp baxztkaph o[kkj eks?kyh gÌhr vlY;kus
R;kauk eks?kykafo:) vkxGhd gksÅ u ns.;kph dkGth ?;koh ykxs- R;keqGs eks?kyh vkjekjkpk o
fl|hapk fganoh jkT;kl vfr’k;=kl gksr vls- laHkkthjktkauh gs minzo Fkkacfo.;klkBh baxztkl let
ns.;kl lq:okr dsyh-*
ejkBs vkf.k fl|h ;kaP;k laca/kkr izkeq[;kus iksrZqfxt o baxztkalkj[;k ijdh; lRrkapk lkrR;kus gLr{ksi
gksr vls- dkj.k eqca bZdj baxztkaps ejkBs o fl|hfo‛k;d fdaok ,rn~ns’kh; lRrkafo‛k;d /kksj.kkoj lqjrsP;k
baxztkapk izHkko gksrk- lqjr gs fBdk.k eq?kykaP;k rkC;kr vlY;kus lkrR;kus ejkB;ka’kh laca/k Bsorkuk
R;kauk eq?kykaP;k fgrlaca/kkuk ck/kk ;s.kkj ukgh ;kph dkGth ?;koh ykxr vls ] rj eqca bZP;k baxztkauk
ek= R;keqGs fl|h’kh oSj ?ks.ks ‘kD; uOgrs- R;kpk ifj.kke ejkBs vkf.k fl|h ;kaP;krhy laca/kkoj gksr
vls- ,dk cktwyk baxztkauk laHkkthjktkaP;k vkØed /kksj.kkph fHkrh okVr gksrh- baxztkauh fl|hauk enr
dsyh rj laHkkthjktkauh jktkiwjP;k o[kkjhtoG ejkBh QkSt ikBowu vkoth iafMr ;k odhykP;k

125
ekQZr baxztkauk /kedkoys- dh] baxzt fl|hl nsr vlysyh enr can dj.kkj ulrhy rj laHkkth egkjkt
eqca bZdjkaoj Lokjh djrhy] vls lkaxwu R;kauh jktkiwjph o[kkj yqVyh o eqca bZ toGph dqykck] dkjatk]
lksikjk ] ,fyQaVk gh Bk.kh ftadY;kus eqca bZdj baxztkauk ejkB;kaph fHkrh okVw ykxyh- b-l- 1684
e/;s baxzt ejkBs ;kaP;kr eS=hpk djkj ?kMwu vkyk- ;k rgkrhy izeq[k vVh iq<hyizek.ks gksR;k- R;kr ]
1& baxt z kauh o[kkjhph LFkkiuk djrkuk iwoZ ijokuxh ?;koh- 2&baxztkauk ejkBk jkT;krhy dks.kR;kgh
O;fDryk xqyke dj.;klkBh fdaok f[kz’pu dj.;klkBh fodr ?ksrk ;s.kkj ukgh- eq?ky & ejkBk ;q)kr
baxzt vkf.k ejkBs ;kaph tgkts ijLijkaP;k rkC;kr vkY;kl R;kojhy eky o th tgkts ijLijkauk ijr
djkohr- 4 & baxzt ejkB;kauk vk;kr ekykoj vMhp VDds tdkr nsrhy o fu;kZr ekykoj R;kauk
tdkr jkg.kkj ukgh- ;k rgkeqGs baxzt & ejkBs laca/k etcwr >kys] dkj.k ;kp osGh eksxykauh baxztkauk
lqjr ] gqcGh] ePNyhiV~V.k ;sFkhy o[kkjh tIr dj.;kph /kedh fnyh gksrh- R;keqGs baxztkauk
ejkB;ka’kh eS=h dj.ks vifjgk;Z Bjys gksrs- laHkkthjktkaP;k e`R;wi;Zar baxzt vkf.k ejkBs ;kaP;krhy laca/k
eS=hiw.kZ jkfgys gksrs-
6- 3-3 N=ifr laHkkth vkf.k fl|h laca/k %&
fl|h gk ejkB;kapk dV~Vj ‘k=w gksrk- baxzt vkf.k iksrZqfxt ;kaP;k enrhus rks ejkBh izns’kkl lkrR;kus
minzo nsr gksrk- f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj laHkkthjktkaP;k dkGkr gs laca/k lkrR;kus la?k‛kkZpsp jkfgys-
gk izns’k fujfujkG;k dky[kaMkr fujfujkG;k lRrkaP;k ¼futke’kkgh] vkfny’kkgh] eq?ky ½ rkC;kr gksrk-
ijarq fl|h ek= izcG cuwu Lora= o`Rrhus lkxjkoj jkT; djhr gksrk - ejkB;kaps vkfny’kkgh o eq?ky
;k lRrka’kh la?k‛kkZps laca/k vlY;kus R;kapk fl|ha’kh lkrR;kus la?k‛kZ gksr vls- rks ejkB;kaP;k jkT;kr
izty s k =kl nsr vls- R;kP;k jkT;kr vlysY;k izns’kkapk ¼ taftjk] eq:M] ukanxko] Jho/kZu] EgSlkys]
bR;knh egkykapk lekos’k gksrk-½ laca/k ejkBk jkT;k’kh tksMyk tkr vlY;kus R;ko:u lkrR;kus la?k‛kZ
gksr vls- lkxjkojhy brj lRrkais{kk fl|haps vkjekj gs vf/kd lkeF;Zoku gksrs- laHkkthjktkaP;k
dkGkr izkeq[;kus vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgk nf{k.ksr vkY;kuarj R;kus fl|hauk ejkB;kafo:) dkjok;k dj.;kl
izksRlkgu fnys- R;kuqlkj R;kauh egkjktkaP;k izns’kkr dqjkirh dk<.;kl lq:okr dsyh- R;keqGs
laHkkthjktkauk R;kapk cnkscLr dj.;kps /kksj.k fLodkjkos ykxys- R;krwu ejkBs vkf.k fl|h ;kaP;krhy
la?k‛kZ lq: >kyk-
lHkkthjktkapk mansjh csVkoj gYyk %& lIVsca j 1681 lkyh fl|hauh mansjh ;sFks jkgwu ejkB;kaP;k
izns’kkr ywVkywV dj.;kl lq:okr dsyh- Eg.kwu laHkkthjktkauh b-l- 1681 e/;s mansjh csVkoj ckohl
xycrs o rhu gtkj ukSnyklg gYyk dsyk- ;k y<;kr baxztkauh fl|hyk enr dsY;kus laHkkthjktkauk
ek?kkj ?;koh ykxyh- fl|hapk cankscLr dj.;klkBh laHkkthjktkauh R;kaps eeZLFkku o jkt/kkuh vlysY;k
taftÚ;koj gYyk dj.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksryk- fMlsca j 1681 e/;s laHkkthjktkus vdcjkl cjkscj ?ksÅu
taftÚ;kl os<k fnyk- ejkB;kauh ia/kjk fnol fudjkus os<k pkyfoyk iajrq leqnz [koGysyk vlY;kus
rlsp eq?ky lsukuh gluvyh [kku ;kus dY;k.k & fHkoaMhoj gYyk p<foY;keqGs laHkkthjktkauh
taftÚ;kP;k eksfgesph tckcnkjh nknksth o folkth j?kqukFk ;kaP;koj lksiowu rks dY;k.kdMs xsyk-
vkWxLV 1682 e/;s fla|hauh iqUgk mpy [kkYyh ejkB;kaps dkgh izns’k fl|hauh ftadwu ?ksrys - iq<s
ejkB;kauh fl|hauk tSrkiqjP;k [kkMhr vMp.khr vk.kys gksrs- ijarq eq?kyh QkStkauh ejkB;kaP;k izns’kkr
iqUgk /kqekdwG lq: dsyk- R;keqGs laHkkthjktkauk gh eksfge iqUgk v/kZoV lksMkoh ykxyh- laHkkth vkf.k
fl|h ;kaP;kr vusd ;q)s >kyh i.k fl|hapk dk;epk cankscLr dj.ks ejkB;kauk ‘kD; >kys ukgh-

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6-4 laHkkthjktkaP;k dkefxjhps ewY;ekiu %&
6-4-1 vkØed o xrheku eksfgek%& jktinkoj fojkteku gksrkp laHkkthjktkauh vkØed o xrheku
eksfgek gkrh ?ksrY;k- ;kckcr izfrfu/kh c[kjhr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ laHkkthpk lsukirh gachjjko
dksd.kkr y‛djklg gksrk R;kl orZeku dGys dh [kkuns’kkr dks.kh j{kd ukgh- R;ko:u R;kus
y‛djkP;k rhu eksB;k rqdM;k d:u cÚgk.kiwj ‘kgj ywVys- nzO; feGfoys- ---* ejkB;kauh cÚgk.kiwj
yqVys ;kps o.kZu djrkuk [kkQh[kku fyfgrks dh] ^--- mijh mYysf[kr nq‛V o`RrhP;kk laHkkus pkj gtkj
Lokjkfu’kh ;sÅu cÚgk.kiwj ‘kgjkoj gYYkk p<foyk- dkdM[kku nqxk.k rsFkhy eulcnkj gksrk- rks ]
[kku teku rsFkhy lqHksnkj gksrk- R;kus ¼laHkkus½* oÚgkMpk lqHkk yqVyk o cÚgk.kiwjoj vkyk- rsFkhy
cgknwj iqjq k gk lokZr Jhear ] /kuoku o nkV oLrhpk gksrk- ---‘k=qus loZ iqÚ;kaph rhu fnol ywV
dsyh- --- * cÚgkj.kiwj yqVhckcrph rsFkhy yksdkaph dk; izfrfØ;k gksrh ;kckcr ok- lh- csna sz vls
fyfgrkr dh] ^ cÚgk.kiwjP;k vfej ekSyohauh ckn’kgkl egtj ikBfoyk dh] dkQjkaps vkepsoj izkcY;
ok<ys vkgs- --- vkeph loZ ?kjsnkjs m/oLr dsyh vkgsr- vkEgh ;kiq<s ‘kqØokjph uekt i<.ks lksMwu
|kos- gk egtj ckn’kgkP;k gkrh iMyk- rsaOgk R;kyk Qkj jkx vkyk- R;kus QekZu ikBfoys ] R;kr
ckn’kgk Lor%p xf.kekapk eksM dj.;kl ;sr vkgs- vls lqpfoys gksrs- [kkutgkuoj ethZ [kIik gksÅu
R;kl fnysyh loZ eulc oxSjs cMrQZ dsyh-* ’kdkoyhrhy uksna huqlkj ] ^ uoacj & fnlsca j 1680 r
cÚgk.kiwj gachjjk; ;kus ekjfjyk * /kj.kxkops baxzt 11 Qscqzokjh 1681 yk fyfgrkr] ^ laHkkthP;k
lSU;kus /kj.kxko yqVys o o[kkjhps cjsp uqdlku >kys-* eq?kykalkj[;k lkeF;Zoku lRrsyk tsjhl
vk.kys-
6-4-2 izHkkoh o f’kLrc) jkT;dkjHkkj %&lHkkthjktkauh vkiY;k gkrh lRrk ?ksrY;kuarj izHkkoh ]
dk;Z{ke o f’kLrc) jkT;dkjHkkj pkyowu lokZaojp tjc clfoyh gksrh- vkiY;k vf/kdkÚ;kauh j;rsps
‘kks‛k.k d: u;s ] j;rsoj tqyqe d: u;s ;kckcr dBksj /kksj.k jkcfoys gksrs- izlaxh vf/kdkÚ;kaph
orus tIr dj.;klkj[;k dkjok;k fdaok R;akuk tjc clsy v’kk izdkjP;k f’k{kkgh dj.;kckcr rach
fnsyh tkr vls- ;k ckcr vls mYys[k ;srkr dh] ^ f’kokthjktkauh dqMkG & dukZVdkpk izkar b- l-
1674 & 76 r ?ksrY;kiklwu nRrkth o v..kkthapk dkjHkkj ;sFks gksrk- R;kauh eqy[kkph lap.kh
dj.;kis{kk ywV tcjnLrhp vf/kd dsyh- --- frFks vank/kqna h ektyh gksrh- --- rsFkhy lqHks o nslkbZ
yksdkauk yqVhr gksrs-* rlsp] izkarkizkarkaP;k lqHksnkj oxSjs vf/kdkÚ;kaP;k nqoZrZukyk jk;xMkgwu rkcMrksc
ik;can clr vls- vkilkr ywV twywe tcjnLrh tkGiksG oxSjs dsY;kcn~ny flrksth o lVoksth
Hkkslys dlcs elwj ;kl 31 tkusokjh 1685 pk fuokMk d:u let fnyh gksrh- ;k fuokMk i=kkoj
fuGks eksjs’oj] izYgkn fujkth] gachjjko ] dfody’k ;kaps lgh f’kDds vkgsr- R;krhy mtkjk %
,dw.k dyes lkr- ,sfl;kl vkgyh vkdl o dksfll fnlksu vkyh Eg.kts Lokeh rqepk eqykfgtk
dj.kkj ukghr- ,sls cjs letwu mijfuLV fyfgY;kizek.ks pkSdl eukl vkuksu gqtqj Lokehps lsoslh
fyfg.ks Eg.kksu ns’kkf/kdkjh o ikjiR;xkj --- ;klh --- vkKk --- vlk mYys[k ok-lh- csna z]s ;kaP;k N=ifr
laHkkth egkjkt ;k xzaFkkr ;srks-
6-4-3 iztk fgrn{k jktk %&laHkkthjkts vkiY;k jkT;kr lsok dj.kkÚ;k lsodkaP;k xq.kkaph dnj djhr
vlr- lsodkP;k ikBhekxs R;kaP;k dqVaqfc;kaph dkGth ?ksr vlr ] R;kaP;k iqoZlukps dke egkjkt
djhr vlr- ;kckcr ok- lh- csna zs vls fyfgrkr dh] ^ pkaxys dke dj.kkÚ;kauk izksRlkgu] y<kbZr
dkeh vkysY;kP;k dqVaqfc;kaph ;ksX; n[ky o O;oLFkk ykohr vlr] ‘k=qP;k ijpØkr T;kaps uqdlku

127
>kys] ts foLFkfir >kys v’kkaps iquoZlu djhr] uqdlku HkjikbZ nsr vlr- fnyklk o enr nsr- rlsp
nq‛dkG ] jksxjkbZ ;klkj[;k uSlfxZd ladVkr iztsph dkGth laHkkthjkts ?ksr vlr vlY;kps vusd
mYys[k rRdkyhu dkxni=karwu ;srkr- * laHkkthjktkaP;k 23 twu 1685 P;k osru i=kr vlk
mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ --- e’kkjfuYgspk cki —‛.kkth fcu ;slkth dad ;kl g’kekaph gtkjh gksrh-
R;kojh --- jktJh Lokeh jktkiwjhgwu Lokj gksÅu Qksfa M;kl xsys- rs o[rh [kkMhojh xuheklh xkBh
?kkywu tqat cgqrp dsys- rs o[rh t[kek ykxksu tjrqj tkyk Eg.kksu ?kjh tko;kl vkKk fnYgh- ?kjkl
vkfy;kojh t[kek QqVksu e;r tkyk- R;kpk ysd ekfuys] R;kps uko d`‛.kkthp Bsfoys vkgs- rhu
ojlkpk ewy vkgs- R;kpk ukos lqHkk pkyokok vkf.k yksdkapk tekokl pkgwath dad vkgs- R;kl
dkjHkkjh d:u Bsokok- Eg.kwu ;slkth dad ;kf.k fouarh dsyh- R;ko:u Lokeh d`ikyw gksÅu
d`‛.kkth dad ;kP;k ysdkl lqHkk fnYgk --- pkgwath dad --- ;kl dkjHkkj pkyoko;kl fnYgk- osru
nks?kkl feyksu djkj dsys- ---* eksxyh ijpØkeqGs fuokZlhr >kysY;kaps iquoZlu dj.;kps dke egkjkt
dsys- b-l- 1684 r lqyrku rkjk ;kus uoyxaqn ;sFkhy okMs ] isB oxSjs tkGwu nsoky;s ikMyh o ewrhZ
QksMY;k --- rsFks nsokph iwuLFkkZiuk d:u iwtk o iqjk.k Jo.kkFkZ 36 fc?ks tfeu ’ksr R;kl fnYgs- ---*
vlk mYys[k 22 vkWxLV 1685 jksth egkjktkauh uoyxqanP;k czkã.kkl fnysY;k lunsr ;srks- N=irh
laHkkthjktkaP;k dkjfdnhZr ‘k=qP;k ijpØkcjkscjp nq‛dkG] jksxjkbZ ;kapkgh milxZ >kyk gksrk- 1684 rs
1689 ;k dkGkr nf{k.k fganqLFkkukr iMysY;k nq‛dkGkps] vUukP;k nqfHkZ{krsp ] R;kr ej.kkÚ;k yksdkaps]
fujfujkGs jksx vkf.k R;kps Lo:i] R;kr ej.kkjh ek.kls ;kaps mYys[k vk<Grkr- R;kr ] ^ b-l-
1684 r if’pe fdukÚ;koj nq‛dkG Hkklyk- olkZO;kgwu lqjryk fyfgysY;k 19 ekpZ 1684 P;k
i=kkr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ fujfujkG;k fBdk.kkgwu O;kikÚ;kP;k >qMa h vkiY;k Hkkxkr ;sr vkgsr -
R;keqGs rkanqGkph Qkj p.kp.k Hkklr vkgs- HkkrkP;k ,dk eq<;kyk ¼rqlklghr rkanqGkyk½ 40 pkGhl
is{kk vf/kd lsjkQh iMrkr- --- xqtjkFkdMhy ckcreh dh] frdMs nq‛dkGkph fHkrh ok<r vkgs-
dkjokjdj 6 uksOgsca jyk fyfgrkr] vkacksyh o olbZ --- lkFkhph vkiRrh tksjkr vkgs- --- vUukfouk
jLR;kr fdrhrjh yksd e:u iMr vkgs- --- lqjrdj 26 tkusokjh 1686 yk yaMuyk dGforkr ] ---
;k Hkkxkr ;k o‛khZ gokeku vxnh fofp= vkgs o vo‛kZ.kgh >kys R;keqGs loZ izdkjph /kkU;lkeqxzh Qkj
nqfeZG o egkx >kyh vkgs- gokgh jksxV vkgs- vkSjaxkckn rs ;k cktwi;Zar Iysxph lkFk Qkj tksjkr
vlwu frus yk[ks yksdkapk cGh ?ksryk vkgs- --- R;kr nsohph lkFkgh tksjkoyh vkgs- vkf.k v’kk rÚgsus
vla[; iq:‛k ck;dk e`R;weq[kh iMr vkgsr- --- eqacbZdj baxzt 30 uoacj 1687 yk fyfgrkr] ---
tjh bZ’ojkus ;ko‛khZ ikÅl fnyk vkgs rjh isj.kh o yko.kh dj.;kl ek.klkapk rqVoMk vlY;kus
;ko‛khZfg nq‛dkG Hkklsy vls okVrs --- * ejkBh eqy[kkrhy nq‛dkGkckcrfg vusd mYys[k dkxni=karwu
;srkr- cksjxko lkrkjk ftYgk ;sFkhy vukth fcu gjth o tkuksth fcu rqdksth o dkuksth fcu nsoth
iVsy /kukth tk/kokauk 19 es 1687 P;k i=kr fyfgrkr] ^ --- lky etdqjh eqydkr nqdkG ifMyk -
,sfl;klh vki.kkl ,dk fnolkps [kko;kl ukgh Eg.kowu vkEgh rqEgkiklh ;sÅu vkiys vkRelarksls
vkiys [kklk rdlhes iSdh rdlhe ?ksÅu okpfoys ikfgts ---* fpapoMps eksdkne 13 tkusokjh 1689
P;k i=kkr ] ^ --- larkthjke xqtj] jkepanz ckckth ns’kikaMs ijx.ks iq.ks ;kauh nqdkGs j;rspk gky goky
tkfgj dsyk] --- nqdkG ifMyk ;k dfjrk j;r dqy esyh- dkgh ijkxank >kyh- fejklnkj dqG dks.kh
ukgh --- manjkauh lsrs [kknyh o yLdj ik;eYyhus j;rkpk gky jkfgyk ukgh --- * 30 tqyS 1687
jksth lqis ijx.;krhy ekGf’kjl ;sFkhy xksikth fcu jkxksth ;kno ;kl o`fRri= fygwu fnys - R;kr] ^
dkG Fkksj ifMyk- ;kdfjrk xko [kjkc tkyk- yksd fdrsd lqtksu esys- fdrsdkaph ?kjs cqMkyh- vkiyk
ysd jketh o ckbZyfg ejksu xsyh- vki.k o vkiyh lwu nks?ks mjyks- vUu feGsuk- gkrik; lqtys-
128
dks.kh gkrh /kjhuk- ex vki.kklh lunk o orukps dkxn gksrs- --- fejklh gdykftek vkgs rks rqEgkl
fn/kyk vls- vki.k okpyks rjh tkojh okpsu rksojh vUuoL= ns.ks o esfy;kojh eqBekrh ns.ks - *
bR;knhlkj[ks mYys[k ;srkr- mijksDr ekfgrh ns.;kekxs ,dp mn~n’s k vkgs dh] N=irh laHkkthjktkaP;k
dkGkr ejkBk jkT;koj vkSjaxtackP;k :ikus lqyrkuh ladV vkys gksrs- rj nq‛dkG] jksxjkbZ bR;knhlkj[kh
vLekuh ladVsfg ejkBk jkT;koj vkysyh gksrh- v’kk ifjfLFkrhoj ekr d:u vkiyk /keZ] vkiys jkT;
o vkiyh iztk ;kapk lkaHkkG dj.;kps dk;Z laHkkthjktkauh dsys- vkiY;k vf/kdkÚ;kauh ;k ladVkyk
dls lkeksjs tkos \ dks.kR;k mik;;kstuk djkO;kr] ;kckcrps mYys[k ;srkr- 16 uoacj o fnlsca j
1686 P;k ukans hr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ loZ lqHks oxSjs /kkU; feGfo.;kpk lkj[kk iz;Ru dfjr
vkgsr- vki.kkl okijklkBh v/ksZ /kkU; feGrs o loZ /kkU;kP;k vk;kr fu;kZrhojhy tdkrhph lwV fnyh
vkgs- ---* enzkldj 19 fnlsca j 1687 yk fyfgrkr ] ^ --- v|kih ;q) o nq‛dkG ;kP;k vkifRrrwu
lqVyks ukghr- --- loZ O;kikj eankoyk vlwu /kksD;kr vkyk vkgs- --- ;k loZ vkiRrhr
laHkkthjktkauh iwohZp eksBeksB;k xMkoj lkBs d:u BsoY;kus o eksxyh xksV o dfcys yqVY;kus vkiys
lSU; pkaxY;k fLFkrhr Bsfoys gksrs- gsfg y{kkr ?ks.;klkj[ks vkgs- --- *
6-4- 4 egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ ;kaP;k gkrh eqydh dkjHkkj %&laHkkthjktkauh T;k ifjfLFkrhr jkT;dkjHkkj
gkrh ?ksryk rh ifjfLFkrh vfr’k; fcdV gksrh- R;k ifjfLFkrhoj ekr dj.;klkBh laHkkthjktkauh y‛djh
eksfgekaph tckcnkjh Lor%oj ?ksryh vkf.k eqydh dkjHkkjkph tckcnkjh jk.kh ;slwckbZ ;kaP;koj
lksifoyh- gh ckc laHkkthjktkaP;k dkjdhnhZps oSf’k‛V; ekukos ykxsy- loZ izdkjph jkti=s o t:j rs
gqdwe dk<.;kph ijokufx ;slwckbZl fnyh gksrh- gs gqdwe tjh laHkkthjktkaP;k ukokus fu?kr vlys rjh]
R;kr ^vkKk* ;k ‘kCnk,soth ^jktkKk * v’kh ‘kCn;kstuk gksr vls- laHkkthjktkaP;k [kkl i=koj ek=
^vkKk* vlsp fyfgys tkbZ- egkjk.kh ;slwckbZapk Lor%pk f’kDdk vls- rks vlk ] ^Jhl[kh jkKh
t;rh* vls- iq<s ;slwckbZ vkSjaxtsckP;k dSnsr vlrkuk ‘kkgwl lIrgtkjh eksdklk ckn’kgkus fnyk gksrk-
‘kkgw ygku vlY;keqGs R;kP;korhus ;slwckbZ dkjHkkj igkr vls- R;klkBh frus ] ^;slwckbZ okfynk b
lkgwjktk* gk if’kZ;u fyihrhy f’kDdk okijyk gksrk- laHkkth jkts o ;slwckbZ ;kauh izlaxijRos
f’kokthjktkaP;k jkT;O;oLFksr dsysyk eksBk cny gksrk vls EgVY;kl okoxs Bj.kkj ukgh-
6-4-5 /keZ‘kq)hps dk;Z %&laHkkth jktkauh /kekZarjhrkal fganw/kekZr ?ksÅu /keZ ‘kq)hps dk;Z dsys- vkiY;k
jkT;krhy T;kauh fujfujkG;k dkj.kkaeqGs /kekZarj dsys vlsy v’kk yksdkauk laHkkthjktkus iqUgk fganw
/kekZr ?ksrys- ;kckcr rRdkyhu dkxni=karwu mYys[k ;srkr- 16 ekpZ 1686 lkyP;k ,dk i=kr vlk
mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ xaxk/kj ukxukFk ¼jaxukFk ½ dqyd.khZ dlcs gjlwy ] gk czkã.k eksxyh lsosr gksrk- --
- var%dj.kh vuqrki ekuwu] vkiys tkrhr ;kos ;kLro jktJh N=irh Lokehik’kh xMkoj ;sÅu jkfgyk-
--- R;kmijh vkEgh jktJh Nanksxs kekR; ;kaps lHkslh leLr fo}}Sfnd czkã.kkaps laerhus xaxk/kj jaxukFk
¼ukxukFk½ ;klh izk;f’PkRr ladYi lkaxksu Jh ;k=sl ikBfoys --- czkã.k Hkkstu d:u iaDrhl ?ksryk- --
-* jkT;krhy xqykekaP;k [kjsnhyk vkGk ?kky.;klkBh mik; ;kstuk dsY;k- LojkT;krhy yksdkal
dkjokj cktwyk xqyke Eg.kwu nksu rhu ixksM;kyk baxzt o brj ;qjksih; fodr ?ksr vlr-
f’kokthjktkauh R;koj dj clfoyk gksrk- laHkkthjktkauh rks dj tcjnLr ok<owu ;k O;ogkjkl ik;can
?kky.;klkBh iz;Ru dsys- ;kckcr dkjokjdjkaP;k 5 twu 1685 P;k i=kr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh]
^?kkVkoj izR;sdh 2&3 ixksMs nsÅu xqyke fodr ?ks.ks ‘kD; vkgs- ijarq ?kkVkoj fodr ?ksrysys o fodr
?ksÅu vk.kysy;k izR;sd xqykekekxs f’kokthjktkaP;k veykiklwu tdkr |koh ykxrs- gh njMksbZ tdkr

129
vkrk nj ek.klh ckjk ixksMs clfoyh vkgs- f’kok; v’kh [kjsnh lgtklgth gksÅ nsr ukghr- f’kok;
xqykekaP;k O;kikjkcn~nygh vVhrVh yknY;k tkrkr-*
6-4- 6 laHkkthjktkauh LojkT; o Lo/keZ jk[khys %&LojkT; j{k.kklkBh laHkkthjktkauh dsysys dk;Z gs
vR;ar eksykps gksrs- b- l- 1680 rs 1689 lkyki;Zar lrr uÅ o‛ksZ R;kauh eksxyh lRrs’kh y<k
fnyk- eq?kykaph vtJ QkSt] lHkksorkyP;k lRrkaph dVdkjLFkkus] ejkBk jkT;krhy orunkj ] ljnkj
;kaph QanfQrqjh] ;k loZ izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhoj ekr d:u laHkkthjktkauh eq?kyka’kh fudjkus y<k nsÅu
ejkBk jkT; jf{k.;kps iz;Ru dsys- eq?kyka’kh y<rkuk laHkkthjktkauh LojkT; j{k.k o Lo/keZ j{k.k gh
nksu /;s;s vkiY;k utjsleksj Bsoyh gksrh- ;kckcr laHkkthjktkauh b-l- 1682 lkyh jkeflaxkyk
ikBfoysY;k i=kr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^ vkEgh {kf=; vkgksr vkeP;k {kk=/kekZyk dehi.kk
vk.k.kkjh dks.krhgh xks‛V vkEgh ekU; dj.kkj ukgh- --- jkts Eg.kwu vkepk iztkikyukpk tks /keZ rks
vkEgh VkGw ‘kdr ukgh- ;k nq‛V ;ouka’kh ;q) dj.;kl vkEgh vkeph laiRrh ] vkepk ns’k] vkeps
nqxZ loZ dkgh i.kkl yko.;kl vkEgh r;kj vkgksr-*
6-4-7 N=irh laHa kkth vkf.k ‘kkDr iaaFk %&f’kodkGkr ‘k`axkjiwj gs ‘kkDr iaFkh;kaps egkjk‛Vªkrhy
egRokps dsna z cuys gkrs- rsFks ‘kkDriaFkh lU;klh f’ko;ksxh ;kus vkiyh eBh LFkkiwu ‘kkDr iaFkkP;k
izpkjkl izkjaHk dsyk gksrk- R;kph fdrhZ izl`r gksÅu x.ks’k vuar tkaHksdj o ds’koHkV mik/;k; gs nksu
dÚgkMs czkã.k R;kaps f’k‛; >kys o R;kauh ‘kkDriaFkkpk vH;kl dsyk- ‘k`axkjiwj ;sFks f’ko;ksxh]
fu’pyiqjh xkslkoh] x.ks’kHkV tkaHksdj] ds’koHkV mik/;k; ;k ‘kkDriaFkh; yksdkaps okLrO; gksrs- rlsp
dfody’k ;kpkgh ‘k`axkjiwj’kh ?kfu‛B laca/k gksrk-
N=ifr f’kokthjktkaP;k jktkfHk‛ksd izlaxh laHkkthjktkauk ;qojkt Eg.kwu ?kksf‛kr dj.;kr vkys gksrs-
f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;uarj jktkjkekl ejkB;kaP;k xknhpk okjl Ogkok ;klkBh lks;jkckbZus njckjh
yksdkaP;k enrhus dVdkjLRkkus dsyh- R;keqGs laHkkthjkts ,dkdh iMys- R;keqGs varxZr dVdkjLrkukrwu
ekxZ dk<.;klkBh laHkkthyk dfody’k toGpk okVyk vlkok- R;keqGs R;kP;k’kh laHkkthpk ?kfu‛B
laca/k vkyk- laHkkthjktkus gkrh lRrk vkY;kuarj doh dy’kkl ^dqyeqf[r;kj* gs in fuekZ.k d:u
R;koj useys- rlsp iq<s R;kyk ^NanksxkekR;* gs egRokps in nsÅu R;kP;k ra=kus dkjHkkj lq: dsyk-
doh dy’kkpk ok<rk izHkko oSfnd /kekZfHkekuh ljdkjdqukauk lgu gks.ks ‘kD; uOgrs- R;keqGs R;kauh
laHkkth o dfody’k ;akP;k’kh ‘k=qRo iRdjys- jkT;kfHk‛ksdkuarj f’kokthjkts dukZVdkP;k eksgesoj xsys
rsOa gk laHkkthjktkal ‘k`axkjiwj ;sFks BsÅu izHkkuoYyhpk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu useys gksrs- laHkkthjkts ‘k`axkjiqjh
vlrkuk ‘kkDriaFkh yksdkaP;k izHkkokus ‘kkDriaFkkdMs vkdf‛kZys xsys gksrs- 23 ekpZ 1678 jksth
laHkkthjktkauh Lor%l ^ dy‛kkfHk‛ksd* d:u ?ksryk gksrk- jkT;in feGfo.;kr vkysY;k vMp.kh nwj
dj.;klkBh R;kauh uol dsyk gksrk- izR;{k jktin feGky;kuarj rks R;kauh QsMyk- R;klkBh ,dk
rkaf=dkyk ngk gtkj lqjrh uk.;kaps o‛kkZlu fnys gksrs- jkT;kfHk‛ksdle;h laHkkthjktkauk eqyxk uOgrk
R;keqGs laHkkthjktkauh f’ko;ksX;kP;k lkax.;ko:u jktkfHk‛ksdkuarj nksu & rhu efgU;kr ^iq=dkes‛Vh ;K*
dsyk gksrk- rlsp jktlRrk gkrh vkY;kuarj laHkkthjktkus doh dy’kkP;k lkax.;ko:u vusd
dkj.kkalkBh ‘kkDriaFkh fo/kh o vuq‛Bkus dsyh- R;kr ‘k=quk’kklkBh o ;q)kr fot; feGfo.;klkBh
fo/kh dsY;kps mYys[k ;srkr-
6-4-8 N=irh laHkkth vkf.k doh dy’k laca/k&laHkkthjktkaP;k thoukr doh dy’kkl dks.krs egRo
gksrs ;kckcr xks- l- ljnslkbzZ vls fyfgrkr dh] ^ laHkkthP;k ,danj dkjHkkjkr dyq’kkps egRo fo’ks‛k
130
gksrs- gk duksth czkã.k izz;kx toGpk jkg.kkjk- dk’kh ;sFkhy HkkslY;kapk {ks=ksik/;k; gksrk- b- l-
1666 e/;s vkXÚ;kgwu ijr ;srkuk laHkkthpk o R;kpk izFke ifjp; ?kMyk- --- gk czkã.k ekaf=d
gksrk- R;kus laHkkthl o’k dsys --- Lodh;kackcr ‘kadhr >kysY;k laHkkthus R;kyk toG vk.kys- ---
dyq’kkl loZ fl)h o’k vkgsr v’kh dyq’kkph o R;kP;k ekydkph Hkkouk gksrh- --- rkaf=d
fo|srhy vuq‛Bkukfn iz;ksx d:u vlk/; xks‛Vh lk/; gksrkr] vlk laHkkthpk fo’okl fnlrks - *
N=irhlaHkkth & dyq’kk laca/kkckcr fpV.khl c[kjhr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^--- gs orZeku ikr’kgkauh
ekfgr d:u QkSt jokuk dsyh- rs vkfy;kofj egkjktkauh ckckl dGokos] lkafxrys ckckauh fopkj
lkafxryk] ^gs QkSt vkyh;kph dk; eqtkdk vkgs- iz;ksxkl izkjaHk d:u ,d {k.kkr uk’k gks; ,sls
dfjrks- --- *N=irh laHkkth & dyq’kk laca/kkckcr ‘ksMxkodj c[kjhr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^--- ‘kds
1608 --- vkSjaxtsc --- QkStlq)k --- fnYyhgwu --- rqGkiqj eqDdkeh ;sÅu --- jkfgys --- QkSt laHkkth
egkjktkaoj jokuk d:u fnYgh --- egkjkt laxes’ojkP;k fdYY;koj gksrs- rsFks dcthckck czkã.k
fganqLFkkuh --- vuq‛Bkuh jsMs ek:u R;kps jDrkr /kks=s fHktowu ik.kh flapwu cSlys gksrs- --- ikr’kgkps
yksd fdYyk p<ko;kl ykxys- --- dcth vuq‛Bkukl clwu ---
6-4-9 N=irh laHkkthjktkaP;k pfj=ys[kukpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok %& N=irh laHkkthjkts gs egkjk‛VªkP;k
bfrgklkrhy xktysys o oknxzLr Bjysys O;fDreRo ekuys tkrs- ejkBhrhy vk| ukVddrhZ lksukckbZ
dsjdj ¼N=irh laHkkth½] jke x.ks’k xMdjh ¼jktlU;kl½]vkSa/kdj¼cscan’kkgh ½] olar dkusVdj
¼jk;xMkyk tsaOgk tkx ;srs½] bR;knh ukVddkj( f’kokth lkoar ¼ Nkok½] iq-Hkk- Hkkos ¼jkteLrdkpk
vkns’k½] bR;knh dknacjhdkj o ys[kdkauh fprkjysyk laHkkth ‘kwj ] /kkMlh fnynkj o ck.ksnkj]
LokfHkekuh] Lo/kekZfHkekuh ] ‘k=qi<q s ureLrd u gks.kkjk o /kekZlkBh thokph dqjoaMh dj.kkjk vkgs - i.k
R;kp cjkscj efnjk vkf.k efnjk{khP;k uknkr xqjQVwu xsysyk ( foods lqVwu Øqj cuysyk ] nqjkpkjh ]
O;luh] jktk vkgs- xzWaM MQ] U;k- jkuMs] fj;klrdkj xks-l- ljnslkbZ bR;knh vk| bfrgkldkjkauh eYgkj
jkejko fpV.khl] [kkQh[kku ] lkdh eqLrSn[kku ] euqfp] vkeZ bR;knhaP;k xzFa kkaP;k vk/kkjs laHkkthps fp=
jaxfoys vkgs- d`‛.kkth vuar lHkkln ;kaph lHkkln c[kj o eYgkj jkejko fpV.khl c[kj bR;knh
laHkkthP;k bfrgkl ys[kukph egRokph lk/kus vkgsr- c[kjdkj] vkn; bfrgkldkj] o lkfgR;hd
;kauh egkjk‛Vªkr fuekZ.k dsysyh laHkkth egkjktkaph fod`r izfrek iqlwu rsFks ,dk rstLoh ] ijkØeh]
drZcxkj laHkkthph okLro izfrek lkdkj dj.;kps dk;Z bfrgkldkj ok- lh- csna zs o MkW- dey xks[kys]
;kauh dsys-

vf/kd okpuklkBh
1½xks- l- ljnslkbZ] mxzizd`fr laHkkth-
2½ok- lh- csna ]zs N=ifr laHkkth egkjkt
3½ MkW- dey xks[kys] f’koiw= laHkkth

131
ljkoklkBh iz’u %&
iz’u %& [kkyhy iz’ukaph 400 ‘kCnkr mRrjs fygk
1½ laHkkthjktkaP;k lRrkizkIrhP;k la?a k‛kkZpk lfoLrj vk<kok ?;k-
2½ laHkkthjktkaP;k vkØed eksfgekafo‛k;h ekfgrh fygk-
3½ N=irh laHkkth vkf.k eq?ky ;kaP;k laca/kkrhy egRokP;k ?kVuk Li‛V djk-
4½ laHkkthjkts vkf.k baxzt ;kaP;krhy lac/kkph ppkZ djk
5½ N=irh laHkkth vkf.k ijdh; lRrk ;kaP;ke/khy laca/kkph FkksMD;kr ekfgrh fygk-
6½ N=irh laHkkthP;k dkefxjhps ewY;ekiu djk-
iz’u %& 100 ‘kCnkr fVik fygk-
1½ N=irh laHkkthjktkaps vYi pfj=
2½ N=irh laHkkth % eq?kykapk lqHksnkj
3½ N=irh laHa kkthjktkafo:)ph dV dkjLFkkus
4½ N=irh laHkkth vkf.k fl)h laca/k
5½ N=irh laHkkth vkf.k vdcj laca/k
6½ N=irh laHkkthjktkaP;k vkØed eksfgek

132
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k lkros
ejkB;kaps Lora«;;q)

7-1 N=irh jktkjkekph dkefxjh ¼b-l 1689 rs b-l-1700½

7-1-1 N=irh laHkkth o egkjk.kh ;slwckbZph Hkwfedk
7-1-2 N=irh jktkjkekph dkefxjh
7-1-3 N=irh jktkjke egkjktkapk e`R;w
7 -2 egkjk.kh rkjkckbZpk dky[kaM ¼b-l- 1700 rs b-l-1707½
7-2-1 eq?kyka’kh la?k‛kZ
7-2-2 egkjk.kh rkjkckbZP;k vkØed eksfgek
7-2-3 egkjk.kh rkjkckbZP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkBh lSU;kus xsysys fdYys ijr ftadwu ?ksrys
7-3jkepanziar vekR;]larkth ?kksjiMs o /kukth tk/ko ;kaps ;ksxnku
7-3-1 ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«;;q)krhy drZcxkj lsukuh
7-3-2N=irh jkepanziar vekR;
7-3-3larkth ?kksjiMs
7-3-4/kukth tk/ko
izkLrkfod %&ejkB;kaps Lokra«; ;q) gk ejkBs & eq?ky laca a/kkrhy ,d egRokpk VIik ekuyk tkrks-
lk/kkj.ki.ks b-l- 1681 rs b-l-1707 ;k iapohl & lOohl o‛kkZpk iznh?kZ dky[kaM eq?kyckn’kgk
vkSjaxtsc ;kus ejkB;kaps jkT; ftadwu ?ks.;klkBh ?kkyfoyk- gk laiw.kZ dky[kaM ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkr
ejkB;kaps Lokra«;q) ;k ukokus vksG[kyk tkrks- ;k dky[kaMkps usr`RokP;k n`f‛Vus rhu dky[kaM ikM.ks
‘kD; vkgs- 1& N=irh laHkkth o egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ ;kaph dkefxjh 2 & N=irh jktkjkekpk
dky[kaM ¼b-l 1689 rs b-l-1700½ 3 & egkjk.kh rkjkckbZpk dky[kaM ¼b-l-1700 rs b-l-1707½
7-1 & N=irh jktkjkekpk dky[kaM ¼b-l 1689 rs b-l-1700½
7-1-1N=irh laHkkth o egkjk.kh ;slwckbZph Hkwfedk %&f’kokth egkjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj
vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkus ejkB;kaps jkT; ftadwu ?ks.;kP;k mn~n’s kkus ejkBk jkT;koj Lokjh dsyh-
N=irhlaHkkthjktkauh b-l-1689 i;Zar eq?ky lRrsyk leFkZi.ks rksaM nsÅu ejkBk jkT;kps j{k.k dsys-
;klkBh R;kauh vkiY;k izk.kkps cfynku fnys- N=irhlaHkkthjktkaph dSn o eq?ky ckn’kgkdMwu R;kph
>kysyh fu?k`Z.k gR;k vkf.k R;kauarj fuekZ.k >kysY;k ifjfLFkrhr egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ ¼b-l- 1661 e/;s
133
laHkkthjktkaps yXu ‘k`axkjiwjps ljnkj fiykthjkts f’kdsZ ;kaph dU;k jktlckbZ fgP;k’kh >kyk- frps
lkljps uko ;slwckbZ vls Bsoys-½ ;kauh vR;ar eksykph Hkwfedk ctkoyh- Qsczoq kjh 1689 e/;s
laHkkthjktkauk dSn >kyh] ekpZ 1689 e/;s R;kaph gR;k dsyh xsyh- ,fizy 1689 e/;s egkjk.kh
;slwckbZ ;kaP;k lYY;kuqlkj N=irhjktkjkekph jk;xMko:u lqVdk >kyh- uksOgsca j 1689 e/;s ;slwckbZ o
brj eaMGhaph dSn gksÅu ejkB;kaph jkt/kkuh jk;xM eq?kykaP;k rkC;kr xsyh vkf.k ejkB;kaoj
ikjra«;kph dqqÚgkM dkslGyh- ;k loZ izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhr egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ ;kauh vfr’k; tckcnkjhus]
/kksj.khi.kkus ] nwjn’khZi.ks o dsoG ejkBk jkT;kps fgr y{kkr ?ksÅu ejkBk jkT;kph O;oLFkk ykoyh-
N=irh jktkjkekps eapdkjksgu d:u R;kyk lq[k:i egkjk‛Vªkckgsj tkÅu y<k ns.;kl ikBfoys- eq?ky
ljnkj>qfYQdkj[kku ;kP;k’kh la/kku lk/kwu jktdkj.k dsys o R;kP;kdMwu lokZaP;k lqjf{krrsps vfHkopu
?ksÅu jk;xM eq?kykaP;k rkC;kr fnyk o Lor% brjkacjkscj dSn Lohdkjyh- ¼ ;kosGh jk;xMkoj
jktdqVqca krhy th eaMGh gksrh R;kr ] laHkkthjktkaph lko= vkbZ ldokjckbZ] laHkkthjktkaph nqljh
ck;dks paik o frph rhu eqyxs o nksu eqyh v’kh ikp viR;s] ;slwckbZpk eqyxk f’kokth o eqyxh
HkokuhckbZ ;kapk lekos’k gksrk-½ laHkkthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj ;slwckbZauh jkT;kph O;oLFkk d’kh ykoyh
;kckcr eYgkj jkejko fpV.khl fojfpr jktkjke pfj=kr vlk mYys[k ;srks dh] ^--- jkT;kps
vf/kdkjh f’kokthjkts] laHkkthjkts ;kaps iq= ] ygku --- ;kal ?ksÅu o loZ dqVaqc fu?kksu xsys vlrk
fuHkko iM.kkj ukgh --- jktkjke -- ;k.kh f’kokthjkts ;kal flagklu jkT;kfHk‛ksd d:u ] loZ dk;Z
vkSjaxtscklkj[kk ‘k=w ;k.kh xzk’khys] R;kl tkgackthps gqUujs xsys jkT; lk/kkos dkjHkkj d:u] nkSyr
loZ xsyh rh teokoh- --- * jkT;kph O;oLFkk d’kh djkoh ;kckcr fpV.khl c[kjhr vlk mYys[k
;srks dh] ;slwckbZuh vlk lYyk fnyk dh] ^ eqykps o; ygku] jkT; rfj xsysp] R;kvFkhZ ckgsj iMkos -
eqykl ckgsj tkÅu jkg.ks ;kl toG tkxk jk;xMkgwu ckdk ,s’kh nqljh ukghp- --- rqEgh lokZauh
jktkjkelkgsc lgorZeku ckgsj iMwu] QkSt tek d:u izkarkpk cankscLr jk[khyk vlrk loZ elyr
iMyh vlrk loZ elyr ok< frdMs vk/kh iMsy--- R;kvFkhZ panhpankojizkra h ne [kkÅu iqUgk elyr
cGkowu jkT;lk/kufg dj.ks iMsy rjh djkos- --- ;kLro jktkjkelkgsc o R;kapk dfcyk ,sls dk<ksu
fu?kksu tkos- --- * laHkkthjktkaP;k dqVqackP;k dSnsckcr fpV.khl c[kjhr vlk mYys[s k ;srks dh] ^ ,sls
>kys vlrk laHkkthjkts ;kaps iq= f’kokthjkts o ;slwckbZlkgsc o vk.k[kh ukVd’kkGk o enuflax ---
jk;xMh gksrs- --- rs le;h tksR;kth dsldj] -- egkjktkacjkscj xsys gksrs-*
7-1-2 N=irh jktkjkekph dkefxjh&b- l- 1670 lkyh jktkjkekpk tUe >kyk-
f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj lks;jkckbZus ljdkjdqukP;k enrhus dVdkjLFkku d:u jktkjkekpk eapdkjksgu
lekjaHk d:u ?ksryk gksrk- N=irhlaHkkthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj ;slwckbZP;k lYY;kuqlkj ?ks.;kr vkysY;k
fu.kZ;kuqlkj Qscqoz kjh 1689 e/;s jktkjkekl eapdkjksgu d:u jkT; ok<fo.;kph tckcnkjh R;kP;koj
lksifoyh gksrh- N=irhjktkjkekus [kaMkscYykG] [kaMsjko nkHkkMs] izYgkn fujkth] larkth ?kksjiMs] /kukth
tk/ko ;kaP;klg eq?kykapk dMd cankscLr vlrkukgh R;krwu xqipqi fulV.;kph ;kstuk vk[kyh vkf.k
R;kr rs ;’kLoh >kys- jk;xMko:u lq[k:i ckgsj iMY;kph ckreh ckn’kgkyk letrkp R;kus
N=irhjktkjkekl idM.;klBh iz;Ru lq: dsys- pkSdhigkjs ykowu ‘kks/k lq: dsyk- vusd dfB.k
izlaxkauk rksaM nsr jktkjke egkjkt ftathyk tkÅu iksgpyk- N=irhjktkjkekP;k ftath izoklkps o.kZu
ds’ko iafMrkaP;k^ftathpk izokl vFkkZr jktjke pfjre~*] ekfVZuph jkstfu’kh] ekflj&b vkyefxjh ;k
xzaFkkrwu feGrs- R;kuqlkj iUgkGk rs ftath gk lqekjs lgk’ks eSykapk izokl jktkjkekus dsyk- ;k izoklkr
izYgkn fujkth] :ikth Hkkslys] cfgthZ ukbZd] [kaMks cYYkkG fpV.khl] uhGdaB eksjs’oj bR;knh fo’oklw

134
eaMGh R;kaP;kcjkscj gksrh- jktkjke egkjktkal idM.;klkBh eq?kykauh lxGhdMwu ukdscanh dsyh gksrh-
fBdfBdk.kh pkSD;k clowu rikl.kh dsyh gksrh- ijarq ;k cankscLrkrwu rs lghlyker ftathl iksgpys-
jktkjke gs vorkjh vlY;kus rs lghlyker fu?kwu xsys- ;kckcr ds’ko iafMrd`r jktkjke pfjre~
vFkkZr ftathpk izokl ;k xzaFkkr ds’ko iafMr o.kZu djrks ] ^jkty{k.k laiUUk --- vlysyk jktkjke
ftdMs frdMs iztk yqVyh tkr vlrkuk] loZ= pksjVs daVdkizke.ks iljys vlrkuk o foiqy ikolkus
ekxkZZrhy un;k rqMcqa HkjY;k vlrkuk dukZVdkr dlk xsyk- ---* ftath gk HkkjrkP;k iwoZ
fdukÚ;kojhy dukZVdkrhy o egRokpk izkra gksrk- ftathl eksxy lSU; ;s.;kiwohZp ejkB;kauh rsFkhy
vktwcktwpk izns’k tkGwu csfpjk[k d:u Vkdyk gksrk- f’kok; ftathP;k fn’ksus eksxykauk ;s.kkjh jln gh
larkth ?kksjiMs o /kukth tk/ko ;kauh xfueh gYys d:u iGfoyh gksrh- R;keqGs eq?kykaP;k Nko.khr
fparps s okroj.k iljys gksrs- jln ?ksÅu tk.kkjs eksxy lqHksnkjkauk vVd dj.;kr vkY;keqGs ejkB;kapk
mRlkg ok<w ykxyk gksrk- jktkjke egkjkt ftathyk iksgpY;kuarj jktkjkekus vkiyk jkT;kfHk‛ksd d:u
v‛Viz/kkueaMG ?kksf‛kr dsys gksrs- R;kr] fuGksira fiaxGs&is’kok] ‘kadjkth ukjk;.k&lfpo] ‘kadjkpk;Z
dkyxkodj&iafMrjko] tuknZuiar g.kwera s&vekR;] egknth xnk/kj&lqear] jkepanz iqaMs&ea=h] [kaMks
cYYkkG&fpV.khl] [kaMjs ko ikulacG&lsukirh ;kapk lekos’k gksrk- ;k dkGkr tsFks jktkjke egkjkt
tkrhy rsFks ejkB;kph jkt/kkuh gksrh- N=irhjktkjkekP;k dkGkr ejkBk jkT;;a=.kk vf/kd dk;Z{ke o
izHkkoh >kY;kps vk<Grs- ejkBs vkf.k eksxy ;kaP;kr vusdosGk pdedh >kY;k- ijarq cÚ;kp fBdk.kh
/kukth o larkth ;kauh vusdnk Nkis ?kkywu eq?ky lsusyk ijkHkwr dsys- ;k lanHkkZr lsrwek/kojko ixMh
fyfgrkr dh] ^ LojkT;kyk lqnSokus ;k osGh vxnh ;ksX; v’kk usR;kapk ykHk >kyk- R;kr jkepanziar
vekR;] ‘kadjkth ukjk;.k ] /kukth tk/ko] larkth ?kksjiMs] ij’kqjkeiar izfrfu/kh] Ekkukth f‘kans]
g.kearjko fuackGdj bR;knhapk lekos’k gksrk- ;k lokZauh LojkT;kP;k j{k.kklkBh ftokyk tho ns.;kps
/kkMl nk[kfoys o R;k dkGkr uok bfrgkl ?kMfoyk - ---* dukZVdkr larkth o /kukth tk/ko ;kauh
xf.keh dkO;kP;k ;q)ra=kus eq?kykaP;k QkStsoj gYys d:u R;kauk lGksdhiGks d:u lksMys- jktkjke
egkjktkauh >qfYQdkj[kkuk’kh rgkph cksy.kh lq: dsY;kps ukVd dsys- R;keqGs rks cslko/k jkfgyk gksrk-
;k la/khpk Qk;nk ?ksÅu jktkjkekus ftath lksMyh o rs fo’kkGxMkoj lq[k:i iksgpys- ejkB;kaph
jkt/kkuh ftath eksxykaP;k gkrh xsyh- ijarq ejkB;kapk jktk LojkT;kr iqUgk vkY;kus ejkB;kapk
vkRefo’okl ok<yk- b-l- 1698 uarj ejkBk lSfudkauh /kukth tk/kokaP;k ekxZn’kZuk[kkyh ;slkth o
[kaMksth nkHkkMs ;kauh ckxyk.ke/;s ] usekth f’kans o fo’okljko iokj ;kauh [kkuns’kkr] ijlksth Hkkslys
;kauh oÚgkMkr rj [kqn~n /kukth tk/ko vkf.k usekth f’kans ;kauh cÚgk.kiwj] uanqjckj] gh ‘kgjs yqVyh-
mRrjsps izos’k}kj vlysY;k ekGO;kr yqVkyqV dsyh-
7-1-3 N=irh jktkjke egkjktkapk e`R;w %&vfr’k; izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhr ejkBk jkT;kph lw=s
N=irhjktkjkekP;k gkrh vkyh gksrh- ;kckcr vls o.kZu dsys tkrs dh] jktkjkekP;k gkrh lRrk lw=s
vkyh R;kosGh ejkB;kauk jktk uOgrk] R;kauk jkT; o izns’kgh uOgrk- v’kk izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhr
jktkjkekus jkT;kph lw=s gkrh ?ksryh gksrh- N=irhlaHkkthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj ejkBk jkT; fVdfo.;klkBh
lkslkok ykx.kkjk ouokl] lkrR;kus gsk.kkjk izokl] /kkoiG] bR;knhaeqGs eqGP;kp uktwd vlysY;k
izd`rhyk jktdkj.kkph nxnx lkslyh ukgh- izd`rh LokLF;klkBh jktkjke flaxMkoj xsys gksrs- 2 ekpZ
1700 jksth flagxMkoj R;kapk e`R;w >kyk- ejkBk jkT;kP;k Lokra«; laxzkekrhy N=irh jktkjke ;kaps
LFkku o dkefxjh eksykph gksrh-

135
7-2 egkjk.kh rkjkckbZpk dky[kaM ¼b-l-1700 rs b-l-1707½ %&
N=irh jktkjkekpk e`R;w >kY;kuarj ejkBk jkT;kP;k Lokra«; y<;kr R;kph iRuh egkjk.kh
rkjkckbZ ¼ rkjkckbZ gh izrkijko xqtj ;kaph eqyxh gksrh- frpk tUe b-l- 1675 lkyh >kyk- ftps
iwohZps uko tkudh vls gksrs- ekpZ 1680 e/;s frpk fookg jktkjkek’kh >kyk-½ ;kauh egRokph
dkefxjh ctkoyh- o;kP;k vo?;k iapohlkO;k o‛khZ ¼b-l-1700½ rkjkckbZl oS/kO; izkIr >kys rjh
R;kauh vkiys oS;fDrd nq%[k cktwyk BsÅu vkiyk eqyxk f’kokth ¼ nqljk ½ ;kl xknhoj clowu
ejkBkjkT;kP;k dkjHkkjkph lw=s vkiY;k gkrh ?ksryh vkf.k Lokra«;y<;kps usr`Ro dsys- jktkjke
egkjkt g;kr vlrkukp rkjkckbZauh jkT;dkjHkkjkr o y‛djh eksfgekr Hkkx ?ksryk gkssrk- ;kckcr
[kkQh[kku fyfgrks dh]^--rkjkckbZ jktkjkekph Fkksjyh ck;dks gksrh- rh cq)heku o ‘kgk.kh gksrh- lSU;kph
O;oLFkk vkf.k jkT;dkjHkkj ;k ckcrhr uoÚ;kP;k g;krhrp frpk eksBk ykSfdd >kyk gksrk- jktkjke
egkjkt e`R;w ikoY;koj ckn’kgkyk okVys gksrs dh vkrk ejkB;kps jkT; cqMkys- jktkjke egkjktkaP;k
ekxs R;kph fujk/kkj o vKku eqys gh dk; la?k‛kZ dj.kkj\ ijarq vkiyk gk vankt pqdyk-] gs
ckn’kgkP;k yodjp y{kkr vkys-
7-2-1 eq?kyka’kh la?k‛kZ %&jktkjkekP;k e`R;wps dkj.k y{kkr ?ksÅu vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkus
ejkB;kafo:) eksfge vk[kyh- R;kdkGh lkrkjk gh ejkB;kaph jkt/kkuh gksrh] rh ftadwu ?ks.;klkBh
vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkus Lor% lkrkÚ;kP;k fdYY;kyk os<k ?kkryk- ;k os<;kckcr lj tnqukFk ljdkj vls
fyfgrkr dh] ^ fdYY;kl laiw.kZ os<k ?kky.ksgh eksxykauk teys ukgh- ‘ksoVi;Zar ejkBs ckgsj iMr o
ckgsjps vkr tkÅ ‘kdr] myV eksxyh lSU; dksaMY;klkj[ks >kys gksrs- dkj.k ejkB;kaP;k y‛djh
rqdM;k egkjk.kh rkjkckbZP;k usr`Rok[kkyh f?kjV;k ?kkyhr gksR;k- ---* ‘ksoVh ejkB;kaP;k nqnZSokus
lkrkÚ;kP;k fdYysnkjkus 21 ,fizy 1700 jksth fQrqjhus fdYyk ckn’kgkP;kLok/khu dsyk- R;kikBksikB
ijGh o iUgkGk gs fdYysgh ejkB;kauh eksxykaP;k rkC;kr fnys ] ijarq gs fdYys rkC;kr nsrkuk R;kauh
,dk uO;k ra=kpk okij dsyk gksrk- rs ra= Eg.kts dkgh dkG fdYyk y<ok;pk vkf.k eq?kykadMwu iSlk
?ksÅu fdYyk rkC;kr n;k;pk vkf.k eq?kykaph ikB fQjrkp fdYyk iqUgk rkC;kr ?;ko;kpk- ;k ra=kpk
voyac d:u ejkB;kauh ijGh o iUgkGk gs fdYys eq?kykaP;k rkC;kr fnys- ;k ra=keqGs ejkB;kps
fdYys eq?kykauh ,dkekxwu ,d vls d:u ftadwu ?ksrys ijarq R;klkBh R;kaph frtksjh [kkyh djkoh
ykxyh- ;k loZ ifjfLFkrhph ikg.kh d:u rkjkckbZus vkØed ifo=k ?ksryk- eq?ky ;k os<;kr vMdys
rsOa gk ejkBs ljnkj /kukth tk/ko] ‘kadjkth ukjk;.k] guqearjko fuackGdj]] jk.kksth ?kksjiMs] ;k
lsukuhauh lkrkjk] dÚgkM] ] [kVko bR;knh izns’kkrhy vusd Bk.ksnkjka’kh y<k;k dsY;k-
7-2-2 egkjk.kh rkjkckbZP;k vkØed eksfgek %&jktfurh o j.kfurhr ikjaxr vlysY;k
rkjkckbZus eq?kyka’kh y<k nsrkuk uO;k ra=kpk okij dsyk- eksxy ckn’kgk vkSjaxtsc ;kps y{k LojkT;kP;k
eksfgekao:u deh dj.;klkBh rkjkckbZus eksxykauk fdYY;kaP;k os<;kr vMdwu Bsoko;kps o R;kaP;k
izns’kkr /kqekdwG ?kkyko;kpk v’kh ;kstuk vk[kyh- b-l-1702 lkyh ejkB;kauh rkjkckbZP;k
usr`Rok[kkyh ekGok] xqtjkFk] dukZVd] vka/kz] rfeGukMw bR;knh izns’kkrhy eq?kyh lqH;krhy egRokP;k
Hkkxkoj gYys dsys- b-l- 1703 lkyh ejkB;kauh iLrhl gtkjkaph QkSt xqtjkFke/;s ?kqlfoyh]
R;kposGh nqljh rqdMh usekth f’kans ;kaP;k usrqRok[kkyh HkksikG ‘kgjkr xsyh- lrrP;k ;q)keqGs eq?ky
lsuk ;q)kl daVkGwu xsyh gksrh- ;k ifjfLFkrhpk iqjsij Qk;nk ejkB;kauh ?ksryk-

136
 7-2-3 egkjk.kh rkjkckbZP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ejkBh lSU;kus xsysys fdYys ijr ftadwu ?ksrys
%&eq?kykauh ejkB;kaps ts fdYys ftadwu ?ksrys gksrs rs ejkB;kauh rkjkckbZP;k usr`Rok[kkyh iqUgk ftadwu
?ksrys- b-l- 1704 &1705 e/;s d`‛.kk o fHkek ;kaP;k nqvkckr csjM yksdkauh eq?kykfo:) caM
mHkkjys rs fpjMwu Vkd.;klkBh Lor% ckn’kgk vkSjaxtsckus eksfge gkrh ?ksryh gksrh- okfd.k[ksMk gh
csjMkaph jkt/kkuh gksrh- R;keqGs gh eksfge okfd.k[ksM;kph eksfge ;k ukokus bfrgklkr uksna foyh xsyh-
ejkBs o csjM ;kauh ckn’kkgh QkSts’kh fudjkph >qt a fnyh- v[ksjhl okfd.k[ksMk fdYY;krhy loZ csjM
iGwu xsys vkf.k 27 ,fizy 1705 jksth fdYYkk eq?kykaP;k rkC;kr xsyk- ;k y<;kr rkjkckbZus /kukth
tk/ko o cfgthZ ?kksjiMs ;kaP;kcjkscj lSU; nsÅu ;kauk csjMkaP;k enrhyk ikBfoys gksrs-- ckn’kgk
okfd.k[ksM;kP;k eksfgesoj vlrkukp rkjkckbZus eq?ky fdYysnkjkadMwu fdYys ftadwu ?ksrys- b-l- 1705
lkyh yksgxM ];kp o‛khZ f=acd f’konso ;kauh flagxM ftadyk] ‘kadjkth ukjk;.k ;kauh jksfgMk o iUgkGk
ftadyk] ij’kqjke f=acdkus lkrkjk o olarxM ?ksryk- csjMkojhy eksfge iw.kZ d:u 20 tkusokjh 1706
jksth vkSjxa tsc ckn’kgk vgenuxjkl vkyk- vktkji.kkeqGs rks v’kDr >kyk gksrk- vkiY;k mRrjsrhy
lRrsyk lq:ax ykxwu;s Eg.kwu vkSjaxtsckus vkiys y{k mRrjsdMs oGfoys gksrs- R;k la/khpk Qk;nk ?ksÅu
eq?kykaph ikB fQjrkp ejkB;kauh iqUgk fdYys ftadwu ?ks.;kl lq:okr dsyh- ejkB;kph lRrk ftadwu
?ks.;kP;k iz;Rukr vkSjjaxtsckps mRrjsdMs nqyZ{k >kys- jktiwr] tkV] cqna sys] ‘kh[k ;kauh caMkGh dsyh- gh
ckc ckn’kgkP;k eukyk ;kruk ns.kkjh Bjyh-

7-3 jkepanzir vekR;] larkth ?kksjiMs o /kukth tk/ko ;kaps ;ksxnku%&

7-3-1 ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«; ;q)krhy drZcxkj lsukuh %&
N=irh f’kokthjktkauh bLykeh opZLokrwu egkjk‛Vª ns’k lksMfo.;klkBh vkf.k ns’k] nso o /kekZp]s j{k.k
dj.;klkBh fganoh LojkT;kph LFkkiuk dsyh gksrh- f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj ejkBk jkT; fxGad`r
dj.;kpk gsrw eukr ckGxwu izpaM QkStQkVk cjkscj ?ksÅu eq?ky ckn’kgk vkSjaxtsc nf{k.ksr mrjyk
gksRkk- ;k bLykeh vkØe.kkyk ‘kg ns.;klkBh ejkB;kauh N=irh laHkkthjkts] N=irh jktkjke] o
egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kaP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh rCcy lOohl o‛ksZ eq?kyka’kh fudjkus y<k fnyk- ;k izfn?kZ
la?k‛kkZP;k dkGkr egkjk‛Vªkr ejkBk jkT;klkBh o N=irhaP;k xknhP;k j{k.kklkBh vusd ijkdzeh]
Lokehfu‛B o LojkT;koj izse dj.kkÚ;k ‘kqj fojkaph ] eqRln~nh jktdkj.;kaph ,d eksBh QGh fuekZ.k
>kyh gksrh- R;kr] jkepanziar vekR;] izYgkn fujkth] fuGdaB eksj’s oj] ‘kadjkth ukjk;.k] [kaMkscYYkkG]
larkth] cfgthZ o jk.kksth ?kksjiMs] /kukth tk/ko] foBksth pOgk.k] usekth f’kans] ij’kqjke f=acd] ekukth
eksjs] gachjjko eksfgrs][kaMjs ko nkHkkMs] ijlksth Hkkslys] fHkokth xqtj] dkUgksth vkaxz]s larkth Hkkslys]
jaHkkth fuackGdj] nknks eYgkj] nekth Fkksjkr] panzlsu tk/ko] gachjjko ekfgrs ¼nqljk½] ckGkth fo’oukFk
bR;kfnapk lekos’k gksrk- ;k ljnkjkauh xktfoysyk ijkØe gk fganqLFkkukrhy dks.kR;kgh izns’kkrhy y<kÅ
fganwl vfHkeku okVkok v’khp dkefxjh R;kauh d:u nk[kfoyh gksrh - dMsdksV cankscLrkr Nko.kh d:u
clysY;k nLrqj[kqn~n eq?kyckn’kgk vkSjaxtsckP;k rGkoj gYyk d:u R;kP;k jkgqVhps lksU;kps dGl
dkiwu vk.k.;kiklwu rs ckn’kgkP;k ukekafdr ljnkjkauk dSn dj.;ki;Zar ejkBh lsukuhauh vusd lkglh
d`R;s dsyh- eq?ky lkezkT;kcn~nyph fHkrh ejkB;kaP;k eukrwu dk;eph fu?kwu xsyh- v’kk lsukuh o
eqRlnn~;kar izkeq[;kus jkepanziar vekR;] fujkth jkoth] larkth ?kksjiMs ] /kukth tk/ko ;kaP;k
ijkØekpk izkfrfu/khd Lo:ikr vk<kok ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs-

137
 7-3-2 jkepanziar vekR; %&
egkjk‛Vªkr ejkB;kapk jktk o jkt/kkuh lqjf{kr ukgh gs y{kkr ;srkp N=irhjktkjkekus
eqRln;kaP;k lYY;kus vkiyh jkt/kkuh dukZVdkrhy ftath ;sFks gkyfoyh- ftathdMs iz;k.k dj.;kiwohZ
N=irhjktkjkekus LojkT;klkBh eksxykafo:) pkyysY;k y<;kph lw=s jkepanziar vekR; ;kaP;kdMs
fnyh gksrh- vekR;kapk xkSjo dj.;klkBh N=irhjktkjkekus R;kauk ^gqderiUgk * vlk gqÌk fnyk gksrk-
LojkT;kpk /kuh ftathyk vlrkuk eksxykalkj[;k cyk<; ‘k=qyk vekR;kus eksB;k fgerhus rksaM fnys-
f’kokthjktkauh ?kkywu fnysY;k i)rhuqlkj LojkT;kph ;a=.kk fl) dsyh- v‛Viz/kkukaP;k use.kwdk dsY;k-
jktk egkjk‛Vªkckgsj vlY;kus egkjk‛Vªkrhy jkT;dkjHkkjklkBh ^izfrfu/kh * gs ,d uos in fuekZ.k dsys-
tsaOgk d’kkpkp Hkjkolk nsrk ;sr uOgrk rsOa gk vjktd fuekZ.k gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu N=irhps tkxh R;kpk
izfrfu/kh ekuyk tkok vkf.k ,d gqder dk;e jkgkoh v’kh O;oLFkk dsyh gksrh- ^izfrfu/kh gs in
izYgkn fujkth ;kl ns.;kr vkys gksrs-
jkepanziar vekR; gk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k osGhp jkT;dkjHkkjkr vkysyk gksrk-
jkepanziarkpsofMy fuGks lksunso gs f’kokth egkjktkapk ^eqteq nkj * gksrk- fuGks lksunsokP;k e`R;wura j
^eqtqenkj * gk gqÌk R;kpk Fkksjyk eqyxk ^ukjks fuGdaB* ;kyk ns.;kr vkys] rjh dkjHkkj jkepanziarp
igkr vls- lHkklnkus vkiY;k c[kjhr f’kokth egkjktkaP;k rksaMh ts mn~xkj ?kkrys vkgsr] R;kar] ^^
R;kaiSdh ,d izYgkniar fujkthiarkaps iq= o jkepanziar fuGksiarkaps iq= gs nks?ks czkã.k ijkØeh gksrhy-
fuGksira ] iz/kkukpk iq= gkgh uko /kfjy] eksMhys jkT; fr?ks czkã.k o fr?ks ejkBs lkojrhy ** vlk
jkepanziarkapk mYys[k vkgs- laHkkth egkjktkaP;k dkjdhnhZr jkepanziar fdafpr ekxs iMys vlys rjh
laHkkthjkts gs R;kaph ;ksX;rk tk.kwu gksrs] vls fnlrs- vkSjaxtsckpk eqyxk vdcj laHkkthjktkaP;k
vkJ;kyk vkyk rsOa gk R;kP;k’kh cksy.kh dj.;kph dkefxjh laHkkthjktkauh jkepanziar vekR;kaoj
lksifoyh gksrh- jktkjkekP;k dkjdhnhZr rj loZ v‛Viz/kkukaP;kgwu] izfrfu/khgwugh Js‛B vls ^gqderiUgk*
gs in jkepanzira kl feGkys- jktkjke ftathl nwj eqy[kkr vlrkuk] Lor% eksfgesoj cgq’k% u tkrk]
fo’kkGxMkl ik; jksowu] jkepanziarkus loZ ejkBk eaMG ;kstdi.ks dkekl taqiys- larkth & /kukthph
QwV lka/k.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- ftathgwu jktkjkekus fnysY;k] o Lor% fnysY;k ‘ksdMks orui=kaP;k
?kksVkG;karwu lqlaxr O;oLFkk fuekZ.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru jktkjkekP;k eqR;wuarj rkjkckbZP;k dkGkr dsyk-
‘kkgw egkjkt nf{k.ksr ;sÅ ykxY;koj lkrkjk&dksYgkiwjph QwV VkG.;kpk ‘kD; rso<k iz;Ru dsyk rs
v’kD; >kY;koj ek= rks dksYgkiwjP;k jkT;kr tkÅu jkfgyk- jkT;dR;kZauk ikfgts rsOg<h lYykelyr
fnyh- ^vekR;*ingh R;kus vkiY;k g;krhrp vkiyk eqyxk Hkxoarjko ;kP;k ukos d:u ?ksrys - ---
jkepanziarkP;k drZ`Rokpk [kjk cgkjhpk dkG Eg.kts jktkjkekP;k ftath&oklkpk dky gkp gks;- gk
dky[kaM /kke/kqehpk] foLdGhri.kkpk] lrrP;k eksfgekapk] vlk gksrk- jkepanziar gk LokHkkfodfjR;k
eqydh vf/kdkjh vkf.k cSBk eqRln~nh gksrk- gs /;kukr Bso.;klkj[ks vkgs- ,su /kke/kqehP;k dkGkr
QkStQkV;kph teokteo] [kftU;kph rjrwn] xMdksVkaps laj{k.k] [kk’kkLokjhph vkf.k dfcY;kph
gyokgyo ;k ckcrhr jkepanzirkyk y{k ?kkykos ykxys- R;kr vkiyh prqjkbZ vkf.k dr`ZRo i.kkyk
ykokos ykxys- jkT;dkjHkkjkph ?kMh clowu ns.;kr jkepanzira vekR;kaP;k pfj=kph gh cktwp egRokph
Bjrs- FkksMD;kr b-l- 1681 lkyh f’kokthjktkaP;k e`R;wuarj lq: >kysY;k eq?ky vkØe.kkpk ‘ksoV b-
l- 1707 lkyh vkSjxa tsc ckn’kgkP;k e`R;wus >kyk- gk laiw.kZ dky[kaM ejkBk jkT;kP;kn`‛Vhus Lokar«;
;q) Eg.kwu bfrgklkr uksna foys xsyk vkgs- ;k dkGkr ejkB;kauh vfr’k; izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhr eq?ky
lsuslg tks y<k fnyk rh ckc egRokph gksrh- egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ] N- jktkjke] egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ]
138
jkepanzir vekR;]izYgkn fujkth] larkth ?kksjiMs] /kukth tk/ko bR;knhlkj[;k drZcxkj o ijkØeh
ljnkjkauh thokph ckth ykowu eq?kyka’kh y<k fnyk brdsp uOgs rj R;kauk vkiY;k ;q)ra=kus
lGksdhiGks d:u lksMys vkf.k vkiys jkT; jk[kys- gh ckc izsj.kknk;h vkgs-
larkth ?kksjiMs o /kukth tk/ko %&ejkBk eksxy la?k‛kkZr T;kauh vkiY;k ‘kkS;Z o ijkØekus
rlsp vkiY;k o`d~;q)ra=kus eq?ky QkStsyk gSjk.k dsys- [kqÌ vksjaxtsc ckn’kgkP;k jkgqVhps lksU;kps
dGl dkiwu vk.kys vkf.k ckn’kgkyk eksBk gknjk fnyk- vusd eq?ky ljnkjka’kh y<k fnyk] vusdkP;k
Nko.;k yqVY;k ] fdR;sd ukeoar eq?ky ljnkjkal dSn dsys- R;kaP;k ;k ijkØekeqGs ejkBk jktdkj.kkr
o eq?kykaP;k Nko.khrgh R;kapk njkjk fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk- larkth o /kukth ;k tksMhus egkjk‛Vªkr]
dukZVdkr o eq?kyh izns’kkr LokÚ;k d:u vkiY;k ijkdzekpk Blk meVfoyk- N=irh jktkjke ftathl
xsY;kuarj >qfYQdkj[kkukus ftathyk os<k fnyk- vkWDVkscj 1690 e/;s ejkBs&eksxy ;kaps ;q) lq:
>kys- v’kk ifjfLFkrhr egkjk‛Vªkrwu larkth o /kukth gs nksu ejkBs lsukuh eksB;k Qkstsfu’kh ftathyk
iksgpys vkf.k ftath iq<hy eksxyh lSU;koj gYYkk p<foyk-
7-3-3 larkth ?kksjiMs %&N=irh jktkjkekus b-l- 1691 e/;s larkth ?kksjiMs ;kauk ^ljlsukirh* gs
in fnys- R;kuarj yxsp iapohl gtkj ?kksMnGkph QkSt ?ksÅu larkth us cÚgk.kiwj oj Lokjh dsyh-
vkf.k rs ‘kgj yqVys-] R;kuarj uanqjckj ‘kgjkph ywV dsyh- 1695 e/;s R;kaus eq?kykaps izfl) Bk.ks]
[kVko ;kl os<k fnyk o ftadwu ?ksrys- larkathP;k cankscLrklkBh ikBfoysyk eq?ky ljnkj fgEer[kku
;kaP;koj vpkud gYyk d:u R;kyk Bkj ekjys- dUkkZVdkr eq?ky ljnkj dklhe[kku ;kyk
nksM~Mfs xjhi;Zar ekxs gVohr usys- R;kph jln can dsyh- R;keqGs rks o R;kps lSU; e`R;weq[kh iMys-
rj dkgh ljnkjkauh toGps loZ lksus&uk.ks] gRrh&?kksMs larkthyk nsÅu rg dsyk- ;k dkGkr ejkB;kauk
fot;kekxwu fot; feGkY;kus ejkB;kapk njkjk ok<yk- ;kps Js; larkth?kksjiMs ;kaP;kdMs tkrs-
larkthP;k ijkØekckcr bfrgkldkj ixMh vls fyfgrkr dh] ^ nksM~Mfs xjhph y<kbZ Eg.kts larkthP;k
fot;kpk dGl gksrk-* larkthus eq?ky ljnkjkaoj fot; feGowu ejkB;kaps opZLo fuekZ.k dsy-s R;keqGs
R;kpk vgadkj ok<yk- R;krwup N=irh jktkjke o /kukth tk/ko ;kaP;k’kh larkthpk la?k‛kZ gksÅu
R;kph ifj.krh larkthP;k [kqukr >kyh- ukxksth ekusdMwu larkthpk [kwu >kyk- larkthP;k ijkdzekps
o.kZu djrkuk xks- l- ljnslkbZ larkthl ^xfueh dkO;kpk tud* vls lacks/krkr- [kkQh[kku gk
bfrgkldkj larkth&/kukthP;k P;k ijkØekps o.kZu djrkuk fyfgrks dh] ^^ ejkBs ljnkjkr izeq[k Eg.kts
larkth ?kksjiMs o /kukth tk/ko gs gksrs- R;kaP;ktoG ia/kjk ohl gtkjkaP;k taxh QkStk gksR;k brj
QkStcan ejkBs ljnkj R;kaP;k gkrk[kkyh dke djhr vlr- ;k nks?kk ljnkjkaeqGs ckn’kkgh lsukirhoj
dekyhpss o Hk;adj vk?kkr >kys- R;kr rks ukyk;d larkth izeq[k gksrk- le`) ‘kgjkoj gYyk d:u
R;kapk uk’k dj.ks] o ukekafdr lsukuhaoj rqVwu iM.ks ;kr R;kaph [kwip izfl)h >kyh- T;kyk T;kyk
larkth’kh eqdkcyk dj.;kpk vkf.k y<.;kpk izlax vkyk] R;kP;k u’khch iq<hyiSdh ,d ifj.kke
Bjysykp vls- ,drj rks ekjyk tkbZ fdaok t[keh gksÅu dSnsr lkiMs fdaok R;kpk ijkt; gksbZ vkf.k
R;kps lSU; xkjn gksbZ- vki.k ftokfu’kh fulVyks] gkp vkiyk iqutZUe >kyk vls R;kl okVs- ftdMs
ftdMs rks ;q)klkBh tkbZ] frdMs R;kpk eqdkcyk dj.;kl ckn’kgkpk izfrf‛Br ljnkjkaiSdh ,dgh r;kj
gksr uls- --- ** larkthus ] ‘ks[k futke] ltkZ[kku] yqRQqYyk[kku] vyh[kku] djhe[kku] [kkuktkn[kku]
tkufulkj[kku] rgCcqj[kku] gehn[kku] fgaer[kku] vln[kku] dkec{k] >qfYQdkj[kku bR;knh vusd
eq?kyh lsukauh’kh larkthus y<k fnyk- R;kiSdh fdR;sdkauk R;kus j.kkax.kkoj Bkj dsys-] rj brjkauk dSn

139
dsys- larkthlkj[kh Hkhrh o /kkLrh brj dks.kkgh ejkBk ljnkj ‘k=q lSU;kr fuekZ.k d: ‘kdysyk ukgh- -
-- larkth gk ijkØeh gksrkp] f’kok; rks j.kfurh rTK gksrk- izfri{kkyk ge[kkl ispkr idMwu dls u‛V
djko;kps gk Mkoisp larkth lkj[kk brj dq.kkykgh teyk ukgh- ia/kjkohl gtkjkP;k QkStkaP;k
gkypkyh rks osxkus djhr vls- R;keqGs ‘k=qP;k rkoMhr rks d/khp lkiMr uls- --- egkjk‛Vªkr xfueh
dkok vfLrRokr gksrkp ijarq ;k xfueh dkO;kpk tkLr mi;ksx larkthus dsyk- R;kus xfueh dkO;kP;k
ra=kr izxrh dsyh- --- **
7-3-4 /kukth tk/ko %&egkjk‛VªkP;k o ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkr flan[ksMpstk/ko ?kjk.ks izfl) ekuys
tkrs- R;k ?kjk.;krhy ijkØeh lsukuh Eg.kts /kukth tk/ko gks;- laHkkthjktkaP;k e`R;wura j fuekZ.k
>kysY;k Lokra«; laxzkekr /kukth o larkth gh tksMh izfl) >kyh gksrh- 1692 e/;s eq?kykaP;k lSU;kus
ftathP;k ifjljkr /kqekdqG ?kkryk rsOa gk /kukth tk/kokus bZLekbZy[kkukoj gYyk dsyk- ;k gYY;kr
/kukthcjkscj larkthgh gksrk- ftath ftad.;kr vi;’k vkysY;k >qfYQdkj[kkukus osYyksjP;k fdYY;kyk
os<k ?kkryk gs dGrkp /kukth tk/ko larkthyk ?ksÅu dukZVdkr xsys- larkth o /kukth osYyksjP;k
fn’ksus ;sr vkgsr gs letrkp eq?kykauh oYyksjpk os<k mBfoyk- brdh R;kaph ng’kr gksrh- larkth
vfk.k /kukth ;kaP;ke/;s vf/kdkj inko:u forq‛V vkys- R;krwu fuekZ.k >kysY;k oSjHkkokr larkthyk
vkiys izk.k xeokos ykxys gh ejkBkjkT;kaph eksBh gkuh >kyh-
ckn’kgkpk e`R;w vkf.k ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«a ; ;q)kpk ‘ksoV%&b-l-1706 &1707 e/;s ckn’kgkps
vktkji.k] mRrjsrhy lRRkkauh dsysys caM] ejkB;kaP;k mRrjsrhy ok<R;k eksfgek ;keqGs ckn’kgkleksj
vusd iz’u fuekZ.k >kys gksrs- ;kosGP;k ckn’kgkP;k eu%fLFkrhps fp= fudksyk; euqfp ;kP;k o.kZukrwu
vk<Grs- euqfp fyfgrks dh] ^ejkB;ka’kh ;q) lq: dj.;kr vkiyh pwd >kyh ] vls okVwu vkSjaxtsckl
vkrk i’prki gksr gksrk- dkj.k R;kP;k dYiusiez k.ks R;kl ;k ;q)kr ;’k vkys ukgh- nf{k.ksr tks
dkgh izns’k R;kus ftadyk gksrk] rks rkC;kr Bso.;klkBh R;kus nf{k.ksr jkgk.ks vko’;d >kys gksrs-
vkrk ejkB;kaP;k QkStk ckn’kkgh lkezkT;kr loZ fn’kkauh /kqekdqG ?kkywu yqVkyqV djr gksR;k-
izrhfno’kh ejkBs vkiY;k ok<R;k lkeF;kZps izn’kZu eq?kyh lkezkT;kP;k izR;sd lqH;kr djr gksrs- ---*
ejkB;kaP;k QkStk ekGok] fnYyh] vkXkÚ;kP;k jks[kkus ?kqlr gksR;k- vksfjlk&caxky e/;sgh /kqekdqG
?kkyhr gksR;k- ekpZ 1706lkyh rkjkckbZus /kukthP;k usr`Rok[kkyh ia/kjk&lksGk gtkjkph QkSt xqtjkrsr
ikBfoyh gksrh- ejkB;kaP;k QkStsus lqjr o R;k HkksorkyP;k izns’kkr yqVkyqV dsyh- ueZnk vksykaMwu
cMksn;koj Lokjh dsyh- eq?ky lSU;koj R;kauh Nqis gYys d:u R;kauk gSjk.k dsys gksrs-
ckn’kgkpk e`R;w %& okfd.k[ksM;kP;k eksfgeso:u ijr ;srkukp ckn’kgk vktkjh iMyk- gs vkiys
v[ksjpsp vktji.k ;kph R;kyk tk.kho >kyh- R;kus vkiY;k eqykauk fujfujkG;k Hkkxkr ikBowu fnys-
vkSjaxtsckP;k e`R;wiwohZ dkgh fnol vkxksnj R;kus dkec{k ;kl fotkiwjkl o vkTte‘kgk ;kl
ekGO;kdMs ikBfoys gksrs- ¼ 13 Qscqzokjh 1707½ R;kuarj vYiko/khrp ‘kqØokj fnukad 20 Qscqoz kjh
1707 jksth ckn’kgkus txkpk fujksi ?ksryk- R;kP;k e`R;weqGs fganqLFkkuP;k bfrgklkrhy ,d egRokps
ioZ laiys- lrr iapohl&lOohl o‛ksZ pkyysyk eq?ky&ejkBs la?k‛kZ Fkkacyk- ckn’kgkP;k e`R;wura j
vo?;k nksu&rhu efgU;kr rkjkckbZus eq?ky fdYysnkjkadMwu flagxM] iqjanj] iUgkGk] ikouxM]fo’kkGxM]
lkrkjk] ijGh gs egRokps xM ijr ftadwu ?ksrys-

140
ljkoklkBh iz’u
1½ ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«; ;q)krhy egkjk.kh ;slwckbZps ;ksxnku Li‛V djk-
2½N=irh jktkjkekP;k usr`Rok[kkyh eq?kyka’kh >kysy;k y<;kps lfoLrj o.kZu djk-
3½egkjk.kh rkjkckbZus LohdkjysY;k vkØed /kksj.kkph ri’khyokj ekfgrh fygk-
4½jkepanziar vekR; ;kauh ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«; ;q)kr ctkoysyh Hkwfedk Li‛V djk-
5½ejkB;kaP;k Lokra«; ;q)krhy larkth o /kukth ;kaP;k dkefxjhps egRo Li‛V djk-
6½ vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkph nf{k.k eksfgesP;k vi;’kkph dkj.ks fygk-
iz’u%& 100 ‘kCnkr fVik fygk-
1½ egkjk.kh rkjkckbZph Hkwfedk
2½ N=irh jktkjke egkjktkapk ftath izokl
3½ ftathrhy ejkBs eq?ky la/k‛kZ
4½ jkepanzir vekR;kaph dkefxjh
5½ larkth ?kksjiMs ;kaps ;ksxnku
6½ egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ ;kaps vkØed /kksj.k

vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds

1- lsrs wek/kojko ixMh] eksxy&ejkBk la?k‛kZ
2- fo-y- dkGs] ^ftathokl vFkkZr N=irh jktkjke*
3- ds’ko iafMr ] ^jktkjke pfjre~ vFkkZr ftathpk izokl*
4-t;flaxjko iokj] ejkBh lRrspk mn;
5 t;flaxjko iokj] egkjk.kh rkjkckbZ
6 jkpanzir vekR;d`r] ‘ka-uk- tks’kh] y- e- fHkaxkjs] ¼laik-]½ vkKki= vkf.k jktuhfr]i`- 15

141
142
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky
izdj.k 8 os % f’kodkyhu lektthou
8-1 xkoxkMk
8-1-1 xkoxkMk
8-1-2 xkokrhy izeq[k lRrk
8-1-3 XkkoxkM;krhy pkj izeq[k ?kVd
8-1-4 xkoxkM;krhy izeq[k orunkj
8-1-5 orulaLFksrhy brj orunkj
8-2 L=h thou
8-2-1 L=h;kaps dqVcaq krhy LFkku
8-2-2 fookg laLFkk o fL=;kaps R;ke/khy LFkku
8-2-3 ejkBsdkyhu L=h;kaps lektkrhy LFkku
8-3 /kkehZd thou
8-3-1 f’kodkyhu izeq[k /keZ
8-3-2 f’kodkGkrhy /kkehZd ijaijk
8-3-3 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps /kkehZd /kksj.k
8-3-4 egkjk‛Vª /keZ
8-3-5 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k /kkfeZd /kksj.kkph oSf’k‛V;s
8-3-6 l.k lekjaHk

 izLrkouk %&
ekuoh lektkph fufeZrh >kY;kiklwu dkGkuq:i lektjpuk o lekt O;oLFkk cnyr xsyh-
izR;sd dky[kaMkr lekt O;oLFksph dkgh osxGh oSf’k‛V;s fnlwu ;srkr- f’kodkyhu lektO;oLFkk gh
oSf’k‛V;siw.kZ gksrh- f’kodkGkr [ksMs gkp loZ lkekftd O;ogkjkapk dsna zfcanw gksrk- ;k dkGkr
lektO;oLFkk pkyfo.;klkBh xkoxkMk i/nr vfLrRokr gksrh- xkoxkMk gk fnok.klRrk] xksrlRrk]
tkrhlRrk] O;kikjhlRrk ;kaP;kekQZr pkyr vls- ;kf’kok; [ksMs xkokr orunkj nsf[ky egRokph
Hkwfedk ctkor vlr- ;k orunkjkae/;s ikVhy] dqyd.khZ] pkSxqyk] ‘ksVs] egktu] cyqrsnkj ;kapk
lekos’k gksrk-
lektjpusrhy egRokpk ?kVd Eg.kts fL=;k- ;kdkGkr fL=;kaph fLFkrh Qkj’kh lek/kkudkjd
uOgrh- lektkr o dqVcqa kr fL=;kauk nq¸;e LFkku gksrs- rRdkyhu lektkrhy izpfyr tkpd izFkk
ijaijkaeqGs L=h;kaps thou d‛Ve; gksrs- fir`iz/kku O;oLFkk] lrhizFkk] ckyfookg] f’k{k.kkpk vHkko]
ds’koiu i/nrh] fo/kok fookgkl canh ;k ?kVdkaeqGs fL=;kaph eksBh fooapuk gksr gksrh-
143
 f’kodkGkr lkekftd Lrjhdj.k eksB;k izek.kkoj ?kMwu vkysys vlys rjh lkekftd fo‛kersps
izek.k deh gksrs- tkrhO;oLFkk HkDde gksow ykxyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkauhbrj /kfeZ;kauk LojkT;kr
lkekowu ?ks.;kr vkys gksrs- Lor% N=irh f’kokth egkjkatkuh /kkehZd lfg‛.kwrsps /kksj.k jkcfoY;keqGs
fofo/k /kekZps vfLrRo ns[khy lektkr fVdwu gksrs- izR;sd /kekZps vkpkj] fopkj ;kr rQkor gksrh-
R;kewGs ;kdkGkr /kkehZd mRlo o l.k ;kauk lektthoukr egRo gksrs-
f’kodkGkr dqVwacO;oLFkk] fookglaLFkk] tkrhO;oLFkk] /keZlLa Fkk b- ?kVdkackcr oSf’k‛V;iw.kZ jpuk
gksrh- R;kvk/kkjs rRdkyhu lekt thoukpk vkÑrhca/k tk.kwu ?ksrk ;sbZy-

8-1-1 xkoxkMk %&

[ksM;kph lkekftd o vkfFkZd dkjHkkj pkyfo.kkjh th ;a=.kk vlrs R;kykp ^xkoxkMk* Eg.krk
;sbZy- f’kodkGkrhy xzkeh.k thou Eg.ktsp xkoxkMk-
orunkj] fejklnkj] cyqrns kj] vyqrsnkj] mijh gs xkoxkM;kps ?kVd vkgsr- ;k ?kVdkaeqGs ;k
dkGkrhy [ksMh Lo;aiw.kZ gksrh- loZ lkekftd o vkfFkZd O;ogkjkapk dsna zfcanw [ksMs gksrs- f’kodkGkr
[ksM;kl xzke] nsgs] ekStk v’kk fofo/k ukokauh vksG[kys tkr vls- xko Eg.kts ^T;kP;kHkksorh
ofgokVhyk ;ksX; v’kh tehu vkgs- ^T;kfBdk.kh eksB;k la[;sus ‘ksrdjh o ‘ksretwj vkgsr] v’kk
oLrhyk xko Eg.krkr*- xkokps Lo:Ik Li‛V djrkuk lk/kkj.ki.ks nksu Hkkx iMrkr-
1½ ika<jh fdaok xkoBk.k %& T;k tkxsoj xkokrhy yksd ?kjs cka/krkr fryk ika<j fdaok ika<jh vls
Eg.krkr-
2½ dkGh fdaok jku] f’kokj %& T;k tkxsoj xkokrhy yksd ‘ksrh djrkr] fids dk<rkr fryk dkGh
Eg.krkr- [ksM;kP;k mifoHkkxkl etjk] okMh] ikMh] [kkjh vls Eg.kr- dkgh osGk xkokpk fdaok
[ksM;kpk mifoHkkx foLrkjyk tkbZ] fdaok eksBk gksbZ- ¼yksdla[;sus½ R;kps nqlÚ;k ,[kkn;k [ksM;kr
:ikarj gksbZ- vls >kys rjh [ksM;kps eqG uko cnyr uls- eqG xkokyk cqnwzd rj uO;k xkokyk [kqnZ
vls EgVys tkrs- dkgh osGk ‘ksrh o ?kj ;ke/khy varj vf/kd vlsy rj yksd Lor%P;k ‘ksrkrp ?kj
cka/kr- gGwgGw rsFks oLrh r;kj >kyh rj R;kyk etjk] okMh fdaok ikMh Eg.krkr-
dkgh xkos dlck Eg.kwu izfl/n vlrkr- dlck Eg.kts T;kaP;k gkrkr osxosxG;k oLrw
cufo.;kps dlc vkgs] vls vusd yksd oLrw foØhlkBh ,d= ;sowu jkgrkr] R;kyk dlck Eg.krkr-
;k fBdk.kh vkBoM;kpk cktkj Hkjr vls] vktqcktwP;k [ksM;krhy okMh ikM;krhy yksd [kjsnhlkBh
dlC;kr ;sr- fofo/k dkjkxhj vkiY;k oLrw foØhlkBh cktkjkr vk.kr- dlC;kaP;k isBsr gs [kjsnh
foØhps O;ogkj gksr- isB olfo.;kph tckcnkjh ‘ksVs egktukaph vls- leqnzfdukjh canjkaP;k fBdk.kh
vl.kkÚ;k O;kikjh ‘kgjkyk ^fejs* Eg.kr-
8-1-2 xkokrhy izeq[k lRrk %& e/;;qxhu dkGkr lkekU;i.ks izR;sd xkokr pkj izdkjP;k lRrk lq:
gksR;k-
1½ fnok.k lRrk & ;ke/;s gokynkj] dkjdqu bR;knh jktkus useysys vf/kdkjh eaMGh vlr-
R;kaP;k ekQZr izR;sd xkoke/;s jktk vkiyh lRrk jkcfor vls- xkokrhy ‘kkarrk] lqO;oLFkk jk[k.;kps
dke dsys tkbZ-

144
 2½ xksr LkRrk & xksrlRrk Eg.kts xzkekf/kdkÚ;kaph lRrk ;kykp ^ns’kLkRrk* Eg.krkr- ;ke/;s
orunkj] j;r] cyqrns kj ;kaPkk lekos’k vls- jktlRrsis{kk vf/kd tckcnkjh] ekulUeku o vf/kdkj
vlysyh lRrk Eg.kTks gh xksrLkRrk-
3½ Kkrh lRrk & ;kyk /keZlRrk vlsgh EgVys tkbZ- gh lRrk /kkfeZd Lo:ikP;k fu.kZ;kps dke
djr vls- [ksMsxkokrhy okn] erHksnkps fujkdj.k dj.ks gs KkRkh lRrsps izeq[k dk;Z gksr-s
4½ O;kikjh lRrk & xkokrhy O;kikj o xkok&xkokae/khy O;kikjkps fu;a=.k dj.ks gs ;k O;kikjh
lRrsps dk;Z gksrs-

 ns'kd &
ojhy pkj lRrka[ksjht T;kauk xkokr ekukps LFkku vls] xkokiklwu T;kauk dkgh gDd izkIr gksr]
v’kk yksdkauk ^ns’kd* EgVys tkbZ- rs xkops dk;eps jfgoklh vlr- rs xkodhph fofo/k izdkjph dkes
djhr- ^ns’kdkae/;s ns’keq[k fdaok nslkbZ] ns’kikaMs fdaok ns’kdqyd.khZ] ikVhy] dqyd.khZ] ‘ksVs] egktu]
egkj ;kapk mYys[k vlY;kps MkW- v- jk- dqyd.khZ ;kauh ^f’kodkyhu egkjk‛V*ª ;k xzaFkkr er O;Dr
dsys vkgs-
8-1-3 XkkoxkM;krhy pkj izeq[k ?kVd
orunkj] fejklnkj] cyqrns kj] vyqrsnkj] mijh gs xkoxkM;kps ?kVd vkgsr-
1½ orunkj &
T;k ns’kdkadMs xkokph lunh vFkok brj dkes vlr] o T;kauk dkeklkBh ekscnyk
Eg.kwu ‘ksrlkjk ekQ dsysyk vls R;kauk ^orunkj* Eg.kr- xkodÚ;kadMwu R;kauk jks[k Eg.kts
^^u[r* fdaok oLrqP;k :ikus T;kyk ^xyk* Eg.kr] v’kk Lo:ikr R;kP;k pkdjhpk ekscnyk
fdaok pkdjh osru feGs- orunkjkP;k ekscnY;kl ^gdyftek* Eg.kr vlr-
orunkj gs oa’kijaijkxr vf/kdkjh gksrs- ikVhy] dqyd.khZ] pkSxqyk gs xkokps orunkj
vlr rj ns’keq[k] ns’kikaMs] ‘ksVs] egktu gs ijx.;kps orunkj vlr-
 orunkjkaph dk;ZZ&
1½ jktkP;k fdaok jkT;kP;k lRrsr cny >kyk rjh orunkj cnyr ulr-
2½ lkjk olwyh o ‘ksrh fodkl gh orunkjkph izeq[k dkes vlr-
3½ ‘ksrh lanHkkZr ykx.k] isj.kh] [kqji.kh] dk<.kh] eG.khP;k dkekoj y{k Bso.ks-
4½ Xkkokrhy t=k fdaok LFkkfud mRlo] l.k] lekajHk ikj ikM.ks-
5½ xkokrhy ‘kkarrk o lqO;oLFkk fVdowu Bso.ks-
6½ Xkkokrhy okn] erHksn] raVs] HkkaM.ks] la?k‛kZ feVfo.ks-
7½ ladVdkGh xkokrhy yksdkaps j{k.k dj.ks-

145
2½ fejklnkj &
izR;sd xkoke/;s oa’kijaijsus tfeuhph ekydh vl.kkjk o tfeuhpk miHkksx ?ks.kkjk oxZ
Eg.kts fejklnkj- fejklnkj Eg.kts cGdjh fdaok ’ksrdjh- xkokrhy toGikl 70 rs 80 VDds
tehu ;k oxkZP;k ekydhph vls- rs LOkr%P;k ekydhph tehu dlr vkf.k fu;ekizek.ks
‘ksrlkjk Hkjr- xksr lRrsP;k loZ lHkkauk rs gtj jkgr vlr-
 fejklnkjkps dk;Z&
1½ [ksMsxkokr olkgr dj.ks-
2½ ‘ksrh dkeklkBh xkok ckgsjhy yksdkauk xkokr vk.k.;klkBh izksRlkgu ns.ks-
3½ mijh yksdkauk vkiY;k ‘ksrhP;k dkeklkBh Bsowu ?ks.ks-
3½ v½ cyqrsnkj &
xkoxkMk fdaok xkokpk dkjHkkj pkyfo.;kph lokZr eksBh tckcnkjh cyqrns kjkaoj vls
xko dkexkj] orunkj o fejklnkj ;kaurjps xkokrhy ekudjh Eg.kts cyqrsnkj- xkokph fofo/k
izdkjph lsok dj.kkÚ;k vkf.k R;k ekscnY;kr /kkU; ?ks.kkÚ;k xzkelsodkauk ^cyqrsnkj* Eg.kr-
cyqrsnkjkauk xkodÚ;kadMwu R;kaP;k dkekpk ekscnyk Eg.kwu fidkpk dkgh fgLlk lqxhP;k
fnolkr feGr vls- ;kyk ^cywrk* vls Eg.krkr- ^cyqrk* Eg.kts xkokrhy dkjkxhj o lsod
;kaP;k mnjfuokZgklkBh xkokus fnysyk ekscnyk gks;-
T;kaP;k lsosokpwu ‘ksrdÚ;kaps dke uMrs rks ^dk:* vFkok cyqrsnkj] vkf.k T;kph lsok
feGkyh ukgh rjh ^’ksrdÚ;kps Qkjls dke uMr ukgh* rks uk: vFkok vywrsnkj-
xzkeh.k thoukrhy yksdO;ogkjkr ckjk cyqrns kj o vBjk vyqrsnkj vkgsr- R;kaph ;knh
xkoxkMk ;k xazFkkr f=- uk- v=s ;kauh fnyh vkgs- cywrsnkjkae/;s 1½ egkj] 2½ lqrkj] 3½ yksgkj]
4½ pkaHkkj] 5½ dqaHkkj] 6½ Ugkoh] 7½ lksukj] 8½ tks’kh] 9½ ijhV] 10½ xqjo] 11½ dksGh] 12½
ekax-
c½ vywrsnkj&T;kph lsok feGkyh ukgh rjh ^’ksrdÚ;kps Qkjls dke uMr ukgh* rks uk:
vFkok vywrsnkj- vyqrsnkjkae/;s vBjkixM tkrhaP;k yksdkapk lekos’k gksrk- vyqrsnkjkae/;s 1½
rsyh] 2½ rkacksGh] 3½ lkGh] 4½ luxj] 5½ f’kaih] 6½ ekGh] 7½ xks/a kGh] 8½ /kuxj] 9½
MksÚ;k HkkV] 10½ Bkdj xkslkoh] 11½ taxe] 12½ eqyk.kk] 13½ okta=h] 14½ ?kM’kh] 15½
dykoar] 16½ rjkG] 17½ HkksbZ] 18½ dks‛Vh v’kk tkrhapk lekos’k gksrk-
4½ mijh & fejklnkjkauk R;kaP;k ‘ksrhP;k fdaok brj dkekr enr dj.;klkBh ts yksd ckgs:u
xkokr ;sr vlr R;kauk ^mijs* vls Eg.kr- ;k ^mijh* uk xkokr lkekftd o ukxfjdRokps
gDd ulr- xkokr eksyetwjh dj.ks] Bjkfod eqnrhr oktaV tehu dl.;klkBh ?ksr vlr-
dkykarjkus R;k tfeuhps ekydh gDd R;kauk feGr- tfeuhph ekydh feGkY;kaurj rs fejklnkj
gksr vlr-

146
8-1-4 xkoxkM;krhy izeq[k orunkj &
1- ikVhy & ikVhy gk ejkBsdkyhu xzkejpusrhy eq[; vf/kdkjh gksrk- ikVykl ^xzke.kh@xzkei*
vlsgh EgVys tkbZ- lkekU; j;r o ns’keq[kkae/khy nqok Eg.kts ^ikVhy*- rks xkokpk ijaijkxr
vf/kdkjh vls- ikVhy gk xksrlRrspk izeq[k vls- [ksM;krhy fdaok xkokrhy t=sP;k]
mRlokP;k] l.kklqnhP;k izlaxh ikVykyk vxzgDd gksrs- ukaxj gh R;kph fu’kk.kh vls-
 ikVykph dkes &
1½ yko.kh] lap.kh] isj.kh] eG.kh gh dkes ‘ksrdÚ;kadMwu djowu ?ks.ks-
2½ xkokrhy iMhd tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.ks-
3½ xkokrhy ‘ksrlkjk Bjfo.;kl vf/kdkÚ;kauk learh ns.ks-
4½ xkokrhy lkjk fdaok eglwy olwy dj.ks-
5½ xkokr ‘kkarrk lqO;oLFkk Bso.ks-
6½ xkokrhy erHksnkizalxh U;k;fuokMk dj.ks-
7½ ikVykP;k rSukrhyk ,d jkcrk egkj vls-
2 dqyd.khZ & xkokr ikVyk [kkyks[kky dqyd.khZ gk nqlÚ;k Øekadkpk fdaok nq¸;e ntkZpk eqydh
vf/kdkjh vls- ikVykpk enruhl Eg.kwu rks dke djhr vls- R;kyk ^xkodqyd.khZ* fdaok
^xzkeys[kh * vlsgh Eg.kr- dqyd.;kZdMs xkokps nIrj vls- dqyd.khZ oru oa’kijaijsus ;sr vls-
 dqyd.;kZph dkes &
1½ eglwy tek [kpkZP;k uksna h Bso.ks-
2½ ‘ksrh mRiUu ok<hoj R;kyk y{k n;kos ykxs-
3½ iMhd tehuh ykxoMh [kkyh ;sFkhy ;kph dkGth ?ks.ks-
4½ xkokrhy eglwy tek dj.;kP;k dkeh ikVykyk enr dj.ks-
3 pkSxqyk & xkoxkM;krhy frljk ?kVd Eg.kts pkSxqyk gks;- ^pkSxqyk* ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ^pkj dqGs
ckGx.kkjk* vlk vkgs- ikVykpk lgk¸;d Eg.kwu pkSxqyk dke djrks- ikVykizek.ksp ukaxj gh
fu’kk.kh pkSxqyk okijrks- egkjk‛Vªkr cgqrka’k fBdk.kh ejkBk tkrhrhy yksdp pkSxqyk vlr ijarw
dkgh fBdk.kh czk„.k] f’kaih] ekGh] eqlyeku pkSxqys gh vk<Grkr- ukaxjkizek.ks ^dkBh* gh lq/nk
R;kph fu’kk.kh ekst.kh’kh laca/khr gksrh-
 pkSxqyk ;kph dkes &
1½ xko dkjHkkjkr o lkjk olwyhr ikVykl enr dj.ks-
2½ ns’keq[k] ns’kikaMs ;kaP;kdMs xkokrhy lkjk o fg’kksckph dkxni=s iksgpfo.ks-
3½ xko lksMwu xsysY;k dqGkauk ijr vk.k.ks-
4½ tehu ekst.khP;k dkekr enr dj.ks-
147
8-1-5 orulaLFksrhy brj orunkj
1 ns’keq[k %& ns’keq[k gs ijx.;kps orunkj vf/kdkjh gksrs- ^ns’keq[kh oru gs loZ orukr Js‛B
oru vkgs* vls ‘k- uk- tks’kh Eg.krkr- ijx.;krhy cgwrsd xkoke/;s ns’keq[k o ns’kikaM;kph
tehu vlY;kus xkok’kh R;kapk fudVpk laca/k ;srs vls- ikVykai{s kk ns’keq[kkapk ntkZ mPp
vlY;kus R;kaps gDd gh foLr`r vlr-
 ns’keq[kkaps gdyftes &
1½ loZ orunkjkar ns’keq[k eksBk vlY;kus R;kaph izfr‛Bk o ekuiku vf/kd vls-
2½ xkodjh] cyqrsnkj] O;kikjh o brjkadMwu R;kyk fofo/k HksVoLrw feGr-
3½ R;kP;k rSukrhl jkcrk egkj fnysyk vls-
 ns’keq[kkaph dkes &
1½ Ikjx.;krhy loZ ikVykapk uk;d vlY;kus R;kaP;k dkekoj ns[kjs[k dj.ks-
2½ xkokxkokrhy tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.ks-
3½ fidtfeuhpk lkjk fuf’pr Bjfo.ks-
4½ xkodÚ;kaP;k vMhvMp.kh lksMfo.ks-
5½ ijx.;kr ‘kkarrk o lqO;oLFkk fVdfo.ks-
6½ eglqykP;k dkekcjkscjp y‛djh lsosr ns[khy lgHkkxh gks.ks-
7½ nq‛dkGh ifjfLFkrhr xkodÚ;kauk lkÚ;kr lwV ns.ks-
FkksMD;kr [ksMs o ljdkj ;kaP;k e/khy egRokpk nqok Eg.kwu ns’keq[kkyk dk;Z djkos ykxr vls-
2- ns’kikaMs & ijx.;krhy nqlÚ;k Øekadkpk vf/kdkjh Eg.kts ns’kikaMs xkokr tlk dqyd.khZ rlk
ijx.;kr ns’kikaMs- ns’kikaM;kuk brj orunkjkaizek.ks jksdM o oLrq:ikr ekscnyk feGr vls-
ns’keq[kkyk feG.kkÚ;k feGdrh is{kk fuEE;k Lo:ikph ns’kikaM;kaph feGdr gksrh- ijx.;krhy
cyqrsnkjkadMwu dkgh gDd ns’kikaM;kuk feGr vlr-
 ns’kikaM;kph dkes &
1½ ijx.;krhy xkokpk fg’kksc Bso.ks-
2½ xkoksxkoP;k dqyd.;kaZP;k dkekoj ns[kjs[k Bso.ks-
3½ ijx.;krhy vkiY;k Hkkxkrhy dks.kR;kgh xkokpk fg’kksc rikl.ks-
4½ ,[kkn;k xkokr dqyd.khZ ulsy rj dqyd.;kaZps dke ns’kikaM;kukp djkos ykxr vls-

148
 3- ‘ksVs & egktu& f’kodkGkr xkoxkM;krhy vkfFkZd O;ogkjka’kh laca/khr vls orunkj]
xkokrhy isBsps oa’kijaijkxr orunkj] ikVhy o dqyd.;kZ izek.ksp ‘ksVs o egktukauk vf/kdkj
gksrs- isBps izeq[k ‘ksVs vls- rj isBspk fg’kksc Bso.;kpk vf/kdkj egktukapk vls- xkokrhy
xksrlHksr ‘ksVs &egktu Hkkx ?ksr vlr- xkoxkM;krhy lkodkjhps O;ogkj eq[;r% ‘ksVs
egktukadMwu dsys tkr- xksrlHksP;k fuokMk i=koj R;kaph ^rjktw* gh fu’kk.kh dsyh tkbZ-
Jekpk ekscnyk Eg.kwu ljdkjdMwu tehu o xkokdMwu dkgh gDd feGr-
 ‘ksVs&egktukaps dke &
1½ Xkkokr isB clfo.ks-
2½ ,[kkn;k xkokr cktkj Hkjr ulsy rks lq: dj.ks-
3½ isBsr okijyh tk.kkjh otu ekis ;kaph rikl.kh dj.ks-
4½ isBsrhy O;kikÚ;kadMwu djkph olwyh dj.ks-
8-2 L=h & thou%& e/;;qxhu dky[kaMkizek.ksp f’kodkGkrgh fL=;kaps thou vR;ar
d‛Ve; gksrs- L=h;kauk dqVqackr] lektkr nq¸;e o xkS.k LFkku gksrs- iq:‛kkai{s kk rqyusus fL=;kaoj vf/kd
ca/kus gksrh- ckyfookg] fo‚ke fookg] vlwj fookg] jk{kl fookg] fo/kok fookgkl canh] cgqiRuhRokph
i/nrh] ?kVLQksV] ds’koiu i/nrh] lrhizFkk v’kk fofo/k i/nrh fL=;kaps thou d‛Vizn gks.;kl
dkj.khHkwr gksR;k- fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkpk] ekyeRrsrhy gDd uOgrk- fL=;kauk lkekftd o jktdh; Lokar«;
uOgrs-
f’kodkGkr fganw lektkr L=hdMs ikg.;kpk n`‛Vhdksu Qkjlk mnkj uOgrk- iMnk i/nrh dkgh
izek.kkr gksrh- ljnkj yksd] Jhear yksd vkiY;k injh dq.kch.kh ckGxr- Lor% N=irh f’kokth
egkjktkauh fL=;kackcrhr dkgh lkekftd ijaijk eksMwu dk<.;kpk iz;RUk dsysyk fnlrks-
8-2-1 fL=;kaps dqVcaq krhy LFkku &
f’kodkGkr ,d= dqVaqci/nrh :< gksrh- ,d= dqVwac O;oLFksr L=h;kaps LFkku xkS.k gksrs-
dqVwackrhy lokaZph euksHkkos lsok dj.ks gs L=hps vk| drZO; gksrs- ckyfookg] cgqiRuhRokph o fo‛ke
fookgkph pky :< vlY;kus fdR;sd L=h;kauk dqVwackr misf{kr fdaok ukoMrhps thou txkos ykxr
vls-
8-2-2 fookg laLFkk o fL=;kaps R;ke/khy LFkku &
fookg laLFkk fganw lektkrhy iqjkru laLFkk vkgs- fganw /keZ‘kkL=k izek.ks lksGk laLdkjkaid
S h ,d
egRokpk laLdkj Eg.kwu fookg laLdkjkdMs ikghys tkrs- Hkkjrh; ijaijsuwlkj fookgkps vkB izdkj vlys
rjh rs lektkr :< uOgrs- fookgkP;k vusd i/nrh] cgqiRuhRokph pky] lrhph pky ;kpk L=h
thoukoj eksBk vk?kkr >kyk gksrk-
1- ckyfookg & ejkBk dky[kaMkr ckyfookg loZekU; gksrs- v’kk fookgkr eqyhps o; 8 o‛kkZps rj
eqykps 14 o‛kkZps x`ghr /kjys gksrs- ckyfookgkps nks‛k eksBs gksrs- ejkBk dky[kaMkr lrr ;q/ns gksr
vlY;kus fdR;sd osGk ckyo/kwyk vdkyh oS/kO; izkIr gksr vls- ifr fu/kukuarj L=hyk ftoari.ks ujd
;kruk HkksxkO;k ykxr- R;keqGs thoar jkg.;k is{kk lrh tk.ks L=h;ka ilar djr-

149
 2- fo‛ke fookg & fo‛ke fookg Eg.kts ojkps o; o/kqis{kk vusd iVhus vf/kd vlk;ps- fo‛ke
fookg i/nrheqGs L=h;kaP;k eukph dqpacuk gksr vls o R;kauk vdkyh oS/kO; izkIr gksr vls-
3- vlwj fookg & ejkBk dky[kaMkr o/kq fodr ?ksowu yXu dj.ks gk izdkj vfLRkRokr gksrk-
v’kk fookgkl ^vlwj fookg* vls euqLe`rhr EgVys vkgs- v’kk izFkkaeqGs R;kdkGh L=h;kauk
fdrh fgu ntkZ fnyk tkr gksrk gs y{kkr ;srs-
4- jk{kl fookg & o/kqyk tcjnLrhus iGowu usÅu fookg dj.;kP;k i/nrhyk ^jk{kl fookg*
vls EgVys tkrs-
5- fo/kok fookg & mPpof.kZ;kae/;s fo/kok fookgkph izFkk :< gksrh- v’kk izdkjP;k fookgkps
nksu izdkj gksrs- 1½ ikV yko.ks] 2½ eqgwrZ ¼eksrqj½
6- cgqiRuhRokph izFkk& ;k dkGkr cgqiRuhRokP;k izFksyk izfr‛Bk gksrh- iq:‛k fdrhgh osGk o
dks.kR;kgh o;kr yXu d: ‘kdr- jkT;drZs o ljnkj gs gh vusd fookg djhr vlr- ;k
f’kok; iq:‛k yXu u djrk vusd L=h;k j[ksyh Eg.kwu Bsor vlr-
7- ?kVLQksV &;k dkGkr ?kVLQksV ?ks.;kph izFkk uOgrh- R;keqGs L=h;kauk irhpk lkljP;kdMwu
NG lgu dj.;kf’kok; i;kZ; uOgrk- iq:‛kkauk vusd yXu dj.;kph izFkk vlY;kus ifgY;k
iRuhyk ?kVLQksV u ?ksrk lksMwu nsrk ;sr gksrs- lksMwu fnysY;k L=hdMs lekt vfr’k; rqPNrsus
ikgr vls-
8- fo/kokaP;k leL;k & oS/kO; gh nSoh vkiRrh vlwu fo/kokauh lU;kalh o ozRkLFk] cfg‛Ñr
thou txys ikfgts- v’kh /kkj.kk gksrh- fo/kokuk dqVqackr] lektkr loZ= rqPN okx.kwd fnyh
tkr vls- l.k] lekjaHk] /kkehZd dk;kZr fo/kokauk lgHkkxh gksrk ;sr uls- fo/kokaps n’kZu gh
v’kqHk ekuys tkr vls- fo/kokauh lqna j fnlw u;s Eg.kwu ds’koiukphizFkk izpfyr gksrh- ekxhy
tUeh ikikaeqGs ;k tUeh oS/kO; izkIr >kys vkgs- v’kk oS/kO;kyk dYiuk tksMY;k tkr vlr-
8-2-3 ejkBsdkyhu L=h;kaps lektkrhy LFkku &
f'kodkGkrhy L=h;k fo’ks‛kr% ljnkj] orunkj o jktdkj.kkrhy L=h;k] jktdkj.kkr o
lkoZtfud thoukr lØh; Hkkx ?ksr vlY;kps fnlrs- rRdkyhu dkxni=ko:u fttkckbZ]
rkjkckbZ b- uh jktdkj.kkr lØh; Hkkx ?ksrY;kps fnlrs- ;kf’kok; ljnkj ?kjk.;krhy o
orunkj ?kjk.;krhy vusd L=h;k lkoZtfud thoukr Hkkx ?ksr vlr- irh fu/kukuarj vkiY;k
vKku eqykP;k orhus vusd L=h;k ikVhydh o ns’keq[khP;k tckcnkÚ;k ;’kLohfjR;k ikj
ikMhr vlr- lkekU; oxkZrhy L=hyk iq:‛kkP;k cjkscjhus dkckMd‛V d:u vkiys] vkIkY;k
eqykckGkaps iksV Hkjkos ykxr vls- lkekftd Lokra«;koj o lkoZtfud thoukrhy frP;k
lgHkkxkoj vusd ca/kus gksrh- ijarw iq:‛kkP;k cjkscjhus rh vFkkZtu d:u lalkjkyk gkrHkkj
ykohr vls- R;keqGs dqVqackr fryk eku feGr vls- dkexkj oxkZrhy L=h;k iquZfookg djhr-
xksrlHksph R;kyk ekU;rk vls- ;k oxkZrhy L=h;kauk lrh tk.;kph izFkk ca/kudkjd uOgrh-
1- lrh izFkk & b- l- 10 P;k ‘krdkuarj Hkkjrkr lrh tk.;kph izFkk :<>kyh- gh i/nr {kf=;
fL=;kauh izpkjkr vk.kyh- dkykarjkus brj tkrhrgh frpk izlkj >kyk- lrh izFksyk /kkehZd

150
 vf/k‛Bku gksrs- Le`rhdkjkauh L=h;ka leksj vusd ikjykSdhd dYiukaps izyksHku Bsoys gksrs- ^th
L=h irhlg xeu djrs rh vkys- ekr`dqy vkf.k HkkrZ`dqy ;k nksUgh dqykapk m/nkj djrs-
f’kodkGkrhy loZ tkrhr lrhph mnkgj.ks lkiMrkr- rjhgh egkjk‛Vªkr ;k izFksyk eksB;k
izek.kkr izlkj >kY;kps fnlr ukgh-irhojhy izsekeqGs L=h;k lrh tkr vlr] vls Eg.krk
;s.kkj ukgh- ijarq /kekZpk tcjnLr ixMk L=h;kaP;k eukoj vLkY;kus oS/kO; fo/kok thoukrhy
ujd ;kruk viekfur thou vkf.k LoxZ izkIrhP;k ew[kZ dYiuk ;keqGs L=h;k lrh tk.;kl
izo`Rr vlr-
Lor% f’kokth jktkauh ‘kgkthjktkaP;k e`R;wura j fttkckbZuk lrh tk.;kps Bjfoys vlrkuk] lrh
tk.;kiklwu jks[kys- ;ko:u f’kokth jktkaps iqjksxkfeRo fnlwu ;srs-
2- L=h f’k{k.k& jkt?kjk.;krhy L=h;kauk v{kj vksG[k vlY;kps fnlrs- f’kodkGkr
jkt?kjk.;krhy L=h;kauk f’k{k.k feGr vlY;kps iqjkos feGr ukgh- dkgh L=h;kuak ;q/ndyk
?kksM;koj cl.ks o iz’kklukps f’k{k.k vlkos- fttkckbZ o rkjkckbZ ;kapk iz’kklukr ykSdhd
gksrk- ijarw loZ lkekU; j;rsr L=h;kauk f’kdow u;s v’khp yksd letwr gksrh- ijaijsus ekghr
vlysY;k xks‛Vh] vksO;k] yksdxhrs o yksddFkk ;kaps laLdkj L=h;kaP;k eukoj gksr vlr- gsp
f’k{k.k gksrs-
3- fL=;kapk dkSVqfcad ekyeRrslaca/khpk gDd& f’kodkGkr L=h;kauk vkiY;k ofMykaP;k ekyeRrsr
dks.krkgh gDd uOgrs- rlsp irhP;k ekyeRrsr frpk gDd ekU; uOgrk- rRdkyhu
dkxni=kao:u vls fnlrs dh] L=hyk lektkus iq.kZi.ks nqyZf{kr d:u nq¸;e LFkku fnys vkgs -
,[kkn;k L=hpk irh ewy ckG ulrkuk e`R;wew[kh iMyk rj R;kP;k LFkkoj taxe ekyeRrsrhy
2@3 fdaok v/kkZ fgLlk ljdkj tek gksr vls- ,d= dqVcq kr v’kk fo/kok L=h;kauk QDr
mnjfuokZgkiwjrs fnys tkr vls-
lkjka’k e/;;qxkr L=h;kaph fLFkrh Qkj’kh pakxyh uOgrh-

8-3 /kkehZd thou &

LojkT; laLFkkid o ,dk izns’kkpk jktk Eg.kwu N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps /kksj.k ;k izns’kkrhy
loZ/kfeZ;kacÌ~y lfg‛.kwi.kkps gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh /keZfujis{krsP;k rRokl ns[khy egRo fnys gksrs-
brj /kfeZ;kauk ns[khy LojkT;kr lkekowu ?ks.;kr vkys gksrs- LojkT; LFkkiuslkBh f’kokth egkjktkauh
eqfLye LkRrkf/k’kkacjkscj rlsp ekrCcj fganw jktk’kh vFkok ljnkjka’khgh >xMkos ykxys gksrs- f’kodkGkr
,d jktdh; /kkehZd o lekftd fopkjlj.kh mn;kl vkyh gksrh-
8-3-1 f’kodkyhu izeq[k /keZ &
fganw /keZ & f’kodkGkrhy egkjk‛Vªkrhy lektkr fganw /kfeZ;kaph la[;k tkLr gksrh- R;keqGs ;k dkGkr
egkjk‛Vªkr fganw /keZp izeq[k /keZ gksrk- fganw /kekZr vusd /kkehZd ijaijk] pkyhfjrh izpfyr gksR;k- fganw
/kkfeZ; yksd vusd nso nsorkaph mikluk djhr vlr- fganw /kekZr vlysY;k pkrqo.kZ O;oLFkseqGs fganw

151
/keZ ,dla/k uOgrk- ;k O;oLFkseqGs fganwps Lrjhdj.k ?kMwu vkysys gksrs- ;kuqlkj czkEg.k] {kf=;] oS’;]
‘kqnz vls o.kZ vfLrRokr gksrs-
czkEg.kkae/;s dk;LFk] ns’kLFk] dksd.kLFk] dÚgkMs] izHkw] fprikou vls vusd Lrj gksrs-
{kf=;ke/;s ejkBs ;srkr- ejkB;kae/;sgh 96 dqGs izfl/n gksrh- czkEg.kkaizek.ksp ejkB;kae/;s ns[khy mPp
uhp vlk Hksn gksrk- oS’; gh egkjk‛Vªkrhy O;kikjh lekt gksrk- xqtjkr o dukZVdkrwu vkysY;k
O;kikÚ;kacjkscjp egkjk‛Vªkrhy ok.kh lektgh ;k oS’; oxkZr eksMrks- cyqrsnkjh i/nrh uqlkj lektgh
xkoxkM;krhy lsok ns.kkjk oxZ Eg.kwu ‘kqnz vksG[kys tkrkr- ojhy o.kkZulq kj fof’k‛V tkrhuka fof’k‛V
O;olk;kph eDrsnkjh feGkyh gksrh- o.kZO;oLFksps dkykarjkus tkrhO;oLFksr :ikarj >kys-
bLyke /keZ &
f’kodkyhu lektkr bLyke /kfeZ;kaps ns[khy vfLrRo gksrs- eqfLye lektkr dqjk.k o e’khn
;k xks‛Vh /kkfeZd thoukr egRokP;k gksR;k- uekt iM.ks o ,df=r izkFkZuk dj.ks ;k xks‛Vhauk egRo gksrs-
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh vkfny’kkgh ljnkjkapk ijkHko djhr R;kaP;k dkgh izns’kkr ejkB;kaps LojkT;
fuekZ.k dsys gksrs- R;keqGs ;k izns’kkr eqfLyekaps vfLrRo fVdwu jkg.ks lkgftdp gksrs- f’kokth
egkjktkauh vkiY;k LojkT;kr uksdjh vFkok nku/keZ djrkuk fganw&eqfLye vlk HksnHkko dsyk ukgh-
R;keqGs gk lekt LojkT;krhy xkoxkM;kpk vfoHkkT; ?kVd cuyk gksrk- eqfLyekaP;k /kkehZd ijaijk]
pkyhjhrh fganwi{s kk osxG;k vlY;k rjh eqfLyekae/khy eqyk.kh] Qdhj] fLkÌh] njos’kh] vRrkj ;kalkj[;k
tkrh iksVtkrh fganw lektk’kh o xkoxkM;k’kh lejl >kY;k gksR;k- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh
LojkT;krhy ef’knhe/;s fnokcRrhph lks; dsyh gksrh- ikVxkops ekSyohckck] bankiwjps dk>h]
HkkacoM;kps f[knenxkj] dsG’khps ckck ;kdwr ;kauk egkjktkauh /kkehZd dkj.kkalkBh bukes pkyw Bsoyh
gksrh-
tSu /keZ &
f’kodkGkr oS’; Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tk.kkjk o O;kikjh vlysyk gk oxZ LojkT;kr fLFkjkoyk
tkow ykxyk gksrk- dkiM nqdkunkj] fdjk.kk Hkqlkjokys cgqrsd tSu /kehZ; vlY;kps vk<Grs-
f’kodkGkrhy tSu yksd fganw /kekZpkp Hkkx Eg.kwu LojkT;kr okojrkuk fnlrkr- ek= R;kauh vkiY;k
/kkehZd ijaijk o pkyhfjrh fVdowu BsoysY;k gksR;k- xqtjkr o mRrjsdMhy ;k oxkZyk LojkT;kr
clfo.;klkBh f’kodkGkr y{k fnys xsys gksrs-
brj /keZ &
RkRdkyhu lektkr ckS/n o f[kz’pu /kekZps ns[khy vfLrRo gksrs- ek= la[;sus rs vR;ar ux.;
gksrs- ;k /kekZapk f’kodkGkrhy LojkT;koj Qkjlk izHkko iMysyk fnlr ukgh-
8-3-2 f’kodkGkrhy /kkehZd ijaijk &
egkjk‛Vªkrhy /kkehZd thou ozroSdY;] l.k&mRlo] ;k=k] rhFkZLFkGs ;kaP;k Hkksorh dasna zhr gksrs -
/kekZps usr`Ro dj.kkjh O;oLFkk dks.kkykgh /kekZr gLr{ksi d: nsr uOgrh- ijes’oj o loZ lkekU; ek.kwl
;kr e/;LFk fuekZ.k >kys gksrs- ikiiq.;kaP;k ladYiuk eB] eafnj] /keZLFkGs ;kaP;k’kh tksMY;k xsY;k
gksR;k- fganw /keZ vusd tkrh&iksVtkrhae/;s foHkkxyk xsyk gksrk- egknso] x.kirh] Jhjke] guqeku]
JhÑ‛.k] foðy] egky{eh] Hkokuhekrk ;kf’kok; [kaMksck] dkyHkSjo] T;ksfrck] cfgjksck] xzkenSors b-
nsonsorkaph eafnjs gksrh- ;k nsonsorkaP;k ok‛khZd ;k=k] t=k Hkjr vlr-
152
 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh vkIkY;k lSU;kr o iz’kklukr nksUgh /kekZP;k o fofo/k tkrhikrhP;k
yksdkauk drZcxkjhuqlkj lkekowu ?ksrys gksrs- tnqukFk ljdkjkaP;k ers ^^,sdesdkaoj fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh
ukgh rj ,desdkae/khy tkrh; HksnHkko lksM.;kl la/kh nsowu ,dk jk‛Vªh; /;s;klkBh R;kauk ,df=r
vk.k.;kdfjrk ;kstysyk ,d dq’ky o prqj mik; gksrk**-
8-3-3 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps /kkehZd /kksj.k &
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k jkT;kr /kkehZd lfg‛.kwrsps /kksj.k fLodkjys gksrs- f’kokth
egkjktkaps R;kaP;k iwoZtkaizek.ksp eqfLye /kekZyk fojks/k u djrk] lektkr lekowu ?ks.;kps /kksj.k fnlrs-
vkiY;k LojkT;kr uksdjh nsrkuk vFkok nku/keZ djhr vlrkuk R;kauh fganw&eqlyeku vlk HksnHkko
dsyk ukgh- fganwP;k nsoGkauk] eBkauk vfHk‛ksdklkBh] iqtkvpsZlkBh mnkj gLrs ns.kX;k fnY;k rj
ef’knhrhy fnokcRRkhph vkf.k rsFkhy yksdkaP;k ;ksx{ksekph lks; dsyh
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k lSU;kr egRokP;k inkoaj o tckcnkÚ;kaoj vusd eqfLye yksdgh
gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkaps vaxj{kd enkjh esgRrj] bczkfge [kku] vkjekj izeq[k nkSyr[kku gs eqlyeku
gksrs- f’kokth egkjktkauh 1679 e/;s dk>h gSnj ;k odhykyk vkSjaxtsckdMs rgkph cksy.kh
dj.;klkBh ikBfoys gksrs- ;ko:u N=irh f’kokth egkjkt /kkehZd vFkok jktdh; {ks=kr xq.koRrsyk
egRo nsr gksrs-
/kekZarjkckcr egkjktkaps /kksj.k iqjksxkeh Lo:ikps gksrs- usrkth ikydj ;kauh eqfLye /keZ
fLodkjY;kuarj dkgh dkGkus R;kauk i’pkrki >kY;kuarj R;kauk iqUgk fganw /kekZr ijr ?ksrys - ef’kn]
dqjk.k] fL=;k ;kapk voeku lSfudkauh djrk dkek u;s vlk naMd egkjktkauh ?kkywu fnyk gksrk] vls
[kkQh[kku gk eksxy bfrgkldkj lkaxrks- tnwukFk ljdkj ;kauh fj;klrdkj xks- l- ljnslkbZuk fygysY;k
i=kr EgVys vkgs dh] ^f’kokth egkjktkaph /kkehZd lfg‛.kwrk gs R;k dkGkrhy ¼e/;;qxkrhy½ ,d
vk’p;Z vkgs* ¼Wondar in that Age½
8-3-4 egkjk‛Vª /keZ &
vQ>y[kkukP;k LokjhP;k osGh ekoGP;k ns’keq[kkauk la?kfVr dj.;kpk iz;Ru N=irh f’kokth
egkjktkauh dsyk- ;k ns’keq[kkaleksj ^egkjk‛Vª jkT;kph* dYiuk ekaMyh gksrh] ts/ks djh.;kr ;k laca/khpk
mYys[k vk<Grks- ;k egkjk‛Vª jkT;kpk /keZ ns[khy ^egkjk‛Vª /keZ* Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkr gksrk- f’kokth
egkjktkaps LojkT; fuekZ.k dj.;kps vkf.k LojkT;kps lkezkT;kr :ikarj dj.;kps eksBs lkeF;Z ;k
ladYiuse/;s vkgs- ejkB;kaP;k jktdh; pGoGhyk /kkehZd vf/k‛Bku ^egkjk‛Vª /keZ* ;k ladYiusus izkIr
d:u fnys- U;k;eqrhZ e- xks- jkuMs ;kaP;kers ^fopkj vkf.k Ñrh ;k nksUgh ckcrhr jk‛Vªkyk mPp
ikrGhoj us.;kpk iz;Ru dj.kkjk /keZ Eg.kts ^egkjk‛Vª /keZ* gks;*- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkr
f’kxsyk iksgpysyh jktdh; pGoG Eg.kts mH;k egkjk‛Vªªkr R;kp osGh lq: vlysY;k /kkfeZd
pGoGhps izfrfcacp gksrs- lar Kkus’ojkapk dkG rs 18 O;k ‘krdki;Zar /kkfeZd ijaijk] lekt
,dhdj.kkph okjdjh ijaijk gs ;k pGoGhps oSf’k‛V;s gks;- bfrgklkpk;Z fo- dk- jktokMs ;kaP;kers fganw
/keZ $ /keZ LFkkiuk $xksczkEg.k izfrikyu ¾LojkT; LFkkiuk $ ,dhdj.k $ /kqjhdjh.k ¾ egkjk‛Vª /keZ-
jktokMs ;kaP;k ers] ^T;k T;k izns’kkr ejkB;kauh oLrh dsyh R;k R;k izns’kkyk egkjk‛Vª Eg.kwu
vksG[kys tkow ykxys- jktokMs /kekZPkh ,d O;k[;k ^drZO;* v’kh djrkr- o ejkB;kaP;k drZO;kyk

153
^egkjk‛Vª /keZ* Eg.krkr- egkjk‛Vª /keZ gh ladYiuk ikjaikfjd /kekZlkj[kh ukgh- ;k ladYiusps lanHkZ
fujfujkG;k dky[kaMkr Cknyrkuk vk<Grkr-
8-3-5 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k /kkfeZd /kksj.kkph oSf’k‛V;s &
1½ /kkfeZd lfg‛.kwrk & N=irhauh loZ /kfeZ;kauk iz’kklukr la/kh fnyh gksrh- izR;sd /kekZaP;k O;Drhyk
vkikiY;k /kekZps ikyu dj.;kpk gDd gksrk- f’kodkGkr d/khgh ejkB;kauh brj /kehZa;kph frFkZLFkGs
yqVyh ukghr vFkok rksMQksM dsyh ukgh- ,danj f’kokth egkjktkaps /kkehZd /kksj.k gs lfg‛.kwrsps gksrs-
2½ [kkQh[kkukps er& f’kokth egkjktkauh vkSjaxtsckyk ikBfoysY;k i=kr ^loZ /kekZrhy yksd gs
lkj[ksp vlrkr] dks.kR;kgh /kekZP;k O;Drhyk brj /kekZP;k O;DrhP;k thorkyk gkuh iksgpfo.;kpk
vf/kdkj ulrks] vls fygys gksrs- Lor% N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh vk;q‛;Hkj g;k rRokaps ikyu
dsY;kps [kkQh[kku ;k ys[kdkus EgVys vkgs-
3½ N=irhaph ftf>;k djkalaca/kh Hkwfedk& vkSjaxtsc ckn’kgkus ftf>;k dj iqUgk lq: dsY;kaurj
f’kokth egkjktkauh i= ikBowu ^vdcj ckn’kgkus loZ /kfeZ;kauk lekusrsph okx.kwd fnyh gksrh- vdcj
ckn’kgkus ftf>;k dj jÌ~ dsyk- rsp /kksj.k tgk¡fxj o ‘kgktgku ;kauhgh pkyw Bsoys- ;kpk mYys[k
d:u R;k i=kr ^rqepk tj ifo= xzaFk vkf.k dqjk.kkoj fo’okl vlsy rj R;kr bZ’ojkps o.kZu
jc&my&vkyfeu Eg.kts loZ yksdkapk bZ’oj- rks jc Eg.kts dsoG eqfLyekapk bZ’oj ukgh- ef’knhr
vFkok eafnjkr R;kphp vkjk/kuk dsyh tkrs*- vls fygys gksrs-
4½ lk/kq] lar] Qfdj ;kapk vknj& fganw larkcjkscjp eqfLye] Qdhj] ekSyoh] f[kz’pu /keZx:
q auk
jktkJ; fnyk- R;kaP;k iqtk vpkZ o /kkfeZd dk;kZLkkBh nku/keZ o bukeh tehuh fnY;kph mnkgj.ks
fnlrkr- ppZps lja{k.k dj.;kps opu iksrZqxht jsOgjaM ;kauk fnys gksrs-
5½ /keZLFkGkauk vuqnkus& eafnjkizek.ks loZ /keZLFkGkauk egkjkt nku nsr vlr- vusd ekSyohauk N=irh
f’kokth egkjktkauh bukes fnY;kps mYys[k vk<Grkr- ef’knh] ppZ ok eafnjkapk [kpZ pkykok ;klkBh
bukeh tehuh fnY;kph mnkgj.ks feGrkr-
6½ /kkfeZd va/kJ/nkuk Fkkjk ukgh
e/;;qxhu dkGkrhy pqdhP;k :<h ijaijk N=irhauh eksMhr dk<Y;k- tyi;ZVukyk vlysyh
/kkfeZd canh eksMwu vkjekj mHkkjys- {kf=; oa’kkpk uk’k >kY;kph dYiukgh eksMwu dk<yh- f’kokth
egkjktkauh vekoL;sP;k fno’khgh eksfgek dk<Y;kph mnkgj.ks feGrkr- lrh izFksyk f’kokth egkjkatkuh
fojks/k dsyk- jktekrk fttkckbZauk lrh tk.;kiklwu jks[kys-
7½ /keZ ‘kq/nhdj.k & ,[kkn;k fganw /kkfeZ; O;Drhus ij/keZ fLodkjyk vlsy o R;kyk i’pkrki gksowu
iqUgk /kekZr ;s.;kph bZPNk vlsy rj R;kyk iqUgk /kekZr ?ksowu ‘kq/nhdj.k dsys- tcjnLrhus CkkVoysY;k
fganwuk ‘kq/n d:u Lo/kekZr ?ks.ks gk Økarhdkjd fu.kZ; f’kokth egkjktkauh ?ksryk-
8½ loZ /kfeZ; o tkrh;kauk la/kh & f’kokth egkjktkauh vkIkY;k lSU;kr o iz’kklukr loZ tkrh o
/kekZaP;k yksdkauk lkekowu ?ksrys gksrs- dsoG {kf=;kaukp la/kh u nsrk ‘kqnz] oS’; o czkEg.k ;kaukgh
lSU;ke/;s o iz’kklukr lkekowu ?ksrys- vusd fdY;kaojhy fdYysnkj ‘kqnz tkrhrhy useys-

154
xkoxkM;krhy ikVhydh gh vusd tkrhrhy yksdkauk fnyh gksrh- o.kZO;oLFkk tUekoj vk/kkfjr gksrh-
rh xq.kdekZoj dj.;kpk iz;Ru f’kodkGkr >kyk-
9½ ejkB;kaph O;ogkj furh o /keZfurh& N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh /keZfurhyk vf/kd egRo fnys-
egkjktkauh /keZfurh o O;ogkjfurh ,d= dsyh ukgh- egkjktkauh LojkT; mHkkj.kh djrkuk] j;rsP;k
dY;k.kkyk egRo nsrkuk /kkehZd pkyhfjrh] ijaijk tiY;k- ‘kkfgLrs[kkuk ojhy NkI;kP;k osGh O;ogkj
furhyk egRo fnY;kps fnlrs-
10½ iztkfgrn{k o yksddY;k.kdkjh jktk %& ;q/ndkGkr fdaok eksfgekaP;k osGh brj /kekZP;k izty s k
=kl nsow u;s v’kh lDr rkdhn vkiY;k lSU;kyk egkjktkauh fnyh gksrh- ;q/n osGh ij/kehZ; L=h;k]
/kkehZd LFkGs] /kkehZd xzFa k ;kapk vknj Bsokok- ejkB;kauh ;q/n o /keZ ;kaP;kr d/khgh ljfelG dsyh
ukgh- FkksMD;kr N=irh f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaps okjl yksddY;k.kdkjh ‘kkld gksrs-
8-3-6 l.k lekjaHk &
f’kodkyhu /kkehZd thoukrhy l.k lekjaHk] mRlo] ;k=k] t=kae/kqu lkaLÑfrd vfo‛dkj gh
Li‛V gksr vlrkr- f’kodkGkr nsonsorkaP;k mRlokizek.ks l.k&lekjaHk ;k=k&t=k eksB;k izek.kkr
lktÚ;k dsY;k tkr- gs mRlo lktjs dj.;ke/kwu lkekftd ,SD; fuekZ.k gks.;kl enr gksr vlrs-
v½ f’kodkGkr lktjs dsys tk.kkjs fofo/k l.k
1½ xq<hikMok & pS= efg.;krhy ifgyk fnol fganw dkyx.kusuqlkj ufou o‛kkZpk ifgyk fnol Eg.kts
xqMhikMok gk l.k vkgs- lkMsrhu eqgwrkZaiSdh gk l.k vkgs- ;k fno’kh eaxy dk;kZph lqjokr dsyh tkrs-
pS= efg.;krhy ifgY;k fnolkph lqjokr xq<;k mHkk:u o rksj.ks mHkk:u dsyh tkr vls-
f’kodkGkrgh uohu eksghekaph lqjokr ikMO;kP;k fno’kh dj.;kph i/nr gksrh-
2½ vk‛kk<h ,dkn’kh& lar Kkus’ojkaiklwu lq: >kysY;k okjdjh iaFkkP;k vkGanh ia<jiqjph okjhph
vk‛kk<h ,dkn’kh fno’kh ia<jiqjkr lkaxrk gksrs- ejkBh ek.klkps nSor vlysys foðy eafnj ia<jiqjkr
vlY;kus gtkjks&yk[kks yksd ;k oS‛.ko tukaP;k esG;kr lgHkkxh gksr vlr- gk lksgGk lkekftd
,SD;kps eksBs mnkjg.k vkgs-
3½ iksGk& Jko.kkrhy n’kZ vekoL;syk iksGk gk l.k lktjk dsyk tkrks- iksGk gk ‘ksrdÚ;kapk l.k
vkgs- iksG;kP;k fno’kh cSykauk ltfoys tkbZ- xkokae/kqu cSykaph oktr xktr fejo.kwd dk<yh tkbZ-
;k l.kkfno’kh ikVykps cSy fejo.kwdhr iq<s vlr- egkjk‛Vªkr osxosxG;k ijx.;kr fdaok izkarkr CkSy
iksGk osxosxG;k efg.;kr lktjk dj.;kph i/nr fnlrs-
4½ nljk& vkf’ou ‘kq/n uoehyk fdaok n’kehyk nljk gk lu lktjk dsyk tkrks- nlÚ;kP;k fno’kh
jkekus jko.kkoj fot; feGfoyk gksrk- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh ;k fno’kh ;q/n eksfgekaoj fu?k.;kph
izFkk lq: dsyh- ;k fno’kh ‘kL=kaph o gR;kjkaph iqtk dsyh tkr vls- nljk gk lkMsrhu eqgwrkZaid
S h ,d
eqgwrZ vlY;kus ‘kqHk dk;Z lq: dj.;klkBh gk fnol egRokpk ekuyk tkbZ-
5½ fnokGh& vf’ou ,dkn’khiklwu gk l.k lq: gksowu dkfrZd fOnrh;k Ik;Zar gk fnokGh l.k lktjk
dsyk tkrks- [ksMksikM;kr ?kjks?kjh gk l.k lktjk dssyk tkrks- gk l.k izdk’kkpk vkuankpk Eg.kwu lktjk
dsyk tkrks- vkdk’k dafny o fnO;kaP;k izdk’kke/;s gk l.k lktjk djrkr- fnokGh l.kke/;s olqckjl]
155
/ku=;ksn’kh] ujdprqZn’khZ] y{ehiqtu] fnokGh ikMok fdaok cfyizfrink] o HkkÅcht gs l.k lktjs dsys
tkrkr- dqVaqckrhy o ukR;krhy lokZauh ,df=r ;sÅu gk l.k lktjk dj.;kph izFkk vkgs- f’kodkGkr
y‛djh o iz’kklukr dke dj.kkjs lSfud gk l.k ,d= ;sowu lktjk djr gksrs-
6½ edj laØkr& ikS‛k Ñ‛.k n’kehyk edj laØkarh gk l.k lktjk dsyk tkrks- ,sdesdkae/khy Lusg
laca/k o`/nhxr Ogkok ;klkBh rhGxqG ns.;kph izFkk gksrh- oMhy /kkÚ;k O;Drhus ygkukauk rhGxqG
ns.;kph gh izFkk vkgs- N=irh vkiY;k ljnkjkauk vxR;iwoZd u foljrk frGxqG ikBfor vlr-
7½ gksGh ¹f’kexk& QkYxqu ikSf.kZesyk gksGh gk l.k lktjk dsyk tkrks- ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k n`f‛Vus lqxhyk
ykxwu ;s.kkjk gk yksdfiz; l.k Eg.kts gksGh- [ksM;kikM;kr eksB;k mRlkgkr gk l.k lktjk dsyk tkrks-
lqxh laiY;kus lektkr lqcRrk vlrkuk gkSlekSt fojaxqGk Eg.kwu f’kexk gk l.k lktjk dsyk tkbZ-
[ksM;kikM;krhy ;k=k f’kexk rs ikMok ;k njE;ku Hkjfo.;kpk iz?kkr vkgs- [ksM;kae/;s ;k fno’kh
euksjatuklkBh lksaxs] ukpxk.ks dqLR;kaps vk[kMs vls dk;ZØe vk;ksftr dsys tkr vlr- xkoksxkoh
lkoZtfud o oS;fDrd gksGh isVoyh tkbZ- lkeqfgd gksGh isVfo.;kpk eku xkokP;k ikVykyk vls-
8½ jaxiapeh& fganw dkyx.kusuqlkj o‛kkZrhy ‘ksoVpk l.k QkYxqu Ñ‛.k iapehyk jaxiapeh lktjh dsyh
tkr vls- /kqyoMhiklwu jaxiapeh Ik;Zar jaxkpk gk [ksG [ksG.;kph izFkk gksrh- fnolk jaxkph jsypsy o
jk=h dje.kqdhpk dk;ZØe] vlk mRlkgkr gk l.k lktjk dsyk tkr gksrk- jaxiapeh lktjs djr
vlY;kps f’kodkGkrhy Qkj iqjkos vk<Gr ukghr- ek= es.kkoyh nIrjkr is’kos dkGkrhy mYys[k
;srkr-
c½ nsonsorkaps mRlo o ;k=k%&
ojhy l.kkaO;frfjDr f’kodkGkr ;k=k o mRlo lktjs dsys tkr vlr-
1½ rqGtk Hkokuhpk mRlo & N=irh f’kokth egkjkt rqGtk Hkokuhyk vkiys vkjk/; nSor ekuhr-
uojk=hP;k dkGkr rqGtkiwjyk mRlo Hkjr vls- ;k f’kok; ?kVLFkkiusiklwu eaxGokj] iksf.kZek]
xqMhikMok] cfyizfrink ;k fno’khgh yksd nsohP;k n’kZuklkBh rqGtkiwjyk tkr vlr- ;k fno’kh rsFks
mRlop Hkjr vls-
2½ egky{ehpk mRlo& f’kodkGkr vkf’ou iksf.kZesl egky{ehpk mRlo gksr vls- dksYgkiwj]
vkacstkxkbZ] vkS/a k ;k fBdk.kh egky{ehph eafnjs vkgsr- LojkT;krhy vusd ?kjk.;kaph gh dqynSork
vkgs- pS=h iksf.kZek] uojk=] fnokGh ;k fno’kh ;sFks mRlo Hkjr vlr- v’kk mRlokr [kwi eksB;k
la[;sus yksd lgHkkxh gksr vlr-
3½ f’koksikluk& izkphu dkGkiklwu egkjk‛Vªkrhy ejkBh yksd f’kokph iqtk djhr vkys vkgsr- 12
tksfrfyZaxkiSdh 5 tksfrfyZaxs egkjk‛Vªkr vkgsr- fHkek’kadj] «;acds’oj] vkS<a k ukxukFk] ijGh oSatukFk]
?k`‛.ks’oj ;kf’kok; T;ksfrck nsokps dksYgkiwjkrhy LFkku gsgh f’kokph LFkkus Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkrkr-
;kf’kok; fojHknz] HkSjoukFk] [kMkacs k bR;knh f’kokP;k :ikaukgh egROk vkgs- njo‛khZ xkoksxkoh HkSjo
ukFkkP;k ;k=k Hkjr vlr-
4½ jkeuoeh] guqeku t;arh&

156
 f’kodkGkr jkekph o guqekukph eafnjs xkoksxkoh cka/kyh xsyh- cyksikl.kslkBh xkoksxkoh vk[kkMs
r;kj dsys xsys- jke o guqekukP;k t;aR;k eksB;k mRlkgkr lktÚ;k dsY;k tkr- ?kjks?kjh x.ks’k LFkkiuk
dsyh tkr vls-
5½ vk‛kk<h& dkfrZdh ia<jiwj ;k=k& egkjk‛Vªkps vkjk/; nSor vlysY;k Jh foðykps HkDrt.k laiw.kZ
egkjk‛Vªkr vkgsr- lektkrhy czkEg.kkaiklwu ‘kqnzkia ;Zar loZ Hkkfod foðykyk vkjk/; nSor ekurkr-
njo‛khZ vk‛kk<h & dkfrZdh ,dkn’khyk larkpk vkf.k Hkkfodkapk eksBk esGkok ia<jiwjyk Hkjhr vls-
vkGanh rs ia<jiwj ;k okjhyk yk[kks HkDrtu lgHkkxh gksrkr- egkjk‛Vªkrhy loZ tkrh /kekZrhy yksd ;k
okjhr vkuankus o HkDrhHkkokus lgHkkxh gksr vlr- ;keqGs LojkT;kr /kkehZd o lkekftd ,drsps
okrkoj.k r;kj dsys-
6½ [kaMksckP;k ;k=k o mRlo &
egkjk‛Vªkrhy cgqtu lektkps dqynSor Eg.kts [kaMksck egkjk‛Vªkrhy /kuxj] vkxjh o ejkBk
lektkps rs dqynSor ekuys tkrs- ;kp izek.ks jkeks’kh] dksGh] ekax ;k tekrh [kaMksckph mikluk djhr
vlr- paik‛k‛Bh gk [kaMksckpk dqy/kekZpk fnol ekuyk tkrks- tstjq h] ikyh ;sFks gk mRlo eksBk izek.kkr
lktjk gksrks-
7½ xkoksxkoP;k t=k o ;k=k &
f’kodkGkr f’kexk rs IkkMok ;k dkGkr xkoksxkoh /kkehZd ;k=k o t=k HkjfoY;k tkr vlr-
;k dkGkr fnolk /kkehZd mRlo rj jk=h euksjatukps dk;ZØe gksr vlr- lksxa s] ukpxk.ks] fonq‛kd]
lkiokys] urZdh] xk:Mh] tknwxkj vls vusd yksd vkIkY;k dykxq.kkaps n’kZu lektkyk ?kMohr
vlrkr- xkoksxkoh dqLR;k] cSyxkM;kaP;k ‘k;Zrh ;kaps vk;kstu dsys tkbZ- ;k ;k=kaps vkd‛kZ.k Eg.kts
rsFkhy cktkj] ;k cktkjkr vusd izdkjpsvkfFkZd O;ogkj gksr vlr- oLrw fod.;klkBh vusd foØrs
;sr vlr-
fofo/k l.k lekjaHkke/kwu enkZuh [ksG dj.;kph izFkk f’kodkGkr gksrh- ;k /kkfeZd l.k
lekjaHkkrwu lkaLÑfrd vfo‛dkj izdVhdj.k Eg.kts dY;k.kdkjh jktoVhps o lkekftd izxrhps ‘kkarrsps
izfrd vkgs-
LkjkoklkBh iz’u
[kkyhy iz’ukaph mRrjs 400 ‘kCnkr fygk-
1½ f’kodkyhu xkoxkM;kfo‛k;h lfoLrj ekfgrh fygk-
2½ xkokrhy oru laLFksrhy pkj ?kVd fygk-
3½ f’kodkyhu lektthoukr fL=;kaps LFkku Li‛V djk-
4½ N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaps /kkehZd /kksj.k lkaxqu R;kph oSf’k‛V;s fygk-
5½ f’kodkGkrhy lkekftd thoukfo‛k;h lfoLrj ekfgrh fygk-

157
 fVik fygk-
1½ ^xkoxkMk*
2½ xkoxkM;krhy izeq[k lRrkaph
3½ xkoxkM;krhy orunkj
4½ ^orunkjkaps* xkoxkM;krhy egRo
5½ xkoxkM;krhy cyqrsnkj i/nr
6½ ns’keq[kkaps orunkjkae/khy LFkku
7½ ejkBk dkGkrhy fookg i/nrh
8½ ^L=h & thoukrhy* leL;k
9½ f’kodkGkrhy /kkehZd ijaijk
10½ f’kokth egkjktkaps /kkehZd /kksj.k -

vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds

1- v=s f=a- uk-] xkoxkMk]
2- vkBoys lnkf’ko] f’kokth o f’ko;qx]
3- jko o- nh- (laik-)] vkKki=
4- ns’kikaMs v- ua- (laik-)] vkKki=]
5- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] [kjs x- g- (laik-)] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM 1] -
6- ljnslkbZ ch- ,u] ejkB;kapk lkekftd]vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd bfrgkl]
7- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] MkW- ns’kikaMs iz- u-] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl Hkkx ifgyk]
8- ns’keq[k ‘kkjnk]f’ko’kkghrhy o is’kokbZrhy L=hthou]
9- fpV.khl d`- uk- e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; ladYiuk o laLFkk-
10- esgna Gs xtkuu HkkLdj] Jh jktk f’koN=irh Hkkx 1]
11. Sen S. N., Administrative System of the Marathas,

158
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky

izdj.k 9 os vkfFkZd thou

9-1 ‘ksrh o tehu eglwy /kksj.k
9-1-1 tehu ekst.kh
9-1-2 lkjk vkdkj.kh
9-1-3 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ‘ksrh lq/kkj ;kstuk
9-1-4 tehu eglwy lq/kkj.kkaph oSf’k‛V;s
9-2 mRiUukph lk/kus
9-2-1 pkSFkkbZ
9-2-2 ljns’keq[kh
9-2-3 f’kodkGkrhy brj dj
9-3 O;kikj o mn;ksx O;olk;
9-3-1 O;kikj
9-3-2 N=irhaps O;kikjfo‛k;d /kksj.k-
9-3-3 f’kodkyhu O;kikjh dsanz
9-3-4 f’kodkyhu mn;ksx/kans

9-4- pyui/nrh
9-4-1 f’kodkGkrhy miYkC/k uk.kh-
9-4-2 brj uk.kh-
izLrkouk %& e/;;qxkr ‘ksrh vkf.k O;kikj egkjk‛Vªkrhy j;rspk tx.;kpk vk/kkj gksrk- 17
O;k ‘krdkr egkjk‛Vªkrhy vkfFkZd thou gs ‘ksrh o ‘ksrhoj vk/kkfjr mn;ksxkaoj vk/kkjysys
gksrs- ‘ksrh gkp xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkspk d.kk gksrk- ;k dkGkr xkoxkM;kps thou ‘ksrh Hkksorh
dsafnzr >kys gksrs- f’kodkGkr ^[ksMs* fdaok ^xko* Lo;aiw.kZ gksrh- [ksMsxkokrhy loZ
O;kolkf;d]dkjkxhj] ‘ksrdjh ,desdkaoj voyacwu gksrs-
f’kodkGkr tehu eglwy gh jkT;kP;k mRiUuke/;s ,d egRokph mRiUukph ckc gksrh- efyd
vacjus lq: dsysY;k tehu eglwy i/nrh izek.ksp ;k dkGkr gh tehu eglwy fuf’pr dsyk

159
 tkr vls- ;k iwokZikj tehu eglwy i/nrhr N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh cny ?kMowu vk.kys-
R;kauh gh i/nrh ‘ksrdÚ;akP;k fgrklkBh dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk-
9-1 ‘ksrh o tehu eglwy /kksj.k
f’kodkyhu jkT;kP;k mRiUukph lk/kus
1½ tehu eglwy pkSFkkbZ ljns’keq[kh brj dj
v½ ihd fugk; lkjk v½ izR;{k dj
c½ tfeuhP;k izdkjkuqlkj lkjk c½ vizR;{k dj

9-1-1 tehu ekst.kh %&

N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh tehu eglwy fuf’pr dj.;klkBh jkT;krhy loZ tfeuhph ekst.kh
djowu ?ksryh- tfeuhP;k ekst.khlkBh ^f’kodkBh* fdaok ^f’ko’kkgh dkBhpk* okij dj.;kr ;sr vls-
;k f’kodkBh ps eki ikp gkr vkf.k ikp eqBh] vls gksrs- ,d gkr 14 rlwapk o 82 rlwpa h ,d
^f’kodkBh* vls gs eki gksrs- v’kk 20 vkSjl pkSjl dkB;kapk ,d fc|k ekstyk tkr vls- 120
fc|kapk ,d pkoj v’kk i/nrhus tfeuhph ekst.kh dsyh tkr gksrh- v’kk i/nrhus tfeuhph ekst.kh
dj.;kyk pkoj.kh] fc?kko.kh fdaok pdoknh vlsgh Eg.kr- f’kodkGkr LojkT;krhy ekst.kh vuqØes
nknkth dksMa nso] eksjksira fiaxGs] vk..kkth nRrks ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh rhuosGk dj.;kr vkyh- tfeuhph
ekst.kh dj.;klkBh vehu] dkVdj] dkjdqu vls vf/kdkjh useys tkr- R;kauk jktkdMwu osru feGs-
xkokrhy ,dw.k tehu fdrh] R;krhy fidkÅ tehu fdrh] o iMhd fdrh ;kph uksna gs vf/kdkjh
djhr gksrs- MkW- v- jk- dqyd.khZ ;kaP;k ers f’kodkGkr tfeuhps vOoy ¼mRd‛V½] nqe ¼e/;e½] oktaV
fdaok lhe Eg.kts dfu‛B vls izdkj lkafa xrys vkgsr- mRiknu {kersuqlkj tfeuhph izrokjh dsyh tkr
vls-
EkkstysY;k fidkÅ tfeuhoj eglwykph vkdkj.kh dsyh tkbZ- ;kf’kok; ykxoMh[kkyh vlysY;k
tfeuhr dks.krs ihd ?ksrys tkrs- o‛kkZr ,d fdaok nksu fids ?ksryh vkgsr dk\ ;kph ekfgrh ?ksryh
tkbZ- ;kyk ^ihd ikg.kh* vls Eg.kr vlr- izR;sd xkoP;k o ijx.;kP;k v’kk uksna h ?ksrY;k tkr o
R;kuqlkj lkjk vkdkj.kh fuf’pr dsyh tkbZ-
9-1-2 f’kodkyhu lkjk vkdkj.kh &
LojkT;krhy lkjk ¼tehu eglwy½ fuf’prh dj.;klkBh N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh loZd‛k
fopkj d:u tehu eglwykps /kksj.k Bjfoys gksrs-
1½ ‘ksrlkjk gk ykxoMh [kkyhy tfeuhojp vkdkjyk tkr vls- rj iM tehuhoj dks.krkgh
lkjk vkdkjyk tkr uls-
2½ Tkfeuhph oxZOkkjh d:u R;kuqlkj ‘ksrlkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls-ihd fugk; ‘ksrlkjk Bjfoyk
tkr vls- uxnh fidkaoj ‘ksrlkjk vf/kd vls- ;kckcr j;rspsgh er fopkjkr ?ksrys tkr
vls-

160
 lk/kkj.kr% tfeuhrhy mRiknukiSdh nksu iapeka’k Hkkx jkT;kyk- tehu eglwyke/kqu feGr vls-
ek= R;ke/;sgh ,[kknh tehu uO;kus ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.kkÚ;k ‘ksrdÚ;kyk loyrh feGr vlr- xjhc
‘ksrdÚ;kauk cSYk] fc;k.ks iqjfoys tkr- nq‛dkG izalxh ‘ksrdÚ;kauk fo’ks‛k enr fnyh tkbZ- ‘ksrlkjk ekQ
dsyk tkbZ-
f’kokth egkjktkauh lkjk vkdkj.khlkBh ihdfugk; lkjk o tfeuhP;k izdkjkuqlkj lkjk vkdkj.khps
rRo Lohdkjys gksrs-
v½ ihd fugk; lkjk &f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkr fidkaoj lkjk vkdkj.;kph i/nrh gksrh- mnk &
1½ Hkkthikyk & okaxh] dkans] jrkGh ;kalkj[;k uxnh fidkaoj izR;sd fc?;kl nksu gksu rj
eksVLFkGklkBh nhM gksu brdk lkjk ?ksryk tkbZ-
2½ rkanwG & vOoy tfeuhr izR;sd fc?;kyk ngk e.k] e/;e tfeuhrwu vkB e.k lkjk olwy
?ksryk tkbZ-
3½ laBq & ikVLFkGkojhy izR;sd fc?;kl rhu gksu rj eksVLFkGkojhy laBq hoj nksu gksu lkjk olwy
dsyh tkr vls-
4½ Ål & ikVLFkG Ålkoj izR;sd fc?;kl vMhp gksu vkf.k eksVLFkG Ålkoj nksu gksu brdk
lkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls-
f’kodkGkr izR;{k ‘ksrlkjk gk fidkP;k 2@5¼ikpnqbZ½ brdk ?ksrY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs-
c½ tfeuhP;k izdkjkuqlkj lkjk vkdkj.kh &
1½ dkGh tehu& th tehu ‘ksrhlkBh okijyh tkbZ fdaok ykxoMh [kkyh vls] tfeuhyk ^dkGh*
fdaok ^dkGh vkbZ* vls Eg.kr- gh tehu ckxk;rh vls- ;k tfeuhr uxnh fids] Hkkthikyk]
/kkU;s] dM/kkU;s ?ksryh tkr- dkG;k tfeuhoj izR;sd fc?;kl 2 e.k lkjk vkdkjyk tkr vls-
rj ckxk;rh tfeuhoj 5 e.k lkjk vkdkjyk tkbZ-
2½ ika<jh tehu& tsFks [ksMsxkokrhy yksdkaph oLrh vls- fryk ^ika<jh* fdaok ^ika<jh tehu vls
Eg.kr- ‘ksrdjh] ‘ksretqj fdaok ‘ksrhiqjd O;olk; dj.kkjs yksd ;k fBdk.kh jgkr vlr-
3½ oktaV tehu & T;k tfeuhr ‘ksrh mRIkUu ?ksrk ;sr uls fdaok v’kh tehu ykxoMh[kkyh ;sr
uls] rh tehu fuÑ‛V] oktaV tehu Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkbZ- ;k ukihd tfeuhpk okij xqjkauk
pj.;klkBh] cktkj] ;k=k] t=k Hkjfo.;klkBh dsyk tkr vls-
4½ xkodh fdaok bukedh fdaok fulcr tehu& [ksMxs kokrhy iMhd tehu xkokdMwu eksdklnkjkyk
R;kaP;k dkefxjhoj [kq‛k gksowu fnyh tkr vls- eksdklnkj izfrf‛Br vlY;kus gh tehu mijh o
‘ksretqj Bsowu dlyh tkr vls- v’kk tfeuhoj izR;sd pkojkyk 8 [kaMh lkjk ?ksryk tkr
vls-
¼20 fc?ks ¾ 1 pkoj] vkf.k 20 e.k ¾ 1 [kaMh½

161
9-1-3 N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ‘ksrh lq/kkj ;kstuk %&
1½ rxkbZ i/nrhph lqjokr & f’kokth egkjktkauh ‘ksrdÚ;kauk ‘ksrhlkBh votkjs] tukojs rlsp
fc;k.ks /kkU; [kjsnhlkBh jks[k jDde ljdkjh [kftU;krwu ns.;kph i/nr lq: dsyh-
2½ ik.kh iqjoB;kP;k lks;h & ftjk;rh tfeuh ckxk;rh dj.;klkBh ca/a kkjs cka/k.ks] ikV dk<wu ns.ks
v’kh O;oLFkk jktkauh d:u fnyh-
3½ ‘ksrhlkBh dtZ lqfo/kk & ‘ksrhlkBh votkjs] ch & fc;k.ks] cSytksMh ?ks.;klkBh j;rsph
vkfFkZd enr dsyh-
4½ mRiknu ok<hyk izkRs lkgu & vf/kdkf/kd tehu ykxoMh[kkyh vk.k.;klkBh o mRiknu
ok<fo.;klkBh izksRlkgu fnys-
5½ r:.kkaph Yk‛dj Hkjrh & ‘ksrtehu deh vkgs o o‛kZHkj iqjsy ,o<s /kkU; ,[kkn;k dqVaqckr gksr
ulsy rj v’kk dqVqackrhy r:.kkauk rkRiqjrh fdaok dk;eLo:ih y‛djkr uksdjh fnyh tkbZ-
6½ ‘ksrlkÚ;kr lqV & nq‛dkG] egkiwj] oknG] jksxjkbZ v’kk ladVkP;k osGh j;rsyk ‘ksrlk&;kr
lqV ns.;kph i/nr lq: dsyh-
7½ bukeh gDd jÌ dsys & izfrf‛Brkauk vlysys bukeh gDd jÌ d:u v’kk tfeuhoj dj lq:
dsys-
9-1-4 tehu eglqy lq/kkj.kkaph oSf’k‛V;s
f'kokth egkjkt iztkfgr n{k vlwu j;rsP;k dY;k.kklkBh jktuhrkpk voyac rs djhr- iztos j
ckstk u iMrk R;kaph fiGo.kwd u gksrk jkT;kpk eglwy dlk ok<sy gk fopkj d:u R;kauh eglwy
olwyh fo‛k;d lq/kkj.kk dsY;k-
1½ xko o ijx.kk orunkjakdMwu gDdkapk xSjokij >kY;kl R;kaP;kdMhy oa’kijaijkxr vf/kdkj
dk<wu ?ksrys o ixkjnkj vfËkdkjh ;kaP;kdMwu lkjk olwyh dsyh tkow ykxyh-
2½ eqfLye dkGkrhy eglwy foØh i/nr can d:u j;rokjh i/nr lq: dsyh-
3½ tgkfxjh] orus ns.;kph i/nr can dsyh-
4½ lkjk fuf’prh j;rsP;k laerhus dsyh tkow ykxyh-
5½ ‘ksrlkÚ;k ckcrhrhy nykyh i/nr can dsyh- FksV ljdkje/;s dj Hkj.;kph O;oLFkk dsyh-
6½ tehu ekst.khlkBh nksj i/nr can d:u ^f’kodkBh* okij.;kl lqjokr dsyh-
7½ tehu eglwyfo‛k;h okn raVs feVfo.;klkBh Lora«; U;k;;a=.kk fuekZ.k dsyh-
8½ ‘ksrdÚ;kauk vkiRrhizlaxh enr d#u iquoZlu dsys tkbZ-

162
9-2- f’kodkyhu mRiUukph lk/kus
9-2-1 pkSFkkbZ & LojkT;krhy tehu eglqyk cjkscjp pkSFkkbZps gh vfrfjDr mRiUu
feGr vls-pkSFkkbZ Eg.kts ^‘k=qiklwu vkiY;k izns’kkps lja{k.k dj.;klkBh vkf.k yqVekjhiklwu lja{k.k
feGfo.;klkBh |ko;kpk dj vkgs-* pkSFkkbZpk gDd ftadysY;k izns’kkrwu fdaok ‘k=qP;k izns’kkrwu
pkSFkkbZph jDde xksGk dsyh tkr vls- pkSFkkbZ Eg.kts LojkT;kckgsjhy izns’kkrwu olwy dj.;kr
vkysY;k ,dq.k mRiUukpk ,d pr`FkkZa’k ¼1@4½ Hkkx ?ks.;kpk ejkB;kapk gDd gks;- f’kodkGkiklwu gk
dj ejkBs LojkT;kckgsjhy izns’kkrwu olwy d: ykxys- f’kodkGkr pkSFkkbZ gs LojkT;kP;k mRiUUkkps ,d
egRokps lk/ku gksrs- LojkT;kP;k ckgsj eksfgesoj xsysY;k lSU;kyk iS’kkph vko’;drk vls- v’kk osGh
R;k izns’kkrhy yksdkaph ywV djkoh ykxr vls- loZ lkekU; j;rsyk =kl gksow u;s Eg.kwu f’kokth
egkjktkauh djkjukek Bjfoyk gksrk- R;kuqlkj LojkT;kckgsjhy yksdkauh eglwykpk ,d prqFkkZa’k Hkkx
ejkBh lSU;kauk n;kok o R;k ekscnY;kr ejkB;kauh R;k izns’kkps Lor%iklwu o brjkaiklwu ¼ckg;
vkØe.kkiklwu½ j{k.k djko;kps vls] Bjfoys gksrs- pkSFkkbZ olwy dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k izns’kkrhy tursyk
=kl] yqVkyqV] vR;kpkj d: u;s vls vkiY;k lSU;kyk f’kojk;kaps lDr vkns’k gksrs- lj tnwukFk
ljdkj ;kaP;k ers ^pkSFkkbZ Eg.kts ,d izdkjph [kaM.khp gksrh-*
9-2-2 ljns’keq[kh & ljns’keq[kh gk dj QDr LojkT;krwup ?ksryk tkbZ- ljns’keq[kh Eg.kts
mRiUukpk 1@10 ngkok fgLlk- ljns’keq[kh gk dj jktkpk [kkl gDd vlwu ^Lokeh* ;k ukR;kus
ljns’keq[kh P;k cnY;kr LojkT;krhy tursps ‘k=qiklwu laj{k.k dsys tkbZ- U;k;eqrhZ ,e- th- jkuMs
;kaP;kers f’kokth egkjkt ljns’keq[khpk gDd 1650 iklwu olwy djhr gksrs- b- l- 1650 o 1667
e/;s vuqØes ‘kgktgku o vkSjaxtsc ;kaP;kdMs f’kokth egkjktkauh ljns’keq[khP;k gDdkckcr fopkj.kk
dsyh gksrh- ek= R;kauh ;kyk nkn fnyh ukgh- iq<s iksrZqxhtkadMwu 1668 e/;s rj csnuwj lksns ;k
nf{k.ksrhy LkaLFkkfudkauh f’kokth egkjktkapk pkSFkkbZ] ljns’keq[khpk gDd ekU; dsyk- N=irh f’kokth
egkjktkauh 1676&77 e/;s dukZVd Lokjh d:u rsFkhy laLFkkfudkaoj pkSFkkbZ] ljns’keq[kh clfoyh-
9-2-3 f’kodkGkrhy brj dj %&
f'kodkGkr tehu eglwy o pkSFkkbZ] ljns’keq[kh f’kok; mRiUukP;k brj vusd ckch vfLrRokr
gksR;k- f’kodkGkr brjgh vusd dj olwy dsys tkr vlr- MkW- v- jk- dqyd.khZ ;kauh brj
djkackcrhr izR;{k dj] vizR;{k dj vkf.k ladh.kZ dj vls rhu izdkj fnys vkgsr-
v½ izR;{k dj& f’kodkGkr oS;fDrd mRiUu] fofo/k O;olk; vkf.k ekyeRrk ;koj dj yknys tkr
vlr- oS;fDrd djkr bukeiÍh] fejkliÍh] ns’keq[kiÍh b- rj fofo/k O;olk;kaojhy djkr ik;ikslh]
eksgrjQk] gsftciÍh] osBfcxkjh] ljkQh iÍh] /kuxj iÍh] rsy iÍh] bR;knh djkpk lekos’k gksrks-
;kf’kok; ekyeRrk dj gh izR;{k dj Eg.kwu ?ksrys tkr-
c½ vizR;{k dj &f’kodkGkr vizR;{k djkr tdkr dj] nykyh] tukojkaojhy dj] vko’;d
oLrqoa jhy dj] U;k;ky;hu dj] VkdlkGhrwu feG.kkjs mRiUu] okjlkfo‛k;d dj v’kk fofo/k djkapk
;kr lekos’k gksrks-ijns’kkrwu LojkT;kr ;s.kkÚ;k o LojkT;krwu ckgsj tk.kkÚ;k ekykoj tdkr dj
clfoyk tkr vls- pkSy] nkHkksG] osxa qykZ] jktkiwj] jRukfxjh gh f’kodkGkrhy vk;kr & fu;kZrhph
izeq[k canjs gksrh- ;k dkGkr 1½ okuxh Eg.kts LojkT;krhy O;kikÚ;kauk dkgh osGk fu;fer djkis{kk
tkLrh dj oLrwP;k fdaok /kkU;kP;k :ikus n;kok ykxr vls R;kyk ^okuxh* vls EgVys tkbZ-

163
2½ mjhnykyh&mjh Eg.kts f’kYyd jkghysyk Hkkx vkf.k nykyh Eg.kts tdkr Hkjysyk o otu
dsysyk eky- gk dj canjkP;k ‘kgjkrwu olwy dsyk tkr vls- 3½ f’kaxksVh dj& cktkjkr foØhlkBh
tukojs ;sr vlr- tukojkaP;k v’kk [kjsnh & foØh O;ogkjkoj dj vkdkjyk tkr vls R;kyk
^f’kaxksVh* dj vls Eg.kr o feBkojhy dj b- dj olwy dsys tkr-
d½ ladh.kZ o brj dj & 1½ lkfnyokj iÍh ] 2½ [kpkZiVh fdaok xko[kpZ] 3½ yXUk Vdk fdaok ojkM
Vdk] 4½ rqêhiêh fdaok uqdlkuiêh] 5½ ukMh Vksdjk] 6½ xMh rack[kw] 7½ vcdkjh dj] 8½
U;k;ky;hu ‘kqYd] 9½ taxykiklwu feG.kkjs mRiUUk] 10½ Vkad
a lkGh iklwu feG.kkjs mRiUu] 11½ okjlk
fo‛k;d dj] 12½ LFkkfud [kpkZlkBh xkoxkM;kdMwu olwy dj.;kr ;s.kkjs dj- b- dj olwy dsys
tkrkr-
9-3 f’kodkyhu O;kikj o mn;ksx O;olk;%&
f’kodkGkr ‘ksrh cjkscjp brj dkgh mn;ksx/kans dsys tkr- [ksMs gs vFkZO;OkLFkspk ik;k gksrk-
[ksM;krhy djkfxjkauh LFkykarj d: u;s Eg.kwu fofo/k djkapk] pyuO;oLFkk ;kapk laca/k [ksMxs kok’kh
vls- ‘ksrh cjkscjp dkjkfxjkauk xkoke/;sp mn;ksx/kans mHks dj.;klkBh loZ izdkjP;k lks;h miyC/k d:u
ns.;kdMs xkoxkM;kpk dy vls-
9-3-1 f’kodkyhu O;kikj%&
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k LojkT; LFkkiuseqGs ejkBh ek.klkyk O;kikjkP;k o mn;ksxkP;k
vusd uO;k la/kh izkIr >kY;k- f’kodkGkr egkjk‛Vªkpk O;kikj mfne ok<hl ykxyk- N=irhauh
jkT;krhy mn;ksx/kans pkyfo.;klkBh dkjkxhj] O;kolkf;d o O;kikjh ;kauk vuqdwy ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k
d:u fnyh- O;kikj ok<hl ykxkok Eg.kwu varxZr o ijdh; O;kikjkdMs y{k fnys- [ksMxs kokr oLrqph
nsok.k &?ksok.k gksr vls- dkjkfxj vkiY;k oLrw dlC;krhy vkBoMs cktkjkr fodr vlr- isB
dlC;kis{kk eksBs O;kikjh dasnz gksrs- isBsr dk;eLo:ih nqdkus vlr- pkSy nkHkksG] fHkoaMh] dY;k.k]
dksYgkiqj] iq.ks] osxa qykZ] jktxM] jk;xM] jktkiqj ;k fBdk.kh cktkjisBk clfoysY;k gksR;k- vjc jk‛Vªs o
iwoZ fdukÚ;kojhy vkfÝdu jk‛Vªs ;kaP;k cjkscj LojkT;krwu O;kikj pkyr vls-
9-3-2 f’kokth egkjktkaps O;kikj fo‛k;d /kksj.k &
QWDVjh jsdkWMZle/khy lanHkkZuqlkj n[[kuP;k O;kikjkph xks/a kGkph fLFkrh >kyh vkgs- R;kyk
f’kokth jktkaP;k jktdh; gkypkyh dkj.khHkwr gksR;k- 1674 uarj f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k
jkT;krhy O;kikj o`/nhdMs y{k fnY;kps fnlrs- 1674 uarj baxztka’kh eS=hps laca/k izLFkkfir d:u
O;kikjh djkj f’kokth egkjktkauh dsyk-
jkepanziar vekR;kP;k vkKki=kr fo’kn dsY;kizek.ks f’kokth jktkauh lkodkj o O;kikjh ;kauk
mRrstu ns.;kps] R;kauk fofo/k loyrh o lqfo/kk ns.;kps ,d fuf’pr /kksj.k Li‛V dsys vkgs-
1½ ukfod] eqydh o y‛djh vf/kdkjkÚ;kauk o O;kikÚ;kauk ‘kD; rso<;k loyrh nsowu O;kikjkl
mRrstu n;kos-
2½ O;kikÚ;kauk tdkr HkjY;kuarj gos rs lkfgR; fodr ?ks.;kl o fod.;kl Lokra«k vlkos-
3½ fo’ks‛k egRokps O;kikÚ;kaps vknjkfrF; Bsowu LFkkf;d gks.;kl mRrstu n;kos-
164
 4½ O;kikjh xycrs o R;kaP;k ek.klkauk lja{k.k n;kos-
5½ dks.kR;kgh tkrhpk O;kikj] O;kikjh vlyk rjh R;kyk O;kikjklkBh mRrstu n;kos-
FkksMD;kr f’kokth egkjktkaps /kksj.k O;kikjkckcr mnkjeroknh vlY;kus f’kodkGkr egkjk‛Vªkr
O;kikj ok<hl ykxyk- cktkjisBk clfo.kkÚ;k rlsp vkBoMs cktkj Hkjfo.;kr iq<kdkj ?ks.kkÚ;k
‘ksVs&egktu ;kauk ‘ksrlkÚ;kr ekQh fnyh fdaok tehu fnyh- vkIkY;k jkT;kr O;kikÚ;kauh LFkkf;d
Ogkos ;klkBh O;kikÚ;kauk egkjktkauh izksRlkgu fnys- ;kcjkscjp egkjktkauh baxztkacjkscj O;kikjh djkj
dsyk gksrk- R;kuqlkj rs O;kikjh brj {ks=kr ¼jktdkj.kkr½ gLr{ksi dj.kkj ukghr ;kph iqjsijq
n{krk ?ksryh gksrh-
varxZr O;kikj& f’kodkGkrhy varxZr O;kikj nksu izdkjpk gksrk- unhP;k ekxkZus o [kq‛dhP;k ekxkZus
gks.kkjk O;kikj-
1½ unhP;k ekxkZus gks.kkjk O;kikj & egkjk‛Vªkr xksnkojh] Ñ‛.kk fHkek o fujk ;k un;k okgrkr- xksnkojh
unh gh 300 eSyka pk izns’k O;kirs- ;k un;kae/;s f’kodkGkr gksM;kaph okgrqd pkyr vls- ;k ukok
e/kwu ek.kls o oLrw iksgpfoY;k tkr vlr- QWDVjh jsdkWMZuqlkj is.k o dqykck ftYgkrhy vkack o
ukxksBk.ks ;k un;ke/kqu O;kikjh ekykph okgrqd gksr vls-
2½ [kq‛dhP;k o ?kkV ekxkZus gks.kkjk O;kikj
varxZr O;kikj [kq‛dhP;k o ?kkVekxkZus pkyr vls- f’kodkGkr cÚgk.kiwj rs xksoGdksMa k ;k
jktekxkZO;frfjDr LojkT;kr ,dgh eksBk jLrk uOgrk- cSyxkMhps jLrs o NksV;k okVk gksR;k- f’kodkGkr
dksd.k o ?kkVekF;kpk izns’k ;kauk tksM.kkjs vusd ?kkV gksrs- tqUuj vkf.k dksd.k ;kauk tksM.kkjk
fiiajh ?kkV] eqca bZ&iq.ks ;kauk tksM.kkjk [kaMkGk ?kkV] jRukfxjh o dksYgkiwj ;kauk tksM.kkjk uk.ks ?kkV vls
vusd ?kkVekxZ f’kodkGkr gksrs- f’kodkyhu ?kkVekxkZus gks.kkÚ;k O;kikjkps oSf’k‛V;s Eg.kts okgrqdhps
fu;a=.k dj.;klkBh]izok’kkauk lja{k.k ns.;klkBh] okgrwd fu;a=.k dj.;klkBh] okgrwd djkph olwyh
dj.;klkBh ?kkVkae/;s fBdfBdk.kh pkSD;k o tdkr ukds gksrs- izR;sd ?kkVkrhy pkSD;kaoj ?kkVikaMs
ukokpk ,d vf/kdkjh] R;kyk eks/koh] ikulMs] iFkdh] fcMobZ] xqtj vkf.k xqekLrs gs vf/kdkjh o
f’kikbZ enr djhr vlr-
9-3-3 f’kodkyhu O;kikjh dsna z &
f’kokth egkjktkauh fganoh LojkT;kr vusd cktkjisBk o O;kikj dsanzs fodflr dsyh gksrh-
f’kodkGkr dksd.k izns’k gk O;kikjklkBh HkjHkjkVhyk vkysYkk gksrk- ^bafXy’k QWDVjh jsdkWMZl izek.ks
pkSy] nkHkksG] dY;k.k] fHkoaMh] osxqy
a kZ] is.k] Mgk.kw] rkjkiqj] ukxksBk.kk] tSrkiwj] [kkjsikV.k gh dksd.k
fdukÚ;kojhy canjs f’kodkGkr vfr’k; HkjHkjkVhyk vkysyh gksrh-
1½ pkSy & vfyckx rkyqD;krhy pkSy canj f’kodkGkr O;kikjklkBh izfl/nhl vkys gksrs- 1670
lkyh f’kokth egkjktkauh gs canj rkC;kr ?ksrys-
2½ nkHkksG & nkHkksG gs dksd.k fdukiÍhojhy HkjHkjkVhyk vkysys ,d canj] iwoZ vfÝdk] bjk.k ;k
ns’kkcjkscj] nkHkksGps O;kikjh laca/k gksrs- fno neu] eyckj] [kack;r] rlsp eDdk] ,Mu ;sFkwu ;s.kkjh
tgkts HksV nsr vlr-

165
3½ dY;k.k o fHkaOkMh &^bafXy’k jsdkWMlZ] vkWu f’kokth* ;k xaFz kkr foY;e QksLVjus vls ueqn dsysys
vkgs dh] xksoGdksMa k] dksjkseaMy ;kalkj[;k izns’kkrwu O;kikjh ;sr vlr- 1670 lkyh f’kokth
egkjktkauh eksxykadMwu dY;k.k o fHkaoMh ftadwu ?ksrys- o vkiYkk veay izLFkkfir dsyk-
4½ jktkiqj & jRukfxjh ftYg;krhy f’kodkGkrhy ,dk egRokps O;kikjh dsanz gksrs- 1660 e/;s
baxztkauh jktkiwj ;sFks o[kkj LFkkiu dsyh- 1668 lkyh Ýsapkukgh vkiyh o[kkj LFkkiu dsyh-
Ýspa O;kikjh jktkiwj ;sFkwu f’kls o yks[kaMkpk O;kikj djhr vlr-
5½ osxa qykZ& 17 O;k ‘krdkrhy HkjHkjkVhyk vkysys gs ,d O;kikjh dsnza-Mpkauh ;sFks vkiyh o[kkj
LFkkiu dsyh gksrh-
6½ brj dsanzs & leqnz fdukÚ;kojhy O;kikjh dsna zkcjkscjp egkM] dksYgkiwj] vk‛Vh] fpiGwu] dsG’kh]
is.k] ukxksBk.ks g;k ‘kgjkrwu O;kikj eksB;k izek.kkr pkyr gksrk- ;k O;frfjDr dk;xko] Vksdk] ukf’kd]
iSB.k] ia<jiwj ;kaph rhFkZ{ks=s Eg.kwu ok<>kyh- rj ;soyk] lksykiwj] ukxiwj gh ‘kgjs vkSn;ksfxd {ks=s
Eg.kwu fodflr >kyh-
7½ xzkeh.k cktkjisBk %&
1½ iq.ks gs ejkBk lkezkT;krhy egRokps fBdk.k gksrs- iq.;kr vusd isBk vlwu fofo/k O;olk; ;sFks
pkyr-
2½ f’kokiwj] ik‛kk.k] fttkiwj] eyiqjk] [ksGiqjk] fo.kiqjk v’kk vusd isBk f’kodkGkr olfoY;kps lanHkZ
feGrkr-
FkksMD;kr f’kokth egkjktkaps O;kikjkckcrps /kksj.k mnkjeroknh gksrs- f’kodkGkrp LojkT;kr
O;kikj ok<hyk ykxY;kps fnlrs-
9-3-4 f’kodkyhu mn;ksx/kans
1½ xzkeh.k mn;ksx/kans &
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy cyqrsnkj o vyqrsnkj gs ‘ksrhyk iqjd vls O;olk; djhr vlr- dkiM r;kj
dj.kkjs dks‛Vh] ykdMh oLrq o votkjs r;kj dj.kkjs lqrkj] ’kssrhlkBh ykx.kkjh votkjs cufo.kkjs
yksgkj] dkrMh oLrw cufo.kkjs pkaHkkj] rsy ikM.kkjs rsyh] nk: mRiknu dj.kkjs dyky] yksdjh diMs
cufo.kkjs /kuxj] eqrhZ cufo.kkjs dkjkxhj] ok|s cufo.kkjs dkjkxhj vls vusd O;kolkf;d [ksM;kr jgkr-
ijdh; izoklh vWcs dWjs rlsp ijekuan ;kauh f’kodkGkr lksukj O;olk;kph eksBh izxrh >kyh gksrh
vls fygwu Bsoys gksrs- vusd izdkjps vyadkj R;kojhy dkykdqlj mRre izdkjph vls-
nkfxus ?kMforkuk fgjs&ek.kds] tokghj ;kaPkk dq’kyrsus okij dsyk tkr vls- jkT;O;ogkj dks‛kkr
egkjk‛Vªkr izpfyr vlysY;k O;olk;kapk myys[k vkgs- doh ijekaun ;kaP;k ^vuqijq k.k* o
^f’koHkkjr* ;k dkO;xzaFkkr 17 O;k ‘krdkrhy O;olk;kapk mYys[k ;srks ;k dkGkrhy O;olk; tkrhoj
vk/kkfjr vlr- vkiY;k tkrh ckgsjps O;olk; dj.;kph Qkj’kh izFkk UkOgrh-
2½ ykdqM mn;ksx tgkt cka/k.kh O;olk; &
f’kodkGkr ykdwM o tgktcka/k.kh O;olk; eksB;k izek.kkoj pkyw gksrk- dksd.kkr
lkxkph ?kunkV taxys gksrh- ?kjs] bekjrh] eafnjs ;klkBh ykx.kkÚ;k ykdMkph miyC/krk ?kkVekF;kojgh
166
eqcyd gksrh- fdY;kaps] okM;kaps o ?kjkaps njokts o brj fBdk.kh ykdMkpk mi;ksx dsyk tkbZ - T;keqGs
ykdqM rksM.kkjs rs dki.kkjs R;koj dykdqlj dj.kkjs yksd eksB;k la[;sus vlr- f’kokth egkjktkauh
vkjekj mHkkj.khoj y{k fnY;kus tgkt cka/k.kh O;olk;kl mRrstu feGkys- dksd.k fdukÚ;kojhy
dY;k.k] fHkoaMh] iuosy] jktkiqj] nsoxM] ekyo.k] v’kk canjkr tgktcka/k.kh o nq:Lrhpk mn;ksx
pkyw gksrk- tgktcka/k.khlkBh fVacj ;k ykdMkpk okij dsyk tkbZ- ,d cSyxkMh Hk:u ykdMs
us.;klkBh fof’k‛V dj |kok ykxr vls-
3´ /kkrqdke & f’kodkGkr /kkrqdke gk O;olk; eksB;k izek.kkr pkyr vls- fuR;ksi;ksxh
oLrq cufo.;klkBh lksus] pkanh] rkacs] firG o yks[kaM ;k eq[; /kkrqpa k O;olk; LojkT;kr loZ= pkyq
vls- nkfx.ks cufo.;klkBh lksus s] pkanh ;kauk fo’ks‛k ekx.kh gksrh- rj uka.;kpk mi;ksx fofo/k HkkaMh
cufo.;klkBh gksr vls- rRdkyhu dkxni=ke/;s lksU;kph dMh] ljh] ckGh] ekGk] ;kapk mYys[k
vk<Grks- rkaC;kpk okij nsoGke/;s dGlkps ojps Hkkx cufo.;klkBh o gydh uk.kh r;kj dj.;klkBh
dsyk tkr vls- rkacs o tLr ;akpk mi;ksx d:u dkal feJ/kkrw r;kj dsyk tkr vls o R;kpk okij
fujfujkGh HkkaMh] votkjs] ‘kL=kL=s cufo.;klkBh dsyk tkr vls- uk.kh r;kj dj.;klkBh lksus] pkanh]
rkacs] :is gs /kkrw okijys tkr- osxosxG;k /kkrwiklwu cufoY;k tk.kkÚ;k uk.;kph fdear osxosxGh vls-
tkM yks[kaMh ros] dks;rs] foGh ] dqÚgkM] yks[kaMh IkGh ;akpk mYYks[k dkxni=ke/;s vk<Grks - ygku
eksB;k rksQk o rksQkaps xksGs cufo.;kpk O;olk;gh tksjkr vls- v’kk O;olk;kojgh dj ykoysys
vlr-

4´ dkiM mn;ksx &

f’kodkGkr dkilkiklwu r;kj dsysY;k fofo/k oLRkw fnlwu ;srkr- iq:‛k] fL=;kaps iks‛kk[k]
pknjh] ?kksxa Mh ¼CyWdsVl½ brj izdkjph oL=s ;kapk lekos’k gksrks- iq:‛kkalkBh /kksrj] :an rqekuh] ik;tes]
vaxj[ks] ‘kkyh] ykac >xs] ykac dksV] ikxksVh] ixM;k] rj fL=;kalkBh lkM;k] ldykr ¼rye yksdjhph
oL=s½ ‘kjhjkP;k ojP;k HkkxklkBh oL=s] nqiÍs] ‘kkyh] ik;tes v’kh fofo/k diMs cufoyh tkr- ;k
f’kok; mij.;kph oL=s] fpV] js’keh vxj fdukjok?kh ¼tjhps dkiM] pkanh olksus ;kaph Qqys vlyys
dkiM½ gs r;kj dj.;kr ;sr vlr-
MksD;kyk cka/kko;kps oL= Eg.kts ikxksVs vls R;kyk :Ik vkdkj o iksr ;kuqlkj ikxksV]s ixMh]
froV] eafny o QsVk vls EgVys tkbZ- ikxksVh o froV eq[;r% [kkuns’kkrhy QStiqj ukansM] dksVfxjh
tkyuk] ‘kgknk] iSB.k o tqUuj ;k fBdk.kh cufoyh tkr rj vk‛Vh] ukxiqj ekgs’oj] pkanoM o
lksykiwj ;sFks rye /kksrjs cufoyh tkr-
fpV f’kodkGkr Qkj yksdfiz; gksrs- uk-xks pkisdj Eg.krkr]^egkjk‛Vªkr cÚgk.kiqj] ukxiqj]
lkloM] xaxklkxj gh fpVkP;k mRiknukph izeq[k dsanz gksrh- fpVkps dkiM vaxj[ks r;kj dj.;klkBh
QsV]s >axs] :eky] lkM;k] ikxksV]s VksI;k vkf.k iklksM;k okijys tkbZZ-*
5´ ehB o lk[kj mn;ksx &
dksd.kkr lkxj fdukjiÍhoj ehB mRiknukpk egRokpk mn;ksx gksrk- Bk.ks o dqykck ftYgkrhy
is.k] iuosy] ukxksBk.ks] jsonaMk o Bk.ks gh 17 O;k ‘krdkr ehBkP;k mRiknukph izeq[k dsanzs gksrh-
f’kodkGkr ehB mn;ksx nq¸;e /kank gksrk- lqxkhpk dkG laiY;koj yksd feBkP;k mn;ksxkdMs oGr-
English Recodrs on shivaji e/khy lanHkkZuqlkj rGdksd.kkarwu ns’kkP;k loZ Hkkxkr feBkpk O;kikj

167
pkyr vls- rlsp ijns’kkrgh feBkph fu;kZr gksr vls- f’kodkGkr iksrZqxht izns’kkrwugh ehB ;sr gksrs-
;keqGs f’kokth egkjktkauh iksrZqxhtkaP;k feBkoj tkLr dj ykoys- ;keqGs LFkkfud ehB mn;ksx okpyk
o ckgs:u ;s.kkÚ;k feBkeqGs [kft.;kr djkP;k :ikus Hkj iMw ykxyh-
lk[kjsps mRiknu ÅlkP;k mRiknukP;k Hkkxkrp gksr gksrs- ika<jh lk[kj] [kMh lk[kj o dPph
lk[kj fdaok xqG gs lk[kjsps rhu izdkj gksrs- lk‛Vh izkarkr lk[kj o xqG eksB;k izek.kkr r;kj
dj.;kpk mn;ksx tksjkr pkyr vls- Jhear yksd ika<jh lk[kj o xjhc yksd xqG okijhr vlr-

9-4 f’kodkyhu pyu O;OkLFkk %&

f’kodkGkr pyukP;k okijk,soth oLrwfofue; i/nrhyk vf/kd egRo gksrs- jks[k pyukph
xjt nSuafnu O;ogkjkr iMr uls- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k uk.;kalkBh ewG izek.kHkwr uk.ks
Eg.kwu fot;uxjP;k gksu ;k uk.;kpk fLodkj dsyk- vkf.k Lor% ^f’kojkbZ* gs lksU;kps uk.ks
fot;uxjP;k lksU;kP;k uk.;kP;k /krhZoj ikMwu ?ksrys- f’kokth egkjktkauh izpyhr dsysyh ^gksu* gh
uk.kh O;kikjh oxZ o turk ;kaP;k ekx.khP;k izek.kkr iqjs’kh uOgrh- ;keqGs ;k dkGkr brj vusd
izdkjph uk.kh LojkT;kr vk<Gwu ;srkr-
9-4-1 f’kodkGkrhy miYc/k uk.kh
1½ f’kodkGkrhy lksU;kph uk.kh & N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k [kftU;kr vlysY;k lksU;kP;k
uk.;kph ;knh lHkklnkus fnyh vkgs- rlsp ledkyhu dkxni=s] ijdh; izok’kkapk izokl o`rkar vkf.k
QWDVjh jsdkWMZl ;ke/;sgh egkjktkaP;k jkT;krhy izpfyr vlysY;k lksU;kP;k uk.;kaph ekfgrh feGrs-
R;ko:u f’kodkGkr xacj] eksgj] iqrGh] l.kxjh] f’kojkbZ] ¼xqRrh½ ikn’kkgh] nsojkbZ] vPpqrjkbZ]
jkepanzkbZ] lrykeh] bczkfgeh] fVidh] /kkjokMh] dkosjh ikd] pkanoMh] osxa ykZ] osYykjh] vknokuh]
nsougGh] U;adVjkbZ] f=lqGh] rkMi=h] Q.ke] dWØe b- lksU;kph uk.kh izpfyr gksrh-
fot;uxjP;k lksU;kP;k uk.;kaP;k /krhZoj Lor%ps f’kojkbZ gs uk.ks r;kj dsys- ;k uk.;kP;k eq[; cktwl
^Jh jktk f’ko* vkf.k ekxhy cktwl ^N=irh* vls fygysys vls- f’kojkbZ gs uk.ks gksu ;k uk.;kizek.ks
vlys rjh uko o otu ;kr cny gksrk- ^f’kojkbZ* ps otu 42-12 xszu brds gksrs- rj eqG ^gksu* ;k
uk.;kps otu 52 xzus brds gksrs-
f’kodkGkr xacj gksu gs uk.ks eacq bZ ifjljkr izpfyr gksrs- rj iqrG;k gs uk.ks ygku orZqGkdkj
vlqu ;k uk.;kapk mi;ksx nkfx.;klkBh vf/kd dsyk tkbZ- ,d iqrGh gksu ph fdear 4 : gksrh-
eksgj gs lksU;kps uk.ks izkeq[;kus jkTkkyk HksV Eg.kwu ns.;klkBh mi;ksxkr vk.kys tkr vls- eksgj gksu gs
f’kodkGkrhy lksU;kpk :Ik;k gksrk- ,dk eksgjph fdear 13 : gksrh-
nsojkbZ] vPpwrjk; o jkepanzjkbZ gksu gs fot;uxjps jkts vuqØes nsojk;] vPpqrjk; o jkensojk; ;k
jktkauh pyukr vk.kysys gksrs- R;kaph ?kM.k fot;uxjP;k ^ojkg* uk.;k’kh feGrh tqGrh gksrh- ;kykp
iWxksMk- iaxksMk] v’kh brjgh ukos gksrh- VWOgsjhuvj izok’;kaP;k ers] iWxksMk gksu gs uk.ks lksU;kps vlwu
R;kpk vkdkj djaxGhojhy u[kk,o<k vls-

168
 ^v’keksyk*] ^l.kxjh*] ^fVidh* o ^osxa qykZ* gksu gh uk.kh R;kaP;k ?kM.kkoGhrhy
lQkbZnkji.kkeqGs] lqcdrseqGs o R;kP;kojhy dkgh fof’k‛V [kq.kkaeqGs osxGh Eg.kwu
vksG[krk ;srkr-
2½ pkanhph uk.kh &f’kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k dkGkr pkanhph uk.kh ikMysyh uOgrh-
;kdkGkr cgqrka’k uk.kh gh R;kaP;k jkT;kckgsjhy vlr- vCcklh] vJQh] fj;ky] ykjh]
egeqnh] :i;k] Vdk gh pkanhph uk.kh okijkr gksrh-:i;ke/;s vkyefxjh :Ik;k] pyuh :Ik;k]
[ktkrh :Ik;k ;k izdkjph uk.kh vk<Grkr- f’kodkGkrhy :Ik;kps otu 180 xzWe gksrs- ykjh
gs pkanhps uk.ks bjk.k e/;s ikMysys vls- f’kokth egkjktkauh nkHkksG] pkSy] fHkoaMh gh xkos
ftadwu ?ksrY;kuarj ykjh gs uk.ks ikM.;kl lqjokr dsyh-
3½ rkaC;kph uk.kh & f’kodkGkrhy rkaC;kP;k uk.;kr f’kojkbZ] ltx.kh] fr:dk] :dk] iSlk]
nke] vMdk] ftry ;k uk.;kpk lekso’k gksrk- f’kodkGkr vWcV ;k izok’kkauh 25 gtkj
rkaC;kph uk.kh xksGk d:u rh ikj[kyh gksrh-
iSlk& f’kodkGkr iSlk gs rkaC;kps uk.ks osxosxG;k vkdkjps vls- R;kP;k ,dk cktqyk ^Jh
jktk N=irh* rj nqlÚ;k cktqyk Qqy] ryokj] lq;Z] ck.k] panz] csykaph ikus] xzg] rkjs]
jk’khpØ ;kiSdh ,d fp= dksjysys vls- ;k uk.;kps otugh 1@4 rksGk] fdaok 1 rksGk vls
osxosxGs vls- 1@4 rksGk otu vlysyh uk.kh ^:dk* o 3@4 rksGk otu vlysyh uk.kh
^f’kojkbZ* uk.ks Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr vls] ;kf’kok; N=irh iSlk gk ^ <Ccw iSlk* ;k ukokus
vksG[kyk tkr vls- rj fr:dk iS’kkpk vkdkj ygku gksrk- R;keqGs N=irh iS’kkyk eksBk iSlk
o fr:dk iS’kkyk NksVk iSlk vls EgVys tkr vls-
9-4-2 f’kodkGkrhy brj uk.kh o ifjek.k & f’kodkGkr ^jkT;O;ogkjdks‛k* ;k xzFa kkr uewn
dsysyh ^ojkg* fdaok ^gksu* ;k lqo.kZ uk.;kaph ygku uk.kh Eg.kts izrki] nj.k] poy] nqcy]
iy o ohl gh gksrh- R;kps ifjek.k iqf<yizek.ks]
1 gksu ¾ 2 izrki
1izrki ¾ 2 nj.k
1 nj.k¾ 2 poy
1poy ¾ 2 nqcy
1 nqcy ¾ 2 iG ¼csGs½
1 iG¼csG½s ¾ 2 ohl
fot;uxje/khy uk.ks i/nrh o f’kodkGkrhy uk.ks i/nrh ;kr cjsp lkE; vkgs- lHkkln
c[kjdkjkus ;qjksfi;u izok’kkauh vkiY;k fy[kk.kkr deh izfrP;k Q.ke] dW Øe uk.;kapk mYys[k dsysyk
vkgs- Q.ke fdaok dWØe uk.ks gs lksU;kps uk.ks gksrs- vcs dWjs ;kus ,dk Q.kekph fdear 6 isUl brdh
lkafxrysyh gksrh- rlsp 36 Q.ke Eg.kts 1 iWxksMk fdaok gksu gksr vls-

169
100 gksu ¾ 160 dWØe
1 gksu ¾ 16 Q.ke
1 dWØe ¾ 10 Q.ke
Okjhy Q.ke o dWØe ;kaP;k fdearh nkHkkaMs ;kaP;k nIrjkrhy dkxni=kae/;s vk<Gwu ;srkr-
Q.ke o dWØe ;kaP;k fdearh ojhy izek.ks fnysY;k vkgsr-
f'kokth egkjktkaP;k izns’kkr loZ= izpfyr vlysys rkaC;kps uk.ks Eg.kts ^ f’kojkbZ iSlk* gks;-
U;k;eqrhZ jkuMs ;kaP;k ers] R;kps otu 10 ekls gksrs- ,d f’kojkbZ iS’kkph fdaer 6 :Ik;s gksr-s dkgh
dkxni=kr ^ltx.kh* ;k rkC;kaP;k uk.;kph fdear gh 6 :Ik;s vlY;kps uewn dsysys vkgs-
FkksMD;kr f’kodkyhu pyu O;oLFksr lksU;kph] pkanhph o rkaC;kph uk.kh pyukr izpyhr gksrh-
LkjkoklkBh iz’u
[kkyhy iz’ukaph mRrjs 400 ‘kCnkr fygk-
1½ f’kodkyhu tehu eglwy O;oLFksfo‛k;h ekfgrh fygk-
2½ f’kodkyhu jkT;kP;k mRiUukph lk/kus lfoLrj fygk-
3½ f’kodkyhu vkSn;ksfxd o O;kikjh dsna zkph ekfgrh nsowu /kksj.k Li‛V djk-
4½ f’kodkyhu xkoxkM;krhy vkfFkZd thou Li‛V djk-
5½ f’kodkyhu uk.;kaph ekfgrh nsowu pyu O;oLFkk LIk‛V djk-
fVik fygk-
1½ f’kodkyhu tehu ekst.kh -
2½ f’kodkyhu lkjk vkdkj.khph /kksj.ks -
3½ f’kodkyhu ^pkSFkkbZ* o ^ljns’keq[kh* i/nrh -
4½ f’kodkGkrhy mRiUukph brj lk/kus
5½ f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ^’ksrh lq/kkj ;kstusph*
6½ f’kodkyhu mRiknukph lk/kus o mn;ksx -
7½ f’kodkyhu O;kikj-
8½ f’kodkyhu O;kikjh O;oLFkk-
9½ f’kodkyhu pyu O;OkLFkk-
10½ f’kodkyhu eglwy O;oLFkk -

170
11½ f’kodkyhu uk.;kaps oxhZdj.k -
vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds

1- v=s f=a- uk- xkoxkMk]

2- vkBoys lnkf’ko] f’kokth o f’ko;qx]
3- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] [kjs x- g- (laik-)] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM 1]
4- ljnslkbZ ch- ,u] ejkB;kapk lkekftd]vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd bfrgkl]
5- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] MkW- ns’kikaMs iz- u-] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl Hkkx ifgyk]
6- fpV.khl d`- uk- e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; ladYiuk o laLFkk-
7- esgna Gs xtkuu HkkLdj] Jh jktk f’koN=irh Hkkx 1] -
8- ljnslkbZ xksfoan l[kkjke] ejkBh fj;klr [kaM 1]

171
bfrgkl& ,Q-ok;-ch-,- % f’kokth o f’kodky

izdj.k 10 oss f’kodkyhu dyk o LFkkiR;

10-1 & dyk
10-1-1 &laxhr
10-1-2 & u`R;
10-1-3 & fp=dyk
10-2 & LFkkIkR;
10-2-1 & eafnjs
10-2-2 & x<h
10-2-3 & fdYys
10-2-4 & LFkkiR; dysph oSf’k‛V;s
izLrkouk %&
dks.kR;kgh jkT;kph izxrh R;kpk HkkSxksfyd foLrkj] jktdh; izkcY;] vkfFkZd lqcRrk vkf.k
lkaLÑfrd vkfo‛dkj ;ko:u vH;klrk ;srs- f’kodkGkpk fopkj dsyk rj f’kokth egkjktkauh
LojkT;kph LFkkiuk dsyh- ;sFkhy j;rsyk /kkfeZd vHk; fnys] iz’kklukph mRre ?kMh cloyh- vkfFkZd
lqcRrslkBh ‘kD; rso<s loZ ekxZ voyafcys] lkaLÑfrd {ks=kr Qkjls cny vk<Gr ukghr- dyk {ks=kr
Qkjls cny >kys ukghr-LFkkiR;gh xjtsuqlkjp fodflr >kysys fnlrs-
f’kodkGkrhy dykapk fopkj laxhr] u`R; o fp=dyk ;kaP;k vk/kkjs djrk ;srks- okLrfod
ikgrk f’kokth egkjktkaP;k TkUekiwohZph vkf.k R;kaP;k dkjfdnhZrhy ifjfLFkrh jktdh; n`‛V;k vfr’k;
/kke/kqehph gksrh- jktdh; fLFkjrk vkf.k ‘kkarrk]lkaLd`frd dyk xq.kkapk fodkl ?kMfo.;klkBh iks‛kd
Bjrkr- i.k gk dky[kaM cgqrka’k ;q/nkapk vlY;k dkj.kkus dyk xq.kkapk fodkl >kysyk fnlr ukgh-
i.k ;k dkGkrhy dykaoj ikjaikfjdrspk izHkko fnlwu ;srks-

10-1-1 laxhr &

f'kodkGkr laxhr dysyk jktkJ; Qkjlk feGkyk ulyk rjh yksdkÜkz; gksrk- njckjh laxhr
ulys rjh yksdlaxhr ek= thoukP;k izR;sd {ks=kr gksrs- Hktu fdrZukP;k fufeRrkus laxhr dysyk
/kkfeZd vf/k‛Bku gksrs- leFkZ jkenklLokehauhgh laxhr gs fdrZuklkBh vko’;d vlY;kps lkafxrys vkgs-
fdrZudkj laxhrkpk vH;kl djhr vlr- yksdlaxhrke/;s oklwnso] xks/a kGh] HkqR;k] Okk?;keqjGh] HkjkMh]
iksrjkt] tksxrh ;kauh gs laxhr ftoar Bsoys o iq<s pkyoys- oklwnsokaP;k eq[kh jax.kkjh xk.kh fofo/k
izdkjph gksrh- R;krhy dkgh HkDrhpk efgek jaxo.kkjh gksrh- cjhp’kh ckyÑ‛.kkps pfj= lkax.kkjh gksrh-
xks/a kGh gk vkckyo`/n JksR;kaph dje.kwd dj.;klkBh] Ñ‛.kyhyk] xkSG.kh] iksokMs v’kh fofo/k izdkjph
dykvkd‛kZd i/nrhus xkr vls- HkqR;k xkoksxko fQ:u rqGtkiwjP;k vkbZ Hkokuhph

172
xk.khrUe;rsusok?;k&eqjGh [kaMksckPkh] [kaMksck o ck.kkbZP;k ‘k`axkjkph xk.kh xkr- HkjkMh gk vusd
iqjk.kdFkk o yksddFkk xhrc/n d:u yksdkaiq<s xkr vls- iksrjkt] tksxrh o tksxrhugh xk.kh xkr-
;kf’kok; dkSVfqa cd xhrs] ckyxhrs] L=hxhrs] eaxGkxkSjhph xk.kh lq/nk yksdxhrkrp lekfo‛V gksrh-
L=hxhrkae/;s tkR;kojP;k vksO;k gk ejkBs xhrkapk ,d fo’ks‛k izdkj gksrk- ;k vksO;ake/;s
okRlY;] lalkj] izse ukR;k xksR;krhy ek.klkaojpk yksHk v’kh Hkkofud xqra o.kwd gksrh-

10-1-2 u`R; %&

f’kodkGkr u`R;dyspk dyk Eg.kwu fodkl >kY;kps vk<Gr ukgh- u`R;kyk Qkj’kh lkekftd
izfr‛Bk ykHkysyh uOgrh- dqyhu fL=;k vkf.k u`R; dj.kkÚ;k fL=;k vlk Li‛V lkekftd Hksn gksrk-
l.k&mRlo izlaxh u`R; gksr- i.k rs cafnLr tkxsr- dksd.kkr dksGh u`R; gk lkeqnkf;d u`R;izdkj
ijaijsusp pkyr vkyk vkgs- u`R; o xk.ks ctko.ks dj.kkÚ;k xf.kdkapk ,d osxGk oxZ lektkr gksrk-
ijarw lektkr R;kauk izfr‛Bk uOgrh-
ejkBh lektkr vkfnoklhae/;s u`R; gk thoukpk egRokpk Hkkx gksrk- fHkYy] dkrdjh] okjyh]
xksaM] Bkdj bR;knh vkfnoklh lkewfgd u`R; djhr vlr- fofo/k /kkfeZd fo/khaP;kosGh] lkekftd
lekjaHkkps osGh] jkukr xqjs pjko;kyk usY;kuarj rs u`R; djhr- _rqekukuqlkj gks.kkÚ;k cnykaps osGh
lq/nk u`R; djhr- ‘ksrh O;olk; djhr vlrhy rj fHkUu gaxkekP;kosGh u`R; djhr vlr- gh loZ u`R;s
ikjaifjd vlk;ph] lk;adkGps osGh euksjatu o Jeifjgkj gk ;kpk eq[; gsrw gksrk- lar ,dukFkkauh
fyfgysyh Hkk:Ms [ksM;kikM;kr xk;u o u`R;kP;k vk/kkjs lknj dsyh tkr gksrh-

10-1-3 fp=dyk %&

f’kodkGkrhy fp=dysps Qkjls lanHkZ vk<Gr ukghr- fp=s vlyh rjh rh /kkfeZd o nsoh
nsorkaph vlyh ikfgtsr- ejkBs ‘kkghrhy fp=dysph lqjokrhph uksna ‘kkgw egkjktkaP;k dkGkr vlY;kps
fnlrs- eafnjs] okMs v’kk fBdk.kh fp=s dk<yh tkr- ?kjkps N=s] njokts] fHkarhoj dkgh fp=s dk<yh
tkr- R;kr dykÑrh is{kk ijaijspk Hkkx vf/kd gksrk-

10-2 LFkkIkR;&
dks.kR;kgh dkGkrhy LFkkiR; gs rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhpk bfrgkl lkaxr vlrs- jkT;dR;kaZpk o
lkekU;kapk n`f‛Vdksugh ;krwu fnlwu ;srks- ejkB;kaP;k bfrgklkr f’kokth egkjktkapk dky[kaM gk
y<k;kaP;k /kke/kqehpk dky[kaM gksrk- /kekZps j{k.k] j;rsps j{k.k] ;kyk izk/;kU; gksrs- ijpØkiklwu
lja{k.k] rlsp xaqM&iqMkaiklwu j{k.k] miyC/k lk/kulkexzhpk o gokekukpk o i;kZoj.kkpk fopkj
LFkkiR;ke/;s izHkkohfnlrks- nxM vkf.k ykdwM ;k uSlfxZd lk/kukapk okij vkf.k xjtsyk izk/kkU; fnY;kps
vk<Grs- f’kodkGkrhy dkgh LFkkiR;s vkf.k dkghaps vo’ks‛k vkt bfrgklkphlk{k nsr mHkh vkgsr-
rRdkyhu LFkkiR;kiSdh eafnjs] x<;k o fdYys ;kapk fo’ks‛kRokus vH;kl dsY;kl LFkkiR;dyscÌypk
n`f‛Vdksu y{kkr ;srks- ;q/nkP;k izlaxkrwugh ;k okLrw fVdwu jkfgY;k o vkt f’kodkGkph lk{k nsr mH;k
vkgsr-

173
10-2-1 eaafnjs %&
eafnjs cak/krkuk R;kyk fBdk.kkP;k /keZfo‛k;d Hkkouk ;k izHkkoh vlrkr- R;kpk izHkko eafnjkaP;k
cka/k.khoj fnlwu ;srks- LFkkiR;kpk fopkj dsyk rj uqlrs eafnj d/khp cka/kys tkr uOgrs- egkjk‛Vªkr
dksBsgh xsY;kl eafnjkaP;k vktwcktwyk lek/kh] N=h] /keZ’kkGk] ?kkV o dqMa ;kapsgh cka/kdke fnlrs-
;kiSdh d’kkpsgh cka/kdke dj.ks gs iq.;kbZps dke letys tkr gksrs-
1½ f’kodkGkrhy eafnjs &
f'kokth egkjkt Lor% /kkfeZd izo`Rrhps gksrs- R;kauh dkgh tqU;k eafnjkaph nq:Lrh dsyh rj dkgh
eafnjs uO;kus cka/kyh-f'kokth egkjktkauh izR;sd fdY;koj rsFkhy j;rsP;k /kkfeZd Ükz/nsuqlkj nsoGs Ckka/kyh-
f’kodkGkr Hkkslys ?kjk.;kph o ,dw.kp egkjk‛Vªkph dqynsork rqGtkHkokuh ;k nsohph vusd eafnjs
mHkkj.;kr vkyh- foðyokMh ;sFkhy foðykps eafnj o f’k[kj f’kax.kkiwj ;sFkhy f’kokps eafnj f’kokth
egkjktkauh nq:Lr dsys- ;kf’kok; izrkixMkoj rqGtk Hkokuhps eafnj cka/kys- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k ekrqJh
fttkckbZ ;kgh /kkfeZd izo`RrhP;k gksR;k- R;kauh iq.ks ;sFks dlck isBsr x.kirhps eafnj cka/kys- nkSM
toGhy ;or ;sFkhy Hkqy‹s ojkP;k eafnjkpk th.kksZ/nkj dsY;kpk mYys[k vk<Grks- laHkkthjktkaph iRuh
;slwckbZ ghus iq.;ktoGhy ik‛kk.k ;sFks f’kokps eafnj cka/a kys- lsukirh /kukth tk/ko ;kauh
lkrkÚ;ktoGhy ikyh ;sFkhy [kaMksckP;k nsoGkph nq:Lrh dsY;kps mYys[kgh lkIkMrkr-
2½ f’kodkyhu eafnjkaP;k LFkkiR;kph OkSf’k‛V;s %&
f'kodkyhu eafnj LFkkiR; ikgrkuk dkgh fo’ks‛k xks‛Vh y{kkr ;srkr- egkjk‛Vªkr ejkB;kaiwohZ
vl.kkjh fganw lRrk ;knokaPkh gksrh- R;kaua h cka/kysY;k eafnjkaizek.ksp iq<gs h eafnjs cka/k.;kr vkyh gksrh-
gseknzh ukokP;k Js‛B LFkkIkR; fo’kkjnkus gh oSf’k‛V;siw.kZ eafnjs mHkkjyh gksrh- ejkB;kauh gh ;knodkyhu
eafnj cka/k.kh iqu:Tthfor dsysyh fnlrs- ;k eafnj cka/k.khr iq<hy dkgh xks‛Vh fnlqu ;srkr-
1½ lk/kkj.ki.ks eafnjkps izos’kOnkj mRrjsyk fdaok iwoZsyk vlY;kps fnlrs-
2½ eafnjkpk xkHkkjk pkSdksuh vlrks vkf.k Qkj eksBk ulrks-
3½ xkHkkÚ;kph r[riks’kh v‛Vdksuh fdaok ?kqeVkdkj vlrs- r[;iks’khoj deG] osxosxG;k
ikukQqykaph u{kh] vIljk] jk/kkÑ‛.k ;kaph dksjhodkes fnlrkr-
4½ izos’kOnkjkP;k pkSdVhoj x.kirhps fp= dksjysys vlwu R;kP;k nksUgh cktwyk dhfrZeq[k
dksjysys fnlrs- osxosxG;k Hkqferh; vkÑR;klw/nk dksjysY;k fnlrkr-
5½ eafnjkP;k f’k[kjkoj dy’kklkj[ks fnl.kkjs Vksd fdaok dGl fnlrks-
6½ [kkac gs pkSdksuh] v‛Vdksuh vkf.k dkgh osGy
s k lq:P;k vkdkjkr vkf.k nxMh vlrkr-
7½ ltkoV gh vR;aar lk/;k i/nrhph fnlrs- eafnjkP;k njokT;kaoj] fHkarhoj o f’k[kjkoj
osxosxG;k vkdkjkph u{kh dks:u eafnj lto.;kpk iz;Ru dsysyk fnlrks- v’kk izdkjP;k
eafnjkae/;s T;ksfrckP;k Mksaxjkojhy dsnkjs‹oj] ekgqyh ;sFkhy dk’kh fo‹os‹ojkps eafnj]

174
 /kkoM’khps HkkxZojke] d.kds’oj] dksYgkiwjps foðy eafnj] iUgkG;kojP;k ‘kadjkP;k eafnjkpk
lekos’k gksrks-
3½ eafnjkP;k vktwcktwP;k okLrw %&
;ke/;s ?kkV] /keZ’kkGk] dqaM ;kapk lekos’k gksrk- rhFkZ{ks=kP;k Eg.kts /kkfeZd egRokP;k fBdk.kh
;k=k Hkjr vlr- rlsp /kkfeZd fo/kh gksr gksrs- ;kfufeRrkus vusd yksd rhFkZ{ks=h ;sr vlr- eafnjke/;s
vl.kkÚ;k nsorkaP;k ;k=sP;k fufeRrkus vkysY;k yks[kkauk jkg.;klkBh /keZ’kkGk cka/kysY;k gksR;k-
/keZ’kkGkaps cka/kdke lk/ks o QDr dkgh dkGkiwjrh jkg.;kph xjt Hkkxo.;klkBh dsysys gksrs- R;ke/;s
Qkj u{khdke fdaok dykdwlj uOgrh- ;k=sd:alkBh ik.;kph lks; Ogkoh Eg.kwu fofgjh fdaok dqMkaps
cka/kdke dsysys fnlrs-
/kkfeZd fo/khalkBhgh yksd frFkZ{ks=h tkr gksrs- R;kaP;klkBh unhoj ?kkV cka/kys tkr- ?kkVkauk c:t
cka/kys tkr- ?kkVkoj ;k=sd:alkBh lHkkiaMi o OgjkaMs lq/nk cka/kys tkr gksrs- N=h fdoka lek/kh Eg.kts
,[kk|k eksB;k O;DrhaP;k e`R;wuarj frP;k vkBo.khlkBh gh okLrw mHkkjyh tkrs- jk;xM ;sFks f’kokth
egkjktkaps nsgkolku >kys- jk;xMkoj R;kaph vkBo.k Eg.kwu N=h mHkkj.;kr vkyh vkgs- rsFkhy
vo’ks‛kkao:u gh N=h v‛Vdksuh vlkoh vls y{kkr ;srs- jktkjke egkjktkaP;k e`R;w flagxMkoj >kyk
gksrk- rsFks R;kaP;k Le`frfizR;FkZ N=h cka/k.;kr vkyh- pkSdksuh vkdkjkP;k ;k N=hP;k Nrkoj pØ
dk<ysys vkgs- N=hyk pq.;kpk fxykok dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- ejkBk ljnkjkaP;kgh vusd N=k o lek/;k
vusd fBdk.kh vkgsr- ;ke/;s iq.;ktoG okuoMh ;sFkhy egknth f’kans ;kaph N=h izfl/n vkgs-

10-1-2 x<h %&

Xk<h Eg.kts ljnkjkus jkg.;kps lajf{kr fBdk.k- x<h Eg.kts ygku fdYykp gksrks- i.k x<hpk
eq[; mÌs’k gk fuoklkph O;oLFkk gkp gksrk- x<h gk ejkBsdkyhu LFkkIkU;kpk mRÑ‛V uequk vkgs-
f’kokth egkjktkauh Lor%p x<haP;k fufeZrhoj ca/kus ?kkryh] R;keqGs iq<s gk LFkkiR; izdkj fodflr
>kyk ukgh-
1½ x<hph jpuk& x<h gs jkg.;kps fBdk.k vlY;keqGs jkg.;klkBhP;k ;ksX; v’kk loZ lqfo/kk
x<he/;s dsY;k tkr- rlsp jkg.kkÚ;k O;DrhP;k lqjf{krrspk pks[k cankscLr dsyk tkr gksrk-
x<hP;k laj{k.kklkBh ckgsjP;k cktwyk map nxMh fHkar cka/kyh tkr gksrh- cktwyk [kand
vkf.k HkDde njokts gksrs- R;kosGh loZ= vlwjf{krrsph ifjfLFkrh gksrh Eg.kwu ljnkjkauh
vkiyh jkg.;kph fBdk.ks HkDde vkf.k fdY;kalkj[kh cka/kyh gksrh-
2½ x<hP;k jpusph oSf’k‛V;s %&x<h cka/krkuk frph jpuk loZlk/kkj.ki.ks iq<hy oSf’k‛V;kauh ;qDr
vls-
i. vkjk[kMk %& x<hP;k cka/kdkeke/;s fof’k‛V v’kk izdkjPkk vkj[kMk vk<Gwu ;sr gksrk-
cgqrsd xM;kaPkk vkjk[kMk pkSdksuh fdaok leprq‛dkssuh gksrk- xM;kaP;k laj{k.kkLkkBh
rVcanh dsysyh vk<Grs- x<;kaP;k vkjk[kM;kps lq= gs x<h cka/k.kkÚ;k ljnkjkoj
voyacwu vlysys fnlrs-

175
 ii. rVcanh %& x<hP;k lHkksorkyh rVcanh cka/kyh tkr vls- gh rVcanh nxM vkf.k foVk
fdaok dkgh osGy s k uqlR;k foVkaph cka/kysyh vls- rVcanhP;k fHkarhPkh :anh 5 rs 7
vkf.k maph 20 QqVkai;Zar vk<Grs rVcanhyk igkÚ;klkBh ;ksX; R;k fBdk.kh tkxk
BsoysY;k vk<Gwu ;srkr- tkxkstkx ck.k o rksQk Mkx.;klkBh taX;kph O;oLFkk dsysyh
gksrh- R;keqGs rVcanhP;k toG dehr deh rhu’ks QqVkai;Zar ‘k=w ;sÅ ‘kdr uls-
iii. izos’kOnkj& x<hyk dehr deh nksu rjh nkjs vlk;ph ;kis{kk vf/kdgh nkjs vlr-
;kiSdh mRrjsdMhy izos’kOnkjkyk ^fnYyh njoktk* Eg.kr- ,d njoktk iwoZ fn’ksykgh
vlk;pk- izos’kOnkjs brdh eksBh vlr dh R;ke/kwu gkS|klg gRrh tkÅ ‘kdsy- gh
ykdMh izos’kOnkjs ojP;k cktwyk fueqGrh gksr vlr- njoktkoj eksBeksBkys yks[kaMh
f[kGs Bksdys tkr gksrs- njoktkP;k nksUgh cktwyk igkjsnkjkalkBh O;oLFkk dsysyh fnlrs-
R;kP;k ojP;k cktwyk uxkj[kkuk vlY;kps fnlrs- uxkj[kkU;kP;k iq<P;k cktwyk
u{khdke dsys tkr gksrs-
iv. ik.khiqjoBk %& x<hps cka/kdke cÚ;kp va’kh fdY;kaizek.ksp gksrs- R;keqGs x<hyk
fdY;kizek.ksp os<k iMyk rj vkrhy yksdkauk txrk ;kos ;klkBh mRRke izdkjs lks;
dsyhtkr gksrh- x<he/;s fofgjh [kksnwu ik.;kph lks; dsyh tkr gksrh- tj fofgj ulsy
rj x<hP;k ckgs:u ikVkus ik.khiqoB;kph lks; dsyh tkr gksrh- ik.kh iqjoB;kP;k
ckcrhr ,d [kcjnkjh v’khgh ?ksryh tkr gksrh dh] dkghgh >kys rjh ik.khiqjoBk
vfojr pkyw jkfgy- MkW- ekVs ;kaP;k fu‛d‛kkZuqlkj x<hP;k LFkkiR;koj jktLFkkuh o
eksxyh LFkkiR;kph Nki vlY;kps fnlrs- njsdjkaph njsdjokMhph x<h] jka÷;kph
ns’kikaM;kph x<h v’kk dkghoSf’k‛V;w.kZ o izfl/n x<;k gksR;k- f’kokth egkjktkauh
x<;kaP;k cka/kdkekyk izksRlkgu fnys ukgh- myVi{kh x<;kaP;k vk/kkjs ljnkj f’kjtksj
gksrkr] Eg.kwu x<;k ikM.;kps /kksj.k fLodkjys-

10-2-3 fdYys %&

e/;;qxhu dkGkr fdYys Qkj egRokps gksrs T;kaps fdYys R;kps jkT; v’kh fLFkrh vlY;keqGs
f’kodkGkr fdY;kauk egRokps LFkku gksrs- f’kodkyhy LFkkIkR; EgVys dh] vktgh fdY;kadMsp ikfgys
tkrs- vkKki=kr fdYyk Eg.kts jkT;kps izk.k vls fdY;kps egRo lkafxrys tkrs- ;kOk:u f’kodkGkr
fdYY;kyk fdrh egRo gksrs gs Yk{kkr ;srs- fdYys gs iz’kklukps o vkliklkP;k loZ jktdh; o
vkfFkZd O;ogkj pky.;kps fBdk.k gksrs- fdY;kaP;k vk/kkjs f’kokth egkjktkaph LojkT;kph fufeZrh dsys-
LojkT; ok<oys vkf.k ejkB;kaP;k Lora«;k;q/nkP;k dkGkr LojkT;kps j{k.kgh fdY;kaP;kp vk/kkjs dsys
xsys- fdY;kaoj opZLo feGo.ks vkf.k fdYys lqjf{kr jk[k.ks gs R;k dkGkrhy eq[; dke gksrs- Eg.kwup
fdY;kaps cka/kdke fopkjiqoZd] oSf’k‛V;iq.kZ vkf.k HkDde v’kk i/nrhus dsys tkr gksrs- f’kokth
egkjktkaP;k dkGkr R;kauh Lor% LojkT;kph LFkkiuk djrkuk o vkiY;k dkjfdnhZr vusd fdY;kaph
uO;kus cak/k.kh dsyh o dkgh tqU;k i.k egRoiq.kZ fdY;kaph nq:Lrh dsyh ts.ksd:u rs vf/kd etcwr
>kys gksrs- fdY;kaP;k LFkkIkR;kpk vH;kl djrkuk fdY;kaps izdkj] fdY;kaps LFkkiR; vkf.k ;k
LFkkiR;kph oSf’k‛V;s ;kapk vH;kl gksrks-

176
1½fdY;kaps izdkj & f’kodkGkiqohZ dkgh fdYys cka/kysys gksrs- LojkT;kps laj{k.k vkf.k egRo y{kkr
?ksÅu f’kokth egkjktkauh dkgh uohu fdYys cka/kys- LojkT;krhy ,dq.k fdY;kaph la[;k ikgrkuk
rRdkyhu lk/kus y{kkr ?ksryh ikfgtsr- —‛.kkth vuar lHkkln ;kus LojkT;krhy fdY;kaph la[;k
240 brdh fnyh vkgs- ;kiSdh 111 fdYys f’kokth egkjktkauh cka/kys vls R;kus ueqn dsys vkgs-
eYgkj jkejko fpV.khlus fdYY;kaph la[;k 317 v’kh fnyh vkgs rj fp=xqIr c[kjhr ghp la[;k 361
brdh vkgs- i.k ,dq.k bfrgkl ikgrk LojkT;krhy vo?kM o map Mksxa jkoajoj fdYys cka/kysys gksrs-
izR;sd rkyqdk fdYY;k’kh layXUk gksrk vkf.k laiw.kZ LojkT; fdYY;kauh os<ysys gksrs- fdYY;s izdkjke/;s
i. fxjhnqxZ& f’kokth egkjktkauk fxjhnqxkZps egRo pkaxysp ekfgr gksrs LojkT;ke/;s vusd nqxe
vkf.k eksD;kP;k fBdk.kh vl.kkjs Mksaxj gksrs v’kk Mksxa jkaojhy fdYys rkC;kr ?ksÅu vkf.k
vko’;d rsFks uohu cka/kwu fdYY;kaP;k vk/kkjs LojkT; etcwr dsys gksrs- rksj.kk] jktxM]
jk;xM] iqjanj] gfj’kanzxM] lkYgsj] eqYgsj] lkreGk] lTTkuxM] Hkq‛k.kxM] lq/kkxM vls vusd
fdYys ;ke/;s gksrs-
ii. tynqxZ & vkjekj fufeZrh dj.kkÚ;k f’kokth egkjktkauh if’pe fdukjiÍh lqjf{kr jk[k.;klkBh
tynqxkZauk egRo fnys gksrs- ekyo.k toGhy fla/kqnqxZ 1667 e/;s cka/kyk- fla/kqnqxZ gh
f’kokth egkjktkaph lkxjh jkt/kkuhp gksrh- ;kf’kok; in~enqxZ vkf.k [kkansjh fdYys cka/kys-
iii. LFkynqxZ fdaok HkqbZdksV fdYYks& LojkT;kpk foLrkj ln;knzhP;k dMsdikjhr MksaxjkG Hkkxkr
fo‛ks‛kRokus gksrk- i.k la[;us deh vlys rjh HkqbZdksV fdYys vFkkZr tfeuhojhy fdYysgh
gksrs- ;ke/;s vgenuxjpk vkf.k vkf.k uynqxZ & ijkaMk gs egRokps gksrs-
2½ fdY;kaP;k LFkkiR;kph ekfgrh& fdY;kaps LFkkIkR; gs iq<hy dkgh ?kVdkaP;k vk/kkjs tk.kwu ?ksrk
;srs-
1 LFkG %& fdYys gs dks.kR;k fBdk.kh cka/kys tkosr ;kpsgh ‘kkL= gksrs- T;k fBdk.kh vusd jLrs
;sÅu feGrkr v’kk fBdk.kh fdaok O;kikjkP;k dsanzkP;k fBdk.kh] ;q/n’kkL=kP;k n`‛Vhus eksD;kP;k
fBdk.kh] y‛djhn`‛V;k jktekxkZoj] ‘kgjkps j{k.k gks.;klkBh ;ksX; tkxh fdYys cka/kysys gksrs- nqjojP;k
izns’kkpss laj{k.k dj.;klkBh HkqbZdksV fdYyk cka/kyk tkr gksrk- f’kodkGkr pkd.kpk HkwbZdksV fdYyk
izfl/n gksrk- lkxjh ljgÌhpk j{k.k dj.;klkBh] unho leqnz ekxkZus gks.kkjk O;kikj lqjf{kr jk[k.;klkBh
tynqxZ cka/kys gksrs- fla/kqnqxZ o in~enqxkZph fBdk.ks ;kp mfÌ‛Vkuh fuf’pr dsysyh gksrh- ykaci;ZarP;k
Hkqizns’kkoj y{k o fu;a=.k Bso.;kP;k mfn‛V;kus lg;kfnzP;k Mksxa jjkaxkar Mksaxjh fdaok fxjhnqxZ cka/kys-
fdYyk dksBs cka/kk;pk gs ikgrkukp R;kaP;k lqjf{krrspkgh fopkj dsyk tkr gksrk- fdYyk HkDde vkf.k
‘k=qyk ftad.;klkBh vo?kM gksbZy v’kk fopkjkauh R;kP;k cka/kdkekr dkgh dr`IR;k okijY;k tkr
gksR;k-
2 [kand o ljG mrj.k& fdY;kP;k lqjf{krrslkBh rVcanh mHkkjyh tkr gksrh- i.k ;k
rVcanhi;Zargh ‘k=qyk iksgksprk ;sÅ u;s ;klkBh R;kaP;k lHkksorkyh [kand [k.kwu R;kr i.kh lksMys tkr
gksrs- gs [kand [kksy vkf.k :an vlk;ps- T;k fBdk.kh Mksaxjh fdYys gksrs rsFks R;kaP;k lqjf{krrslkBh
ljG mrj.k cka/ksysyh gksrh- v’kh mrj.k cka/krk ;sbZyv’kkp Mksaxjkph fuoM dsyh tkr gksrh- vkf.k

177
r’kh rh ulsy rj —f=efjR;k v’kk mrj.k r;kj dsyh tkr gksrh- jktxM vkf.k flagxM gh v’kk
izdkjph mnkgj.ks gksrh-
3 fdYY;kps izos’kekxZ & fdY;ke/;s lgtklgth izos’k djrk ;s.kkj ukgh v’khjpuk dsyh tkr
gksrh- T;k fdYY;kr izos’k dj.;kpk ekxZ vfr’k; vo?kM] rks fdYyk vf/kd cGdV letyk tkr
gksrk- ;kph mRre mnkgj.ks Eg.kts jk;xM] tho/ku o gfjpanzxM-
4 rVcanh& ‘kgjkaizek.ksp fdYY;kaojgh rVcanh cka/kyh tkr gksrh- gh rVcanh xjtsuqlkj cka/kyh
tkr gksrh- dkgh osGy s k rh QDr nxMkauh cka/kysyh vls rj dkgh osGy s k nxM] foVk pquk ;kapkgh
okij dsyk tkr gksrk- rVcanhyk Bjkfod varjkoj cq:t cka/kysys gksrs- rVcanh gh ,d fdaok vusdgh
cka/kY;k tkr gksR;k- ,d rVcanhyk lekarj v’kk ;k brj rVcan;k vlr- rVcan;k pkaxY;k ykac :an
cka/kY;k tkr- brD;k :an dh R;ko:u ,[kknh cSyxkMhlq/nk tkÅ ‘kdsy- rVcanhyk taX;k gksR;k vkf.k
R;ke/kqu rksQxksGs] ck.k ;kapk o‛kkZo dsyk tkr vls- v’kk izdkjph rVcanh vktgh izrkixMkoj fnlrs-
5 njokts & fdYY;kaps njokts gs fdY;kaP;k LFkkiR;ke/khy egRokps oSf’k‛V; gksrs- dks.kkykgh
lgtk lgth njoktkae/kwu izos’k feG.kkj ukgh v’kk O;oLFkk gksrh- gs njokts v’kk i/nrhus cka/kysys
gksrs dh] ‘k=qyk ‘kL=kauhlq/nk lgtklgth rs m?kMrk ;sÅ u;sr- gs njokts HkDde v’kk ykdMkps
cuoysys vlwu R;koj eksBeksBkys yks[kaMh f[kGs Bksdys tkr- njoktkP;k j{k.kklkBh igkjsdjh vlwu
R;kaph rsFksp [kksY;k cka/kwu jkg.;kph O;oLFkk dsysyh fnlrs- njokts vusd vlys rjh R;kaph jpuk
v’kk i/nrhus dsysyh gksrh dh ,dk njoktkrwu nqlÚ;k njoktkoj y{k Bsork ;sr gksrs-
6 ik.khiqjoBk & f’kodkyhu fdYY;kaojhy ik.khiqjoBk gk vktgh ,d vH;klkpk egRokpk eqÌk
vkgs- eqGkr fdYkk cka/krkukp R;k fBdk.kh iqjs’kh ik.;kph lks; ikgwu cka/kkok] v’kh Li‛V lwpuk
vKki=kr f’kokth egkjktkauh dsysyh vkgs- fdYy;koj ryko] gkSn cka/kqu ik.;kph O;ofLFkr iqjoBk
gksbZy ;kph O;oLFkk dsyh gksrh- fofgjh [kksnwu R;k O;ofLFkr cka/kysY;k gksR;k- fdYyk nh?kZdkG
y<ok;pk vlsy rj fdYY;krhy yksdkauk rso<k dkG ik.khiqjoBk >kyk ikfgts gs egRokps gksrs- vkf.k
r’kh rjrqn fdYY;kaoj dsysyh fnlwu ;srs- flagxMkojhy nsoVkds gs ;k LFkkiR;kpk ,d mRÑ‛V uequk
vkgs-
7 vUu iqjoBk& ik.;kizek.ksp fdYY;ke/khy yksdkalkBh vUu/kkU;kpk iqjslk lkBk vl.ks vko’;d
gksrs- ;kn`‛Vhus vacj[kkU;ke/;s vUu/kkU;kpk lkBk dsyk tkr gksrk- ;q/nkP;k osGh fdaok fdYY;kyk os<k
iMysyk vlrkuk fdYY;kr ‘kL=kL=s] nk:xksGk ;kapk lkBk dj.;kph lks; gksrh- vlk nk:xksGk
dks.kR;kgh ifjfLFkrhe/;s ‘k=qP;k gkrh ykxw u;s ;klkBh dkgh osGy s k xqgk [kksnwu R;ke/;s lqjf{kr Bsoyk
tkr gksrk-
8 fuoklLFkkus & fdYyk gs iz’kklukps dsanzgh gksrs- R;ke/;s iz’kkldh; vf/kdkÚ;kaph fuoklLFkkus
cka/kyh tkr gksrh- fdYY;ke/;s vf/kdkjh] y‛djh f’kcanh brj j;rsP;k jkg.;kphgh O;oLFkk dsyh tkr
gksrh- ;k yksdkaP;k jkg.;kP;k O;oLFkk xjtsuqlkj fdYY;kP;k osxosxG;k Hkkxkr dsY;k tkr gksR;k-
fdYY;koj jktkps fuOkkLkLFkku vlsy rj rs ek= pqU;kr cka/kys tkr gksrs- vkf.k v’kk izdkjph lwpuk
vkKki=krgh dsysyh gksrh- fdYY;krhy lokZr map Hkkxkyk ckysfdYyk vls uko gksrs- jktk o R;kps
dqVaqfc; ;k fBdk.kh jgkr vlr- ckysfdYY;kP;k [kkyP;k cktwyk vf/kdkÚ;kaPkh jkg.;kph lks; dsyh
tkr gksrh- iqjanj o jk;xM ;sFkhy ckysfdYkk izfl/n vkgs-
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 9 vU; cka/kdkes& fdYY;koj ekph] va/kkj dksBMh] dMsyksVkph tkxk ;kgh R;k fdYY;kaph
oSf’k‛V;s gksR;k- ,dq.k ejkBsdkyhu fdYY;kaP;k LFkkIkR;kPkk vH;kl d:u MkW- ekVs ;kauh dkgh fu‛d‛kZ
dk<ysys fnlrkr-
fdYYks LFkkiR;kps fUk‛d‛kZ &
1 ejkB;kaP;k fdYY;kaoj vkt ts vo’ks‛k fnlwu ;srkr R;ko:u ;k fdYY;kps cka/kdke
dj.kkÚ;kauk y‛djh ra=Kku pakxys voxr gksrs vls fnlwu ;srs-
2 ejkB;kauh T;k fBdk.kh fdYys cka/kysys vkgsr R;ko:u R;kauk Yk‛djh n`‛V;k o
HkkSxksfydn`‛V;k egROkkP;k dsanzkpa h iw.ki.ks ekfgrh gksrh-
3 ejkB;kauh ts fdYys nq:Lr dsys R;ko:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] ejkB;kauh T;k lq/kkj.kk dsY;k
R;kr ejkBsiwoZdkyhu fdYyk o ejkBsdkyhu fdYyk ;kaP;ke/;s Qkjlk Qjd fnlr ukgh- R;kaP;ke/;s
dkghgh ukohU; fnlr ukgh-
4 egkjk‛Vªkrhy fdYY;kaP;k cka/k.khpk dky[kaM Bjfor vlrkuk vkiY;kyk okM%e;hu
lanHkZlk/kus o f’kykys[k ;kaojp voyacwu jgkos ykxrs- ;kckcrhr Lora= ‘kSyh dks.kR;kgh izdkjs enr
djr ukgh-
5 ejkB;kauh fdYykaP;k f’kYidyse/;s dks.krhgh uoh egRokph Hkj ?kkrysyh ukgh-

10-2-4 LFkkiR;dysph oSf’k‛V;s%& f’kodkGkr dykadMs Qkjls y{k nsrk vkys ulys rjh
LojkT;krhy yksdkaph o Hkwinz s’kkph lqjf{krrk Eg.kwu LFkkiR;kdMs y{k fnys xsys gksrs- ;k LFkkiR;kPkh
dkgh oSf’k‛V;s fnlrkr-
1 LFkkiR;kojhy /kkfeZd izHkko& f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkrhy LFkkIkR;kaoj /kekZpk izHkko vk<Gwu
;srks- /kekZyk vl.kkjsegRo o R;keqGs eafnj LFkkIkR;kyk feGkysys egRo ;k dkGkr fnlwu ;srs- fofo/k
nso & nsorkaph eafnjs R;klkBh dsysyk [kpZ] R;kdMs iqjoysys Yk{k ;kph lkFk nsrs- nsoGkacjkscjp /kkfeZd
ÑR;kalkBh cka/kysyh /keZ’kkGk] ?kkV] dqMa ] eB ;kapsgh egRo ;k dkGkps oSf’k‛V;s gksrs-
2 lqjf{krrk o laj{k.k& f’kodkGkrhy LFkkiR;ke/;s lqjf{krrk o laj{k.k gs egRokps eqÌs gksrs-
Eg.kwup cka/kdkeke/;s nxMkapk] rVcanhpk okij d:u cka/kdke dsysys fnlrs- ts.ks d:u rs lgth
‘k=qP;k Hk{kLFkkuh iM.kkj ukgh-
3 eqLyhe ‘kSyhpk izHkko& f’kodkGkr fuekZ.k >kysY;k LFkkiR;kaoj eqLyhe LFkkiR; ‘kSyhpk izHkko
fnlwu ;srks- e/;;qxhu dkGkr ;knokauarj ;sFks eqfLye jkts’kkg;kapk izHkko gksrk- f’kok; R;k dkGkr
iBk.kh o eq?ky ‘kSyhps LFkkiR;gh izpfyr gksrs- R;keqGs f’kodkGkrhy LFkkIkR;koj eqLyhe ‘kSyhpk
ifj.kke uDdhp tk.korks-
4 lk/ksi.kk o dykdqljhpk vHkko & ejkB;kauh dsysyh LFkkiR; gh lk/ksi.kk vf/kd vl.kkjh
gksrh- R;ke/;s Qkj dykdqlj fnlr ukgh- jktLFkkuh jktokM;kaiez k.ks ;sFks fp=dyk] dksjhodke] jaxhr
dykdqlj vk<Gwu ;sr ukgh- HkDdei.k o lqjf{krrk gsp mÌs’k vlY;keqGs uktwdi.kk ;k LFkkiR;ke/;s

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ukgh- dkgh fBdk.kh eafnjkaP;k fHkarhoj o dGlkaoj u{khdke dysys gksrs- fdYY;kaps njoktkaoj dkgh
dksjhodke dsysys gh vk<Grs- i.k ;ke/;s /kkfeZd fpUgkapk Hkkx eksBk vkgs-
v’kk izdkjs f’kodkGkrhy LFkkiR;s vusd vlyh rjh eafnjs x<ho fdYys ;k egRokP;k LFkkiR;kapk
vH;kl ;sFks dsyk vkgs- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkGkrhy /kkfeZd] lkekftd] vkf.k jktdh; ifjfLFkrhpk
;k LFkkiR;koj eksBk izHkko vk<Gwu ;srks-
ljkoklkBh iz’u
1- f’kodkyhu LFkkiR;kph ekfgrh fygk-
2- f’kodkyhu LFkkiR;kph oSf’k‛V;s fygk-
3- f’kodkyhu fdYY;kaP;k LFkkiR;kph ekfgrh fygk
fVik fygk
1- f’kodkyhu dykaps
2- f’kodkyhu eafnj LFkkiR;
3- f’kodkyhu x<hph jpuk
4- f’kodkyhu fdYY;kaP;k LFkkiR;kphoSf’k‛V;s
5- f’kodkyhu fdYY;kaP;k LFkkiR;ke/;s izos’k}kj vkf.k rVcanhph jpuk-

vf/kd okpuklkBh iqLrds

1- v=s f=a- uk-] xkoxkMk]
2- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] MkW- ns’kikaMs iz- u-] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl Hkkx ifgyk]
3- dqyd.khZ v- jk-] [kjs x- g- (laik-)] ejkB;kapk bfrgkl [kaM 1]
4-fpV.khl d`- uk- e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; ladYiuk o laLFkk-
5- ns’keq[k ‘kkjnk]f’ko’kkghrhy o is’kokbZrhy L=hthou]
6- ljnslkbZ ch- ,u] ejkB;kapk lkekftd]vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd bfrgkl]
7- ljnslkbZ xksfoan l[kkjke] ejkBh fj;klr [kaM 1]
8- esgna Gs xtkuu HkkLdj] Jh jktk f’koN=irh Hkkx 1]

180