Inception Report - Mdachi Irrigation Scheme

SUSTAINABLE SMALLHOLDER
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT IN SEMI-ARID
LANDS PROJECTS (SIDEMAN-SAL)
IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA
Inception Report for Mdachi Irrigation

Scheme
JANUARY 2013
Inception Report for Mdachi Irrigation Scheme
Table of Contents:
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................3
1.1: Contract...........................................................................................................................3
1.2: Scope of Service...............................................................................................................3
1.3: Duration & Deliverables ..................................................................................................3
2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................5
2.1: Preparatory Work ...........................................................................................................5
2.2: Feasibility Study in Irrigation Development ...................................................................5
2.2.1: Climate and Natural Resources ...............................................................................5
2.2.2: Social Aspects of the Project....................................................................................6
2.2.3: Engineering Aspects of the Project..........................................................................6
2.2.4: Health & Environmental Aspects of the Project......................................................7
2.3: Feasibility Study in Agricultural Development................................................................7
2.3.1: Agronomic Condition Analysis .................................................................................7
2.3.2: Agro-Economic & Financial Analysis........................................................................8
2.4: Detailed Design in Irrigation Development ....................................................................8
2.4.1: Hydraulic Design Calculations..................................................................................8
2.4.2: Structural Design Calculations ...............................................................................10
3. PROGRESS .....................................................................................................................11
3.1: Sociologist .....................................................................................................................11
3.2: Surveyor ........................................................................................................................12
3.3: Hydrologist/ Hydrogeologist.........................................................................................12
3.4: Agronomist....................................................................................................................12
3.5: Agro-economist.............................................................................................................12
3.6: Engineering ...................................................................................................................12
4. UPDATED WORK PLAN & SCHEDULE ....................................................................13
APPENDIX A: HYDROLOGIST’S REPORT .......................................................................14
APPENDIX B: REVISED WORK PLAN ..............................................................................32
Interphase Consultants
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1. INTRODUCTION
The SIDEMAN-SAL is implementing the Mdachi Irrigation Scheme in Ganze District of Kilifi
County to benefit smallholder farmers who are members of the scheme. The aim is to
improve food security and increase household incomes. Implementation of irrigation
projects in areas where farmers have not yet adopted an irrigation culture often produces
far below their potential. Introduction of irrigation practices requires a program approach
therefore the need of feasibility studies. The feasibility study on agricultural production will
be carried in the area by having focused group discussions and individual interviews as well
to establish the crop productivity status and the constraints associated thereof. The data
collected will be used to generate a detailed report on the farming options for the farmers
to realize maximum returns.
1.1: Contract
Following the awarding of the SIDEMAN-SAL tender package 2, Interphase Consultants

entered a contract agreement with Nippon Koei for the Feasibility Study and Detailed
Design of Mdachi Irrigation Scheme. The contract was entered on the 6th of December 2012
and is to expire on the 30th of April 2013.
Terms of service are as stipulated in the contract agreement
1.2: Scope of Service
The services to be provided for the Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of Mdachi
Irrigation Scheme include but are not limited to the following:
 Sociology
 Agronomy and Agro-economics
 Topographical Survey
 Hydrology and Hydrogeology
 Irrigation Engineering
 Engineering Design
1.3: Duration & Deliverables
The project start date was 6th December 2012 and its stated completion date is 30 th April
2013 (approximately 4.5 Months). During this period as per the contract, Interphase
Consultants will deliver the following to the Client as per the schedule in the contract and in
the indicated numbers.
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Report/Data Date of Submission No. of No. of

Copies Soft
Copies
st
Work Plan/ Inception Report 21 January 2013 10 2
nd
GPS Survey/ Topographical Survey Data Book 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Facility Inventory Survey Data Book 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Preliminary Hydraulic Design Calculation Book 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Preliminary Quantity Calculation Book 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Preliminary Cost Estimate Book 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Preliminary Design Drawings 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Preliminary Design Reports 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Preliminary Bill of Quantities 22 February 2013 5 2
nd
Scheme Organizations/ Water Users’ Association 22 February 2013 5 2
(WUA) Survey Data Book
Farming Condition Survey Data Book 7th February 2013 5 2
th
Draft Agricultural Profitability Analysis Report 7 February 2013 5 2
nd
Draft Final Feasibility Study Report 14 February 2013 10 2
nd
Final Feasibility Study Report 22 February 2013 10 2
th
Detailed Hydraulic Design Calculation Book 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Detailed Structural Design Calculation Book 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Detailed Quantity Calculation Book 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Detailed Cost Estimate Book 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Detailed Design Drawings 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Detailed Design Report 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Detailed Bill of Quantities 14 April 2013 5 2
th
Draft Final Detailed Design Report 14 April 2013 10 2
th
Final Detailed Design Report 28 April 2013 10 2
th
Tender Documents/ Drawings 28 April 2013 10 2
th
Terms of Reference for the construction 28 April 2013 5 2
supervision
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2. METHODOLOGY
The following is a description of how Interphase Consultants expects to achieve the goals
set for the project in order to provide accurate data and on-the-ground information that we
shall use in the final detailed design of the irrigation scheme
2.1: Preparatory Work
In consultation with the staff assigned to this project, Interphase Consultants has arrived at
specific timelines and guidelines of how to conduct the works for optimum results. These
are specified in this Inception Report.
All necessary resources have been pooled together and a pre-visit of the area conducted to
familiarize the team with the area and to meet with the District Agricultural Officer,
representatives of the farmers and other stakeholders and SIDEMAN team on 14th
December 2012.
2.2: Feasibility Study in Irrigation Development
In carrying out our Feasibility Study for Irrigation Development in Mdachi Irrigation
Scheme, we shall be targeting information covering the following areas:
 Climate and natural resources
 Social aspects of the project
 Engineering aspects of the project
 Social and environmental aspects of the project
2.2.1: Climate and Natural Resources
Climate and the assessment of the potential and availability of natural resources (land and
water) shall be the first to be addressed.
Climate is an important factor in crop production. Different crops have different

requirements in terms of temperature, humidity and light. The most important climatic
data are rainfall, maximum & minimum temperatures, maximum and minimum relative
humidity, wind and sunshine hours.
An analysis of this data shall be used in preparing a suitable crop programme for the
scheme. Possible sources of this data are:
- Kenya Meteorological Department
- Ministry of Land reclamation Regional and Water Development
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Analysis of the rainfall data shall be done with the aid of the computer program
METSYSTEM.
In analyzing the natural resources at Mdachi Irrigation Scheme we shall focus primarily on:
- Topography and topographic surveys of the scheme
- Soils and soil surveys
- Surface and ground water resources
The topography of the land and the soil characteristics provide a means of assessing the
irrigability of the land. Land topography influences the choice of irrigation method,
drainage, the type of erosion, irrigation efficiency, costs of land development, size and
shape of fields, labour requirements and the range of possible crops.
2.2.2: Social Aspects of the Project
The project’s objective and expectation is to strengthen the resilience against drought which
occurs frequently through provision of irrigation water by development of smallholder
community irrigation projects to enable farmers to grow crops and minimize losses that
would otherwise be experienced during the drought. However this cannot be realized unless
farmers’ considerations on benefits and costs, feasibility and desire-ability and their
priorities in life match that which the project requires of them.
The nature of the population also must be understood in order to match the rate of
development with the absorptive capacity. Elements such as the level of literacy, farming
knowledge and skills, past experience with irrigation, gender issues and attitudes to change
are among the several parameters we shall look at when analyzing social aspects of the
project
2.2.3: Engineering Aspects of the Project
This shall be split into the following key parts:

- Study of the existing structures in order to check whether their rehabilitation and/or
extension is viable.
- Development of new structures within the scheme i.e. water development, the
distribution system, the water storage and control structures and measuring devices,
the on-farm irrigation works and the drainage.
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In determining the irrigation method of choice, the following shall be the main guiding
factors:
i. Water resources within the area
ii. Topography of the land and the type of soils
iii. Climate
iv. Types of crops to be grown
v. Availability and cost of capital and labour
vi. Appropriateness of the irrigation technology to the farmers
vii. Water use efficiency and energy requirements
viii. Health and environmental impacts of the designs to the community.
Preliminary designs shall be made and forwarded to all stakeholders for their input and cost
estimates of the same prepared.
2.2.4: Health & Environmental Aspects of the Project
Irrigation water may carry pathogens of communicable diseases for human beings. It can
also provide the right environment for the breeding and propagation of their vectors. These
we shall aim to reduce by good engineering practices to be covered during the design phase
as well as appropriate environmental management.
The eco-system is a self-contained and balanced system of inter-dependent living organisms

and their physical development. A change, necessitated by infrastructure development, will
unavoidably have consequences on the living organisms and their diversity. Therefore an
Environmental Impact Assessment shall be carried out to establish and minimize these
consequences.
2.3: Feasibility Study in Agricultural Development
2.3.1: Agronomic Condition Analysis
The existing agricultural practices are assessed to analyze the pre-project situation. Data is
gathered from the baseline socio-economic survey. The data is aggregated to reflect the
average production cost and gross margins and incorporated in the financial and economic
analysis.
Also information on land tenure within the scheme will be addressed in the feasibility study
as it impacts on various aspects of the project.
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2.3.2: Agro-Economic & Financial Analysis
The approach taken is from the farmer’s viewpoint. It will be assumed that the farmer’s
primary interest is to maximize his/her welfare which is defined in terms of financial viability
and profitability of the scheme. This view will also be assumed to apply to the promoters of
the scheme, since the two parties will invest capital in the scheme therefore their major
interest is that of financial viability and profitability.
The main parameter to be considered therefore is commercial viability of the scheme. To

achieve this objective the cost benefit methodology will be used. However the calculations
will involve only primary benefits and costs. Cost and benefits will be calculated using
current market prices.
Relevant data on cropping patterns will be collected based on field observations and
farmers’ information collected through field surveys. Future cropping patterns will also be
considered based on access to reliable irrigation and market situations. Crop budgets will be
prepared based on information on current yields and inputs provided by the farmers and
from crop production data from D.A.O’s annual reports.
2.4: Detailed Design in Irrigation Development
Detailed design for the project is expected to commence once all stakeholders have agreed
with the information provided in the feasibility study. Both the JICA team, consultants (i.e.
Interphase Consultants) and the farmer representatives should go through the proposals
before drafting of final detailed designs.
2.4.1: Hydraulic Design Calculations

Based on JICA design requirements and the irrigation system to be proposed the following
shall formulas are to be used in hydraulic design of the system.
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i. Permissible Velocity
Type of Description Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity

Canal (m/s) (m/s)
Lined canal Thickness <= 10cm 0.5 1.5
Thickness ≈ 20cm 0.5 3.0
Wet masonry/ 0.5 2.5
brick
Earth canal Sandy soil 0.3 0.45
Silty soil 0.3 0.6
Clayey soil 0.3 0.9
Pipeline Steel pipe 0.5 5
PVC Pipe 0.5 5
ii. Flow Formula

Q = A·V
where Q = Design Discharge (m3/s)

V = Mean water velocity (m/s)
A = Flow area (m2)
a) Open Canal (Open Channel Flow) – Manning’s formula is used to determine mean
flow velocity (V).
V = 1/n·R⅔·I0.5
where n = Roughness coefficient

R = Hyraulic Radius (A/P)
P = Wetted Perimeter (m)
I = Hydraulic gradient of canal
Roughness Coefficients
Type of Canal Roughness coefficient ‘n’
Lined canal 0.015
Concrete Structures 0.015
Earth canal 0.025
Steel pipe 0.013
PVC Pipe 0.012
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b) Pipeline (Closed Channel Flow) – mean flow velocity (V) is determined using Hazen-
William’s formula.
Q = A·V = 0.279· C· D2.63· I0.54
V = 0.355· C· D0.63·I0.54
I = hf/L = 10.67· C-1.85·D-4.87 · Q1.85
hf = I· L
where Q = Design discharge (m3/s)

V = Mean water velocity (m/s)
C = Discharge co-efficient for hazen-William’s formula
D = Internal Diameter of Pipe (m)
A = Flow area (m2)
I = Hydraulic gradient of pipe
L = Length of pipe
hf = head loss due to friction
Discharge Coefficients
Type of Pipe Discharge coefficient ‘C’
Steel Pipe 100
PVC pipe (D > 0.15) 150
PVC pipe (D <= 0.15) 140
Other head loss calculations shall be carried out based on the irrigation system proposed.
2.4.2: Structural Design Calculations
All structural calculations shall depend on the types of structures that comprise the
irrigation system proposed:
Structures to be designed include:
- Intake facilities
- Conveyance system
- Water storage facilities
Sizing of all irrigation structures shall be based on flow levels.
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3. PROGRESS
Irrigation System’s design is a multifaceted process involving several professions. In

analyzing the progress made thus far we shall look at the individual fields at this stage. Data
collected so far from the field are for the following fields. Their reports, data sheets and
analysis are being finalized so as to be included in the draft feasibility study report.
3.1: Sociologist
1. Had a meeting with the community on 21 December 2012. A total of 9 community

members attended. Others that attended were the DIO and DAO
2. Received from the community a copy of their documents, informing of registration
status, bank account status, office bearers and members, and constitution.
3. Received in addition a copy of documents of one other CBO operating in the
beneficiary area – Ganze Water Harvesters
4. Other organisations that were confirmed to be working with the community are:
a. World Vision – support it offers are construction of water pans, relief,
food for work
b. Anglican Church of Kenya – support it offers are only on food for work
c. Kenya Red Cross Society – support it offers is only on relief
d. Plan International – support it offers are school/education, farmer
education, and livelihood skills.
5. There is no association in the beneficiary area dealing with forest resources.
6. Besides the above named organisations, there are Voluntary Savings and Loans
Schemes (VSALs) operating in the beneficiary area. These are CBOs registered with
the Department of Gender and Social Services. We were unable to get the number
and membership of these organisations at the time of the visit. It was agreed with
the Secretary of Mdachi Irrigation Scheme and the area Assistant Chief that they
would avail this information to the Project. There is a custodian of this information in
the community, from whom we could get the information from. The Assistant Chief’s
office too has documented this information. We are yet to get the information,
which would be useful in profiling of institutions working in the community.
7. Other document I would like from the office is the full Project document. This would
be useful in promoting understanding on the Project as well as in providing the
background information in the report I am to prepare.
8. I have spoken to the EIA consultant, Mwangi. They have scheduled for a public
hearing on 22nd January 2013 – with the beneficiary community. It would be more
beneficial for me to attend this meeting, than come for the meeting scheduled for
17th January 2013. It is during this meeting that I could get the extra information I
seek for the report.
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3.2: Surveyor
1. GPS survey of the scheme area was done and completed by 10 th January
2. Temporary benchmarks were established as per JICA team directions.
3. During the last meeting with the JICA team, we were advised to tie our TBMs to the
national grid. This is currently being finalized.
4. Topographical and canal route survey were done using the scheme map provided by
the JICA team. The plot boundaries used are not as per the adjudication boundaries
since there are no title deeds that provide these details.
5. Currently synthesizing the survey data to be handed over to the design team to
enable them come up with irrigation system proposals.
3.3: Hydrologist/ Hydrogeologist
Find attached Appendix A the full report for activities conducted so far.
3.4: Agronomist
Since inception he ahs made three visits to the scheme. The first trip was to familiarize with
the site and the stakeholders in the scheme. The second trip entailed data collection on
farming systems, agricultural practices and associated production constraints. The third trip
was a follow up visit with the JICA team from Nairobi to monitor the progress so far.
We are currently synthesizing the information to be presented in the final feasibility report.
3.5: Agro-economist
17th Dec 2012: Familiarisation visit to the irrigation site.

21st Dec 2012: Preliminary data collection through focused group discussions.
10th Jan 2013: Follow-up visit with the JICA team from Nairobi
We are currently doing the initial analysis of the data collected to be captured in the final
report.
3.6: Engineering
14th Dec 2012: Familiarization visit to the irrigation site to survey existing facilities
and the general terrain of the area.
Currently analyzing data from the other teams (i.e. survey; sociology; hydrology and
agronomy) to decide on the most suitable irrigation method and its
facilities.
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4. UPDATED WORK PLAN & SCHEDULE
Appendix B: Revised Work Plan
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APPENDIX A: HYDROLOGIST’S REPORT
Location and size

Kilifi District is one of the six Districts which constitute the Coast Province. The District lies
between latitudes 20o 20’S and 4o 14E. It borders the Indian Ocean to the East, Mombasa
and Kwale Districts to the South, Taita-Taveta Districts to the West and Tana River District to
the North and Northwest. The District covers and area of 12,355 km2 excluding about 109
km2 of water surface comprising the Indian Ocean.
Topography
Kilifi District comprises of 5 different topographical features a shown in figure 1.2. The
features are the Coastal plain, the foot plateau, the coastal range, the Nyika plateau and the
Sabaki flood plain.
The Coastal Plain is a narrow belt bordering the Indian Ocean and varies in width between 3
km and 20 km at the widest. The seaward margin of the plain is composed of coral reef
which is backed by a series of variable sands and sandy clays. Most of the coastal plain lie
between 30 m above sea level, except for major hills such as Mwembetungu on the Western
boundary and sand dunes in Mambrui area.
The foot plateau unit lies to the west of the Coastal Plain and is characterized by undulating
terrain lying between 60 m and 135 m above sea level. The plateau represents a seaward-
sloping peneplain whose surface has been dissected by numerous dry water courses.
To the Eastern edge of the plateau is low ridge of hills mainly composed of sands. The ridge
is well developed between Mtwapa and Kilifi creeks where it exceeds the 120 m contour e.g.
150 m at Gongoni and 143 m at Mkomani. North or Kilifi creek it reaches a maximum of 228
m at Sokoke.
The Coastal range is not well defined in Kilifi but lies between 150 m to 420 m above sea
level. It consists of sandstone hills such as Daka, Wacha and Gaabo in the Northwest, Simba,
Kiwara, Jibana, Mazeras and Mwangea in Kaloleni.
The Nyika plateau occupies the low lying ground along the western Kilifi District boundary. It
covers about 60% of the District area and has a gently undulating terrain which drops from
300 m to 180 m above sea level. It is overlain by sandstones and poor soils, the Nyika
Plateau is a semi arid and arid zone.
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The Sabaki flood plain covers the area on both sides of the Sabaki river and extends from
the Taita – Taveta / Kilifi border down to the Sabaki estuary. The width of the plain ranges
from a maximum of 6 km at Garashi to less than 1.5 m down stream of Dagamra. The plain
is subject to seasonal floods as a result of rains in the upper Athi catchment.
Drainage and climate

The District is drained by the Sabaki River which is perennial, other seasonal rivers and
streams include the Goshi, Ndzovuni, Wimbi and Mtokuu. Kilifi District forms the Southern
part of the Athi Catchment area which is drained by Sabaki River. The Sabaki River is flooded
twice a year resulting in serious pollution of beaches around Malindi and the destruction of
settlements on the flood plain. Figure 3.1 shows the drainage system of the District.
The average annual rainfall ranges from about 400 mm in the hinterland to over 1200 mm at
the coastal belt. The narrow coastal belt from Malindi to Kilifi town receives an average
annual rainfall of over 900 mm. rainfall in Kilifi District occurs in two main seasons.
Kilifi District is generally hot and humid all the year round, with both day and night
temperatures being high. The annual mean minimum temperatures range between 22 oC to
25Oc, with maximum temperatures varying between 26 oC to 30oC in the coastal belt.
Towards the hinterland the maximum temperatures range between 30oC to 34oC. The
lowest temperatures are experienced during the long rainy season which occurs between
the months of April to June. Average relative humidity along the coastal belt is 60% but
decreases towards the hinterland.
Kilifi District lies within a region with the lowest wind speeds in Kenya and available records
show that wind speeds range between 4.8 km and 10.9 km per hour. These wind speeds are
less than the minimum wind speed of 11 km / hr required to economically operate windmill
driven water pumps or generators.
The area covered was Bamba hinterland. The survey was done so as to establish an
appropriate hydrometeorogical data collection.
The data was required to assess possibilities for rain water harvesting through pans and roof
catchment. Water quality surveys were also done in the study area.
As confirmed by other studies, rainfall pattern was noted to be bimodal. The survey done in
1993 found out that, due to high evaporation rates and low rainfall in the area, most of the
water pans were noted to dry up during the dry seasons.
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However, the area was noted to have some potential for rainwater harvesting in the form of
water pans and roof catchment. The report recommended that pans in the area should have
a maximum depth of 4 km and small surface area to reduce the effect of evaporation.
RAINFALL
Rainfall data
Data on the occurrence and the distribution of rainfall are essential for a water resources
assessment study. The ground water is recharged through rainfall that infiltrates into the
subsoil. The base flow in rivers is maintained by shallow ground water. Rainwater harvesting
opportunities depends on rainfall occurrence and distribution. Increased river flows and the
opportunity for storage of surface water depend on direct surface run off of rainfall water.
The rainfall data used were obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department in Nairobi
and the Ministry of Land Reclamation Regional and Water Development, surface water
section. The rainfall data were in the form of monthly totals. The analysis was done using a
computer programme called METSYSTEM. The programme output were: the mean monthly
rainfall graphs, annual and five year moving mean graphs, probability of exceedance curves
and summary tables of rainfall data for each rainfall station.
Rainfall stations
The District has 49 rainfall stations out of which 10 have closed down and therefore do not
provide data any more. The stations are mainly concentrated along the coastal plain with
very few or none in the hinterland (See figure 2.1).
A total of 16 representative rainfall stations distributed within different geographical zones

and with continuous data for a period of more than 20 years of complete record were
selected for detailed rainfall data analysis.
Monthly rainfall distribution

The analysis of monthly rainfall data confirms the bimodal rainfall pattern as already
established in other studies. There are two rainfall seasons characterized by long rains
between April and June and the short rains season in October to November.
The seasonal distribution pattern of rainfall differs among the various physiographic zones.
The coastal plain receives 56% of annual rainfall during the April – June period with 18%
falling between October – December. The foot plateau and coastal ranges receive 45% of
annual rainfall during April – June period and 27% between October – December. The Nyika
and Sabaki flood plain receive 36% of rainfall during the April – June period with 33%
respectively falling between October – December.
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In most places maximum rainfall occurs in May whereas minimum rainfall is received in the
month of February. Rainfall occurrence in the District is unreliable as is shown by the high
variability of the mean monthly rainfall.
Monthly rainfall exhibits high variability as indicated by the high coefficient of variation (cv).
The cv is greater than 100% for most months. Appendix 1.1 shows rainfall data
characteristics for representative stations.
The high cv indicates that, the amount of monthly rainfall to be expected in a particular
month will vary greatly from year to year the same month. This in turn leads to variable
seasonal and annual rainfall from year to year. This high variability in amount of rainfall to
be expected from year to year should be seriously taken into account when planning for
rainwater harvesting.
Annual rainfall distribution

The average annual rainfall for Kilifi District ranges from less than 600 mm / year in the
hinterland to more than 1200 mm / year along the coastline. The mean annual rainfall map
was prepared using data from the existing rainfall stations in the District.
In the most parts of the District to the West and Northwest, no data exists and therefore
mean annual rainfall was estimated. About 60% of the District gets a mean annual rainfall of
less than 600 mm. The average annual rainfall amount decreases from the coastline to the
hinterland in a South East to North West direction. Variations in the occurrence of wet and
dry years differ in the various geographical zones.
The analysis of annual rainfall using the 5 year moving average shows that there is no
particular trends for rainfall occurrences. Years above the average line are regarded as wet
years and those below as dry years. The wet years occur in a cluster and so do the dry ones.
The pattern that emerges is that, wet years tend to occur in a group followed by dry years
which also occurs in a group.
There is a tendency for the number of dry years lasting longer than wet years. This implies
that for most years, the District receives rainfall that is less than the long term average
rainfall.
Annual rainfall reliability

The frequency of occurrence of annual rainfall is useful for long term planning in water
resource development and management. For instance, the Water Design manual uses 90%
annual rainfall reliability as the dependable rainfall when designing required storage sizes in
roof catchment design.
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Analysis of probability of occurrence of annual rainfall amounts is done to indicate the

proportion of the time that a rainfall of a given magnitude will be equaled or exceeded on
average. For example, an annual rainfall with 90% probability of occurrence is the amount of
rainfall that will be equaled or exceeded in nine out of every ten years on average.
The probability of exceedance was done for 19 rainfall stations with more than 25 years of
record. The results were used to prepare 90% annual rainfall reliability map. The 90% annual
rainfall probability is shown on map No. 7.
Evaporation
The importance of evaporation in water resources study is that, evaporation is a continuous
reduction of available water from the open surface water storage structures such as dams
and pans. It constitutes a major water loss from impounding reservoirs particularly in arid
and semi arid climates.
Information on potential evaporation is therefore very important especially in arid and semi
arid regions where evaporation rates are excessively high and surface water resources are
limited. The data on potential evaporation rates is used for estimation of the amount of
water that can be expected to be lost through evaporation from pans and dams.
Evaporation stations
The District has a total of 6 pan evaporation stations out of which 3 were installed in 1993
through the assistance of the Water Resources Assessment and Planning project (WRAP).
The stations are distributed within the major physiographic zones in the District as shown in
the table.
Monthly evaporation distribution

The statistical characteristics of the mean monthly pan evaporation data and graphical
presentation of mean monthly evaporation for the 6 stations in the District are shown in
Appendix 2.
The analyzed pan evaporation data shows that, the highest mean monthly evaporation in
most parts of the District occurs between January to March, apart from Kaembeni area
which experiences high evaporation rates between November to December.
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Annual potential evaporation

In the analysis of annual potential evaporation, both the pan evaporation data and
evaporation data computed using penman’s method were considered. Pan data is the
simplest way of estimating evaporation from open water surfaces. The penman’s method
takes into account several factors that affect evaporation from open water surfaces such as
humidity, solar radiation, wind speed etc. It therefore gives a more realistic estimate of
potential evaporation.
A comparison of the two data sets indicated that pan evaporation tends to underestimate
the potential evaporation in Kilifi District by upto 15% in some places in the District. The
table below shows the two data sets. The penman’s calculations were based on data
obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department.
Surface water resources

Kilifi District has a limited surface water resources. The Sabaki River is the only major
perennial river with a good chemical quality water. Ndzovuni and Luandani streams have
narrow channels that are perennial, whilst the rest of the streams in the District possess
seasonal flows. Ndzovuni river has a perennial flow at the downstream section and the
water tastes brackish.
The most rivers in the District are seasonal due to the rainfall availability which is so ranged
at low rainfall regimes. Tabulated below is data for the dry season flows per sub-basin.
Sub basin name Dry season flow M3/ day

Laga Buna 0
Sabaki 43.200
Rare 0
Ndzovuni 1,452
Sinawe 0
Mto Mkuu 112
Tsalu 0
Kombeni 0
Total 44,764
In most of these rivers have a seasonal flow and in dry season is dry. However, the Ndzovuni
river has 1,452M3/ day during dry season.
River gauging stations

According to the available records, a total of 20 river gauging stations have at one time been
established in the District. Out of which 15 are closed and 5 are operational as indicated in
the table below.
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The operational stations are:

3HA13 - Sabaki Baricho
3LC2 – Ndzovuni (Rehabilitated by WRAP IV)
3LC50 – Vitengeni (Installed by WRAP IV)
3LC51 – Ndzovuni – upstream (Installed by WRAP IV)
3LC52 – Lundani (Installed by WRAP IV)
Regular gauging stations that have operated in Kilifi District

Station No. Station Name Catchment Map Grid reference RGS Data
area (Km2) sheet scale Type period
1:50,000
X Y
3HAI Sabaki 25593 192/2 022 487 S 1949-51
3HA2 Sabaki 25593 192/2 921 558 S 1949-51
3HA3 Sabaki 25593 192/1 735 560 S 1951-57
3HA4 Sabaki 25593 190/1 641 645 S 1951-59
3HA5 Sabaki 25593 192/1 735 560 S 1953-57
3HA6 Sabaki 39875 193/1 203 505 S 1961
SHA7 Sabaki 39875 193/1 203 505 S
3HA8 Sabaki 25128 190/1 657 642 S 1973
3HA9 Sabaki 26058 190/2 918 641 R 1973
3HA10 Sabaki 40500 193/1 249 520 S/R 1973
3HA11 Sabaki 40500 192/1 025 471 S 1972
3HA12 Sabaki 25203 192/2 849 546 S/R 1980
3HA13 Sabaki 25203 192/2 849 546 S 1982
SHC1 Lake Jilor 212 192/2 004 474 S 1949-57
3HDI Mabliani Dam 212 200/4 S 1942-49
3LCI* Ndzovuni 494 198/1 816 007 S 1953-61
3LC2* Ndzovuni 603 198/1 808 994 S 1962
3LC50* Vitengeni 192/3 779 271 S 1992
3LC51* Ndzovuni (upstream) 198/2 570 995 S 1992
3LC52* Luandani 400 198/3 762 739 S 1992
S – Staff gauge
R – Water level recorder
* - Operational regular gauging stations
20 | P a g e
Ndzovuni River
The station was opened in 1962 and closed in 1982. It was then rehabilitated by WRAP in
1992. There is a period of 10 years without data. Due to the gaps, the historical flow pattern
is unknown and hence assessment of the reliability as a water supply source becomes very
uncertain.
The minimum flow measured on Ndzovuni River at gauging station 3LC2 during the dry
season in 1992 was found to be 0.01 m3/sec. The analysis of all the available data, including
that collected after rehabilitation by WRAP gives a minimum flow of 16.8 litres per second.
On the basis of the available records so far, the estimate is that, the dry weather flow of
this river is in the range of 10 to 16 litres per second. The TARDA studies of 1983 estimated
Ndzovuni river to have a mean flow of 18M m 3/year.
3LC52 – Luandani River

The station was opened in 1992 and has only 2 years of data. The analysis of the two years’
data gives a minimum flow of 1.3 litres per second. Such a short observation period cannot
give reliable information for adequately assessing the development potential of the river as
a water supply source. However, the data available is indicative that the dry weather flow of
the river is very limited.
Historical records are usually required so as to indicate the reliable low flows and the overall
flow pattern of a river with a higher level of accuracy. This can only be reliably estimated
where there is a long time series of say at least 10 years continuo’s record.
Daily flows
The daily flows were derived from rating curves drawn from the relationship between the
daily gauge heights and flow measurements that have been taken at the gauging station. It
is difficult to accurately asses the pattern of daily flows as generally, only one or two
observations are made per day. This means that during the rainy seasons, the water levels
recorded do not adequately represent the flow situation at a particular gauging station for
that day.
The amount of water available on a daily basis vary a great deal. Minimum daily flows occur
during the dry periods when the perennial rivers derive their flows entirely from base flow.
During such dry period, majority of the rivers are seasonal and have no flows during the dry
season. The perennial ones maintain some flow but it is very limited. During the rainy
seasons, all the rivers both seasonal and perennial carry large volumes of water. This is only
available for a few days during rainy seasons (April / June) and (October / December).
During such periods, substantial daily discharges may occur. (Order of magnitude not
estimate as explained above).
21 | P a g e
To give an indication of available low flows, minimum flow recorded at a gauging station
have been given in the table below. Minimum flows are important as they are indicative of
the reliable flows that can be available for direct abstraction from a river without storage
structures (dams).
Daily minimum discharges

RGSI River Catchment Daily Data period
area (km2) minimum
flow (I/s)
3HA6 Sabaki 39875 470 1975 – 84
3LC2 Ndzovuni 603 16.8 1962,82, 83 – 94
3LC52 Luandani 400 1.3 1993 – 94
Km2 – Square kilometers

I/s – Liters per second
Monthly flows
The distribution of average monthly flows is shown in the table below. There is high
variability in flows between the lowest and highest monthly flows. This indicates that base
flow is very small and high flows occur during and immediately after the rainy seasons.
Mean monthly Discharges (m3/s)

Station RGS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Period
name
Ndzovuni 3LC2 1.96 1.62 1.76 2.40 2.11 1.97 2.18 2.02 2.12 1.94 3.94 2.47
1962-
82
Luandani 3LC52 - 0.02 0.01 0.29 0.02 0.06 1.48 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 1993-
94
Sabaki SHA06 71.5 16.1 - - 159.3 29.9 12.6 8.6 6.5 37.5 - 346.7 1975-
84
Was computed from the available data. The results are based on very limited data.
Much of the flows (medium and high) remain unquantified and therefore the quoted mean
values underestimate the available flows in reality. The lowest mean monthly discharge at
RGS 3LC2 (Ndzovuni) was recorded in the month of February as 1.62m 3/s and the maximum
mean monthly discharge was 3.94m3/s recorded in November. Generally, the rivers
experience high flows between April – June and November – December and the low flows
between January – March and July – October.
22 | P a g e
Conclusion on flow data

It should be noted that estimates of flow characteristics of the rivers and streams in Kilifi
District is based on scanty data and so the results should be cautiously used taking into
account the limitations pointed out. The discharge measurements made at the gauging
stations usually are for low flows. This is due to lack of proper gauging facilities and lack of
suitable sites for medium and high flow measurements. The average Rainfall interland is
estimated at 400mm while along the coastal belt 1200mm, while Kilifi annual rainfall is
approximated at 900mm.
Temperatures range between26◦ C - 30◦ C in the interland goes as up 20◦-34◦ C, while the
annual mean minimum is 22◦ C - 25◦ C.
Note that the rainfall stations in the all Kilifi County are 49 while 10 have closes down most
of them are concentrated along the Coastal belt. River gauging stations are 20 in the all
district, 15 have closed down while only 5 are operational. Ndzovuni river had two gauging
stations the last one stopped working in 1992 to date, no records are available.
DATA TO BASE THE DESIGN.

The only tangible data of the Ndzovuni river the study done by TARDA 1983 which
approximated flow to be 18mᶾ/year. The other available data of 1992 by WRAP (water
resources assessment project) under the Ministry Of Water, indicate the flow was 16.8
liters/second.
SOILS TYPES AT PROJECT

The general classification of the soils as per the Macmillan Kenya secondary School Atlas
along the coast region of Kilifi.
Regosols: poorly developed soils from loose material such as sands.
Arenosols: Coarse sandy soils with low clay content.
VEGETATION TYPES AT PROJECT

As per the above source, the vegetation within the Kilifi area and its environs are coconut
woodland, bush land and tall Savanna grasses while to the shoreline are the mangrove
vegetation.
Specification Form 02: F/S Survey Record Sheet – A (in Agricultural Development)
1. Climatic condition (for at least 5 years period / in the Region or District).
Precipitation
a. Total per year (Source: Mtwapa Agromet
Station)
2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
Total rainfall (mm) 1257.4 1225.8 1039.3 960.4 1882.7
23 | P a g e
b. Mean (Monthly / mm) (Source: Mtwapa Agromet (KARI)

Mea Jan Feb Ma Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
n r
2011 2.0 12. 8.6 119. 212. 62.1 28.4 42.0 65.4 317. 64.9 0.4
3 6 2 6
2010 7.7 14. 30. 225. 513. 136. 91.3 30.7 45.1 22.9 123. 11.
7 9 5 9 9 5 6
2009 5.5 43. 59. 43.6 171. 227. 53.6 60.7 9.4 321. 15.5 71.
7 4 1 2 8 5
2008 12. 0.0 82. 133. 228. 161. 96.0 39.4 57.8 75.3 51.7 21.
2 6 9 6 0 9
2007 3.2 1.4 21. 228. 802. 141. 116. 131. 147. 54.8 149. 84.
0 8 7 9 4 1 3 3 8
c. Max / Min. (Monthly /mm (Source: Mtwapa

Agromet station (KARI)
Mean Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2011 2.0 12.3 8.6 119.6 212.2 62.1 28.4 42.0 65.4 317.6 64.9 0.4
Average 0.07 0.4 0.3 4.3 7.3 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.4 2.2 -
2010 7.7 14.7 30.9 225.5 513.9 136.9 91.3 30.7 45.1 22.9 123.5 11.6
Average 0.3 0.5 1.2 7.5 16.6 4.6 3.0 3.4 1.5 0.7 4.1 0.4
2009 5.5 43.7 59.4 43.6 171.1 227.2 53.6 60.7 9.4 321.8 15.5 71.5
Average 0.2 1.5 1.9 1.5 5.6 7.6 1.8 1.9 0.3 10.4 0.5 2.3
2008 12.2 0.0 82.6 133.9 228.6 161.0 96.0 39.4 57.8 75.3 51.9 21.9
Average 0.4 0.0 2.7 4.5 7.4 5.4 3.1 1.3 1.9 2.5 1.7 0.7
2007 3.2 1.4 21.0 228.8 802.7 141.9 116.4 131.1 147.3 54.8 149.3 84.8
1. Climatic condition (for at least 5 years period / in the Region or District)

2. Temperature
a. Mean (Monthly / oC) (Source: Mtwapa

Agromet)
2011 23.8 23.5 24.1 24.9 23.9 23.0 22.4 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.6 23.8
2010 23.8 24.3 25.1 25.3 24.1 23.8 21.3 21.8 21.8 23.0 24.0 23.6
2009 22.3 23.7 24.5 25.0 23.9 23.0 22.2 21.9 22.5 23.2 23.2 23.9
2008 22.6 22.0 23.7 23.8 22.9 20.8 21.3 21.3 21.1 24.0 23.3 23.6
2007
24 | P a g e
b. Max / Min. (Monthly / oC) (Source: Mtwapa

Agromet)
2011 32.0 32.0 32.7 32.2 30.0 29.5 29.1 28.6 29.2 29.4 31.2 32.2
23.8 23.5 24.1 24.9 23.9 23.0 22.4 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.6 23.8
2010 31.7 31.4 33.8 31.6 30.1 29.1 27.9 28.3 29.0 30.8 31.1 31.6
23.8 24.3 25.1 25.3 24.1 23.8 21.3 21.8 21.8 23.0 24.0 23.6
2009 32.6 32.4 32.2 32.0 30.3 29.0 28.2 28.1 29.5 30.0 31.1 30.8
22.3 23.7 24.5 25.0 23.9 23.0 22.2 21.9 22.5 23.2 23.2 23.9
2008 31.5 31.5 32.6 31.4 29.0 27.9 27.4 27.8 28.9 32.4 31.1 31.8
22.6 22.0 23.7 23.8 22.9 20.8 21.3 21.3 21.1 24.0 23.3 23.6
2007
c. Geographical condition
d. Altitude
At Intake is10 meters asl higher is 21 Mas.L
e. General Terrain of the Scheme
Hilly, Deep Steep Valleys, Some wide gentle valley
25 | P a g e
Map of Kilifi district showing the drainage patterns.
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
Topographical map showing project area Ndzovuni River.
29 | P a g e
30 | P a g e
General geological section of the coastal region East to West Direction
Hydrogeologist sampling river Ndzovuni water for chemical analysis.
JICA Team, committee members, consultants, and the DAO verifying the intake position.
31 | P a g e
APPENDIX B: REVISED WORK PLAN
32 | P a g e
FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAILED DESIGN FOR MDACHI IRRIGATION SCHEME IN GANZE DISTRICT, KILIFI COUNTY
PACKAGE-2
ID Task Name Start Finish 2013
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1 Preparatory work Mon 12/17/12Mon 1/21/13
2 Preparatory work Mon 12/17/12Wed 1/2/13
3 Preparation of Work Plan/Inception Report Mon 12/31/12Mon 1/21/13
4 F/S in Irrigation Development Thu 12/27/12 Fri 3/22/13
5 Study on Natural Condition Thu 12/27/12 Thu 1/3/13
6 GPS Survey Mon 1/28/13 Fri 2/1/13
7 Bench Mark Survey Mon 2/4/13 Fri 2/8/13
8 Topographic Survey at intake weir site Mon 2/4/13 Fri 2/8/13
9 Canal Route Survey Mon 2/4/13 Fri 2/8/13
10 Scheme Organization/WUA Survey Mon 2/4/13 Mon 2/11/13
11 Preliminary Design (irrigation system, hydraulic design, design of intake weir/intake structures, canals Mon 2/11/13 Fri 2/22/13
and related structures)
12 Preparation of Preliminary Design Drawings (Location map, General layout map, Schematic diagram of Mon 3/4/13 Fri 3/15/13
irrigation system, Lobgitudinal sections of canals, Typical sections of canals, Structures)
13 Preparation of F/S Report Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
14 F/S in Agricultural Development Mon 2/4/13 Fri 3/22/13
15 Farming Condition Survey Mon 2/4/13 Fri 2/8/13
16 Analysis of Profitability Mon 2/4/13 Fri 2/8/13
17 Economic/Financial Analysis Mon 2/4/13 Fri 2/8/13
18 Preparation of F/S Report Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
19 D/D in Irrigation Development Mon 3/18/13 Fri 4/12/13
20 Detailed hydraulic design calculation Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/29/13
21 Detialed structural design calculation Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/29/13
22 Design of longitudinal sections of canals Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/29/13
23 Design of cross sections of canals Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/29/13
24 Design of structures Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/29/13
25 Preparation of detailed design drawings (Location map, General layout map, Schematic diagram of Mon 3/18/13 Fri 4/12/13
irrigation system, Longitudinal sections of canals, Typical sections of canals, Cross sections of canals,
Structures)
26 Detailed quantity calculation Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
27 Construction plan Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
28 Detailed cost estimate Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
29 Preparation of detailed hydraulic design calculation book. Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/29/13
30 Preparation of detailed structural design calculation book. Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
31 Preparation of detailed quantity calculation book. Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
32 Preparation of detailed cost esimate book. Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
33 Preparation of detailed design report. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
34 Preparation of Bills of Quantities. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
35 Preparation of Tender documents/drawings. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
36 Submission of reports Mon 1/14/13 Fri 5/10/13
37 Work Plan/Inception Report Mon 1/14/13 Fri 1/18/13
38 Preliminary quantity calculation book. Mon 2/18/13 Fri 2/22/13
39 Preliminary cost estimate book. Mon 2/18/13 Fri 2/22/13
40 Preparation of survey data book. Mon 2/18/13 Fri 2/22/13
41 Preparation of preliminary hydraulic design calculation book. Mon 3/4/13 Fri 3/8/13
42 Preparation of preliminary design report Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
43 Submission of Draft agricultural Profitability Analysis Report Mon 2/18/13 Fri 2/22/13
44 Submission of draft final F/S report Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
45 Submission of final F/S report Mon 4/22/13 Fri 4/26/13
46 Preparation of detailed hydraulic design calculation book. Mon 3/18/13 Fri 3/22/13
47 Preparation of detailed structural design calculation book. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
48 Preparation of detailed quantity calculation book. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
49 Preparation of detailed cost esimate book. Mon 4/1/13 Fri 4/5/13
50 Preparation of detailed design report. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
51 Preparation of Bills of Quantities. Mon 3/25/13 Fri 3/29/13
52 Submission of draft final D/D report Mon 4/8/13 Fri 4/12/13
53 Submission of final D/D report Mon 4/15/13 Fri 4/19/13
54 Submission of Tender documents/drawings. Mon 5/6/13 Fri 5/10/13
Task Summary External Milestone Inactive Summary Manual Summary Rollup Finish-only
Project: Work schedule
Split Project Summary Inactive Task Manual Task Manual Summary Deadline
Date: Fri 12/21/12
Milestone External Tasks Inactive Milestone Duration-only Start-only Progress
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Inception Report - Mdachi Irrigation Scheme

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SUSTAINABLE SMALLHOLDER

IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND

Inception Report for Mdachi Irrigation

Following the awarding of the SIDEMAN-SAL tender package 2, Interphase Consultants

Terms of service are as stipulated in the contract agreement

1.2: Scope of Service

1.3: Duration & Deliverables

Report/Data Date of Submission No. of No. of

2.1: Preparatory Work

2.2: Feasibility Study in Irrigation Development

2.2.1: Climate and Natural Resources

Climate is an important factor in crop production. Different crops have different

2.2.2: Social Aspects of the Project

2.2.3: Engineering Aspects of the Project

This shall be split into the following key parts:

2.2.4: Health & Environmental Aspects of the Project

The eco-system is a self-contained and balanced system of inter-dependent living organisms

2.3: Feasibility Study in Agricultural Development

2.3.1: Agronomic Condition Analysis

2.3.2: Agro-Economic & Financial Analysis

The main parameter to be considered therefore is commercial viability of the scheme. To

2.4: Detailed Design in Irrigation Development

2.4.1: Hydraulic Design Calculations

Type of Description Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity

ii. Flow Formula

where Q = Design Discharge (m3/s)

where n = Roughness coefficient

where Q = Design discharge (m3/s)

2.4.2: Structural Design Calculations

Sizing of all irrigation structures shall be based on flow levels.

Irrigation System’s design is a multifaceted process involving several professions. In

1. Had a meeting with the community on 21 December 2012. A total of 9 community

3.3: Hydrologist/ Hydrogeologist

17th Dec 2012: Familiarisation visit to the irrigation site.

4. UPDATED WORK PLAN & SCHEDULE

Appendix B: Revised Work Plan

APPENDIX A: HYDROLOGIST’S REPORT

Location and size

Drainage and climate

A total of 16 representative rainfall stations distributed within different geographical zones

Monthly rainfall distribution

Annual rainfall distribution

Annual rainfall reliability

Analysis of probability of occurrence of annual rainfall amounts is done to indicate the

Monthly evaporation distribution

Annual potential evaporation

Surface water resources

Sub basin name Dry season flow M3/ day

River gauging stations

The operational stations are:

Regular gauging stations that have operated in Kilifi District

3LC52 – Luandani River

Daily minimum discharges

Km2 – Square kilometers

Mean monthly Discharges (m3/s)

Conclusion on flow data

DATA TO BASE THE DESIGN.

SOILS TYPES AT PROJECT

VEGETATION TYPES AT PROJECT

b. Mean (Monthly / mm) (Source: Mtwapa Agromet (KARI)

c. Max / Min. (Monthly /mm (Source: Mtwapa

1. Climatic condition (for at least 5 years period / in the Region or District)

a. Mean (Monthly / oC) (Source: Mtwapa

b. Max / Min. (Monthly / oC) (Source: Mtwapa