Sand Pile Models

Kévin Perrot - MC2 - LIP, Lyon

PhD. student with Éric Rémila (Univ. Lyon) and Enrico Formenti (UNSA)

Workshop SPM, 2011.04.07-08

Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Introduction

Sand Pile Model (SPM) :

 An initial configuration
 One transition rule
Discrete Dynamical System

Self Organized Criticality

Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1987)
Chip Firing Game
Sand Pile Model
Interest

Sand Pile Models

Ice Pile Model
Sand Pile Model
Parallel SPM
Symmetric SPM
Parallel Symmetric SPM
Kadanoff SPM
Bidimentional SPM
Discrete Dynamical System

Self Organized Criticality

Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1987)
Chip Firing Game
Sand Pile Model
Interest

Sand Pile Models

Ice Pile Model
Sand Pile Model
Parallel SPM
Symmetric SPM
Parallel Symmetric SPM
Kadanoff SPM
Bidimentional SPM
Discrete Dynamical System

Definition. (DDS) A DDS is a structure xX , F y where

X phase space
F : X Ñ P pX q update function

We want to study the sequence

x, F px q, F 2 px q, F 3 pX q, . . . , F n px q, . . .
for x P X .
Discrete Dynamical System

Definition. (DDS) A DDS is a structure xX , F y where

X phase space
F : X Ñ P pX q update function

 deterministic : F : X ÑX
 first order - autonomous : F t 1px q  f pF t px qq
 first order - non-autonomous : F t 1 px q  f pt, F t px qq
 second order : F t 2 px q  f pF t 1 px q, F t px qq
Discrete Dynamical System

Self Organized Criticality

Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1987)
Chip Firing Game
Sand Pile Model
Interest

Sand Pile Models

Ice Pile Model
Sand Pile Model
Parallel SPM
Symmetric SPM
Parallel Symmetric SPM
Kadanoff SPM
Bidimentional SPM
Self Organized Criticality

Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1987) SOC :

 Property of dynamical systems which have a critical point as
an attractor.
 A small disturbance can involve a complete reorganization of
the system.
Chip Firing Game

CFG
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 1 1
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 0
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 0 0
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 1 2
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 0
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 0 0
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 2 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 1
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 0 0
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 0 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 1 2
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 0 0
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 0 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 2
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 1 0
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 0 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 1 0
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 1 1
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 0 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 0
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 2 1
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 0 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 0
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 3 0
Chip Firing Game

CFG
SOC
 A graph G  pV , E q
 Loads l pv q P N 0 0
 Thresholds δv
 One transition rule : 0 0
If l pv q ¥ δv then one chip is sent
to each neighbors. 3 0

x
SPM is a specialization of CFG.
 We inherit nice properties such as diamond y1 y2

z
Sand Pile Model

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Sand Pile Model

SOC

Sand pile
 28 grains
 Adding one grain
Interest

SOC is related with complexity

 Ant colonies
 Brain and neurons
Discrete Dynamical System

Self Organized Criticality

Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1987)
Chip Firing Game
Sand Pile Model
Interest

Sand Pile Models

Ice Pile Model
Sand Pile Model
Parallel SPM
Symmetric SPM
Parallel Symmetric SPM
Kadanoff SPM
Bidimentional SPM
Ice Pile Model (LB )

Brylawski (1973)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules
V

H
Ice Pile Model (LB )

Brylawski (1973)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules Dominance order
a ¤D b ô
V for all i ¥ 0,
°i
¤ ° bi
i
ai
H 
j 0 
j 0
Ice Pile Model (LB )

Brylawski (1973)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules Dominance order
a ¤D b ô
V for all i ¥ 0,
°i
¤ ° bi
i
ai
H 
j 0 
j 0

Brylawski (1973). pLB pnq, ÑVH q is a lattice isomorphic to

pPart pnq, ¤D q.
Sand Pile Model
Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1988)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule
Sand Pile Model
Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1988)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

Goles and Kiwi (1993).

 pSPMpnq, ÑV q is a sub-lattice of pLB pnq, ÑVH q.

Sand Pile Model

SPM is convergent

SPM terminates.
for all h  ph1 , h2 , . . . , hk q P SPM pnq,

p q
e hi
¸j hi
p q
E h
ķ
p q
e hi
j 1 i 1
E maps every configuration to a natural number, and x Ñ y ñ E px q ¡ E py q.
Sand Pile Model

SPM is convergent

SPM terminates.
for all h  ph1 , h2 , . . . , hk q P SPM pnq,

p q
e hi
¸j hi
p q
E h
ķ
p q
e hi
j 1 i 1
E maps every configuration to a natural number, and x Ñ y ñ E px q ¡ E py q.

Ending + Diamond property ñ Convergence

Sand Pile Model
Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1988)
 An initial configuration
*
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

Goles and Kiwi (1993).

 pSPMpnq, ÑV q is a sub-lattice of pLB pnq, ÑVH q.

 Explicit formula for the fixed point*.
Sand Pile Model
Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1988)
 An initial configuration
*
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

Goles and Kiwi (1993).

 pSPMpnq, ÑV q is a sub-lattice of pLB pnq, ÑVH q.

 Explicit formula for the fixed point*.
 Characterization of reachable configurations :
Ÿ Decreasing without plateau of length ¡ 2;
Ÿ Two consecutive plateaus are separated by a cliff.
Sand Pile Model
No plateau of length ¡2
 Suppose there is a plateau of length i ¡ 2.
 From the initial configuration, there is a step during which the
plateau appears.
 There is no possible index for that transition.
Sand Pile Model
Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1988)
 An initial configuration
*
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

Goles and Kiwi (1993).

 pSPMpnq, ÑV q is a sub-lattice of pLB pnq, ÑVH q.

 Explicit formula for the fixed point*.
 Characterization of reachable configurations :
Ÿ Decreasing without plateau of length ¡ 2;
Ÿ Two consecutive plateaus are separated by a cliff.
 Convergence time in Θpn3{2 q.
Sand Pile Model

Convergence time in Θpn3{2 q ?

2n

For a configuration h  ph0 , . . . , hk q, ?

2n
ķ
E 1 ph q  i  hi

i 0

An iteration increases this energy by exactly one.

The
? initial configuration has energy n, the fixed point has energy
? ? ? ? ?
 ° i  p 2n
i q  2n 2n2 1
2np 2n qp q
2n
1 2 2n 1

i 0
6

So we need
? ? ? ?
2n
2n
2
1

2np 2n 1qp2 2n
6
1q

n steps
Sand Pile Model
Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld (1988)
 An initial configuration
*
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

Goles and Kiwi (1993).

 pSPMpnq, ÑV q is a sub-lattice of pLB pnq, ÑVH q.

 Explicit formula for the fixed point*.
 Characterization of reachable configurations :
Ÿ Decreasing without plateau of length ¡ 2;
Ÿ Two consecutive plateaus are separated by a cliff.
 Convergence time in Θpn3{2 q.
Parallel SPM

Jérôme Durand-Lose (1998)

 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

 Parallel application of the

rule.
Deterministic model.
Parallel SPM
signaux
Jérôme Durand-Lose (1998)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

 Parallel application of the

rule.
Deterministic model.
Parallel SPM
signaux
Jérôme Durand-Lose (1998)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

 Parallel application of the

rule.
Deterministic model.

Durand-Lose (1998).

 Same fixed point as (sequential) SPM.

Parallel SPM
signaux
Jérôme Durand-Lose (1998)
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

 Parallel application of the

rule.
Deterministic model.

Durand-Lose (1998).

 Same fixed point as (sequential) SPM.

 Convergence time in O pnq.
Symmetric SPM
Formenti, Masson, Pisokas - Ha Duong Phan (2006)
 An initial configuration
p..., 0, 0, n, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules
Symmetric SPM
Formenti, Masson, Pisokas - Ha Duong Phan (2006)
 An initial configuration
p..., 0, 0, n, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules

Formenti, Masson, Pisokas - Phan (2006).

 Number (t?nu) and characterization (crazed

LR-decomposable) of the fixed points shape.
Symmetric SPM
Formenti, Masson, Pisokas - Ha Duong Phan (2006)
 An initial configuration
p..., 0, 0, n, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules

Formenti, Masson, Pisokas - Phan (2006).

 Number (t?nu) and characterization (crazed

LR-decomposable) of the fixed points shape.

 ?
Necessary condition for the maximal index of a non-empty
column (¤ 2n units from the origin).
Parallel Symmetric SPM
Stage M1 with Ha Duong Phan (2009)
 An initial configuration
p..., 0, 0, n, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules

 Parallel application of rules.

Non-deterministic model.
Parallel Symmetric SPM
Stage M1 with Ha Duong Phan (2009)
 An initial configuration
p..., 0, 0, n, 0, 0, ...q
 Two evolution rules

 Parallel application of rules.

Non-deterministic model.

Phan, Van Pham, Perrot (-).

 Deterministic procedure to reach extremum fixed points

(lexicographic order).
 Any SSPM fixed point between PSSPM extremums is
reachable in PSSPM.
Kadanoff SPM

Inspired by Léo Kadanoff et al (1989).

 A parameter D
 An initial configuration
pn, 0, 0, ...q
 One transition rule

¥D
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24

SOC
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24

SOC
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24

SOC
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24

SOC
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24

SOC
Kadanoff SPM

D3
n  24

SOC
Kadanoff SPM - Known results

Morvan, Goles, Phan (2002).

 pKSPM pD, nq, ÑK q is a lattice.

 Strong convergence
Ÿ Unique fixed point.
Ÿ Same number of iteration to reach the fixed point, whatever
the strategy is.
Kadanoff SPM - Fixed point

Any idea ? ¥D
Kadanoff SPM - Fixed point

Any idea ? ¥D

...

D
1

...
2
1
Bidimensional Sand pile model
Duchi, Mantaci, Phan, Rossin
(2006)
 An  Two transition rules
 initial configuration

n 0 ... 0 One grain can fall or slide

 0 0 ... 0  to the east or to the

 ... .. 
.
.. south.
.
0 0 ... 0
Bidimensional Sand pile model
Duchi, Mantaci, Phan, Rossin
(2006)
 An  Two transition rules
 initial configuration

n 0 ... 0 One grain can fall or slide

 0 0 ... 0  to the east or to the

 ... .. 
.
.. south.
.
0 0 ... 0

Duchi, Mantaci, Phan, Rossin (2006).

 the pattern qq qq is forbidden in BSPM.



 the pattern
q q q
0 0 0
on the first row is forbidden in BSPM.
Merci pour votre attention

[Bidimentional][Parallel][Symmetric][Kadanoff]{Sand,Ice}Pile Model
Références I
Per Bak, Chao Tang, and Kurt Wiesenfeld.
Self-organized criticality.
Phys. Rev. A, 38(1):364–374, Jul 1988.
Eric Goles Ch., Matthieu Latapy, Clémence Magnien, Michel Morvan, and
Ha Duong Phan.
Sandpile models and lattices: a comprehensive survey.
Theor. Comput. Sci., 322(2):383–407, 2004.
Eric Goles Ch., Michel Morvan, and Ha Duong Phan.
Sandpiles and order structure of integer partitions.
Discrete Applied Mathematics, 117(1-3):51–64, 2002.
Jérôme Olivier Durand-Lose.
Parallel transient time of one-dimensional sand pile.
Theor. Comput. Sci., 205(1-2):183–193, 1998.
Enrico Formenti, Benoît Masson, and Theophilos Pisokas.
Advances in symmetric sandpiles.
Fundam. Inform., 76(1-2):91–112, 2007.
Eric Goles and Marcos A. Kiwi.
Games on line graphs and sand piles.
Theor. Comput. Sci., 115(2):321–349, 1993.
Références II

Eric Goles, Michel Morvan, and Ha Duong Phan.

The structure of a linear chip firing game and related models.
Theor. Comput. Sci., 270(1-2):827–841, 2002.
Thi Ha Duong Phan.
Two sided sand piles model and unimodal sequences.
ITA, 42(3):631–646, 2008.