PROPOSAL

FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1

(DCC40181)

TITLE:

HYDRAULIC BRIDGE

STUDENTS : 1. SHARVINNAIR A/L RAMESH MATRIX NO:16DKA19F2040

2. MATRIX NO:

SUPERVISOR: 1. DR ROSSITAH BINTI SELAMAT

2.

DATE : 29/12/2021

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH
KULIM KEDAH
SESSION JUN 2020
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: CONTENTS
1.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................
1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND .....................................................................................
1.3 PROBLEM STATMENT ..........................................................................................
1.4 OBJECTIVE PROJECT ............................................................................................
1.5 SCOPE PROJECT.....................................................................................................
1.6 IMPORTANT PROJECT…………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................
2.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ..............................................................................
2.3 SUMMARY CHAPTER …………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN……………………………………………………………………
3.2.1 SAMPLING……………………………………………………………………..
3.2.2 DATA COLLECTION METHODS…………………………………………..
3.2.3 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD…………………………………………………
3.3 SUMMARY CHAPTER…………………………………………………………………

REFERENCE ATTACHMENT

i) GANT CHART………………………………………………………………

ii) ESTIMATED COST OF THE STUDY………………………………………

 CHAPTER 1
INTODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

A moveable bridge, or movable bridge is a bridge that moves to allow

passage for boats or barges. In US English, moveable bridge and drawbridge
are synonymous and the latter is the common term, but drawbridge can be
limited to the narrower, historical definition used in some other forms of
English, in which drawbridge refers only to a specific type of moveable bridge.

An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower cost, due to the absence
of high piers and long approaches. (Elsaid et al 2019) The principal
disadvantage is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it is opened
for passage of traffic on the waterway. For seldom-used railroad bridges over
busy channels, the bridge may be left open and then closed for train passages.
For small bridges, bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an
engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, especially those with a boat,
others by a bridge man (or bridge tender); a few are remotely controlled using
video-cameras and loudspeakers. (Tuloup et al 2019) The bridges are powered
by electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons.
While moveable bridges in their entirety may be quite long, the length of the
moveable portion is restricted by engineering and cost considerations to a few
hundred feet.
1.2 Project background

Hydraulically Assisted Bridges also abbreviated to HAB is a new concept

into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the
bridge to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges
in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction.

The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the
bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however, if calibrated and
constructed accurately the hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading
applied to it. If a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies
an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that
there is little maintenance concerning automated system and in situation such
as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern
for failure the system has the possibility for non-electronic automatic self-
adjustment which entails minimal maintenance cost and reduced safety risk in
an event of an electrical malfunction.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Hydraulic problems are the main, if not the only cause of bridge collapse
in Malaysia. Inspection of bridges in the country had permitted the authors to
gain much idea of how bridge components can fail to malfunction causing
problems to the users. “Big problems” involving a collapse is rare and when it
does happen it is almost certain to be related to hydraulic problem. However,
if calibrated and constructed accurately the hydraulic rams can be in motion
only by the loading applied to it. If a certain load is applied on the bridge, the
hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any
deflections.

1.4 OBJECTIVE

The general objective of this study was to be identified and solve the
hydraulic bridge problem in Malaysia. Therefore, several objectives are
listed to achieve the goals of this study:
1. To develop hydraulic bridge prototype.
2. To designing and developing a very compact, punch making machine.
3. To integrated hydraulic system into the bridge to carry more weight.
1.5 SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Scope of our research is identified the problem of hydraulic system

malfunction because it is the major course of hydraulic bridge collapse in
Malaysia and how to improve hydraulic system failure and how to overcome
the bridge collapse that happen by the hydraulic failure.

1.6 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT

The important of our project is how to overcome the hydraulic system

malfunction failure in the bridge. Because the hydraulic failure is the main
course to the bridge structure collapse. In this project the hydraulic rams can be
in motion only by the loading applied to it. If a certain load is applied on the
bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract
any deflections. This implies that there is little maintenance concerning
automated system and in situation such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge
will not be in any immediate concern for failure the system has the possibility
for non-electronic automatic self-adjustment which entails minimal
maintenance cost and reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical
malfunction.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature is a process of scientific research and previous research carried

out by an individual, and scholars conducted on an existing product and is a
modification or addition to overcome the problem of a product in producing a
product that is much skinnier than the existing is in the market. This chapter
can also provide guidance on proper research done, to get the best research
results. In addition, a review of the literature can help in comparing the results
of previous studies and can also take the best examples. In addition, the
literature review can help in improving the short comings found in previous
studies and can be applied in the study conducted.

2.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH

A moveable bridge, or movable bridge is a bridge that moves to allow

passage for boats or barges. In US English, moveable bridge and drawbridge
are synonym and the latter is the common term, but drawbridge can be limited
to the narrower, historical definition used in some other forms of English, in
which drawbridge refers only to a specific type of moveable bridge.

An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower cost, due to the absence
of high piers and long approaches (Elsaid et al 2019). The principal
disadvantage is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it is opened
for passage of traffic on the waterway. For seldom-used railroad bridges over
busy channels, the bridge may be left open and then closed for train passages.
For small bridges, bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an
engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, especially those with a boat,
others by a bridgeman (or bridge tender); a few are remotely controlled using
video-cameras and loudspeakers (Tuloup et al 2019). The bridges are powered
by electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons.
While moveable bridges in their entirety may be quite long, the length of the
moveable portion is restricted by engineering and cost considerations to a few
hundred feet.

A stream is a dynamic natural system that, because of the encroachment caused

by elements of a stream crossing system, will respond in a manner that may
challenge even an experienced hydraulic engineer. The complexities of the
stream response to encroachment require that hydraulic engineers be involved
from the outset in the choice of location and design considerations. Hydraulic
engineers should also be involved in the solution of stream stability problems
at existing structures. Chapter 14 is based on the AASHTO Drainage Manual,
Chapter 10, which provides recommended guidelines and procedures. To these
guidelines, SDDOT specific criteria and practices have been added. Additional
guidance can be found in the AASHTO Highway Drainage Guidelines, Chapter
7. Scouring of riverbed, either general scour or local scour around the piers
causes instability of the bridge (Pizarro et. al.2020)
Hydraulic

Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry,

and other science involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids or
fluids. At an extremely basic level, hydraulics is the liquid version of
pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for
hydraulics, which focuses on the applied engineering using the properties of
fluids. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and
transmission of power using pressurized liquids (Lin et al 2015). Hydraulic
topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modulus,
and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control
circuitry, pumps. The principle of hydraulics is in use naturally in the human
body within the heart and male erection. Free surface as occurring in rivers,
canals, lakes, estuaries, and seas. Its sub-field open channel flow studies the
flow in open channels. (Figueroa et al 2011)

Hydraulic Machines

Hydraulic machines are machinery and tool that use liquid fluid power to do
simple work. Heavy equipment is a common example.

In these types of machines, hydraulic fluid is transmitted throughout the

machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders and becomes
pressurised according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly
or automatically by control valves and distributed though hoses and tubes.

The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the large amount of power that
can be transferred through small tubes and flexibles hoses, and the high-power
density and wide array of actuators that can make us of this power. Hydraulic
machinery is operated using hydraulics, where a liquid is the powering
medium. (Lin et al 2016)
Material using:

 Hydraulic Bridge Model

 Rack & Pinion Arrangement
 Battery 12V
 DC Motor 12V
 Connectors
 Hose
 Ir Sensor
 LED

Function of material:

 Rack & Pinion Arrangement

Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear
actuator, where the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is
converted to linear motion. The rack carries full load of the actuator
directly and so the driving pinion is small, so that the gear ratio reduces
the torque required. This forces, thus torque, may still be substantial
and so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately before
this by either a gear or worm gear reduction. Rack gears have a higher
ratio, thus required a greater driving torque, than screw actuators.

 Battery 12V
A battery electric multiple units, battery electric railcar or accumulator
railcar is an electrically driven multiple unit or railcar whose energy is
driven from rechargeable batteries that driven its traction motor.

 Connectors
In our system hose connectors are used. Hose connectors normally
comprise an adoptee hose nipple. These types of connectors are made
up for brass or Aluminium or hardened pneumatic steel. For these type
of hose connectors, no need of hose clamp these are self-locking hose
connecters a multi way four-way hose connecters.
  Motor
A DC motor is any of rotary electrical machines that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common
types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. All types of DC
motors have some internal mechanism, electronic, to periodically
change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.

 IR Sensor
Sensors are electronic devices which are used to sense the changes that
occur in their surroundings. The change may be in colour, temperature,
moisture, heat etc. They sense the change and the work accordingly. In
IR sensor the here is emitter and detector. Emitter emits the IR rays and
detector detects it.

 Hose
Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. This
hose can with stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 N/𝑚2 .
Polyurethane combines the best properties of both plastic and rubber. It
offers abrasion and tear resistance, high tensile and elongation valves,
and low compression set.

 PU Tube
Application of Pu Tube any time condensation can occurs, air grippers
and air operated valves. Condensation in a pneumatic system will cause
operating failure and affect the life of electrical components.
Manufactures of electrical components when you need to eliminate water
condensation, but you cannot use a membrane or desiccant dry.

.
2.3 Summary Chapter

Overall, what is obtained from this chapter is that the experiments that will
be made refer to the sources of previous studies to solve the problem of the
work that will be done. In addition, some information from the scope types was
identified for its function. This implementation can achieve the objectives that
we have studied.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the methodology used in conducting this study on

hydraulic system. Methodology is a method or technique of designing,
sampling techniques, data collection methods and analysing data so that there
is evidence that can support a study or can be concluded as a conclusion of a
study conducted.

In addition, the purpose of the methodology is to help understand more broadly

or in more detail about the application of the method by making a description
of the research process. In addition, methodology is also one of the ways to
explain a problem being studied and the reason for a particular method and
technique used in a design.

Therefore, all aspects and methods found in a project is to know all the
equipment and components during the project. With this, it will make it even
easier in turn helping to carry out and know every use of the requirements and
components for our project.
3.2 Research Design

Study design is important for a study as a guide to ensure that the objectives
of the study are achieved and then answer the research questions. In addition,
this study if accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the
hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading
applied to it. If a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies
an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections (Seo et al 2016).
This implies that there is little maintenance concerning automated system and
in situation such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any
immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and

displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the
bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed
loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently, less
money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members,

which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it.
What is more is that if the load becomes too great and causes the mid-span
piston

to go down, then the support pistons will push inwards resulting in the arch
heading upwards; hence they maintain equilibrium.
3.2.1 Sampling

The sampling method is the taking of a fraction of a population. The

sample in the sampling method is a single population and the sample can
represent the entire population. The sample or respondents selected in the
questionnaire should follow some criteria and relate to the issue either directly
or indirectly.

In the formation of the questionnaire, ‘open ended’ and ‘close ended’

techniques will be used. Questionnaires also allow the researcher to get more
information about something in a brief time. In addition, the research results
will also be able to be reused or repeated in other areas that have similar
environmental characteristics in solving a problem or to suggest a change.

3.2.2 Data Collection Methods

Before starting a project, the first thing to take is such as the collection of
data which is important for the purpose of knowing the real objectives of this
project. The data collection that we have conducted covers various aspects such
as finding information through various sources such as references on the
internet and scientific books as secondary sources. In addition, by preparing a
questionnaire that will be given to respondents at the location of the study that
we want to study. This is a primary response because it is more authentic than
secondary which is only through journals, books, and newspapers.
3.2.3 Data Analysis Method

Data analysis is more of a method to control and present data as well as

statistical procedures. The purpose of data analysis and information obtained
will be analyzed and processed to obtain conclusions and solutions to problems
of the study conducted. This data and information will also be analyzed to
obtain the relationship between the data and the comparison between the data
obtained.

3.3 Summary Chapter

Based on the detailed description that has been given in this chapter, a clear
methodology is important before conducting the study and has obtained little
information to ensure that the study will be conducted to achieve the objectives
that have been outlined.
 Reference Attachment

Internet

Flint, M. M., Fringer, lO., Billington, S. L., Freyberg, D., & Diffenbaugh, N. S. (2017).
Historical analysis of hydraulic bridge collapses in the continental United States.
Journal of infrastructure systems
Pizarro, A., Manfreda, S., & Tubaldi, E. (2020). The science behind scour at bridge
foundations: A review. Water, 12(2), 374.
Elsaid, A., & Seracino, R. (2014). Rapid assessment of foundation scour using the
dynamic features of bridge superstructure. Construction and Building Materials, 50,
42-49.
Lin, Y., Bao, J., Liu, H., Li, W., Tu, L., & Zhang, D. (2015). Review of hydraulic
transmission technologies for wave power generation. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 50, 194-203.
Figueroa, A. M., Negron, E., Portela, G., Gonzalez-Rivera, R. N., Diaz-Alvarez, H., &
Velazquez, G. I. (2011). Evaluation of bridges subjected to military loading and
dynamic hydraulic effects: Review of design regulations, selection criteria, and
inspection procedures for bridge railing systems.
Sony, S., Laventure, S., & Sadhu, A. (2019). A literature review of next‐generation
smart sensing technology in structural health monitoring. Structural Control and
Health Monitoring, 26(3), e2321.
Tuloup, C., Harizi, W., Aboura, Z., Meyer, Y., Khellil, K., & Lachat, R. (2019). On
the use of in-situ piezoelectric sensors for the manufacturing and structural health
monitoring of polymer-matrix composites: A literature review. Composite Structures,
215, 127-149.
Seo, J., Hu, J. W., & Lee, J. (2016). Summary review of structural health monitoring
applications for highway bridges. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,
30(4), 04015072.
ZULKIFLI, F. I. S. B. (2019). ANALYSIS OF WATER PROFILE AT THE BUKIT
KUANG BRIDGE, KEMAMAN.
Shahrulnizam, M. R. M., Adzim, S. K., & Kamaruddin, S. A. (2020, June). Flood
Mitigation Measures in Urban Areas of Malaysia Using the Integrated Catchment
Modelling Approach. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
(Vol. 479, No. 1, p. 012014). IOP Publishing.
 Reference Attachment
i) Gant Chart

Final
project
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
activities
Information - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gathering
Project Briefing
Meeting With
Supervisor
Identified Research
Area &Problem
Specify Aim, Objective
& Scope
Literature review

Methodology - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Questionnaires Design
Data Analysis & - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Conclusions
Data Analysis &
Discussion
Result & Conclusion
Correction about project

Report Writing & - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Submission
Logbook writing &
Submission
Proposal Writing &
Submission
Progress presentation
Presentation & Final
Presentation
ii) Estimated cost of the study

MATERIAL COST
Led RM 12
Battery RM 18
DC Motor RM 30
Arduino uno R3 RM 25
Connectors RM 20
Hose RM15
Ir Sensor RM20
TOTAL RM 122