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Ch13 - Solution Manual Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Ch13 - Solution Manual Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Load (kN) 0 800 1100 2250 2800 3200 3500 3600 3620 3618
Solution 13.2
4000
3500
3000
2500
Solution 13.3
Decide whether the ultimate pile load capacity is well or ill defined.
Inspection of the plot shows that the skin friction is fully mobilized at about 9 mm settlement but
the end bearing capacity has not been fully mobilized. The initial load-displacement response
appears to be from loose material at the bottom the hole
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-10
Displacement
(mm)
-20
Possibly loose material
-30
-40
-50
Load (kN)
The settlement to mobilize a skin friction of 13.6 MN is about 1.3 mm. The end bearing at the
same displacement is 2 MN but this is part of the response from the loose material. You can
neglect this. The allowable load is 13.6 - 1.53 = 12.1 MN (say 12 MN)
Solution 13.4
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 60 116.5 41.8kPa
f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo 0.5 600.75 116.5
0.25
35.4kPa
0.25
( ) ( )
TSA
Qult = Perimeter f s L N c su b Ab
1.41(16.4 5 35.4 7) 9 60 0.16 551kN Qult
ESA
i b
i =1
Solution 13.5
Layer 1: soft clay; Layer 2: Stiff clay Layer 3: Sand
Area of pile = 0.13 m 2 , perimeter = 1.26m
Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
β 1 sincs' OCR tani
0.5
ESA:
f s = 'zo
i
i 1
Qb = fb Ab = N q σ'z Ab
b
exp(2ψ tan )
2
Janbu: N q = tan ' 1 tan 2 ' p
'
c = clay, s = sand
center center center base
O
Soil Unit C Total Porewater Effective Effective
layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su R stress pressure stress stress
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 5 5 c 18 25 15 1 45.0 24.5 20.5
2 10 5 c 18.5 23 65 5 136.3 73.5 62.8
3 20 10 s 17.5 32 0 0 270.0 147.0 123.0 161.5
END
Clay Sand Clay/sand FRICTION BEARING Qult
TSA ESA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA
Layer
fs fs fs Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
kPa kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.27 8.1 5.5 51 35 0 0 51 35
2 0.58 31.9 36.3 252 263 0 0 252 263
3 0.29 0.0 0.0 36.1 33.8 706 717 686 686 1392 1403
TAS control
Q ult = 1392 kN; Q a= 1392/2 =696 kN
13.6 A square precast concrete pile of sides 0.4 m is to be driven 12 m into the soil strata
shown in Figure P13.6. Estimate the allowable load capacity for a factor of safety of 2.
Owing to changes in design requirements, the pile must support 20% more load.
Determine the additional embedment depth required.
Solution 13.6
Layer 1: soft clay; Layer 2: Stiff clay Layer 3: Sand
f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo
0.25
TSA (Layers 1 and 2) : fs is lower of
Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
β 1 sincs' OCR tani
0.5
ESA:
f s = 'zo
i
i 1
Qb = fb Ab = N q σ'z Ab
b
exp(2ψ tan )
2
Janbu: N q = tan ' 1 tan 2 ' p
'
c = clay
center center center base
Soil Unit OC Total Porewater Effective Effective
layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su R stress pressure stress stress
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 4 4 c 18 24 16 1.2 36.0 19.6 16.4
2 10 6 c 18.5 25 80 9 127.5 68.6 58.9
3 12 2 c 18.5 25 90 6 201.5 107.8 93.7 102.4
Let L = 14 m (2 m additional length) be the length embedded into the last layer.
Clay Clay Clay/sand FRICTION END BEARING Qult
TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA
layer
fs fs Nc Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.29 8.0 4.7 52 30 0 0 52 30
2 0.81 34.3 47.6 381 487 0 0 381 487
3 0.66 46.5 67.5 9.0 14.0 678 919 130 268 808 1188
Qult = 808 kN > 788 kN Okay
Use L = 14 m
13.7 Estimate the allowable load capacity of a 0.5-mdiameter steel closed-ended pipe pile
embedded 17 m in the soil profile shown in Figure P13.7. The factor of safety required is
2. The N values are blows/ft. Compare the load capacity for a driven pile and a drilled
shaft.
Solution 13.7
N av =
11 5 20 19
= 13.75 use N av = 13
4
2
Perimeter = D = (0.5) = 1.57m, base area = ( D ) = 0.196 m2
4
fs 1.9Nav 1.9 13 24.7 kPa 100 kPa
Use fs 24.7 kPa
Qf 24.7 1.57 17 659 kN
(f b )=C N60
Ls 17
C 38 38 1292 380kPa , Use C 380
D 0.5
N in the vicinity of the base = 19
f b 380 19 7220kPa
Qb 7220 0.196 1415kN
Qult Qf Qb 659 1415 2074kN
Qult 2074
Qa = 1037 kN
FS 2
(b) Drilled shaft
Nav < 15
N 13
(1.5 0.245 z) (1.5 0.245 17) 0.42 1.2; use 0.42
15 15
From Table A.11 (Appendix A), 18 kN/m3
Assume groundwater will rise to the surface.
Vertical effective stress at center of shaft = 17/2 x (18 – 9.8) = 69.7 kPa
Qf = 0.42 x 1.57 x 69.7 x 17 =781 kN
Use Quiros and Reese (1977) expression
L > 10 m, C = 57.5, fb = CN = 57.5 x 19 = 1092.5 kPa < 2900 kPa; Use fb = 1092.5 kPa
Qb = 1092.5 x 0.196 = 214kN
Qult = 781 + 214 = 995 kN
Q 995
Q a = ult 498kN
FS 2
Note: Both of these methods are empirical. The equations are based on field tests on soils that may not be
similar to the sand in this problem
13.8 The soil profi le at a site for an offshore structure is shown in Figure P13.8. The
height of the pile above the sand surface is 15 m. Determine the allowable load for
a driven closed-ended pipe pile with diameter 1.25 m and embedded 10 m into the stiff
clay. A factor of safety of 2 is required.
Solution 13.8
Perimeter = x 1.25 = 3.93 m, Area = 1.252 1.23m2
4
Layer 1: sand; Layer 2: Stiff clay
f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo
0.25
TSA (Layer 2) : fs is lower of
Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
β 1 sincs' OCR tani
0.5
ESA:
f s = 'zo
i
i 1
Qb = fb Ab = N q σ'z Ab
b
exp(2ψ tan )
2
Janbu: N q = tan ' 1 tan 2 ' p
'
Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing
capacity)
END
Clay Sand Clay Clay/sand FRICTION BEARING Qult
TSA ESA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA
layer fs fs fs Nc Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
kPa kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
groundwater 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.0 0.0 24.7 2325 2325 0 0 2325 2325
2 51.1 148.6 9.0 22.6 4332 8163 884 7156 5216 15319
Note: TSA and ESA for the sand are the same
TSA governs
Q ult = 5216 kN
5216
Qa = 2608 kN
2
Solution 13.9
(a)
Depth
(m) 'zo OCR su/'zo su
m kPa kPa
3 45 2.56 0.497 22.4
5 65 1.77 0.371 24.1
6.5 80 1.44 0.314 25.1
9 105 1.10 0.252 26.5
10 115 1 0.235 27.0
14 147 1 0.235 34.5
18 179 1 0.235 42.0
20 195 1 0.235 45.8
Sleeve Fill
Pile
(b) The fill will cause negative skin friction as it settles. One mitigation method is to put a sleeve over a
depth of 3 m
(c)
Because the undrained shear strength varies with depth, we can integrate it to find the skin friction. In
engineering practice, it is best to take average values of undrained shear strengths from 3 m to 10 m and
then from 10 m to 18 m
Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
β 1 sincs' OCR tani
0.5
ESA:
f s = 'zo
i
i 1
Qb = fb Ab = N q σ'z Ab
b
TSA ESA
Soil
Dept Typ Unit
layer h thickness e weight ' su OCR fs fs
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.0
1 10 7 c 19.8 28 25 1.44 0.34 13.6 11.8
2 18 8 c 17.8 28 35 1 0.28 22.9 28.8
Single pile
2
Area = 0.13m , Perimeter = 1.26m
1.5m
Group pile
2 2
Area = 3.4 = 11.56m , Perimeter = 4 3.4 = 13.6m
z at base = 15(17.5 – 9.8) = 115.5 kPa
z at center of group = 7.5 (17.5 – 9.8) = 57.8 kPa 1.5m
At base s u = 0.25 115.5 = 28.9 kPa
28.9
For friction, take average s u = 14.5 kPa
2
fs is lower of f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 14.5 57.8 14.5kPa and
f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo
0.25
0.5 14.50.75 57.80.25 10.2 kPa
Use fs = 10.2 kPa
1.26
Q f = 3773 350kN
13.6
0.13
Q b = 35115 395 kN
11.56
Q ult = 9(350+395) = 6705 kN
Solution 13.11
I
6m sand
9m
II
III clay
3m
3m
IV Soft clay
Sand layer I
= 0.28
L 3
At center: z = 17 =25.5 kPa
2 2
Q f I =0.28 (25.5)(16.8)(3) = 360 kN
Sand Layer II
3
z = 3(17) + (17.5 – 9.8) = 62.6 kPa
2
= 0.29
Q f II = 0.29 (62.6)(16.8)(3) = 909 kN
Clay Layer III
fs = 20.3 kPa
Q f III = 20.8(16.8)(6) = 2097 kN
End Bearing: Q b = 9(30)(17.08) = 4612 kN
Total skin friction: Qf = 360+909+2097 = 3366 kN
Q ult = 3366 + 4612 = 7898 kN
TSA – single pile mode
Qa = 2934
= 1467 kN
2
Elastic Settlement (average from Layers I-III)
283
Qa = = 142 kN
2
e =
Qa
I
E so L
3(19) 3(18) 6(30) L 12
E p = 20 x 10 Pa ;
3
Es = 24.5 MN m 2 , = = 26.7
12 D 0.45
I = 0.5 + log (L/D) = 0.5 + log (26.7) = 1.9
142
es = 1.9 0.92 103 m 0.92 mm
24.5 103 12
0.5
R s = 12 =3.5
es g = 0.92(3.5) = 3 mm
Clay-Layer IV
Total settlement = 3 + 4 + 21 = 28 mm
13.12 The soil at a site consists of a 30 m thick deposit of clay. At a depth 6 m and below it is normally
consolidated. A soil sample from this depth was tested in a direct simple shear (DSS) apparatus. The
su f
DSS gave a normalized undrained shear strength of ' 0.22 where the subscript f denotes
zo DSS
failure (critical state). The average saturated unit weight is 19.8 kN/m3. Groundwater level is at the surface.
From Chapter 11, the normalized undrained shear strength is given by the equation
su f 3 sincs' OCR
0.8
' . (a) Plot the variation of undrained shear strength with depth up to
zo DSS 2 2
a depth of 30 m. (b) Estimate the allowable load capacity for a steel cylindrical pile of diameter 1.5 m,
length 15 m, wall thickness 65 mm driven with a driving shoe (displacement pile). Assume FS = 2.
Solution 13.12
(a)
su f 3 sincs' OCR
0.8
'
zo DSS 2 2
Solve for cs'
3 sincs'
0.8
1
0.22DSS
2
2
sincs 0.442; cs 26.2o
' '
Depth
(m) 'zo OCR su/'zo su
m kPa kPa
0 0 0.000 0.0
1 10 6.00 0.921 9.2
2 20 3.00 0.529 10.6
3 30 2.00 0.382 11.5
6 60 1.00 0.220 13.2
8 80 1 0.220 17.6
10.5 105 1 0.220 23.1
12 120 1 0.220 26.4
15 150 1 0.220 32.9
30 300 1 0.220 65.9
Pile
(b)
Because the undrained shear strength varies with depth, we can integrate it to find the
skin friction. In engineering practice, it is best to take average values of undrained shear
strengths from 0 m to 6 m and then from 6 m to 15 m
Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
ESA: β 1 sincs' OCR tani
0.5
f s = 'zo
i
i 1
Qb = fb Ab = N q σ'z Ab
b
TSA ESA
Soil Unit
layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su OCR fs fs
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.0
1 6 6 c 19.8 26.2 11.5 2 0.39 7.3 11.7
2 15 9 c 19.8 26.2 23.5 1 0.27 17.1 28.9
Calculate effective vertical stresses and skin friction factor (Eq. 13.42)
layer Depth fs fb
m kPa kPa
0 0 0.0 0.0
1 2 16.8 0.0
2 3 15.9 120.8
3 5 32.6 345.0
4 7 49.8 920.0
5 9 57.5 1035.0
6 10 62.2 1092.5
7 12 66.5 1437.5
8 15 73.2 2185.0
9 20 78.3 2185.0
10 28 70.3 2185.0
Calculate load capacity for single pile mode failure and for block mode failure.
GROUP FAILURE MODE
SINGLE PILE BLOCK FAILURE
DIAMETER WIDTH
0.5 10.5
Depth Qult FRICTION END BEARING Qult
m ESA ESA ESA ESA
0 Qf Qb
MN MN MN MN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.53 3.43 0.00 3.43
3 0.89 5.05 51.35 56.40
5 2.22 11.71 146.71 158.42
7 4.78 21.86 391.23 413.09
9 6.75 33.58 440.13 473.71
10 7.81 39.92 464.59 504.51
12 10.54 53.50 611.30 664.80
15 15.40 75.90 929.17 1005.07
20 21.51 115.84 929.17 1045.01
28 30.41 173.18 929.17 1102.35
1 min 1, 2
D 1.5 D
0.5
D* 0.27 0.27
0.2 2
1 min 1, 2
0.3 1.5 0.3
D*
1 0.575 0.65
0.5
0.3
D* 0.65 0.3 0.195m
D*
2
D
π D*
2
π (0.1952 )
Ab = = 0.03m2
4 4
Qb Cb qcav Ab = 0.34 4.75 0.03 = 0.049MN
Qb f s πDL = 0.075 π 0.3 10 = 0.707 MN
Qult = 0.049 + 0.707 = 0.756 MN = 756 kN
If the sleeve friction was not measured, the estimated fs at mid-depth of the pile ( h = 5 m) is calculated
as follows.
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
which is approximately 10% of the measure value.
Solution 13.15
PILE DATA
SOIL DATA
Soil type: Stiff clay
Unit weight of soil: 10.0000kN/m^3
Earth pressure coefficient: 1.00
Adhesion factor = .50
Young's modulus = .20E+05kPa
Undrained shear strength = .40E+02kPa
The displacements are computed at the point at which the load is applied.
The bending moments and rotations are computed at ground surface
load disp moment rotation max.B.M. depth to max.B.M.
kN mm kNm radians kNm m