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Xstructures Engineering Consultants Engr. John Paul Dela Rosa
Xstructures Engineering Consultants Engr. John Paul Dela Rosa
Bentley STAAD.Pro is the most popular structural engineering software product for 3D model generation, analysis
and multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly graphical user interface, visualization tools, powerful
analysis and design facilities and seamless integration to several other modeling and design software products.
The software is fully compatible with all Windows operating systems.
For static or dynamic analysis of buildings, bridges, containment structures, embedded structures (tunnels and
culverts), pipe racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or any other
simple or complex structure, STAAD.Pro has been the choice of design professionals around the world for their
specific analysis needs.
STAAD Advanced Concrete Design adds onto the power of Bentley’s STAAD.Pro analytical engine with robust
concrete design. It is the extension program of STAAD.Pro to design and detail concrete elements. Users can
design slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairs and footings with the aid of this program.
STAAD Advanced Concrete Design is able to produce complete set of project deliverables related to concrete
structure such as layout plans, schedules and tables, bar cutting list, construction drawings, design calculation
report, design metrics, estimates, material take-off and bill of quantities. This is the only concrete design program
commercially available that can produce accurate and high-quality drawings and design calculation report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SOME OF THE IMPORTANT SETTINGS, TOOLS AND COMMANDS THAT USERS SHOULD REMEMBER WHEN DOING
DESIGN WITH STAAD.PRO
1.1 UNITS, GLOBAL AXIS AND INTERFACE SETUP
1.2 GLOBAL AXIS ORIENTATION
1.3 STAAD.PRO LOCAL AXIS ORIENTATION
1.4 SPACE BAR QUICK COMMANDS
1.5 SELECT CURSOR
1.6 VIEW TOOLS
1.7 VIEW SELECTED OBJECTS ONLY
1.8 COMMAND FILE EDITOR
1.9 STAAD OUTPUT FILE
1.10 START PAGE SETUP
6.1 BEAM DESIGN IN SACD RCDC (DUCTILE DESIGN – SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME)
6.2 COLUMN DESIGN IN SACD RCDC (DUCTILE DESIGN – SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME)
6.3 SLAB DESIGN
6.4 FOOTING DESIGN
6.5 SLAB ON GRADE DESIGN
PART 7 – REFERENCES
1. SOME OF THE IMPORTANT SETTINGS, TOOLS AND COMMANDS THAT USERS SHOULD
REMEMBER WHEN USING STAAD.PRO
The setting below will be used on the whole course of this training.
1.2 STAAD.PRO GLOBAL AXIS ORIENTATION (Open STAAD model file STAADRC8.std)
The default orientation of the global coordinate system is that the Y axis points in the vertical
direction, and a plan view is represented by the XZ plane.
This coordinate system orientation may be different than that used in some CAD programs. To
address this, STAAD.Pro provides an option called Set Z Up. This option may be used in situations
where model geometry is being imported from a CAD file where the Z axis has been oriented
vertically. However, be aware that the use of the Set Z Up option will eliminate the ability to use
some other functions in the program, such as the wind load generator.
The space bar quick commands will help the user to access the most used commands throughout
the structure modeling, analysis and design. A user can customize the commands that he/she wants
to include in the space bar quick commands.
Below is the author’s preference included commands for his space bar quick commands. We will
use this on the entire training.
Different cursors are available for selecting the various types of STAAD.Pro entities. Each cursor
selects specific types of objects for editing or manipulation. Having specific cursors can be very
convenient when assigning properties where various types of entities are crowded together.
When structure geometry is created in the graphical user interface, STAAD.Pro automatically
converts your actions into a command language and stores them in a command file, a simple text
file in ASCII format.
As you become more experienced in using STAAD.Pro, you may find that it is easier to make a quick
changes to certain values or design parameters in the command file editor rather than adjusting
the model in the graphical user interface.
During the analysis process, STAAD.Pro creates an Output file. This file provides important
information on whether the analysis was performed properly.
For example, if STAAD.Pro encounters an instability problem during the analysis process, it will be
reported in the output file.
2. PROJECT OVERVIEW
3. BUILDING LOADS
The dead loads used in this project were determined by referencing various standards and
textbooks to find the corresponding values for their weights. Approximate values were assumed
when ranges were listed depending on how dense the layouts were and the author’s personal
preference as well as considering the life history and usage of the building.
3.75 kN/m2 is calculated from 150 mm slab thickness multiply by the concrete density 25 kN/m3
So, 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
- Floor loads
- Member Loads
- 8.64 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load
2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2
Height of 4” CHB = 3.6m(story height) – 0.7m (beam depth) = 2.9 m
So member load = 2.98 x 2.9 = 8.64 kN/m
- 15.79 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load
2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2
Height of 4” CHB = 6.0 m(story height) – 0.70m (beam depth) = 5.3 m
So member load = 2.98 x 5.3 = 15.79 kN/m
- 6.85 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load
2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2
Height of 4” CHB = 6.0 m(story height) – 1.4m (truss depth) = 4.6 m * ½ (to consider triangular
load)
So member load = 2.98 x 2.30 = 6.85 kN/m
The live loads used in this project were calculated in accordance with NSCP 2015 and ASCE 7-16.
Wind loads were calculated in accordance with NSCP 2015, Chapter 2. The simplified method was
used to calculate wind loads for Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) and Components and
Cladding (C&C).
In order to use the simplified procedure, all conditions of Section 207C.6.2 of the NSCP 2015 must
be satisfied:
2. The mean roof height h is less than 18 m and does not exceed the least
horizontal dimension.
3. Since the building has debris-resistant cladding which are CHB and no dominant opening in any
one wall, it can be classified as an enclosed building.
5. It is a rigid building because it meets the definition of low-rise building; as per STAAD analysis
7. It has an approximately symmetrical cross section in each direction with either a flat roof or a
gable or hip roof with roof slope < 45deg.
8. The building is exempted from torsional load cases as indicated in Note 5 of Fig. 207C.4-1.
Therefore, wind pressures for both the MWFRS and C&C can be used on the design using the
simplified method.
The project is categorized as Exposure B due to its urban setting and location in Intramuros Manila.
The basic wind speed was found to be 250 kph per Figure 207A.5-1A in NSCP 2015.
Wind pressure diagrams of were drawn of the final forces acting on the building. Wind forces for
MWFRS and C&C were calculated by hand and then applied to STAAD.Pro 2D and 3D model. These
diagrams and calculations can be found on succeeding pages of this book.
Structure Data
Roof Framing
Truss Spacing : 3.75 m and 3.0 m
Purlins Spacing : 0.8m (typical), 0.6m on Zone 2 and 3
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either
4% of least horizontal dimension or 3 ft (0.9 m).
3.3.1 Wind Load Calculation for Components and Cladding (C&Cs) for Purlin Design
Where
λ adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Fig. 207E.5-1
Kzt topographic factor as defined in Section 26.8 evaluated at 0.33 mean roof
height, 0.33h
Pnet9 net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h = 9 m, from Fig. 207E.5-1
Minimum Design Wind Pressures: the design wind pressure for C&C shall not be less than a net
pressure (including internal pressures) of 0.77 KN/m2 acting in either direction normal to the
surface
Purlins design involving Zone 1 and Zone 2 wind, use purlin spacing = 0.8 m
L = 3.0m (least purlin span or truss spacing), smaller space considered between 3.0 m and 3.75
m
W = 0.8m or not smaller than 1/3 of span, 3.0m / 3 = 1.0 m, 1.0 m governs
Purlin Design
Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.10 KN/m2 x purlin spacing = 0.10 x 0.8 = 0.08 KN/m
Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.60 KN/m2 x purlin spacing = 0.60 x 0.8 = 0.48 KN/m
Below are the primary load cases and load combinations will be used in the purlin design
Below are the available channel sections can be used in the purlin design.
We will use 8in x 3in x 2.3MM, so
See instructional video for STAAD.Pro modeling, analysis and design of purlins
3.3.2 Wind Load Calculation for Components and Cladding (C&Cs) for Truss Design
Where
λ adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Fig. 207E.5-1
Kzt topographic factor as defined in Section 26.8 evaluated at 0.33 mean roof
height, 0.33h
Pnet9 net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h = 9 m, from Fig. 207E.5-1
Minimum Design Wind Pressures: the design wind pressure for C&C shall not be less than a net
pressure (including internal pressures) of 0.77 KN/m2 acting in either direction normal to the
surface
Truss design involving Zone 1 and Zone 2 wind, use truss spacing = 3.75 m
W = 3.75 m or not smaller than 1/3 of span, 22.5 m / 3 = 7.5 m, 3.75 m governs
Truss Design
Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.20 KN/m2 x max truss spacing = 0.2 x 3.75 = 0.75 KN/m (top chord load)
Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.15 KN/m2 x max truss spacing = 0.15 x 3.75 = 0.56 KN/m (bottom chord load)
Live Load Roof live load = 0.6 kN/m2 (top chord load)
Input to STAAD.Pro = 0.60 KN/m2 x purlin spacing = 0.6 X 3.75 = 2.25 KN/m (top chord load)
Below are the primary load cases and load combinations will be used in the truss design
Below are the available angle sections can be used in the truss design.
We will use L100x100x8mm and L100x100x6mm, so
2L 100 x 100 x 8 mm (double angle) (A36 steel), fy = 248 N/mm2 , for bottom cord and top chord
L 100 x 100 x 6 mm (single angle) (A36 steel), fy = 248 N/mm2 , for web and girts (intermediate trusses)
See instructional video for STAAD modeling, analysis and design of truss
(Open STAAD model file 3-Truss.std)
3.3.3 Wind Load Calculation for Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) for building frame
analysis and design
In this section we will calculate the structure wind shears. These building shears will be then
compared to seismic shears to determine if these are needed to be included in the global analysis.
Where
λ adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Fig. 207C.6-1
Kzt topographic factor as defined in Section 207A.8 evaluated at mean roof height, h
ps30 simplified design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h = 30 ft (9.1 m) from Fig. 207C.6-1
The load effects of the design wind pressures from Section 207C.6.3 shall not be less than a minimum
load defined by assuming the pressures, ps, for zones A and C equal to +766 N/m2, Zones B and D
equal to +383 N/m2, while assuming ps for Zones E, F, G, and H are equal to 0 N/m2.
a = 2.25 m
2a = 4.5 m
The load effects of the design wind pressures from Section 207C.6.3 shall not be less than a minimum
load defined by assuming the pressures, ps, for zones A and C equal to +766 N/m2, Zones B and D
equal to +383 N/m2, while assuming ps for Zones E, F, G, and H are equal to 0 N/m2.
Seismic parameters
Z = 0.4
I = 1.0
Rx = 8.5 (Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame)
Rz = 8.5 (Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame)
Ct = 0.0731
Soil = D (D is assumed as soil report is not available)
Na = 1.0
Nv = 1.2
In this section we will compare the structure’s wind shear to seismic shear results from our hand
calculations and STAAD.Pro analysis.
Considering Z-direction, analysis and calculation shows that MWFRS wind story force on Roof Beam
is higher than the corresponding seismic load on that same level. In this case, wind forces on z-
direction need to be considered in the global analysis. MWFRS wind forces on x-direction can be
ignored and no need to include in the global analysis.
The seismic loads were calculated in accordance with section 1630.2 Static Force Procedure of
UBC 1997 and 208.5.2 of NSCP 2015.
A user is able to define multiple load envelopes each consisting of groups of predefined load cases.
These envelopes can latter be used for post-processing. For example post analysis results may be viewed
for a selected load envelope. As far as the STAAD engine is concerned, ENVELOP command will
translate in to a LOAD LIST command.
STAAD files:
Geometry
Supports
Utilization Ratio, max utility ratio = 0.994 < 1.0, hence SAFE
STAAD files:
Geometry
Supports
Member Specifications
0.99 partial moment release for web members
Sometimes TRUSS member specifications or full 100% moment release cause instabilities. A rather simple
way of solving this problem is to use PARTIAL RELEASES.
In reality, connections always have some amount of force and moment capacity. Use PARTIAL RELEASES
to enable the connection to retain at least a very small amount of capacity. This is a mechanism by which
you can declare that, at the start node or end node of a member, you are willing to allow the member to
have a small amount of stiffness for that degree of freedom rather than fully eliminating the stiffness there.
It implies that the bending and torsional stiffness are 99% less than they would be for a fully moment-resistant
connection. Thus, the 1% available stiffness might be adequate to allow the load to pass through the node
from one member to the other.
Utilization Ratio, max utility ratio = 0.913 < 1.0, hence SAFE
PART 5 –
STRUCTURE MODELING, ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN USING STAAD.PRO
5.1.4 Select Node 1 and use Translational Repeat to create your first element
5.1.5 Select Node 1 and use Translational Repeat to create your first element
5.1.6 Select all the members and use Translational Repeat to create your entire ground floor
Your structure should look like this after deleting and merging some elements
5.1.8 Select all elements on level +1.50 and use Translational Repeat command to create part of the
second floor
5.1.9 You may now start completing your second floor framing
Copy and Paste beams command will help the user to complete the entire second floor
5.1.10 Copy the whole second floor for the structures to get the third floor
5.1.11 Select the top nodes of the perimeter columns and do Translational Repeat command to form the
perimeter columns of the third floor.
5.1.12 Connect all the third floor columns. These will serve as the roof beams.
These are the sections need to be defined and apply to elements accordingly
Columns Beams
700 x 500 mm 700 x 400 mm
700 x 700 mm 500 x 300 mm
This command is used to create rigid floor diaphragms without the need to specify a master joint at each.
When specified, this command directs the engine to perform the following:
1) calculate the center of mass for each rigid diaphragm (where master joint is to be located)
considering the mass model of the structure. The mass must be modeled using mass reference
load.
2) create, internally, an analytical node at the center of mass location to be included during
analysis (unless a master node is specified) if an existing analytical node exists at this point, then
the existing joint is used in lieu of creating a new joint.
Rigid diaphragms levels are only level +5.10 M (second floor) and +8.70 M (third floor)
5.3.2 Section cracked factors as per ACI 318-14 and NSCP 2015
In this section we will use some of the STAAD.Pro model management functions such as groupings, node
numbering, member numbering and views saving. This will help the user to organize his/her STAAD.Pro model.
We will now apply loads to the structure. For better load arrangement we will utilize the Reference Load
function of the program.
Large models can include multiple load cases which do not require analysis in their own right and are simply
the building blocks for inclusion in primary load cases. Thus Reference Loads may be defined for this
purpose. This converts a real load case to something similar to a load case definition. A reference load
case is solved only when it is later called in a load case. The benefit is that it enables you to define as many
load cases as you wish, but instruct the program to actually solve only a limited number of "real" load cases,
thus limiting the amount of results to be examined.
3.75 kN/m2 is calculated from 150 mm slab thickness multiply by the concrete density 25 kN/m3
So, 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
- Floor loads
- Member Loads
- 8.64 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load
2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2
Height of 4” CHB = 3.6m(story height) – 0.7m (beam depth) = 2.9 m
So member load = 2.98 x 2.9 = 8.64 kN/m
- 15.79 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load
2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2
Height of 4” CHB = 6.0 m(story height) – 0.70m (beam depth) = 5.3 m
So member load = 2.98 x 5.3 = 15.79 kN/m
- 6.85 kN/m member load, this came from 4” (100mm) CHB load
2.5 + 0.24*2 (plastered both sides) = 2.98 kN/m2
7Height of 4” CHB = 6.0 m(story height) – 1.4m (truss depth) = 4.6 m * ½ (to consider triangular
load)
So member load = 2.98 x 2.30 = 6.85 kN/m
For point loads (truss loads), see truss support reactions below
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Z = 0.4
I = 1.0
Rx = 8.5
Rz = 8.5
STYP =4
Na = 1.0
Nv = 1.2
Ct = 0.0731 (for concrete frame)
= 0.0853 (if steel frame)
The Reference Load DL1 and DL2 will be used as seismic weight
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The -negative signs of the reference load would not harm as long as all of the items are consistent in terms
of sign (which seem to be the case in the training model). So loads R1 and R2 would be used to calculate
the seismic weight. This can be confirmed once we finished the analysis.
Also just to ensure that the user is aware, for calculating the mass for the rigid diaphragm, the software
would consider DL1 and DL2 loading types (in absence of a Mass type or a Gravity type reference loads).
So loads in R1 and R2 would be considered for the rigid diaphragm center of mass calculations.
We will create 7 Primary Load Cases on this project with the below definition
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On additional note in performing seismic analysis in STAAD.Pro, user has to add the below additional
commands in order the program to report seismic story shears
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This should be the complete 7 Primary Load Cases with the load items
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It is recommended to do a preliminary analysis before creating any load combinations. This will let the user
to check the model for any errors that may occur. This is also the right phase on the design to fix any
preliminary errors on the computer model.
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In Post Processing go to Reactions page > Static Check Results, to check if the variance of loads applied
and corresponding reactions are equal to zero. Zero difference indicates that loads were fully transferred.
In this same page, a user can also verify if the total dead load match with the seismic weight.
L/C 3 and L/C 4 are DL1 and DL2, summing them would be 17917.929 + 9263.581 = 27,181.51 kN
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Reviewing the output file, seismic weight shows the same value with the total dead load.
This indicates that the model and the analysis is fine.
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In this section we will compare the structure’s wind shear to seismic shear results from our hand
calculations and STAAD.Pro analysis. We are doing this to determine if wind load MWFRS should be
consider in the design.
Considering X and Z directions, analysis and calculation show that seismic story shears are
significantly higher than wind story shears, hence wind load MWFRS need not to consider in the
global analysis and to the member design.
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STAAD.Pro provides a variety of options for combining loads. A user can create Load Combinations
manually, or generate Load Combinations using the pre-defined code-based combinations provided
within the program or using the Auto Load Rules.
To speed-up the process of creating load combinations, a user may simply copy the load combinations
from the notepad file
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Copy all the text from the provided word file and paste it the command file editor line 253
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Creating Load Envelopes is a fast and convenient way to select a particular set of loads to work with in the
Post Processing mode.
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Drift is a serviceability issue and should be limited as much as possible while staying within reason. The
allowable seismic story drift Is calculated using UBC 1997 section 1630.9 and NSCP 2015 section 208.6.4.
Drift is calculated by STAAD.Pro at the center of mass of the floor since floor diaphragm is present.
5.10.1 Add one more Perform Analysis command for seismic drift check with the Load List or Load
Envelop. CHANGE command should be added after the Perform Analysis command.
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PART 6 –
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
USING SACD RCDC
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6.1 BEAM DESIGN IN SACD RCDC (DUCTILE DESIGN – SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME)
Make sure you run the analysis and close the model after. SACD RCDC is not able to import model which is
not analyzed yet in STAAD.Pro not currently open.
6.1.2 Select level +8.7m (3rd Floor) and then click Create New Project
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6.1.3 Set basic load cases load type and click OK.
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6.1.4 Click Add from Analysis to import load combinations from STAAD.Pro. Tick only load analysis 101 to 126
and click OK.
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6.1.8 Produce beam elevation and section of G11 (beam group 11)
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6.1.9 Produce bar cutting list for G11 (beam group 11)
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6.2 COLUMN DESIGN IN SACD RCDC (DUCTILE DESIGN – SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME)
6.2.1 Click New and import STAAD file STAADRC8.std. Then click Create New Project.
6.2.2 Set basic load cases load type and click OK.
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6.2.3 Click Add from Analysis to import load combinations from STAAD.Pro. Tick only load analysis 101 to 126 and
click OK.
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- Design calculation
- Bar cutting list
- Bill of quantities
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6.3.1 Click New and import STAAD file STAADRC8.std. Then click Create New Project.
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- Design calculation
- Bar cutting list
- Bill of quantities
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6.4.1 Click New and import STAAD file STAADRC8.std. Then click Create New Project.
6.4.2 Set basic load cases load type and click OK.
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6.4.3 Click Add from Analysis to import load combinations from STAAD.Pro. Tick only load analysis no. 401 to 411
for design and load analysis no. 301 to 313 for sizing and click OK.
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6.4.6 Group the footing design. Narrow down the footing group into six(6) groups
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Design calculation
Bar cutting list
Bill of quantities
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PART 7 – REFERENCES
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PART 9 – REFERENCES
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