Civil

CHAPTER 2 Engineering
and
Society &
Other
Professions
 CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Today’s civil engineering is linked to advances in
understanding of physics, mathematics, and the social and
political forces of its time.
Foundational — mathematics, natural sciences, humanities,
and social sciences.
Technical — materials science, mechanics, experiments,
problem recognition and solving, design, sustainability,
contemporary issues/historical perspectives, risk and
uncertainties, project management, breadth in civil
engineering areas, and technical specialization.
Professional — communication, public policy, business and
public administration, globalization, leadership, teamwork ,
attitudes, lifelong learning, and professional and ethical
responsibility
 CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) in
the United States administers the civil engineering professional engineer (Civil PE)
exam. After passing the EIT (Engineer in Training) exam, the prospective engineer is
tested with a:
Breadth Exam (A .M. Session): Depth Exam (P.M. Session):
- This exam contains  These exams focus more
questions from all six closely on a single area
areas of civil engineering: of practice in civil
Construction, engineering. Examinees
must choose one of the
Geotechnical, following areas:
Structural, Construction,
Transportation, Geotechnical, Structural,
Water Resources, and Transportation, Water
Resources, and
Environmental Environmental.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
There are some international engineering agreements
between relevant professional bodies that are designed to allow
engineers to practice across international borders:
 Civil Engineering Associations
 American Society of Civil Engineers
 Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
 Chi Epsilon, Civil Engineering honor society
 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
 Engineers Australia
 Institution of Civil Engineers (UK)
 Institute of Structural Engineers (UK)
 Institute of Transportation Engineers Royal Academy of
Engineering (UK)
 Transportation Research Board
 The Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
 CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
In the Philippines, the licensure examination for Civil Engineers
were administered by the Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC).

The licensure exam usually take place twice every year, usually
during the month of May and November.

The current format of the examination is usually taken for two

consecutive days and the examiners need to answer three major
subjects that they took up during their undergraduate studies.

The three subjects were actually a combination of the dif ferent

fields of Civil Engineering.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION

Allotted No. of Percent

Subjects Schedule
Time Items %
Mathematics, Surveying Day 1: 75
and Transportation 5 hr s items 35 %
Engineering 8AM – 1PM

Hydraulics and Day 1: 50

4 hr s 30 %
Geotechnical Engineering 2PM – 6PM items

Structural Engineering Day 2: 75

5 hr s 35 %
and Construction 8AM – 1PM items

Examiners should
Examiners should notget
get an average
a score lower
than
of 50%rating
70% per subject even if their
and above. TOTAL : 100%
average rating is higher than 70%
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS
There is no one typical career path for civil engineer s. Most
engineering graduates star t with entr y -level positions, and as they
prove their competence, they gain more and more significant tasks.

Areas of civil engineering specialization have changed over

time due to society’s needs and the complexities of projects and
technologies. Currently, the ASCE incorporates the following
Institutes:

 Architectural Engineering  Environmental and Water

(AEI) Resources (EWRI)
 Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and  Geo (G-I)
Rivers (COPRI)  Structural Engineering (SEI)
 Construction (CI)  Transportation & Development
 Engineering Mechanics (EMI) (T&DI)
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

General Civil
 Focuses on the overall interface of projects with their
environments.
 Applies the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural
engineering, environmental engineering, transportation
engineering, and construction engineering to residential,
commercial, industrial, and public works projects of all sizes
and levels of construction.
 Works closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers.
 Designs grading plans, drainage, pavement, water supply,
sewer service, electric and communications supply, and land
divisions.
 Visits project sites, develops community consensus, and
prepares construction plans and specifications
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS
Coastal
 Helps manage coastal areas
 Defends against flooding and erosion
 Designs ports
 Also works to reclaim land
Construction
 Plans and executes the designs from transportation, site
development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and
geotechnical engineers
 Writes and/or reviews contracts
 Evaluates logistical operations.
 Controls prices of necessary materials, operations, and
equipment
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Environmental
 Deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or
thermal waste, purification of water and air, and the
remediation of contaminated sites
 Works with pollution reduction, green engineering, and
industrial ecology
 Reports information on the environmental consequences of
proposed actions and the assessment of ef fects of proposed
actions for the purpose of assisting society and policy-makers
in the decision-making process, i.e., writes environmental
impact reports (EIRs)
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Geotechnical
 Deals with complex nature of rock and soil, subsurface
investigation and testing, foundations and earth structures
(dams, levees, engineered fills, etc.)
 Depends on knowledge from the fields of geology, material
science and testing, mechanics, and hydraulics to design
foundations, retaining structures, land fills and similar
structures
 Can specialize further to use biology and chemistry to devise
ways of disposing of hazardous materials and groundwater
contamination (called geo-environmental engineering)
 Contrasts with the relatively well-defined material properties
of steel and concrete used in other areas of civil engineering
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Land Surveying
 Establishes the boundaries of a parcel of land using its legal
description and subdivision plans.
 Lays out the routes of railways, tramway tracks, highways,
roads, pipelines, and streets as well as positions other
infrastructures, such as harbors, before construction.
 Employs surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites,
for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal,
vertical, and slope distances.
 Makes use of electronic distance measurement (EDM), total
stations, global position system (GPS) surveying, and laser
scanning with computerization, have supplemented (and to a
large extent supplanted) the traditional optical instruments.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Municipal or Urban Engineer

 Involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining
municipal infrastructure, such as streets, sidewalks, water
supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste
management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk
materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand,
etc.), public parks, and bicycle paths.
 Includes the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of
the local distribution networks of electrical and
telecommunications services.
 Focuses on the coordination of infrastructure networks and
services, as they are often built and managed by the same
municipal authority.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Structural
 Analyses and designs the structures of buildings, bridges,
towers, overpasses, tunnels, of fshore structures like oil and
gas fields in the sea, and other structures
 Identifies the loads which act upon a structure and the forces
and stresses that arise within that structure due to those
loads
 Considers strength, stif fness, and stability of the structure
when it is subjected to its own self weight, other dead loads,
live loads, including furniture, wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle
loads, or transitory, such as temporary construction loads
 Also takes into account aesthetics, cost, constructability,
safety, and sustainability wind engineering and earthquake
engineering
 Can specialize further (wind and earthquake engineering).
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Transportation
 Deals with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in
a manner conducive to a vital community.
 Plans this movement using queuing theory, Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS), and infrastructure management.
 Designs, constructs, and maintains transportation
infrastructure, including streets, canals, highways, rail
systems, airports, ports, and mass transit.
 Investigates and specifies paving materials.
 Involves transportation design, transportation planning, traffic
engineering, some aspects of municipal/urban engineering.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREERS

Water Resources
 Combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology,
geology, conservation, and resource management in the
collection and management of water as a natural resource.
 Relates to the prediction and management of both the quality
and the quantity of water in underground resources (aquifers)
and above ground resources (lakes, rivers, and streams).
 Analyzes and models very small to very large areas to predict
the amount and content of water as it flows into, through or
out of a facility such as pipelines, water distribution systems,
drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, channels,
culverts, levees, storm sewers), and canals.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A
PROFESSION
The Five Characteristics of a Profession and
their Attributes:

Systematic body of theory

Authority
Community sanction
Ethical codes
A culture
 CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A
PROFESSION
SYSTEMATIC BODY OF THEORY
Skills flow from an internally consistent
system.
Spirit of rationality; expansion of theory.
AUTHORITY
Extensive education in systematic theory
highlights the layperson’s comparative
ignorance.
Functional specificity
 CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A
PROFESSION
COMMUNIT Y SANCTION
 State-sponsored boards.
 License or registration.
ETHICAL CODES
 Ethical
professional
 Client-professional
impulse to perform maximally
 Colleague to colleague
 Cooperative
egalitarian
supportive
 CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A
PROFESSION
A CULTURE
 Social values
 Services valuable to the community
 Various modes of ‘‘appropriate’’ behavior
sounding like a professional
saying ‘‘no’’ gracefully
making presentations and conducting meetings
 Symbols
argot, jargon
insignia, emblems
history and folklore
 CIVIL ENGINEERING PROCESSES

No matter what kind of civil engineering

project is involved, all civil engineering projects
go through four main phases:

Planning
Design
Construction
Maintenance
ATTRIBUTES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER
In order to carry out the engineering work outlined
above, a civil engineer is likely to possess certain attributes, in
addition to the abilities and skills acquired through the
educational process of a Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering (BSCE) degree program. These attributes are:

1) Analytical and Organized

2) Bold in Conception and Careful in Details
3) Creative but Conservative
4) Dependable and Trustworthy
5) Ethical and Honest
6) Forthright but Personable
7) Passionate About Work
 RELATED DISCIPLINES
Some of the disciplines that interact or overlap
with civil engineering are described here:

 Applied Mechanics
 Architectural Engineering
 Agricultural Engineering
 Aerospace Engineering
 Biomedical Engineering
 Naval Architecture