Group Vii The Halogens: A Guide For GCSE Students

GROUP VII
The Halogens
A guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2010
SPECIFICATIONS
GROUP VII
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students
understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements
of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and
it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white
board.
Additional Powerpoints, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics,
are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and

created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their
use in any commercial work.
GROUP VII
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Group trends
• Group similarities
• Reaction with metals
• Displacement reactions
• Summary
• Quick quiz
INTRODUCTION
THE HALOGENS OCCUR IN GROUP VII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
0
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cl
Br
I
At
INTRODUCTION
THE HALOGENS OCCUR IN GROUP VII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
0
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cl
Br
I
At
THEY ARE NON-METALS AND HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST ONE ELECTRON SHORT OF THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS
GROUP PROPERTIES
GENERAL • non-metals
• exist as separate diatomic molecules… eg Cl2
• have seven electrons in their outer shells
• form negative ions with a 1- charge
• reaction with metals and halides
GROUP PROPERTIES
GENERAL • non-metals
• exist as separate diatomic molecules… eg Cl2
• have seven electrons in their outer shells
• form negative ions with a 1- charge
• reaction with metals and halides
TRENDS • appearance
• boiling point
• electronic configuration
• atomic size
• ionic size
• reactivity
GROUP TRENDS
GROUP TRENDS
APPEARANCE
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Colour Yellow Green Red/brown Grey
State (at RTP) GAS GAS LIQUID SOLID
Vapour colour Yellow Green Red/brown Purple
GROUP TRENDS
APPEARANCE
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Colour Yellow Green Red/brown Grey
State (at RTP) GAS GAS LIQUID SOLID
Vapour colour Yellow Green Red/brown Purple
BOILING POINT
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Boiling point / °C - 188 - 34 58 183
INCREASES down Group because more energy is required to separate

the larger molecules.
GROUP TRENDS
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
• electrons go into shells further from the nucleus

GROUP TRENDS
ATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS
F Cl Br I
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128
NOT TO SCALE
GROUP TRENDS
ATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS
F Cl Br I
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128
F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯
Ionic radius / nm 0.136 0.181 0.195 0.216
ATOMIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group
IONIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group
• the greater the atomic number the more electrons there are
these go into shells increasingly further from the nucleus
• ions are larger than atoms - the added electron repels the
others so radius gets larger
GROUP SIMILARITIES
GROUP SIMILARITIES
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
• all the atoms have seven electrons in their outer shell
• ions are larger than atoms - the added electron repels the
others so radius gets larger
GROUP SIMILARITIES
MOLECULAR FORMULA
F Cl Br I
Molecular formula F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Bonding Covalent Covalent Covalent Covalent
• all exist as diatomic molecules
NOT TO SCALE
GROUP SIMILARITIES
ION FORMATION
F Cl Br I
Ion F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯
Configuration 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8
• all gain one electron to form a negative ion of charge 1-
• ions are larger than atoms
• the smaller the atom the easier it forms an ion

GROUP SIMILARITIES
ION FORMATION
F Cl Br I
Ion F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯
Configuration 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8
• all gain one electron to form a negative ion of charge 1-
• ions are larger than atoms
• the smaller the atom the easier it forms an ion
REACTIVITY
F Cl Br I
Reactivity Increasingly reactive
• reactivity decreases down the Group / increases up the Group

REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
1. WITH METALS
2. WITH HALIDES
REACTION OF HALOGENS WITH METALS
HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

THE EASE OF REACTION DECREASES DOWN THE GROUP F > Cl > Br > I
THIS IS BECAUSE ‘THE LARGER THE HALOGEN ATOM, THE LESS

EASILY IT ATTRACTS THE ELECTRON IT NEEDS
TO FILL ITS OUTER SHELL’
THIS IS BECAUSE ‘THE LARGER THE HALOGEN ATOM, THE LESS

EASILY IT ATTRACTS THE ELECTRON IT NEEDS
TO FILL ITS OUTER SHELL’
THE HALIDES OF GROUP I ARE… WHITE IONIC SOLIDS

VERY SOLUBLE IN WATER
SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl) IS A TYPICAL GROUP I HALIDE

REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS
REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS - Equations
SODIUM + CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

Na + Cl2 NaCl
SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

Na + Cl2 NaCl
The equation doesn’t balance - multiply the formulae until it does

Na + Cl2 NaCl
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Balanced equation

SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMATION
Na Cl
SODIUM ATOM CHLORINE ATOM

2,8,1 2,8,7
11 protons; 11 electrons 17 protons; 17 electrons

Na+ Cl
SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

2,8 2,8,8
11 protons; 10 electrons 17 protons; 18 electrons
both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they

have the electronic configuration of a noble gas
Na+ Cl
SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

2,8 2,8,8
Na Na+ + e¯
2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED
Cl + e¯ Cl¯
2,8,7 2,8,8
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED
THIS DECREASE IN REACTIVITY DOWN THE GROUP CAN BE

DEMONSTRATED USING DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS...
A DISPLACEMENT REACTION IS WHERE ONE SPECIES TAKES THE PLACE

OF ANOTHER IN A COMPOUND.
CHLORINE BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM

WATER WATER CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE
Pale green Orange SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless Colourless
A SOLUTION OF THE HALOGEN IS ADDED TO A SOLUTION OF A HALIDE
HALIDES ARE SALTS FORMED BETWEEN ELEMENTS AND HALOGENS

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER BROMIDE IODIDE
Orange SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless
Experiment 1
CHLORINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

WATER CHLORIDE
Pale green SOLUTION
REACTION
Colourless

WATER CHLORIDE IODIDE
Experiment 2
CHLORINE SODIUM BROMINE

WATER BROMIDE
Pale green SOLUTION
produced
Colourless

WATER CHLORIDE BROMIDE
Experiment 3
CHLORINE SODIUM IODINE

WATER IODIDE
Pale green SOLUTION
produced
Colourless
CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER BROMIDE IODIDE
Pale green SOLUTION SOLUTION
Experiment 4
BROMINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

WATER CHLORIDE
Orange SOLUTION
REACTION
Colourless

WATER CHLORIDE IODIDE
Experiment 5
BROMINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

WATER BROMIDE
Orange SOLUTION
REACTION
Colourless

WATER CHLORIDE BROMIDE
Experiment 6
BROMINE SODIUM IODINE

WATER IODIDE
Orange SOLUTION
produced
Colourless
SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS
SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM BROMIDE SODIUM IODIDE

1 2 3
Solution stays Solution goes from Solution goes from
CHLORINE colourless colourless to orange- colourless to orange-
yellow red
NO REACTION BROMINE FORMED IODINE FORMED
4 5 6
Solution goes from Solution goes from Solution goes from
BROMINE colourless to orange- colourless to orange- colourless to red
yellow yellow IODINE FORMED
NO REACTION NO REACTION
The colour change in Experiments 4 and 5 is

due to dilution – there is no reaction
EQUATIONS
CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE
CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE
BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE

EQUATIONS
CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE
CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE
BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM BROMIDE

EQUATIONS
Cl2(aq) + NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + NaCl(aq)
The equation doesn’t balance - multiply the formulae until it does

EQUATIONS
Cl2(aq) + NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + NaCl(aq)

Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
EQUATIONS
Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
IONIC EQUATION
Cl2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq) —> Br2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

EQUATIONS
Cl2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
IONIC EQUATION
Cl2(aq) + 2I¯(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

EQUATIONS
Br2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq)
IONIC EQUATION
Br2(aq) + 2I¯(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq)

SUMMARY
THIS SHOWS THAT A MORE REACTIVE HALOGEN WILL DISPLACE

A LESS REACTIVE ONE FROM AN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION OF ITS SALT
EQUATIONS
THIS SHOWS THAT A MORE REACTIVE HALOGEN WILL DISPLACE

A LESS REACTIVE ONE FROM AN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION OF ITS SALT
HOWEVER, THIS REACTION DOES NOT TAKE PLACE
BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE
(Bromine is below chlorine in the Group so is less reactive)

EXPLANATION
17+ 35+
CHLORINE ATOM
17 PROTONS BROMIDE ION
17 ELECTRONS 35 PROTONS
2,8,7 36 ELECTRONS
2,8,18,8
THE CHLORINE
PRESS
ATOMTHE
PULLS
SPACE
AN ELECTRON
BAR TO SEEOUT
WHAT
OF HAPPENS
THE OUTER SHELL OF
THE BROMIDE ION – THE CHLORINE ATOM BECOMES A CHLORIDE ION AND
THE BROMIDE ION BECOMES A BROMINE ATOM.
EXPLANATION
CHLORINE ATOM BROMIDE ION

17 PROTONS 35 PROTONS CHLORIDE ION BROMINE ATOM
17 ELECTRONS 36 ELECTRONS 17 PROTONS 35 PROTONS
18 ELECTRONS 35 ELECTRONS
BECAUSE BROMINE ATOMS ARE LARGER THAN CHLORINE ATOMS, IT IS

EASIER TO PULL ONE OF THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS OUT.
CHLORINE NOW HAS THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF

A NOBLE GAS.
GROUP VII - SUMMARY
FLUORINE CHLORINE BROMINE IODINE
SYMBOL F Cl Br I
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
APPEARANCE PALE YELLOW PALE GREEN RED-BROWN GREY-BLACK
STATE (room temp) GAS GAS LIQUID SOLID
COLOUR OF VAPOUR PALE YELLOW GREEN RED-BROWN PURPLE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
BOILING POINT INCREASES
ION F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯

(electronic config) 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8
REACTION WITH
SODIUM LESS REACTIVE
PRODUCT OF REACTION SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM IODIDE
WITH SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) CHLORIDE (NaCl) BROMIDE (NaBr) (NaI)
QUICK QUIZ
1. ELEMENTS IN GROUP 7 ARE KNOWN AS THE ………

2. WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS
3. HOW DOES THE ATOMIC NUMBER CHANGE DOWN THE GROUP?
4. HOW DOES THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHANGE?
5. HOW DOES THE ATOMIC SIZE (RADIUS) CHANGE?
6. HOW MANY ELECTRONS DO THEY HAVE IN THE OUTER LEVEL?
7. ARE THEY METALS OR NON-METALS?
8. WHAT HAPPENS TO THEIR COLOUR DOWN THE GROUP?
9. DO THEY GO AROUND IN PAIRS OR AS MONATOMIC GASES?
10. WHAT HAPPENS TO THEIR STATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?
11. WHAT TYPE OF COMPOUNDS DO THEY FORM WITH METALS?
12. HOW CAN EXPLAIN THEIR RELATIVE REACTIVITY IN TERMS OF THE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE?
QUICK QUIZ - ANSWERS
1. HALOGENS.
2. FLUORINE, CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE, ASTATINE.
3. ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASES DOWN THE GROUP.
4. GET MORE SHELLS DOWN THE GROUP.
5. ATOMIC SIZE INCREASES DOWN THE GROUP.
6. THEY ALL HAVE SEVEN ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER LEVEL.
7. THEY ARE NON-METALS.
8. COLOUR DARKENS DOWN THE GROUP.
9. ATOMS GO AROUND IN PAIRS OR AS DIATOMIC GASES.
10. GO FROM GAS TO SOLID DOWN THE GROUP.
11. THEY FORM IONIC COMPOUNDS WITH METALS.
12. THE LARGER THEY ARE THE LESS EASILY ELECTRONS ARE GAINED AND
THE LESS REACTIVE THEY BECOME.
GROUP VII
The Halogens
THE END
© 2011 KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING & JONATHAN HOPTON

Group Vii The Halogens: A Guide For GCSE Students

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GROUP VII

A guide for GCSE students

All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and

THE HALOGENS OCCUR IN GROUP VII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

THE HALOGENS OCCUR IN GROUP VII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

THEY ARE NON-METALS AND HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

INCREASES down Group because more energy is required to separate

• electrons go into shells further from the nucleus

ATOMIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group

IONIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group

• all the atoms have seven electrons in their outer shell

• all exist as diatomic molecules

• all gain one electron to form a negative ion of charge 1-

• ions are larger than atoms

• the smaller the atom the easier it forms an ion

• all gain one electron to form a negative ion of charge 1-

• ions are larger than atoms

• the smaller the atom the easier it forms an ion

• reactivity decreases down the Group / increases up the Group

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

THIS IS BECAUSE ‘THE LARGER THE HALOGEN ATOM, THE LESS

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

THIS IS BECAUSE ‘THE LARGER THE HALOGEN ATOM, THE LESS

THE HALIDES OF GROUP I ARE… WHITE IONIC SOLIDS

SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl) IS A TYPICAL GROUP I HALIDE

SODIUM + CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

The equation doesn’t balance - multiply the formulae until it does

SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Balanced equation

SODIUM ATOM CHLORINE ATOM

11 protons; 11 electrons 17 protons; 17 electrons

SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

11 protons; 10 electrons 17 protons; 18 electrons

both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they

SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS DECREASE IN REACTIVITY DOWN THE GROUP CAN BE

A DISPLACEMENT REACTION IS WHERE ONE SPECIES TAKES THE PLACE

CHLORINE BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM

A SOLUTION OF THE HALOGEN IS ADDED TO A SOLUTION OF A HALIDE

HALIDES ARE SALTS FORMED BETWEEN ELEMENTS AND HALOGENS

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

CHLORINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

CHLORINE SODIUM BROMINE

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

CHLORINE SODIUM IODINE

CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

BROMINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

BROMINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

BROMINE SODIUM IODINE

SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM BROMIDE SODIUM IODIDE

The colour change in Experiments 4 and 5 is

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE