Learning Unit 5

THE PERIODIC TABLE

5.1
Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
Learning Outcome
• Classify elements in the Periodic Table
• Identify and explain the trend for the periodic atomic properties
• Atomic & ionic radius
• First ionisation energy
• Electron affinity
• Electronegativity
• Electrical conductivity
• Structure & chemical bonding
• Melting & Boiling point

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.1 Classification of elements
• What is THE PERIODIC TABLE?
• An organisational system of elements
• Elements can be classified in rows or columns
• There are also other classifications that can be obtain
from the periodic table

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.1 Classification of elements
• Elements are arranged from left
to right in a row.
• Each row is called PERIOD.
• Elements in the same period will
have the same number of shell or
orbitals.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.1 Classification of elements
• Elements are arranged from top
to bottom in a column.
• Each column is called GROUP.
• Elements in the same group will
have the same number of
electrons in the outer shell
(valence electron).

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.1 Classification of elements
• Elements can also be classified into different groups
based on their common names and metallic character.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
• Periodic atomic properties such as atomic radius,
ionisation energy, electron affinity and
electronegativity depends on interaction between
nucleus and electron.
• Attraction of an electron towards the nucleus
depends on
• Charge of the nucleus
• Charge of the electron
• Distance between electron and nucleus

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
• As atomic number increase, the nuclear charge also
increase.
• The larger the nuclear charge, the stronger the
attraction between the electron with the nucleus.
• For hydrogen atom, 1 electron experience the full
effect of nuclear charge.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
• For atom with many electrons, each
electron will not experience the full
effect of the nuclear charge. Hydrogen
• These electrons experience the
attraction from the nucleus and the
repulsion from other electrons.
• The presence of many electrons
Lithium
decrease the effective nuclear charge.
• This is considered as SHIELDING
EFFECT.
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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
• As number of electron increase, the shielding effect
also increase.
• Across a period, effective nuclear charge is affected
by the nuclear charge and shielding effect.
• Down a group, effective nuclear charge is affected
by the nuclear charge, the shielding effect and
distance between the nucleus and the electrons.

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 5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties

Lithium

Neon

Sodium

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
i. Atomic radius & ionic radius
• Across a period
• Atomic number increase, nuclear charge increase
• New electron added into the same shell
• Shielding effect slightly increase
• Effective nuclear charge increase
• Atomic radius will decrease across a period
• Down a group
• Atomic number increase, nuclear charge increase
• New electron added into a new shell
• Shielding effect increase drastically
• Effective nuclear charge decrease
• Atomic radius will increase down a group

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
i. Atomic radius & ionic radius Lithium Lithium
ion
• Positive ions will have a smaller ionic radius than the
original atom.
• Electron(s) is/are being removed from the valence
shell to form a stable positive ion.
• Nuclear charge remains the same, but the shielding
effect and number of shell decrease.

Fluorine Fluorine
• Negative ion will have a larger ionic radius than the
ion
original atom.
• Electron(s) is/are being added into the same shell to
form a stable negative ion
• Nuclear charge remains the same, but the shielding
effect will only increase slightly.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
ii. First ionisation energy
• Energy required to remove one valence electron from an atomic
species.
M(g) → M+(g) + e−
• The closer the electron to the nucleus, the harder to remove it,
the larger the first ionisation energy will be.
• Across a period
• Atomic radius becomes smaller, valence shell is closer to the
nucleus
• First ionisation energy increase across a period
• Down a group
• Atomic radius becomes larger, valence shell is further away to the
nucleus
• First ionisation energy decrease down a group
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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
ii. First ionisation energy
• There are some exceptions to the general trend.
For example, between Be and B in Period 2.

Be - 1s2 2s2 B - 1s2 2s2 2p1

• Electron being removed from a fully-filled orbital or

half-filled orbital will have EXTRA STABILITY. More
energy required.
• This exceptions can also be observed
• Between N and O in Period 2
• Between Mg and Al in Period 3
• Between P and S in Period 3

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
ii. First ionisation energy
• If given the 1st, 2nd, 3rd until nth ionisation energies for an atom,
we can deduce the group of the atom.
• As more electrons from an atom are being removed, the energy
required will increase
• When the electrons remove shift from one shell to a closer one, a
drastic change will be observed.
Energy increases as the ionised electron are closer to the nucleus
Drastic increase indicate
1 2 3 4 5
that the 4th electron is from
IE/ kJ mol-1 800 2426 3659 25020 32820 an inner shell.

Subshell 2p 2s 2s 1s 1s We can deduce that there

are 3 valence electrons, thus
Increase as electron Drastically increase as this element is from Group 3.
removed from different electron removed from
subshell differentPersonal
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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
QUESTION
1. The first seven ionisation energies of an element in
Period 2 are as listed below.
What is the electron configuration of the valence
electrons?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IE/ kJ
1310 3390 5320 7450 11000 13300 71000
mol-1

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
iii. First electron affinity
• Energy release when an electron is being added
to a neutral atom (in gaseous phase) to form a
negative ion (anion).
• General trend
• As the distance between nucleus and valence
shell increase, the weaker the attraction (effective
nuclear charge), less electron affinity.
• Across a period, electron affinity will increase.
• Down a group, electron affinity will decrease.
• Metals prefer absorb energy to lose valence
electron to form a cation, less electron affinity.
• Non-metals prefer release energy to gain electron
to form an anion, more electron affinity.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
iii. First electron affinity
• Most first electron affinities observed are
exothermic (energy release when electron is
added).
• Endothermic reaction indicates the energy absorbs
overwhelms energy release from the addition of electron.
• This can also explain why 2nd electron affinity will also be
endothermic. Adding an electron into a negative ion
required more energy.
• Addition of electron into small and crowded
fluorine atom, will increase repulsion between the
electrons. Therefore, electron affinity for fluorine
is lower than chlorine.
• This also applies to oxygen in Group 16.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
iv. Electronegativity
• An atom’s ability to attract/bind electron from
another atom.
• Most common scale to measure electronegativity
is the Pauling scale.
• General trend
• As the distance between nucleus and valence
shell increase, the weaker the attraction (effective
nuclear charge), less electronegativity.
• Across a period, electronegativity will increase.
• Down a group, electronegativity will decrease.
• If the valence shell is more than half filled,
electronegativity increase.
• If the valence shell is full, the atom will not attract
any electron.
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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
v. Electrical conductivity
• Ability to conduct electric current due to the presence of free
electron without changing the composition of the substance.
• General trend
• Metals are good conductors due to presence of free moving valence
electrons (delocalised electrons). More delocalised electron,
stronger conductivity.
• Non-metals are non-conductors due to restriction in electron
movement (no delocalised electrons).
• Metalloid has both metallic and non-metallic properties and hence is
a semi-conductor.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
vi. Structure & chemical bonding
• General trend
• Most elements from Group 1, 2, 13 and transition metals will have
strong metallic bonds between the atoms to form solid lattice
structure.
• Most elements from Group 13 and 14 such as carbon able to from
giant covalent lattice structures.
• Non-metals such as elements from Group 15, 16 and 17 will form
simple-small covalent molecules structures.
• Noble gases (Group 18) will form a monatomic molecules.
• These small covalent and monatomic molecules are held together by
weak intermolecular forces.

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5.1 Introduction to Periodic Table
5.1.2 Trends in periodic atomic properties
vii. Melting & boiling point
• Related to energy required to break the bond. The
stronger the bond, the higher the energy required.
This will affect the melting and boiling point.
• General trend
• Metals generally will have high melting point.
Metallic bond is strong and to weaken the bond,
high temperature is needed.
• Non-metals generally will have low melting point.
Non-metal molecules possess weak intermolecular
forces (van der Waals).
• Non-metals from Group 13 and 14 such as carbon
will form giant covalent structure. All covalent
bonds in the structure must be completely broken
for melting to occur.
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End
Next
5.2 Physical and chemical properties of the elements
in Period 2 & Period 3