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نيوميريكال النجاح
نيوميريكال النجاح
إﻋﺪاد:
ﺳﺎﻣﺮ اﻟﻌﻄﻴﻮي
أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟـﺰﻳﻦ
ﻣـﻘـﺪﻣــﺔ
ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺪدي ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻄﺮق ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻠﻮل ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت
اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت واﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎت
واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮق
اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ.
وﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻠﻮل ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻜﻮن
ّ ّ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺧﻄﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام
اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت.
أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟــﺰﻳﻦ
ﺳﺎﻣـﺮ اﻟﻌﻄﻴﻮي
ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻔ ﺳﺖ
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 5
Approximations Bracketing Methods
The Bisection Method
and Round-Off Errors
The False-Position Method
Significant Figures
Error Definitions CHAPTER 6
Round-Off Errors Open Methods
Simple Fixed-Point Iteration
CHAPTER 4 The Newton-Raphson Method
the Taylor Series The Secant Method
Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Significant Figures
Approximation and Round-off Errors
()اﻻرﻗﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻨ ﺔ
Rounding Chopping
()ﻓﻘﻂ ﻘﺮب اﻟﺮﻗﻢ او ﻣﺎ ﻘﺮب () ﺤﺬف اﻟﺨﺎﻧﺔ ا ﺑﺘﻘﺮب وﻣﺎ ﻌﺪﻫﺎ
Example
Determine three digit using chopping and rounding for 2.9392 ?
Rounding
2.9392 2.94
Chopping
2.9392 2.93
Error Definitions
ﻓﻲ ﺷوﯾﺔ ﻗواﻧﯾن ﻻزم ﺗﺣﻔظﮭم ﻻﻧﮫ رح ﻧﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭم ﻟﻘدام ﻛﺛﯾﯾر#
Et
Realtive True Error(εt) = | True Value |
As perecentage = εt × 100%
Absolute Approximate Error (Ea) = |New estimate Value – Old estimate value|
ε
Realtive Approximate Error ( a)= |Approximate Error| = |Xi+1 - Xi|
|New estimate| |Xi+1|
perecentage = εa× 100%
Accepted Error (εs)
root X0 at 3 iteration
Truncation errors
ﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑ ﻟﺘﻤﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻘ ﻢ اﻟﺤﻘ ﻘﺔ اﻻﺧﻄﺎء اﻟ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻧ ﺠﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘ ﻢ اﻟﺘﻘ
Example:
π= 3.14159
≈3.14
e=2.71828
≈2.718
X0 (Intial value)
1!= 1
(وب )ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤ وب اﻟﻤ
n! 4!= 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
(n)
(X-X0) ()ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮة
3!= 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
Example
Calculate third order using Taylor series for f(x)= sin(x),
at x=2 , using x0= 0 ?
same
same
ﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺔ داﺋﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗران اﻟداﺋري ﻻزم ﺗﻛون زاوﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟرادﯾن#
SHIFT + Ans + 2
Example
Calculte the second order using Taylor expansion of f(x)= Cos(x) ,at (x=2) given (x0=0) ?
a) 0.5699
b) 0.04161
c) 0.023
d) -0.4161
ﻌﻮض ال2 اﻧﻪ ﻧﺤﻮل زاو ﺔ ا رادﻳﻦ ﻻﻧﻪ اﻗ ان داﺋﺮي ــﻊ ﺲ ﻻزم ﻣﺎﻧ ﻋ اﻟFormula of Taylor Series ھون ﺑدون ﻣﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدم ال
ﻃ ﻘﺔ ﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻋ
taylor series
= Cos(2) = - 0.4161 ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌ ﺾ ﻗ ﻤﺔ
X
ﺎﻻﻗ ان
Roots of Equations
ﻋﻦ ﻞ ﻃ ﻘﺔ رح ا ح 9 وﻟ ﺲ ﺣﻘ اﻟﺠﻮاب ﺗﻘ ا ﺠﺎد اﻟﺠﺬر اﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻌﺎد ﺔ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑ ﻨﻬﺎ و
ﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼ ﻞ ﻟﻘﺪام
9 iterations طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟطرق اﻟﻧﯾوﻣرﻛﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ال
x
• There is a condition for this method f( L) f(Xu ) < 0.
: ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻻﺗﯾﺔBisection ( ﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام الRoot) اذا ﺎن ﻟﺪ ﻚ اﻻﻗ ان اﻻ وﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ا ﺠﺎد ال
XL Xr Xu
ﻧﻌﻤﻞ Updaetﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺗرة
Xrﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺪد ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺔ ﻣﻮﺟ ﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺤﻜ ﻠﻚ ﻻ
Iteration
ف ﺑﺘﻜﺮر اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺳﺎ ﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ
(Bisection method)
n : Iterations
Δx : Interval (xu-xL)
Εs : Accepted Error
-9
10 = 0.2 -n0.1
2
داﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﻧوﺧذ اﻛﺑر ﻋدد ﺻﺣﯾﺢ
n = 26.5 27
False-Position Method
f(xu)
ا ﻀﺎ ﺴLinear Interpolation Method #
f(xL)
#اذا ﻛﺎن ﻟدﯾك اﻻﻗﺗران اﻻﺗﻲ وطﻠب ﻣﻧك اﯾﺟﺎد اﻟﺟذر ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧدام False positionﻧ ﺒﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻻﺗ ﺔ :
2
f(x) = X -2X-3 )At (xo=4
#ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ اﻋﺎدة ﺻ ﻐﺔ ﻟﻼﻗ ان ﺤ ﺚ
2
X -2X-3 = 0 ﺑ ﺴﺎوي اﻻﻗ ان ﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ
ﺸ ﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن
False-Position
Example: Locate the first positive root of
f(x)=sinx+cos(1 +x2 )-1
Use 4 iterations of the secant method with initial guesses of [1 3]
i=1:
I I
[sinx 1 +cos(1+x:)-1][x 0 -x 1]
= _0_02321
[sinx 0 + cos(l+ x� )-1]-[sin x1 +cos(l+Xi)-1]
• Bisection • False-Position • Simple Fixed Point • Secant • Newton-Raphson
اﻻ ع
اﻟﺤﻞ ﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻟ ﺴﻬ ﻞ و ﻋﺔ ﺣ ﺗﺨﺰن ﻣﺜﻼ رﻗﻢ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺘﻐ
+ Shift + RCL +Aاي رﻗﻢ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ا ﺧﺰﻧﺘﻪ RCL+ Aﺣ اﺳﺘﺪ
System of Nonlinear Equations
ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻻس ﻋ اﻟﻤﺘﻐ ا اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻐ اﻟﺨﻄ ﺔ
ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺣل اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﯾر ﺧطﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﯾوﻣرﻛﺎل ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﯾﺟﺎد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ Yو X
If we have
f1(x,y) = 0
f2(x,y) = 0
To solve any system you have to find Jocobian matrix
And applied this formula .
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻛﺲ و ﻄﻖ ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﺎﻟﺘﺎ #ﺣ ﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﻨﺠﺪ اﻟﺠﺎ
اﻟﺼﻒ اﻻول ﻤﺜﻞ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق =X =y
∂f1 ∂f1 )f1(x,y
f1 ∂f1 ∂f1 f1
∂x ∂y ﺑﻌد اﻻﺷﺗﻘﺎق ﺑﻧﻔﺻل اﻟﻰ ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺗﯾن ∂y ∂x
=J ﻤﺜﻞ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎ
f2 ∂f2 ∂f1
∂f2 ∂f2 )f2(x,y
∂y ∂y
f2
∂x ∂y
|Xi+1 = Xi - |xi
|
||Ji
|yi+1 = yi - |yi
|
||Ji
r-'il-
\..:-'13 '1
'"3
X2 = -13/ 2
60.9920 c. 59.8454
in d used to deter.m.in.e a r o f,
and th. ulated. I£ th
CEn2 - o. JZS). e
lh!:JrumdJin.lt&J:::!aWLl.:i�Ln!llltil...DJ�:SU��o d.
c. (2. S • 3.-5
a. c. d.
-- -,
QB. Fc>r the sam dabk hi Q6. 'Est:i.irziate h u.si.__,.g �t method Wit:h h_._ = . ho 2 the
...,..lllle c>C the cst:hipate after -·o iterati � -;u be
=
Q9. iilig .,_ewto.,_- Ra:ph.son. methoc:1 thie eslliIIAAtecs £or %.y) after the first :itera • � £i r th
�c:tion.s
y=%2+ 1 y=2cos,;,c
With .ro = .1 • Yo = :I.
C<>-99-;;,-6 • <>-99<>6.) c.. cL non
Given sui hie initial in erval, bracketing -methods ,,-ill con •erge. �=- _
Open. m t:hod.s are aJ-:>'S fu�er than bracketing met:b_ods.
pen rn.e h<>ci.s ah....ays con..,,erge.
For bo bra ketin n open. methods c,on ergen ca:nnotc be pre<lict:ed..
b. C- e. n n
yy.l\
11',11m:�•u1
<jJ�I
•('f...)i
V-= �ll-e "'
clo5- Cl,p iullJa<'I
(Y_� � (.tll}-;oO �
\p�\\��.li?o �I �I c;p{}S-
��\ '-:'l,e.JI
N e'41toV\ u;.v �
�apnsovi
Xz'="li
\I
rDLil
--
'y1 DJ
ii
�o �(1 ., ) � (.x ., )
J
sb 2 -\S, ?.'i -12, St
�=
(\ )
:\
:1-- f-•
l op,g •
·1
r -
4 ·2 P:�ob"1 � 6� �I
: '-1
'3 2 2 I . J �½ c..-0U> �lo�)
I -i; --R1- -s'?,
r7 1 s I 6 -1--<ot<.,-l-
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2
-2e-:z..a
HI u I
0 7
lll u
• (Xo - '2
d.
m bods f"th f"uact n
1th x, = 2, x =
=6
2-orcl r pp lm t n ror t runct £(:r) == ..G
c. • 75 d. .2
7. The root for f(x):s Y!-2 is found using the fixed point iteration method as shown in
table below . The value of x.o is
€) 1 114
B) 2
C) undefined
D) Depend on am.ngcment of x•g(x)
ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﻨﺪ
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 19
- Least-Squares Regression
- Newton’s Divided-
- Linear Polynomial Difference Interpolating - Curve Fitting with
Regression Sinusoidal Functions
- Polynomials Lagrange
- Nonlinear Regression Interpolating Polynomials
Pitfalls of Elimination
(ILL Conditioned system)
Well Condition
اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺴ
If Determinant ≈ 0
Example :
|
ﺑﻨﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ا
|
)(identity
|
Normalize the 2 n d row by dividing by the pivot element '7.003333"
0 0 10.0120 · 70.08429
R 3 -(a 3 zfa .22 )R2
0 3.083338
0 -2.5 ]
0 1, 7
1 0 0:
0 1 0 -2.5
0 0 1 7
x=3
y=-2.5
z=7
LU Decomposition اذا ﺎن ﻋﻨﺪي
matrix A
ﻘﺪر اﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ا
ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ال
lower
A=LU و
ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ال
upper
ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺎ اﺧﺬﻧﺎ
Lu Decomposition
ﺲ ﺄﺧﺘﻼف ﺴ ﻂ
-0 0 5.351852 -
0.1 -0.148148 ;]
(1) 1 st column of the inverse
1
d
d.l
[ ] [ ]
= 0.3
d3 - 0.0:,5556
Ux=D
[ 0.110727
Back
1
X, = [ x 1 = -0.058824
]
[ : -�.4
;� ][::]=[ o\ ] Substitution -0.0103806]
0 0 5.351852 - 0.0:,5556
I
XJ X3
Ux=D
[ 1 [ 0.038062
Back X1 = = -0.176471]
1
;. � ][::] = [
[ : - �.4
]
Substitution
X1
: ] 0.027682
0 0 5.351852 x 3 0.148148
X3
Jacobi Iterations
ا ﺠﺎد ﻗ ﻢ ﻃ ﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
X
ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐ ﺧ
ﺎﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن ﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ
ﻗﻢ
X
ﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﻌ
ﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃ ﻘﺔ
ﺨ
ﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻄ ﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت X
Ax =b ﻣﻮﺿ ع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن
ﻟﺗﻛرار ﻣﻌﯾن Jacobi Iterations
ﻃ ﻘﺔ ﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺨ
Example : X
ﻣﻮﺿ ع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن
اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻻو
ﻗ ﻢ اﻓﺮض
X
ﺻﻔﺮ ﺴﺎوي
Example : طرﯾﻘﺔ ﺳرﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺣل
Chapter 17 : curve fitting
ﺑﮭذا اﻟﺷﺎﺑﺗر ﺑﻛون ﻣﻌطﯾك ﻗﯾم واﻧت ﻻزم ﺗطﻠﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧطﯾﺔ ﺑﯾﻧﮭم ﺑﺣﯾث ﺗﻘدر ﺗرﺳم ﺧط ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم
ﻓﯾﮫ اﻗل ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺧطﺄ
راح ﯾﻛون ﻣﻌطﯾك ﺟدول ﻓﯾﮫ ﻗﯾم وطﺎﻟب ﻣﻧك اﻓﺿل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﺧط ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم
ﻗﯾم a0و a1ﺑﻧطﻠﻌﮭم ﻋﺷﺎن ﻧﺣطﮭم ﺑﮭﺎي اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻲ ﺑﺗﻣﺛﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻗﯾم xو y
y=a0 + a1 xi
Using liner regression fit the following data to a straight line :
اﺣﻧﺎ اﺷﺗﻐﻠﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺎس اﻧﮫ ﺧﺎوة ﺧط ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم اﻓرض اﻧﮫ رﺳﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻌطوك ﺧط ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم
ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟو اﻧك طﻠﻌت Best fitﻣﻣﻛن اﻧﮫ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﺛﻠﮭم
ﻟذﻟك ﻓﻲ اﺧﺗﺑﺎر رﻟﺢ ﻧوﺧذه ﻋﺷﺎن ﻧﻌرف ھل اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﻓﻌﻼ راح ﺗﻣﺛل ﺧط ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم او ﻧوع ﻛﯾرف ﺛﺎﻧﻲ
* اذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺗﺳﺎوي 1ﻓﺎن ھذه ھﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺧط ﺳوف ﯾﻣر ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط وﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ EXACT :
* اذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﺗرب ﻣن 1ﻓﺎن اﻟﺧط اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﺳوف ﯾﻣر ﺑﺎﻏﻠب اﻟﻧﻘﺎط وﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ Excellent :
ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ Poor : و * اذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﺗرب ﻣن اﻟﺻﻔر ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣش ﺧطﯾﺔ ﻟﻛن ھﻧﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن
* اذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺗﺳﺎوي ﺻﻔر ﺑﺎﻟزﺑط ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرﯾن ﻻ ﺧطﯾﺔ وﻻ ﻏﯾره Independent
ͶǤͻͺ െ ሺͳͲǤ͵ͷሻሺͳǤͻሻכ ͵
=R ͵ ͳͲͶǤͶͷ െ (16.9)2כ ͵ ͶͲǤͷ െ (10.75)2
اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ
ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺑﻧﻔﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻲ ﻗﺑل
اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ اﺣﻔظﮫ و اﻟﺳؤال ﺑﯾﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة
St − Sr
R2 ൌ St
St : co-variance
Sr : σ e2i
Data linearization
ﺑدﻧﺎ ﻧﺷوف اﻧواع ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﯾرﻓﺎت ھﺳﺎ وﻧﺧﻠﯾﮭم ﺧطﯾﺎت
POWER
y=α xβ ﺑدي اﺣول اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ ﻟﺷﻛل ﻣﺷﺎﺑﮫ ﻟﻠﺧط اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﺣﺗﻰ اﻗدر اطﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ
ﺧذ Ln
ﻟﻠطرﻓﯾن Ln y = Ln α + βLn x
Y = a0 + a 1 x i
Exponential
y = α eβx
Use linear regression to find the values of α and β for the following realtion
X 2 3 5
y = α eβx2
Y 4.9 8.7 13.5
ﺧﻠص ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة طﺑﻖ ع اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ ﻻﻧﮫ ھون اﻛﯾد راح ﺗطﻠﻊ ﺧطﯾﺔR ﻣﺎﻓﻲ داﻋﻲ ﺗﺣﺳب
y = 4.819 e0.043x2
ﺑﻌد ﻣﺎ ﺟرﺑﻧﺎ طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ ...اﻻﻣور ﺑﺗﺧرﺑط ﺻﺢ ؟
ﻻ ﺗﺧﺎف اﺟﻰ دور ﺳﺣر اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ...ﺗﺧﯾل اﻏﻠب اﻻﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﻲ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺣﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﻧﻘدر ﻧطﻠﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻛﺑﺳﺗﯾن ع اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ !
Using liner regression fit the following data to a straight line : ﺧﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﻧﺣل ھذا اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﻣرة ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑس ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ
اﺧﺗﺎر Reg
ﻧﻔس ﺧطوات اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻲ ﻗﺑل ﺑس ﺑدل ﻣﺎ اطﻠﻊ Aو Bراح اطﻠﻊ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ R
اﻧﺗﺑﮫ ع اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻲ ﺑﻌطﯾك اﯾﺎھﺎ اﻟﺳؤال ﻟﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﺛﻼ ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل y=α xβ
ادﻋس اﺑو طﻼل واﻧت ﻣﻐﻣض دﺧل اﻟﺟدول واﺧﺗﺎر رﻗم 7ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺳؤال ﺑﻌدﯾن طﻠﻊ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ Aو B
y = α eβx2 ﻟﻛن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل
ﻣﺎﻓﻲ زي ھذا اﻟﺷﻛل ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ...ھون اﻧت ﻻزم ﺗﺑﺳط اﻟﻣﻌدﻟﺔ ك اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ
lny =ln α eβx2
ln y = ln α +β x2
ﺑﻛون ﻣﻌطﯾك ﺟدول ﻓﺑﮫ ﻗﯾم xو yوﺑﻛون ﺣﺎﻛﯾﻠك اﻧو اﻟداﺗﺎ ھﺎي ﺑﺗﻣﺛل ﻛﺛﯾر ﺣدود ﻣن اﻟدرﺟﺔ ﻛذا ﺑس
ﻟو ﻣﺛﻼ ﻋﻧدك polynomialﻣن اﻟدرﺟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻻزم ﺗﻌرف اﻧو ﺷﻛل اﻻﻗﺗران راح ﯾﻛون ھﯾك y = a0 + a1x +a2x2
ﺑس ﻛﯾف راح اطﻠﻊ ﻗﯾم ) (a0 , a1 , a2ﺑس ﻣن اﻟداﺗﺎ اﻟﻲ ﻣﻌطﯾﻧﻲ اﯾﺎھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺳؤال
درﺟﺔ اﻻﻗﺗران = M
راح ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺗرﻛس اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ
ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت ﻣﮭﻣﺔ
ﺑﻌد ﺣل اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻻﻟﺔ y = -11.59 + 11.8 x +-1.73x2
اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ
ª 4 14.25 55.56 º ʹͷǤʹͷ ﯾﻣﻛن ﯾﻘﻠك اوﺟدﻟﻲ اﻟﺻورة ﻋﻧد
» «14.25 55.56 231.33 ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯾك اﻻ ﺗﻌوﺿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ
« » = ͺͺǤͷ
¼»«¬55.56 231.33 1008.57 ͳ͵͵͵͵Ǥ
Calculate (a0,a1,a2 ) for y = a0 + a1x1 +a2x2 Using the following data ponints
x1 1 1 2 ﺑﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﻲ ﻗﺑل ﺑﺎﻧﮫ ﻣﻌطﯾك ﻗﯾم ل x2 ,x1ﻟو اﻋطﺎك ﺑس
x2 2 3 2 داﺗﺎ ل xوﺣدھﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﺎه رﺟﻊ زي اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﻲ ﻗﺑل ﺑﻧﺣل ع polynomial
regression
y 2 5 9
اﺣﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻣﻧﺎ ﻛﯾف ﻧطﻠﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﻟﻛن ھﺎي اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اوﺳﻊ ﻣن اﻟﻲ اﺧذﻧﺎھﺎ ...اﻟﻲ ﺑﻧﻌرﻓﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻟل linear
ھون ﻣﺎ ﺑﺗﻔرق ﺷو ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻻﻗﺗران
)fn(x)=b0+b1(x1-x0)+b2(x-x0)(x-x1)+b3(x-x0)(x-x1)(x-x2) ...+bn(x-x0)(x-x1)(x-xn
) (b1,b2,b3….bnﻗﯾم ﻣﺟﮭوﻟﺔ ﺑدي اطﻠﻌﮭم ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ وارﺟﻊ اﻋوﺿﮭم ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﺷﺎن اطﻠﻊ ﺻورة اﻟﻧﻘطﺔ ﻋﻧد xﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ
x0 y0 y1 −y0 ݂ x2 ǡ x1 െ ݂ሺx1 ǡ x0 ሻ ݂ x3 ǡ x2 ,x1 െ ݂ሺx2 ǡ x1 ,x0ሻ
b0 x1−x0 b1 x2 െ x0 b3 x3 െ x0 b4 ھذا اﻟﺟدول راح
x1 y1 y2 −y1 ݂ x3 ǡ x2 െ ݂ሺx2 ǡ x1 ሻ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮫ
x2−x1 x3 െ x1 ﻋﺷﺎن اطﻠﻊ ﻗﯾم
)(b0,b1,b2,b3
x2 y2 y3 −y2
x3−x2
x3 y3
Using NDD interpolating polynomials estimate f3(2.75) using the following data points
اول اﺷﻲ ﺑدﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﻣل اﻟﺟدول ﻋﺷﺎن ﻧطﻠﻊ ﻗﯾم ) (b0,b1,b2,b3وﻛﺎﺗب ﺑﺎﻟﺳؤال اﻧﮫ درﺟﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ f3
ﺿل ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﺑس ﻧﻌوض اﻟﻘﯾم اﻟﻲ طﻠﻌﻧﺎھم ﺑﺎﻟﺻورة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻌدﯾن ﻧطﻠﻊ ﺻورة ال 2.75
)fn(x)=b0+b1(x1-x0)+b2(x-x0)(x-x1)+b3(x-x0)(x-x1)(x-x2
f3(2.75) = 9.931
طﯾب ﺧﻠﻲ اﺑو اﻟزﯾن ﯾﻌﻠﻣﻛم ﺳﺣر ﺻﻐﯾر ع اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ...ﻟﻛن ﻻ ﺗﻠﺟﺄ ﻟﻠطرﯾﻘﺔ ھﺎي اﺑدا اﻻ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺿل ﻣﻌك وﻗت ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎن ,ﻻﻧﮫ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺗﻛون
ﻗرﯾﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﻟﻛن ﻣﺎ ﺑﺗﻛون دﻗﯾﻘﺔ
ﺧﻠﻧب ﻧوﺧذ ﻣﺛﻼ اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﻲ ﺣﻠﯾﻧﺎه
اول اﺷﻲ ﻣطﻠوب ﻣﻧك ﺗدﺧل اﻟﺟدول زي ﻣﺎ ھو ع اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ وزي ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻣﻧﺎ ﻗﺑل
اﻛﺑس ع MODE اﺧﺗﺎر 2 دﺧل اﻟﺟدول
ﺑﻌد ﻣﺎ دﺧﻠت اﻟﺟدول اﻛﺗب اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻲ ﺑدك ﺗﺣﺳب اﻟﮫ اﻻﻧﺗﯾرﺑوﻟﯾﺷن )اﻟﻲ ﺑدك ﺗطﻠﻊ ﺻورﺗﮫ( اﻟﻲ ھو ﻋﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺳؤال 2.75
اﻛﺑس ﻋﻠﻰ
shiftﺑﻌدﯾن 1 راح ﯾطﻠﻊ ﻋﻧدك
اﺧﺗﺎر
اﻟﺟواب اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ
اﺧﺗﺎر Reg رﻗم 5
ﺑﮭذا اﻟﺷﻛل
وﻟﻣﺎ ﺣﻠﯾﻧﺎه ع اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻻﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺑﻌت اﻟﺟدول طﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻧﺎ اﻟﺟواب 9.932
Using the data given in the table , estimate f3(2.75) using langrage interpolating polynomial
x 0 1 2.5 3
y 2 5 9 11
ሺࢄିሻሺࢄିሻሺࢄିሻ
L1 = ሺିሻሺିǤሻሺିሻ
= -0.0572 X=2.75 ﻋوض ﻗﯾﻣﺔ
ሺࢄିሻሺࢄିሻሺࢄିǤሻ
L2 = ൌ Ǥ
Ǥି ିሺǤିሻሺǤିሻ
ሺࢄିሻሺࢄିሻሺࢄିǤሻ
L3 = = 0.0401
ሺିሻሺିሻሺିǤሻ
ﺑﻌد ﻣﺎ طﻠﻌﻧﺎ ال lagrageﺿل ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﺑس ﻧﺿرب ﻛل وﺣدة ﺑﺎل Yﺗﺑﻌﺗﮭﺎ وﻧﺟﻣﻌﮭم
f3(2.75)= 9.928
Instructor: Q8)The following d11tu Is uud to fi1 I.he function y = 1 ,.;c'>... using tht.ll'llsl squiu-es ml'thod to llnd thr ,·alul'S
Student Name :
o Eng. A.Bani ya.seen of l'ot"ffidcnls a and b, rc,pecth'el )'·
Student mt
o Dr. Sameer Al•Dahldl
Section:
o Dr. Mustafa Jaradat A)a• 0.4352 B)a-0.4629 C) a• O.JH59 O)a• 1.3324 E)a• 0.5346 F)a• 1.3642
Consldl'rt.hcfollowln functlonfur 1. 2 b- 1.3324 b- 1.3029 1.3642 b•0.,352 b- 1.2479 b•0.3859
12.r 1 +3.r 2- S.r 3 = 1
x 1 +S.r2+3x3 = 28 Q9)The COrt'('latlon coeffldcnt of the Ill is:•
?x2 +3x, +t3x:, = 76
QI) Using Gauss Seidel itl'r:ition method wllh init.inl gucssx.,•(I, 1 , 1 I• The ,•nlul' of :cs after fir.it ill'r-.1tion A)0.9997 11)0.9900 Cl 0.9979 1))0.9992
wlll bl': QIO)The fi=ure :.side shows the dlslantt belwffll d11ta points and their best
fit line, If h1•1.S. h1•2.5, h.,•2, h_.•1.S. It$
_______
A)3.09 11)2.96 \)3,12 0)0.25 �)2.85 f)0.95
A 5.31
.,,
Q2) Using Jacobi lteraUon method wllh lnilia.l guess .\·..-11, 1 . 1). Thr ,-alue of XJ:tftl'r thc first llcrallon will
□"
Q4) What ls thl' bttcnncdfatc- n-<tor ruultlng from the c11kuh1tlon ofrhc l w column of lnn'nt" of1m1tri,: A? G) System will ne,·cr ronnrge I.I)System wlU alw11�·s com't'rgc
i,.,
.. \ 1.-0. -0.95 U 1.0.5-0.7 T C I-0.5 ..0.7 'I' F I -0. -1.45 'I
2
(x-x1)
Q5) Lei /(x) - (:,..�) , The llnenrhed fonn for the function y - f(x) to u.Kd "'hcn using tlnea.r n-grtsslon L,(x)f(x1 )
,.,
L1(x) • -, -,_-,-,) ,f.(x) •
"'ill be:
{i Ill I
A)�y = ;;J.i+ j; C) = --+-
11,/i "
E ., ' (
fn (X) = ba +b 1 (X- Xa) +b:z (X- Xa )(x- Xi )+ ·· +bn (X- Xo ) ... (x- Xn -1)
Q6) lh quadratic lntl'rpolallon pol)1tomlal fi(x) = b 0 + b 1 (x- x 0) +bi (.r - .r 0)(x- x 1 ) WIIS u!ltd to
dclennlne/(/.1). Whal ill the ,·,due of b:?
s,-I(y,-Y>'
A)2 8)1 C)-J 0)-1 E)-2 >)3
Q7)Thl' lagmngl:m L3(1. 2) for lhl' lhlrd ordn polynomial equal to:
r.
t ••· Manal ,111,t•f•
QI
swtr �,
.�
--��-
[ 5 I -2] ['']
Use the following Systtm 10 ;nswer questiol!lj QI-Q6
.!2 �
0.
2
1•1
;: = -,,s
Ql.l'orth-"'be....,...,._..,_.,.,,_ ........
.. 4 b. 3.3333
;) 2.3900 b. 2.3167
@ Gauss Eliminalioo
LU Decomposition
c.
°""""""""""
Crout LU ..
t"-lt
d. •-•
numerical differentiation
ﻋﻧدك ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻗﺑل وﻧﻘطﺔ ﺑﻌد وﻣﺎ ﻋﻧدك اﻟﻧﻘطﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ Centered difference :
ھﺳﺎ راح اﻛﺗب اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن ھم راح ﯾﻛوﻧو ﻣوﺟودﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺷﯾت ﺑس اﻧت اﺣﻔظﮭم اﺣﺗﯾﺎط
ﻗواﻧﯾن ال forward
ﻗواﻧﯾن ال BACKWARD
Centered ﻗواﻧﯾن ال
a) Estimate F”(2.25) using centered difference with O(h)4 accuracy اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن0.25 ﺑﺎول ﻓرع ھوstep size ال
ورا ﺑﻌضx اي
b) Estimate F’(2) using centered difference with O(h)2 accuracy and h=0.5
Xi-3 Xi-2 Xi-1 xi Xi+1 Xi+2 Xi+3 ﻟو اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﺎ ﺣددﻟك اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻲ ﺗﺷﺗﻐل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﺷﺗﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ
x 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 ﻻﻧﮭﺎ ادق وﺣدة ﻓﯾﮭمcentered ال
F(x) 2 4.5 7.25 9.15 12 14.25 15
a)
ﻋوض ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧون ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة
F”(2.25)= 19.6
)b
ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﻌطﯾﻧﻲ step sizeﺟدﯾدة ﻻزم اﻋﻣل ﺟدول ﺟدﯾد
Xi-0.5 xi Xi+0.5
X 1.5 2 2.5
)F(x 2 7.25 12
ି
=)F’(2 =10
࢞Ǥ
Estimate F”(0.5) for f(x)=cos2 (x) using forward difference with o(h) accuracy and h=0.15
ھﺳﺎ ﺑدﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﻣل ﺟدول ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺗران اﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﻧﺎ وراح ﻧزﯾد ﺣﺳب ال step size
اﻟﻔﻛرة ھون اﻧﮫ ال step sizeﻣش ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ...ھون ﻣﺎ راح ﯾﻧﻔﻊ اﺷﻲ ﻻ ﻓورﻓورد وﻻ ﻏﯾره
ھون اﺣﻧﺎ ﻣﺿطرﯾن ﻧطﻠﻊ اﻻﻗﺗران اﻻﺻﻠﻲ ) F(xﻣن اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻻﻧﺗﯾرﺑوﻟﯾﺷن ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ NDDﺑﻌدﯾن ﻧﺷﺗﻖ اﻻﻗﺗران وﻧﻌوض ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻧﻘطﺔ
درﺟﺔ اﻻﻗﺗران ﺑﺗﻛون ﺣﺳب ﻋدد اﻟﻧﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻲ ﻣﻌطﯾك اﯾﺎھﺎ – 1
ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﺛﻼ ﻣﻌطﯾك 3ﻧﻘﺎط درﺟﺔ اﻻﻗﺗران راح ﺗﻛون 2
ﻟو ﻛﺎﻧو 5ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺗﻛون درﺟﺔ اﻻﻗﺗران 4وھﻛذا
X 1 2.25 3 زي ﻣﺎ ھو واﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺟدول اﻟﺳﺗﯾب ﺳﺎﯾز ﻣش ﺛﺎﺑت
)F(x 2 7 9 ھون ﻣﺎ ﺑزﺑط اﻻ اطﻠﻊ اﻻﻗﺗرن اﻻﺻﻠﻲ واﺷﺗﻘﮫ واﻋوض ﻓﯾﮫ 2.25
1 2 ૠെ Ǥ ૠ െ
ൌ ൌ Ǥ
Ǥ െ െ
2.25 7 ૢିૠ
= 2.667
ିǤ
3 9
F(x)= 2 + 4(x-1)-0.666(x-1)(x-2.25) ھﻲ اﻻﻗﺗران ﺻﺎر ﺟﺎھز ﺑس ﺿل ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﻧﺷﺗﻘﮫ وﻧﻌوض اﻟﻧﻘطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ
F’(x) = 4-0.666(x-1+x-2.25)
Xi-2 Xi-1 xi
t=3 Backward ﻻزم اﺳﺗﺧدم طرﯾﻘﺔ ال
Time (s) 0 1 2 3
Acceleration ﺑدي اطﻠﻊ اﻟﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ
Velocity (m/s) 0.2 1.3 3.4 1.7
כǤૠିכǤାǤ
F’(x) = = -3.6
כ
ﻛﯾف ﺗﺷﺗﻖ اي اﻗﺗران وﺗﻌوض ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ:
x
)f (b) f (a
a b
)f1 (x )f (a )(x a
b a
)f (a) f (b
I )(b a
ﻛل ﻣﺎ زاد ﻋدد اﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ زادت درﺟﺔ اﻻﺷﺗﻘﺎق ﻣﺛﻼ 2
ﺑﻧﺣﺗﺎج ﻧﻘطﺗﯾن ﺣﺗﻰ
ﻧﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ
ﺑﻧﺣﺗﺎج ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺣﺗﻰ ﻧﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ وھﻛذأ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟطول
1 f"(x)(b
Ea a)3
12
b
³ f"(x)dx
"f a
b a
I
x0
³ f (x)dx ³ f (x)dx ... ³ f(x)dx
x1 xn1
Example: Integrate the following function from 0 to 0.8
using single trapezoidal rule?
f (x) 0.2 25x 200x2 675x3 900x4 400x5
Solution I (b a)
f(a) f(b)
2
f (0) f (0.8) 0.2 0.232
I (0.8 0) 0.8 0.1728
2 2
Iexact 1.640533 H t 89.5%
ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ
b
³ f"(x)dx
f" 60
f" a
b a
1 f"(x)(b a)3
E
12 Ea 2.56
ﺣﺗﻰ اﺣﺳن اﻟدﻗﺔ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺗراﺑزوﯾدل ﺑﻘﺳم اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد اﻟﻘطﻊ
f (x) f (x) f (x)
x
x0 x1 x2 x x0 x1 x2 x3 x x 0 x1 x 2 xn1 xn
E = 0.64
Simpson’s Rules
:طرﯾﻘﺔ اﺧرى ﻻﯾﺟﺎد اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل وﺗﻘﺳم اﻟﻰ
3
Simpson’s 3/8 Rule
(3rd order polynomial )
ﺗﺳﺗﺧد ھﻲ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻋﻧدي ﻋدد اﻟﻘطﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻓردﯾﺔ وﻧﻘﺎط زوﺟﯾﺔ
n=2
h
b a
n
h
0.8 0
2
0.4 x b 0.8
x0 a 0
h
I# [f (x ) 4f (x ) f (x )] x1 0.4
0 1 2
3
0.4
I# [f (0) 4f (0.4) f (0.8)] 1.367467
3
Simpson’s 3/8 Rule n=3
using three segments Simpson rule
3
I# (0.2667) [f (0) 3f(0.2667) 3f (0.5334) f (0.8)] 1.51917
8
ﻟﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻋﻧدي اﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻘطﻊ ﻣن ﻗطﻌﺔ ﻟﻘطﻌﺔ
ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ
h
ﺑﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﺑﯾن ﻛل ﻗطﻌﺔ
Euler’s Methods
ﺑﻛون ﻣﻌطﯾك اﻻﻗﺗران ﻣﺷﺗﻖ ﻛل ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯾك ﺗﺧﻠﻲ )واي( ﻣوﺿوع
اﻟﻘﺎﻧون ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺷﺗﻐل ع ھﻲ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ
dy
yx2 1.1y
dx
Initial condition y(0)=1
y(0.5) y(0) f (0,1)(0.5) 1 (1.1)(0.5) 0.45
f (0,1) 1(0)2 1.1(1) 1.1
y(1) y(0.5) f (0.5,0.45)(0.5) 0.45 (0.3825)(0.5) 0.25875
f (0.5,0.45) 0.45(0.5)2 1.1(0.45) 0.3825
y(1.5) y(1) f (1,0.25875)(0.5) 0.25875 (0.02588)(0.5) 0.245813
Heun’s Method
y o i1 yi f (xi , y)h
i
Predictor Equation
Corrector Equation
Example: Solve the following equation using Heun’s
method for the interval from x=0 to x=4 with h=1. Initial
condition y(0)=2. y' 4e0.8x 0.5y
Solution:
y f (x , y )h f (xi , yi ) f (x i 1 , y o
)
y y i 1 yi
o i 1
i1
i i i
2h
dy
yx2 1.1y 0 y(0) 1
dx
Solution:
h y i1 y i f (x ,y )h
y 1
y i f (xi ,y i ) i
1
i
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
i
2
2 2 2
0.5 0.5
y(0.25) y(0) f (0,1) 1 (1.1) 0.725 f (0,1) 1.1
2 2
y(0.5) y(0) f (0.25,0.725)0.5 1 (0.75219)0.5 0.623906
f (0.25,0.725) 0.75219
0.5
y(0.75) y(0.5) f (0.5,0.623906) 0.491326
2
y(1) y(0.5) f (0.75,0.491326)0.5 0.491862
Runge-Kutta Methods
1st order RK is Euler’s method:
y i 1 y i a1k1h
a1 1
y i1 y i k1h
k1 f (x i , y i )
0.5 0.5
a 1 a , p , q
1 2 1 11
a2 a2
1 1
y(0.5) 1 ( 8.5 1.25)0.5 3.4375
and SO ON… 2 2
(2) Midpoint Method
1 1
y i 1 y i k 2h k1 f (xi , y i ) k 2 f(xi h, y i k1 h)
2 2
y(0.5) y(0) 0.5k 2
x yMidpoint
k1 f(0,1) 8.5
0 1
11 1 1
k2 f (0 ,1 8.5 ) f (0.25,2.125) 4.21875 0.5 3.109375
22 2 2
y(0.5) y(0) 0.5k 2 1 (0.5 * 4.21875) 3.109375
1 2.8125
1.5 1.984375
y(1) y(0.5) 0.5k 2 2 1.75
k1 f (0.5,3.109375) 2.5 2.484375
11 1 1 3 3.8125
k f (0.5 ,3.109375 k )
2
22 2 1
2 3.5 4.609375
and SO ON… 4 3
k1 f (xi , y i )
1 1
k2 f (xi h, yi k1 h)
2 2
1
y i1 y i (k 1 2k 2 2k 3 k 4 )h
6
k1 f (xi , y i )
h,y i k 1h)
1 1
k2 f (x i
2 2
h,y i k 2h)
1 1
k3 f (x i
2 2
k 4 f (xi h, y i k 3h)
1 1
k3 f (x i h, y i k 2h)
2 2
1 1
k3 f (0 0.5,1 (0.75219)0.5) f (0.25,0.811953) 0.8424
2 2
k4 f (xi h, y i k 3h)
k 4 f (0 0.5,1 (0.8424)0.5) f (0.5,0.5788) 0.49198
1
y i1 y i (k 1 2k 2 2k 3 k 4 )h
6
1
y(0.5) 1 ((1.1) 2(0.75219) 2(0.8424) (0.49198))0.5 0.60157
6
n: represents the order of the approach