1.

What results to anemia

- Reduction in the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

- Caused by low hematocrit
- Reduced hemoglobin content in RBC’s

2. What are the symptoms of anemia?

- Muscle fatigue, lack of energy, weakness

3. Red blood cells that undergo stresses of friction and wear and tear are caused by

- Squeezes through capillaries

- Bounces against walls of blood vessels

4. Hemolysis definition

- Rupture of RBCs in the bloodstream (10 percent)

5. What do macrophages in liver, spleen, red bone marrow do?

- Remove hemoglobin recycling

- Engulf RBCs recycling
6. What causes red or brown urine? What disease or illness?

- Too much hemoysis or breaking down of rbc in the bloodstream

- Hemoglobinuria

7. Three streps of hemoglobin recycling

- Globular protein breaks down into amino acids

- Iron is extracted from heme molecules (stored in macrophage or released into the blood and
bound to transferrin)
- Remaining heme is converted to biliverdin. Biliverdin converted to bilirubin. Liver absorbs
bilirubin and release it within bile to be converted as urobilin’s and stercobilin.

8. What results to blocked bile ducts or failure to absorb or excrete bilirubin

- Results to excessive levels of bilirubin in blood, rises in peripheral tissues, giving yellowish skin
and eyes called jaundice

9. erythropoiesis definition

- RBC formation
10. Where does erythropoiesis occur for adults?

- Myeloid tissue or in red bone marrow

11. Where does erythropoiesis occur in first eight weeks of development?

- Yolk sac

12. What does vitamin b12 deficiency cause?

- Pernicious anemia

13. What do embryonic cells differentiate to?

- Multipotent stem cells called hemocytoblasts

14. What do hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts produce?

- Myeloid stem cells

15. What do erythroblasts synthesize?

- Hemoglobin

16. What happens as nucleus in rbc maturation is shed

- Become reticulocytes
17. How do reticulocytes mature into RBC’s?

- By entering the bloodstream to mature

18. Stages in RBC maturation

- Embryonic cells differentiate to hemocytoblasts or multipotent stem cells

- Hemocytoblasts produce myeloid stem cells
- Erythroblasts are immature and synthesize hemoglobin
- Nucleus sheds and becomes reticulocytes
- Reticulocytes enter the bloodstream to become mature RBC’s

19. What stimulates regulation of erythropoiesis

- Stimulated by hypoxia

20. What is hypoxia

- Low tissue oxygen

21. When does kidney hypoxia trigger release of erythropoietin?

- When anemia occurs

- When blood flow to kidney decreases
- When oxygen content of air in the lung’s declines
- When damage to respiratory surfaces occur
22. What does erythropoietin target? Why?

- Target tissue is myeloid stem cell tissue

- To stimulate increase in cell division rates and speed up rate of maturation of RBC’s

23. What type of people needs erythropoietin?

- Patients recovering from blood loss

24. What is a con for having too much erythropoietin from EPO infusions?

- Can raise hematocrit too high

- Make blood too viscous

25. What substances triggers an immune response?

- Antigens

26. What are ABO blood types and RH systems based on?

- Antigen-antibody responses

27. what are surface antigens on your body cells considered as? What will it trigger?

- Normal not foreign

- Will nor trigger an immune response
28. What determines blood type?

- Presence or absence of antigens on membrane of RBC determines blood type

29. Blood types antigens

- Type A blood- antigen A

- Type B blood- antigen B
- Type AB blood- antigen A and B
- Type O blood- neither A nor B
- Rh antigen indicated by presence (Rh positive or negative signs)

30. Define agglutin. Where is it found?

- Antibodies
- Found in plasma

31. What attacks foreign antigens on RBC’s?

- Antibodies

32. Why do antibodies attack foreign antigens on RBC’s?

- Because of different blood type

33. What antibodies do type O blood contain?

- Both antibodies

34. What antibodies do type AB blood contain?

- Neither antibody

35. When does cross reactions in transfusions occur?

- When antibodies in recipient react with their specific surface antigen on donor’s RBC’s

36. How does agglutination occur?

- Clumping of RBC’s when they break up or hemolyze when cross reactions (transfusion reactions)
occur

37. what spontaneously develop during first six months of life with no exposure to foreign antigens
needed?

- Anti-A or anti-B antibodies

38. What does not develop unless individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood?

- Anti-Rh antibodies in Rh-negative person

39. When can exposure occurs accidentally?

- During a transfusion or during childbirth

40. Two steps for testing for blood compatibility

- Determination of blood type

- A crossmatch tests

41. What does a cross match test require?

- Mixing drops of blood with solutions containing anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies

42. What does clumping indicate?

- Certain surface antigen is present and can be used to interpret blood type

43. What is largen than RBC’s?

- WBC

44. White blood cells help defend the body against invasion by?

- Pathogens
45. What do WBC’s remove?

- Toxins, wastes, abnormal or damaged cells

46. What do white blood cells contain?

- Nucleus and other organelles

47. What do white blood cells lack?

- Hemoglobin

48. Two categories of white blood cells?

- Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

- Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

49. Characteristics of circulating WBC’s

- All are capable of amoeboid movement

- All can migrate outside of bloodstream through process called diapedesis
- All are attracted to specific chemical stimuli, which guide them to pathogens; process is called
positive chemotaxis
- Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are phagocytes
50. What is part of the body’s nonspecific defenses and respond to any threat?

- Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

51. What is responsible for specific defenses and respond to specific, individual pathogens?

- Lymphocytes

52. How much do neutrophils make up of the circulating WBC’s?

- 50-70 percent

53. What kind of nucleus neutrophils have?

- Dense, contorted multilobular nucleus

54. Neutrophils usually first WBC to arrive where?

- Injury sites

55. What does it mean when neutrophils attack and digest bacteria?

- Very active phagocytes

56. How short if the life span of neutrophils

- 10 hours
57. How much do eosinophils make up of circulating WBC’s?

- 2-4 percent

58. What does the nucleus of eosinophils have and how many lobes?

- Have granules that stain deep red and two lobed nuclei